conceived in liberty vol 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Murray N. Rothbard
LvMIMISES INSTITUTE
The first edition was published in 1979 by Arlington House Publishers.A four-volume hardback edition was published by the Ludwig von Mises Institutein 1999.
Single-volume edition © 2011 Ludwig von Mises Institute and published underthe Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Published by the Ludwig von Mises Institute518 West Magnolia AvenueAuburn, Alabama 36832mises.org
ISBN: 978-1-933550-98-5
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
VOLUME 1A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE: THE AMERICAN COLONIES
IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PART I—Europe, England, and the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Europe at the Dawn of the Modern Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52. New World, New Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
PART II—The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . 413. The Virginia Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434. From Company to Royal Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555. The Social Structure of Virginia: Planters and Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . 576. The Social Structure of Virginia: Bondservants and Slaves . . . . . . . . . 607. Religion in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688. The Royal Government of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719. British Mercantilism over Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
10. Relations with the Indians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8511. Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9312. Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10413. The Carolinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11114. The Aftermath of Bacon’s Rebellion in the
Other Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11615. The Glorious Revolution and its Aftermath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12116. Virginia After Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Contents
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PART III—The Founding of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14517. The Religious Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14718. The Founding of Plymouth Colony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15019. The Founding of Massachusetts Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15520. The Puritans “Purify”: Theocracy in Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16421. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Roger Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17222. Suppressing Heresy: The Flight of Anne Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . 18023. The Further Settlement of Rhode Island:
The Odyssey of Samuell Gorton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18724. Rhode Island in the 1650s:
Roger Williams’ Shift from Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20025. The Planting of Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20826. The Seizure of Northern New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21427. Joint Action in New England: The Pequot War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21728. The New England Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22029. Suppressing Heresy: Massachusetts Persecutes the Quakers . . . . . . . 22730. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:
Disintegration of the Fur Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24131. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:
The Failure of Wage and Price Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24432. Mercantilism, Merchants, and “Class Conflict” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25033. Economics Begins to Dissolve the Theocracy:
The Failure of Subsidized Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25334. The Rise of the Fisheries and the Merchants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25735. Theocracy Begins to Wither: The Half-Way Covenant . . . . . . . . . . 26136. The Decline and the Rigors of Plymouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26337. The Restoration Crisis in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
PART IV—The Rise and Fall of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28138. The Formation of New Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28339. Governors and Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28840. The Dutch and New Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30141. New Netherland Persecutes the Quakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30842. The Fall and Breakup of New Netherland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
PART V—The Northern Colonies in the Last Quarterof the Seventeenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
43. The Northern Colonies, 1666–1675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32144. The Beginning of Andros’ Rule in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
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45. Further Decline of the Massachusetts Theocracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33146. King Philip’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33447. The Crown Begins the Takeover of New England,
1676–1679 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34548. The Crown Takes over New Hampshire, 1680–1685 . . . . . . . . . . . . 35149. Edward Randolph Versus Massachusetts, 1680–1684 . . . . . . . . . . . . 35750. The Re-Opening of the Narragansett Claims, 1679–1683 . . . . . . . 36351. The Rule of Joseph Dudley and the Council of New England . . . . 36552. New York, 1676–1686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37053. Turmoil in East New Jersey, 1678–1686 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38054. The Development of West New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38755. “The Holy Experiment”: The Founding of Pennsylvania,
1681–1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39256. The Dominion of New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40257. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies,
1689–1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41358. The Glorious Revolution in the Northern Colonies,
1690–1692 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42859. Aftermath in the 1690s: The Salem Witch-Hunt and
Stoughton’s Rise to Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44260. The Liberalism of Lord Bellomont in the Royal Colonies . . . . . . . . 45461. The Aftermath of Bellomont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46162. Rhode Island and Connecticut After the Glorious
Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46863. The Unification of the Jerseys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47464. Government Returns to Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48565. The Colonies in the First Decade of the Eighteenth Century . . . . . 497Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
VOLUME 2“SALUTARY NEGLECT”: THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE
FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
IntroductionThe Colonies in the Eighteenth Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
PART I—Developments in the Separate Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5131. Liberalism in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5152. Presbyterian Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
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3. Libertarianism in Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5244. Land Tenure and Land Allocation in New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5265. New Hampshire Breaks Free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5306. The Narragansett Planters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5327. New York Land Monopoly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5348. Slavery in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5429. Land Conflicts in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
10. The Ulster Scots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55111. The Pennsylvania Germans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55512. Pennsylvania: Quakers and Indians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55713. The Emergence of Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56214. The Paxton Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57115. The Virginia Land System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57416. The Virginia Political Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57817. Virginia Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58118. Slavery in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58419. Indian War in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58720. The North Carolina Proprietary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58921. Royal Government in North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59222. Slavery in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59523. Proprietary Rule in South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59924. The Land Question in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60225. Georgia: The “Humanitarian” Colony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
