CONCEPT OF NURSINGCONCEPT OF NURSING

Promoting Healthy Physiologic ResponsesPromoting Healthy Physiologic Responses

Body Mechanics

Activity and Exercise

Activity and Exercise

Activity-exercise pattern: Refers to a person’s routine of exercise, activity, leisure and recreation needs for rest and mobility.

Exercise: A type of physical activity involving the muscles performed to maintain or improve physical fitness.

Types of exercise:

Isotonic (dynamic) exercises: Muscle shortens to produce contraction and active

movement .e.g. running, walking, swimming, cycling) * Advantages: 1- Increase muscle tone, mass, strength. 2- Maintain joint flexibility and circulation.

Isometric (static or setting) exercises: There is muscle contraction without moving the joint

* useful for strengthening abdominal, gluteal muscles) * No change in muscle length * No joint movement * Maintaining strength in immobilized muscle

Types of exercise:

Isokinetic (resistive) exercises: It involves muscle contraction or tension against

resistance, can be either isotonic and isometric. These exercises are used in physical conditioning &

are often done to build up certain muscle groups.

Benefits of exercise on body system

Musculoskeletal System: * Increase and maintain muscle tone, size, shape

* Increase joint mobility, flexibility, and range of motion. * Maintain bone density & strength.

Cardiovascular System: *Improve cardiovascular function, by increasing cardiac

output and strength of heart muscle contraction.

Benefits of exercise on body system

Respiratory System: *Improves gas exchange by increasing the ventilation

& oxygenation.

GI tract System:

*Improve appetite, digestion and elimination.

Metabolic System: *Increase metabolic rate, thus increase the production

of body heat and calorie use.

Benefits of exercise on body system

Urinary System: *Improve excretion of body waste through the kidneys.

Psycho-neurologic System: * Enhance sense of well-being and help to relieve

stress. * Improves the quality of sleep. * Improve self concept and self esteem by decreasing depression.

Intigumentary System: * Maintain skin integrity

Positioning Clients

Performed by the nurse: For certain procedures or surgeries. To protect the client body from injury. To maintain muscle tone. To prevent complications.

Positions and Uses

Dorsal (supine):

* Place patient on back with head and shoulders are slightly elevated.

* Used for physical assessment , to provide comfort , & change position.

Positions and Uses

Dorsal recumbent:

* Place patient on back, legs flexed and slightly rotated outward

*Used for pelvic examination, female catheterization, perinal care

Positions and Uses

Semi-fowler’s position:

* Sitting position with or without positioning pillow at head 45-60 degree. used for eating and facilitate breathing.

Positions and Uses

High fowler’s position:

*Head & trunk are raised 60-90 degrees, used for some people with heart problems or having difficulty breathing.

Positions and Uses

Prone position:

* Lying flat on the abdomen, arm flexed toward head, & head turned to one side. Useful for some unconscious patients.

Factors Affecting Mobility

Health Status

Developmental Stage• Children• Adolescents• Adults

Environment• Attitudes and Beliefs• Lifestyle

Nursing Diagnoses

Activity Intolerance

Impaired Physical Mobility

Risk of Disuse Syndrome

Self-Care Deficits

Altered Health Maintenance

Risks for Falls

Planning and Outcome Identification

• Bed Rest

• Restorative Nursing Care (Changing position)

• Health Promotion and Fitness

Implementation

Range-of-Motion (ROM) Exercises

• Performed several times a day.

• Each joint is placed through its full functional motion.

Implementation

Transfer Techniques

• Moving clients

• Transferring from bed to chair

• Transferring from bed to stretcher

• Assistive devices

Implementation

Assisting with Ambulation

• Preparing the client to walk

• Client education

• Preambulating exercise

Assisting with Ambulation

Assistive Devices-Canes -Crutches -Walkers