concept and application of green cities in indonesia

7/18/2019 Concept and Application of Green Cities in Indonesia

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/concept-and-application-of-green-cities-in-indonesia 1/9

IC-GWBT2012, Ahmad Dahlan University, March 23-24, 2012

174

The Concept and Application of Green Cities in Indonesia

Maria Christina Endarwati, ST. MIUEM

National Institute of Technology Malang

[email protected]

Abstract

Major cities in Indonesia need to carefully address the issues of urban population explosion due to

increasing urbanization and very sharp not bearable, if we wish that these cities could becomehabitable in the future. One of them is to control population and its redistribution, as well as improved

the quality of public services. With the concept of Green City urban crisis we can avoid, as happened

in large cities and metropolitan areas that have undergone obesity urban, if we are able to handle the

development of the towns small and medium well, among others with the provision of green open

spaces, the development of bike lanes and pedestrian, compact city development, and control wide

spreads the edges. Basically a Green City is a city where all the man-made construction such as roadsand buildings, interspersed in harmony with the environment, a balanced society, and the economy,

and all of which were managed by responsible Government, is open to its people as well as workingclosely with the community through a participatory process. There are several approaches to Green

City that can be applied in the management of the development of the city.

Keywords: Green City Concept.

Introduction

“Green, Green and Green”, the color is a color often played recently , because so manythings to do with the colors will give a positive impact on various kinds of things , especially

relating to sustainable development. A lot of the concept of green which has been much usedin overcome climate change that the impact has already begun we can feel. One of theconcept of which is known as green and shall we talk about here is the concept of green city.What causes the green the concept was so striking and it becomes the trends in the

development of cities today in the world or in Indonesia in particular?

Could be felt that the impact of the development and the high rate of urbanization in cities it

will caused many negative impact on a city, such as a very high population density, traffic jam, air pollution, a high crime rate social gap, the flood, and much more. According toBudirahardjo and Sudanti in their book mentioned that the city is organism as a wholenetwork system consisting of two sub system , which city‘s hardware ( the physical) andcity‘s software ( the spiritual) . Both of them shall walk side- by-side and mutually complete

each other so walk with a good balance and harmony its. With the growing complexity of theimpact of the construction of a city's various development concepts developed many towns,one of them with the concept of sustainable development of the town. Within the concept

itself is still quite have not found the applied model to the real thread directly into theconstruction of a city.

The global warming is also as a result of interrelated phenomena, among other population, anincrease in natural resources, industrialization, fuel consumption, emissions, the greater theamplitude of temperature, the melting ice, water vapor is getting higher, and changes ofmonsoon. According to the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC) States theEarth's temperature rose 0.13-0.15 degrees Celsius (1990-2005) and is expected to rise asmuch as 4.2 degrees Celsius (2050-2053). If the Earth's temperature rises up to 1.5 degreesCelsius, about 20-30 percent of species of plants and animals could become extinct. If the

increase in temperature reaching three degrees centigrade, it gives a result that 40-70 percentof species may be wiped out. Therefore, as a result of only recently do not fit anymore,

endangered animals, plants will be unable to live at a location in the past, such a conditionmay change the map of agriculture, plantations and livestock. Food security could also

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




175

endanger and the danger of hunger will hit the world. Likewise the impacts of another arevery threatening the viability of various kinds of life in this world. Could it be that the patternof life and our daily routines like this is not going to threaten our Earth?

The concept of Green Cities is one of solutions address the problems that exist in particular inIndonesia at the moment. The concept can be applied and applied directly in the construction

of a city. In this international seminar, will be reviewed is clearly and in detail what is meant by the concept and application of the Green Cities especially in Indonesia. What are thingsthat have been done in cities in Indonesia, using the concept of a Green City?

2. The Basic Concept of Green City

Green City is the theme of world environment day world first initiated in 2005 in which SanFrancisco is the first city designated as the host. The term of green undertaken with regard tothe urbanization factor causing major cities become uncontrolled. The Green City is an urbanconcept whereby environmental issues, economy, and social balance is to be kept for the sakeof future generations. Therefore, the leaders of the cities source urbanization are responsiblefor this problem. A local problem which is must be thought together so that the existence ofthe Planet Earth stays up. This is where strategic positioning acts locally, while thinkingglobally not only simply mere slogan.