PART II—Intercolonial Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61926. Inflation and the Creation of Paper Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62127. The Communication of Ideas: Postal Service and the
Freedom of the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63928. Religious Trends in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65429. The Great Awakening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65730. The Growth of Deism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66831. The Quakers and the Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67232. The Beginning of the Struggle over American Bishops . . . . . . . . . . 67933. The Growth of Libertarian Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
PART III—Relations with Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 34. Assembly Versus Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69935. Mercantilist Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70336. King George’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
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37. Early Phases of the French and Indian War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72438. The Persecution of the Acadians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73639. Total War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74340. The American Colonies and the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74841. Concluding Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75442. Administering the Conquests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
VOLUME 3ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION, 1760–1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
PART I—The British Army and the Western Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7791. The Stage Is Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7812. The Ohio Lands: Pontiac’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7833. The Ohio Lands: The Proclamation Line of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7884. The British Army and the Grand Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
PART II—Enforcement of Mercantilism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7995. Writs of Assistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 6. The White Pine Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8047. Molasses and the American Revenue Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8058. Reaction in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8129. Reaction in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
10. Reaction in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81911. Reaction in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82112. Reaction in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82313. Reaction in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82414. Enforcement Troubles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82615. The Newport Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
PART III—Ideology and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83316. The Threat of the Anglican Bishops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83517. The Parsons’ Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83818. Wilkes and Liberty, 1763–1764 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
PART IV—Edge of Revolution: The Stamp Act Crisis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85119. Passage of the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85320. Initial Reaction to the Stamp Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86021. Patrick Henry Intervenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86322. Sam Adams Rallies Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866
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23. Rhode Island Responds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87424. Response in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87825. Response in Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88026. Response in Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88227. Response in Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88428. Response in the Carolinas and Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88629. Official Protests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88930. The Stamp Act Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89131. Ignoring the Stamp Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89432. Government Replaced by the Sons of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90233. Repeal of the Stamp Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90734. Aftermath of Repeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
PART V—The Townshend Crisis, 1766–1770 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92135. The Mutiny Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92336. The New York Land Revolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92637. Passage of the Townshend Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93038. The Nonimportation Movement Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93239. Conflict in Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93640. Wilkes and Liberty: The Massacre of St. George’s Fields . . . . . . . . . 94141. British Troops Occupy Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94542. Nonimportation in the South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94843. Rhode Island Joins Nonimportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95244. Boycotting the Importers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95445. The Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96046. Conflict in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96747. Wilkes and America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97048. Partial Repeal of the Townshend Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97649. New York Breaks Nonimportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
PART VI—The Regulator Uprisings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98950. The South Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99151. The North Carolina Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
PART VII—Prelude to Revolution, 1770–1775. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101152. The Uneasy Lull, 1770–1772. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101353. The Gaspée Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101654. The Committees of Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101955. Tea Launches the Final Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
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56. The Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102957. The Other Colonies Resist Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103358. The Coercive Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103659. The Quebec Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040 60. Boston Calls for the Solemn League and Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 61. Selecting Delegates to the First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . 104962. Resistance in Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 63. The First Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106064. The Continental Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065 65. The Impact on Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075 66. The Tory Press in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079 67. Massachusetts: Nearing the Final Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082 68. Support from Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087 69. “The Shot Heard Round the World”:
The Final Conflict Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
PART VIII—Other Forces for Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095 70. The Expansion of Libertarian Thought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109771. The Vermont Revolution: The Green Mountain Boys . . . . . . . . . . 1104 72. The Revolutionary Movement: Ideology and Motivation . . . . . . . 1114 Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
VOLUME 4THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775–1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
PART I—The War Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11291. Spreading the News of Lexington and Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11312. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11353. Guerrilla or Conventional War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11374. The Seizure of Fort Ticonderoga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11405. The Response of the Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11446. Charles Lee: Champion of Liberty and Guerrilla War. . . . . . . . . . . 11487. The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11548. Washington Transforms the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11579. The Invasion of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160