Green City known as a ecological city.The city can also be said to be

ecologically healthy city. It means there isa balance between development and thedevelopment of the city withenvironmental sustainability. Healthycities is also a condition of a city that issafe, comfortable, clean, and healthy tolive in populated by optimizing the potential socio-economic empowerment ofcommunities through community forums,facilitated by the related sectors and insync with the city planning. To be able tomake it happen, it takes the efforts of each

individual Member of the public and allstakeholders.

The Picture of Green City Concept

This concept in accordance with the approaches presented Hill, Ebenezer Howard, PatrickGeddes, Alexander, Lewis Mumford, and Ian McHarg

1. The implications of the approaches

had presented above is avoiding development area that not woke up. This emphasis on theneed to plan the development of towns and cities that pay attention to local ecologicalconditions and minimize the adverse impact of the development of the city, then the city's

development also ensures that by itself creates local natural assets.

1 Sustainable Development Past and Present, Sir Patrick Geddes Commemorative Lecture, Edinburgh, at

the Royal Museum of Scotland, 1 October 2004.




176

There are eight criteria‘s, the concept of green city among other things2:

1. The city must be appropriate rules of law that apply, such as in Act No. 24 of 2007:disaster relief (the Green City must become city disaster alert), LAW 26/2007: Setup

space, ACT 32/2009: protection and management of the environment, and so on.2. The concept of Zero Waste, namely integrated waste treatment where there is no

litter is wasted.

3. The concept of the Zero Run-off that is all water should be able to seep back into theground or can be called concept eco drainage.

4. Green Infrastructure, namely the availability of pedestrian paths and bike lanes.

5. Green Transport that is the mass transportation better use some examples of these,namely usage of which environmentally friendly renewable fuelled, encourages theuse of motor vehicles, transport is not expected to hike, bike, rickshaws and etc.

6. The Green open spaces of 30% of the area of the city which is the Green open spacesof public open space is 20 % and private as much as 10%

7. Green Building Concept

8. Community Participation or more common with a called as a green community

The concept is just a concept which has been running and held in several cities who plannedthe city as green city. But actually there are other concepts the eighth the concept that has been done.

3. Why the Concept of Green City in Indonesia need to be considered?

The Big cities in Indonesia needs to the scrutiny overcome the problem of urban populationexplosion caused by urbanization which is unbearable , if we hope that can be worthy ofthose cities better in the future . In his book Yoga et al. said that the report of the

intergovernmental panel on climate change is mentioned the effects of climate change putmankind in massive threat will lack clean water on one side otherwise endangered coastalfloods and tropical storms. Management of water resources is less able to place in the plan ofimprovement of environmental adaptation. One of them is to control and redistribution thenumber of people, and improves the quality of the public services. With the concept of GreenCity urban crisis we can avoid, as happened in large cities and metropolitan areas that haveundergone obesity urban, if we are able to handle the development of the towns small andmedium well, among others with the provision of green open spaces, the development of bikelanes and pedestrian, compact city development, and control the wide spreads of the edges.

There are several approaches to Green City that can be applied in the management of thedevelopment of the city. The first is a Smart Green City Planning based on Hall and Powel.

This approach consists of 5 main concept is the concept of the ecological balance that coulddo with a balancing of water, CO2, and energy. The second approach is the concept ofecological village which consists of determining the layout of the area, architecture, andtransportation with example application include: compliance with topography, wind, water

circulation corridor to control micro climate, fuel efficiency, as well as public transport.Third, the concept of the housing arcades of the wind (wind corridor housing complex) whichis with the warming impact reduction strategies. How, with the construction of green openspace, control of air circulation, as well as creating green cities. Fourth, the concept of thecirculation water (water circulating complex). The strategy does is recycled rainwater to be

raw water. Fifth is the concept of the garden rainwater (rain garden).