10. Paper Money Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116711. The New Postal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117012. New York Fumbles in the Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
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PART II—Suppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117713. The Suppression of Tories Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117914. Suppressing Tories in Rhode Island and Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . 118515. Suppressing Tories in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118816. Suppressing Tories in the Middle Colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119217. Virginia Battles Lord Dunmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119418. Battling Tories in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
PART III—The War in the First Half of 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120319. The British Assault on Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120520. Forcing the British Out of Boston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120821. Privateering and the War at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121122. Commodities, Manufacturing, and Foreign Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121523. Getting Aid from France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223 24. Polarization in England and the German Response
to Renting “Hessians” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1229
PART IV—America Declares Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237 25. America Polarizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239 26. Forming New Governments: New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244 27. New England Ready for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247 28. The Sudden Emergence of Tom Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249 29. Massachusetts Turns Conservative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255 30. The Drive Toward Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126431. The Struggle in Pennsylvania and Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275 32. New Jersey and Maryland Follow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284 33. Independence Declared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289 34. New York Succumbs to Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295
PART V—The Military History of the Revolution,1776–1778 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299
35. The Invasion of New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130136. The Campaigns in New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 37. Planning in the Winter of 1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131538. Rebellion at Livingston Manor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131839. The Burgoyne Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321 40. Howe’s Expedition in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 41. Winter at Valley Forge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336
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42. The Battle of Monmouth and the Ouster of Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134143. Response in Britain and France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346
PART VI—The Political History of the United States, 1776–1778 . . . 1355 44. The Drive for Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357 45. The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136746. Radicalism Triumphs in Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137147. Struggles Over Other State Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137748. The Rise and Decline of Conservatism in New York. . . . . . . . . . . . 1387
PART VII—The Military History of the Revolution, 1778–1781 . . . . 139149. The End of the War in the North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393 50. The War at Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399 51. The War in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140252. The Southern Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 53. The Invasion of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142154. The Capture of Charleston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427 55. The Emergence of Guerrilla Warfare in South Carolina . . . . . . . . . 1430 56. Gates Meets the Enemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143457. The Battle of King’s Mountain and the End of the 1780
Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1438 58. Greene’s Unorthodox Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442 59. The Race to the Dan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446 60. The Battle of Guilford Courthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144961. The Liberation of South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452 62. The Final Battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456 63. After Yorktown in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463 64. The Response in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466 65. Making Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470
PART VIII—The Political and Economic History of theUnited States, I778–1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1481
66. Land Claims and the Ratification of the Articlesof Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
67. Inflationary Finance and Price Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487 68. Conservative Counter-Revolution: Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania in 1780 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1498 69. Robert Morris and the Conservative Counter-Revolution
in National Politics, 1780–1782 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502
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70. Robert Morris and the Public Debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1508 71. The Drive for a Federal Tariff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151472. The Newburgh Conspiracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518 73. The Fall of Morris and the Emergence of the Order of the
Cincinnati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1523 74. The Western Lands and the Ordinance of 1784 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152775. The Republic of Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530
PART IX—The Impact of the Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 76. Oppressing the Tories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153777. Tory Lands in New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154378. Elimination of Feudalism and the Beginnings of the
Abolition of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154879. Disestablishment and Religious Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1553 80. Was the American Revolution Radical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155581. The Impact in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561Bibliographical Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577
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What! Another American history book? The reader may be pardoned forwondering about the point of another addition to the seemingly inex-haustible flow of books and texts on American history. One problem, aspointed out in the bibliographical essay at the end of volume I, is that thesurvey studies of American history have squeezed out the actual stuff of his-tory, the narrative facts of the important events of the past. With the truedata of history squeezed out, what we have left are compressed summariesand the historian’s interpretations and judgments of the data. There is noth-ing wrong with the historian’s having such judgments; indeed, withoutthem, history would be a meaningless and giant almanac listing dates andevents with no causal links. But, without the narrative facts, the reader isdeprived of the data from which he can himself judge the historian’s inter-pretations and evolve interpretations of his own. A major point of this andthe other volumes is to put the historical narrative back into American his-tory.
Facts, of course, must be selected and ordered in accordance with judg-ments of importance, and such judgments are necessarily tied into the his-torian’s basic world outlook. My own basic perspective on the history ofman, and a fortiori on the history of the United States, is to place centralimportance on the great conflict which is eternally waged between Liberty
Preface
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The preface in each of the four original volumes was, in large part the same, differ-ing only by a couple of paragraphs with information relevant to the story told in thatparticular volume. All of the information has been combined here into one com-plete preface.