2 This paper is a case study of the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) in Canada, the host region for the World UrbanForum 2006




177

The second approach is a concept CPULS (Continuous Productive the Urban Landscapes).The greening concept this city is the development of landscape that is continuous in relationto the urban and rural and productive is a landscape. Approach the latter is integrated thetropical city. This concept suitable for a city is having tropical climate like Indonesia. Theconcept of the point is to have special attention to climate aspects, as a protection against theweather, make deforestation in a city by multiplying vegetation to reduce the urban heat

island. It is not impossible if Indonesia apply it like the cities concept other specialized (AbuDhabi with urban utopia and also Tianjin with eco-city), considering that Indonesia with thetropics country.

The following picture shows the illustration of

the establishment of integrated the concept ofthe tropical city:

Source : www.wanapalhiriau.files.wordpresscom

Based on world bank in June 2004, excess

of the concept of green city is can fulfill aneed the existence of the green open spacein an area , so as to diminish even solve

problems the environment, naturaldisaster , air pollution a low, free the

flood, a low noise and other environment problems . But despite the advantage, this concept hasits disadvantages as well. Implementationin each region could not be identified

because each area requires its own studies.At the very least should be known about

the characteristics of local climate,macros, and so on. For example, amountainous green open spacesfunctioned to withstand erosion, landslideand at the beach to avoid tidal wave,

tsunami, in big city for pressing air pollution, as well as in housing,functioned dampen noise.

But despite the advantages, these concepts have its disadvantages as well. Implementation ineach region could not be identified because each area requires its own studies. At the very

least should be known about the characteristics of local climate, macros, and so on. Forexample, a mountainous green open spaces functioned to withstand erosion, landslide and atthe beach to avoid tidal wave, tsunami, in big city for pressing air pollution, as well as inhousing, functioned dampen noise. So the green open spaces at each city have differentecological function. In addition, its implementation is currently the most greenness not just inconcept without implementation, giving rise to the image of the greening of origin so withoutseeing who can take the positive benefits of greening.

4. Form of the Green City Development Program Implementation

http://wanapalhiriau.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/13261607182057522129.jpg




178

Green City Development Program, it called with P2KH3 in Indonesia, it was developed bythe Ministry of Public Works should not stalled in the planning but also implementation. Oneform of implementation, is doing the signing of joint commitment to realize a green city on

Memorial Day 2011 Spatial Planning. So the government delivered the space in the SetupField Legislation Workshop space and Green City action plan Concept.

Furthermore, the embodiment of the ministry revealed that later will be integrated P2KH inthe plan of action to support the implementation of a green city. From the legal side, in factthe concept of P2KH has been in accordance with the mandate of Act No. 26/2007 on spatial planning. In particular in the framework of the fulfilment of the needs of green open spaces is30% of the total area of the city. This percentage is made up of 20% of the 10% of public andPrivate according to Yoga et all in. In this rules have provided a legal base in theembodiment of the green city. Therefore, P2KH will need to be supported by a commitment

from all parties in make it happen.The current condition green open space in public at urban area in Indonesia has not beenadequately due to high urban activity. Associated with it, then it have a duty to observe thegreen open spaces in order to improve the quality of the environment for generations tocome.In this way, the P2KH had 8 green cities, namely attributes of green planning and

design, green open space, green communities, green energy, green transportation, greenwater, green building, and green waste. It is harmonious that conveys that the concept of

green cities should also include conservation efforts, such as saving land, saving material, and

saving energy.

The Ministry of public works claimed as many as 60 new district and city or of 12,35% oftotal 491 regencies and cities in Indonesia, which is ready for the concept as a town green.

The details i.e. 34 cities and 26 others in the area. Green City action plan implementation or building a green city is part of the green city development program that will start toimplement the Government starting next year to 60 area for instance Yogyakarta, Indonesia,

Bau-Bau, Kendari, and others. Furthermore, the region has implemented the Green City wasexpected to expand its quality to be sustainable, whereas improving the quality in terms oftransportation, clean water, waste water, energy, and building. Green city itself shouldcontain eight categories namely planning and design of the city eco-friendly, green open

space availability is adequate, efficient consumption of energy, water management andeffective. Next it will be able to manage waste with 3R principle, energy-efficient buildingsor green building, sustainable transportation system implementation and the increased role ofthe community in the Green community.In his book, Emil Salim said that planning the wisdom shared environment is one form of

good planning for the future of global conditions that exist today. So what this does now isnot a search for someone to blame but should be straight to the action plan so that there is aharmony between human and nature.

5. How to Build a Greener City ? A lesson from other countries.So, how can cities — old or new — take green to a new level? Here's a look at some of theways based on Mr. Totty as a news editor for The Journal Report in San Francisco:District Heating: In a typical office building, heating and cooling account for nearly two-thirds of total energy use. So an alternative to traditional electricity or natural-gas HVACsystems can go a long way toward making cities greener. One solution: tapping the excessheat produced by nearby utilities or industry. A network of pipes distributes the heat, whichcan be used for hot water, space heating and in absorption chillers to provide air conditioning

in the summer. These district heating systems are considerably more efficient — capturing up

3 Pos Kota, in article : Menteri PU: P2KH Solusi Tepat Atasi Dampak Perubahan Iklim Rabu, 9 November 2011




179

to 90% of the available energy —

than in-building boilers. And they can tap any number ofheat sources, including high-efficiency natural-gas turbines, large-scale solar thermalsystems, biomass incinerators or furnaces in a steel mill. Common in Europe, high-efficiencydistrict heating systems are being used in South Korea's Songdo IBD and are in the plans forother eco-city developments.

Aerotecture

Micro wind turbines

Micro Wind Turbines The giant windmills that dot thecountryside aren't suitable for cities, wherevibrations can rattle windows and the

noise would be annoying. So developers

are turning to micro turbines. These small

generators sit atop commercial orresidential buildings and are designed totake advantage of the quirks of big-citywind patterns — lots of turbulence andfrequent, sudden shifts in direction.

The turbines are generally small, rated at one to three kilowatts each. But when installed in

arrays and combined with high-efficiency solar panels, they can generate a large share of a building's energy needs, especially when the structure is equipped with a full set of energy-

saving features. A handful of companies provide micro wind systems around the world, andthe devices, while more expensive per kilowatt than bigger systems, have been installed atscores of locations, including PepsiCo Inc.'s Chicago office building.Pumped Hydro Storage/Micro Hydropower: Wind and solar power are notoriously fickle, producing more power than needed at some times and less than needed at others. A city that

wants to rely on such intermittent sources needs to find a way to bank that power. Onetechnique: pumped hydroelectric storage. When wind or solar power is plentiful, electricity isused to pump water to an upper reservoir; later, when power is needed, the water is allowedto flow downhill, turning turbines in the process. (The lakes have the added benefit as open-space landscaping.) Large-scale pumped-hydro systems are increasingly used for storingenergy, and many isolated towns rely on small-scale micro hydro plants to generateelectricity. Adding a pumped-storage capability isn't technically difficult, but it's expensive,especially on a small scale, and current technology generally requires a large "drop," orchange in elevation to produce much power — though companies are working on lower-flowhydro turbines that can work in more level settings.Walking and Biking When it comes to transportation, dense urban areas like Manhattanalready have an advantage over suburbs: By packing people, jobs and services close together,they reduce the need for many car trips and provide the density to support bus and transitservices. Green-city planners do even more, designing streets so that walking is safe,

convenient and interesting —

with wide sidewalks, landscaping and abundant crosswalks —

and providing separate designated bicycle lanes. Songdo's 1,500 acres are designed so that




180

most shops, parks and transit stops can be reached in less than a 15-minute walk, and the cityalso has a 15-mile network of bike lanes.

Picture : 2getthere

Cities can encourage greener auto choices

by providing electric-vehicle chargingstations in parking garages.Personal Rapid Transit Not every urbantrip can be made on foot, bicycle or publictransit. Cities can encourage greener autochoices by providing electric-vehiclecharging stations in parking garages. Afuturistic solution: personal rapid transit,or PRT — pod-like, self-powered vehicles

that can carry as many as six passengers.