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and Power, a conflict, by the way, which was seen with crystal clarity by theAmerican revolutionaries of the eighteenth century. I see the liberty of theindividual not only as a great moral good in itself (or, with Lord Acton, asthe highest political good), but also as the necessary condition for the flow-ering of all the other goods that mankind cherishes: moral virtue, civiliza-tion, the arts and sciences, economic prosperity. Out of liberty, then, stemthe glories of civilized life. But liberty has always been threatened by theencroachments of power, power which seeks to suppress, control, cripple,tax, and exploit the fruits of liberty and production. Power, then, the enemyof liberty, is consequently the enemy of all the other goods and fruits of civ-ilization that mankind holds dear. And power is almost always centered inand focused on that central repository of power and violence: the state.With Albert Jay Nock, the twentieth century American political philoso-pher, I see history as centrally a race and conflict between “social power”—the productive consequence of voluntary interactions among men—andstate power. In those eras of history when liberty—social power—has man-aged to race ahead of state power and control, the country and evenmankind have flourished. In those eras when state power has managed tocatch up with or surpass social power, mankind suffers and declines.
For decades, American historians have quarreled about “conflict” or “con-sensus” as the guiding leitmotif of the American past. Clearly, I belong in the“conflict” rather than the “consensus” camp, with the proviso that I see thecentral conflict as not between classes (social or economic), or between ide-ologies, but between Power and Liberty, State and Society. The social or ide-ological conflicts have been ancillary to the central one, which concerns:Who will control the state, and what power will the state exercise over thecitizenry? To take a common example from American history, there are inmy view no inherent conflicts between merchants and farmers in the freemarket. On the contrary, in the market, the sphere of liberty, the interests ofmerchants and farmers are harmonious, with each buying and selling theproducts of the other. Conflicts arise only through the attempts of variousgroups of merchants or farmers to seize control over the machinery of gov-ernment and to use it to privilege themselves at the expense of the others. Itis only through and by state action that “class” conflicts can ever arise.
Volume 1 is the story of the seventeenth century—the first century of theEnglish colonies in North America. It was the century when all but one(Georgia) of the original thirteen colonies were founded, in all their dispar-ity and diversity. Remarkably enough, this critical period is only brusquelytreated in the current history textbooks. While the motives of the earlycolonists varied greatly, and their fortunes changed in a shifting and fluctu-ating kaleidoscope of liberty and power, all the colonists soon began to takeon an air of freedom unknown in the mother country. Remote from central
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control, pioneering in a land of relatively few people spread over a space farvaster than any other they had ever known, the contentious colonists provedto be people who would not suffer power gladly. Attempts at imposing feu-dalism on, or rather transferring it to, the American colonies had all failed.By the end of the century, the British forging of royal colonies, all with sim-ilar political structures, could occur only with the fearsome knowledge thatthe colonists could and would rebel against unwanted power at the drop ofa tax or a quitrent. If the late seventeenth-century Virginia Rebel NathanielBacon was not exactly the “Torchbearer of the Revolution,” then this termmight apply to the other feisty and rambunctious Americans throughout thecolonies.
Volume 2 is the history of the American colonies in the first half of theeighteenth century. It is generally dismissed in the history texts as a quietperiod too uneventful to contemplate. But it was far from quiet, for theseeds were germinating that would soon blossom into the American Revo-lution. At the beginning of the century, the British government believed thatit had successfully brought the previously rebellious colonists to heel: royallyappointed governors would run the separate colonies, and mercantilist lawswould control and confine American trade and production for the benefitof British merchants and manufacturers. But this control was not to be, and,for most of this period, the colonies found themselves to be virtually inde-pendent. Using their power of the purse, and their support among the bulkof the population, the colonial Assemblies were, gradually but surely, able towrest almost complete power over their affairs from the supposedly all-power governors. And, furthermore, as a result of the classical liberal policiesof “salutary neglect” imposed against the wishes of the remainder of theBritish government by Robert Walpole and the Duke of Newcastle, theAmericans happily discovered that the mercantilist restrictions were simplynot being enforced. Strengthening their spirit of rebellious independence,the colonists eagerly and widely imbibed the writings of English libertarians,writings which inculcated in them a healthy spirit of deep suspicion of thedesigns of all government—the English government in particular—on theirrights and liberties. Consequently, when after midcentury the English, hav-ing deposed Walpole and Newcastle and ousted the French from NorthAmerica, determined to reimpose their original designs for control, theAmericans would not stand for it. And the great conflict with the mothercountry got under way.