The vehicles can travel along dedicated roadways, like an automated airport transit system, oron streets equipped with buried magnets. There are no fixed schedules or routes; passengers pick their destinations, and a central computer guides the car without intermediate stops.Although still a novelty, PRTs are operating at Heathrow International Airport near London

and at the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Masdar City, an eco-citydevelopment in Abu Dhabi. Masdar, however, has put on hold plans to deploy the pod carsthroughout the entire planned two-square-mile development.

Picture : Pneumatic garbage collection

Pneumatic Garbage Collection Even the

greenest cities produce lots of garbage,which creates two problems: collecting thetrash and getting rid of it. On thecollection side, a centralized waste system,using an underground network of pneumatic tubes, can replace the fleets oftrucks that block traffic, tear up streets and burn fossil fuels. The tubes can collectgarbage from both households and outdoortrash bins and carry it to a centralizedcollection and sorting facility.

Though some systems handle only food waste, others are set up to handle separate streamsfor paper and other recyclable trash. The systems are used in scores of cities world-wide; a pneumatic trash-collection system on New York's Roosevelt Island has been in operationsince 1975.Waste to Resources: Getting to zero waste is as important to cities as getting to zero carbon.This doesn't mean just encouraging residents to recycle — cities also can deploy technologies

to tap the energy and other valuable resources buried in the trash. Advanced anaerobicdigesters process organic garbage waste and the sludge left over from treating wastewater to produce biogas, which can be burned for energy; more common in Europe, the technology is just being deployed in the U.S. for handling municipal garbage. High-temperature plasma-arcgasifiers can consume nearly the entire waste stream, making a synthetic gas that is burned to

produce electricity; the leftover slag can be used in building materials. One novel approach

under consideration by the Plan IT Valley project, an eco-city development planned fornorthern Portugal: Aluminum cans are processed with water and energy, producing aluminum




182

6. Conclusion

To sum up all this is indeed the concept green city it 's much more easy to be seen and

implemented as well as higher can be seen as a result to the action plan. Hopefully, theconcept of green city can run smoothly and, of course, assisted by all party awareness aboutthe importance of sustainable development of a city. Considering the world has to go do thegreen city, we are still in the planning and implementation of the program has not beenhopefully, the program can be in achieving. Expected here to entire cities and regencies in

Indonesia has already started to implement and is committed to realizing the Green City in its planning and conscious to reflect in its development so that Indonesia is becoming asustainable region.

7. References

Emil Salim, ‗Pembangunan Berwawasakan Lingkungan‘, LP3S, pp. 152-154, 1986. Eko Budihardjo and Sudanti Hardjohubojo, ‗Kota Berwawaskan Lingkungan‘, pp. 14-15, Penerbit

Alumni, 1993. Nirwono Yoga, Iwan Ismaun, ‗RTH 30%! Resolusi (Kota) Hijau‘, PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, pp.

202-204, 2011.

Pos Kota, ‗Menteri PU: P2KH Solusi Tepat Atasi Dampak Perubahan Iklim‘, Rabu, 9 November 2011Review of CPULs – Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes. Designing Urban Agriculture for

Sustainable Cities. Andre Viljoen (ed) 2005. Architectural Press.

Richard Eberhart Hall, Mathew J Power, ‗Smart, Green, and Growing Planning Plan‘, Planning Guide,

June 2010

World Bank, Indonesia Averting an Infrastructure Crisis : A Framework for policy and action, A co-

publication of world bank East-Asia Infrastructure Department and Indonesia Country Program,

Jakarta, June 2004

Sustainable Development Past and Present, Sir Patrick Geddes Commemorative Lecture, Edinburgh, at

the Royal Museum of Scotland, 1 October 2004.

http://sustainablecities.net/docman-resources/cat_view/110-resources/192-world-urban-forum/193-wuf-iii-2006 in article: Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) in Canada, the host

region for the World Urban Forum 2006

http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml#.T1jeH9nqZ-Q

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904009304576535113877346554.html : in article

How to build a greener city, November 2011

http://sustainablecities.net/docman-resources/cat_view/110-resources/192-world-urban-forum/193-wuf-iii-2006



http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904009304576535113877346554.html

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904009304576535113877346554.html




concept and application of green cities in indonesia

Documents