Volume 3 deals with the stormy and fateful period from the end of theFrench and Indian War until the outbreak of war at Lexington and Con-cord in 1775, the period that incubated the American Revolution. WithFrance driven from the North American continent, and with the classicalliberal Whigs out of power, the British government moved quickly to
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impose a system of imperial control over the fractious and hitherto virtuallyindependent colonies. These fifteen years are a record of mounting Ameri-can resistance to such efforts by the mother country, a resistance that finallyerupted into full-scale war at Lexington and Concord. Inspired by libertar-ian ideals, the colonists increasingly forged a unity that was to result in thefirst successful national revolution against Western imperialism in the mod-ern world. Although other, largely unrelated, armed rebellions also eruptedin this period—North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, and Ver-mont—these years are essentially the story of the development of the Amer-ican Revolution up to the outbreak of actual armed conflict.
Volume 4 deals with the exciting events of the American Revolution, per-haps the most fateful years in American history. While the military historyof the war necessarily takes first rank, it is not simply a recital of the battles;intertwined with the tactics and the strategy of the war were ideologicalconflicts over how the war should be fought, and what sort of governmentand society should emerge after the war was over. In particular, importantlight is shed on both the battles and the military strategy of the war by incor-porating the latest historical researches applying what we now know aboutthe importance of guerrilla vis-à-vis conventional interstate warfare for thewaging of a revolutionary armed struggle. The military histories of the Rev-olution written before the 1960s are hopelessly inadequate because they failto grasp this vital dimension in explaining the course of the fighting.
In addition to the history of the warfare itself, volume 4 discusses thepolitical history of the period, in particular the conflicts over the kinds ofstate governments to be constructed, and the drive of the Nationalists for astrong central government. This period culminates in the adoption of theArticles of Confederation and in the rise to power of Robert Morris. Alsodiscussed are the oft-neglected financial history of the war, the ruinous infla-tion and price controls, and the political-financial manipulations of Morrisand his associates. The this volume also deals with the Western lands ques-tion, which will take on fateful importance in the nineteenth century; itconcludes by assessing the impact of the Revolution on America andEurope, and by asking the question: was the Revolution truly radical?
My intellectual debts for Conceived in Liberty are simply too numerous tomention, especially since an historian must bring to bear not only his owndiscipline but also his knowledge of economics, of political philosophy, andof mankind in general. Here I would just like to mention, for his methodol-ogy of history, Ludwig von Mises, especially his much neglected volume,Theory and History; and Lord Acton, for his emphasis on the grievouslyoverlooked moral dimension. For his political philosophy and general out-look on American history, Albert Jay Nock, particularly his Our Enemy theState.
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As for my personal debts, I am happy to be more specific. This series ofvolumes would never have been attempted, much less seen the light of day,without the inspiration, encouragement, and support provided by KennethS. Templeton, Jr., now of the Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, Indiana. I hopethat he won’t be overly disappointed with these volumes. I am grateful to theFoundation for Foreign Affairs, Chicago, for enabling me to work full timeon the volumes, and to Dr. David S. Collier of the Foundation for his helpand efficient administration. Others who have helped with ideas and aid invarious stages of the manuscript are Charles G. Koch and George Pearson ofWichita, Kansas, and Robert D. Kephart of Kephart of Libertarian Reviewand Communications, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia.
Historians Robert E. Brown of Michigan State University and ForrestMcDonald of Wayne State University were kind enough to read the entiremanuscript and offer helpful suggestions even though it soon became clearto them and to myself that our fundamental disagreements tended to out-weigh our agreements.
To my first mentor in the field of American history, Joseph Dorfman, nowProfessor Emeritus at Columbia University, I owe in particular the rigoroustraining that is typical of that keen and thorough scholar.
The last chapter in volume 3 was included at the suggestion of Roy A.Childs, Jr. of New York City.
But my greatest debt is to Leonard P. Liggio, editor of The Literature ofLiberty, San Francisco, whose truly phenomenal breadth of knowledge andinsight into numerous fields and areas of history are an inspiration to allwho know him. Liggio’s help was indispensable in the writing of volumes 1,2, and 3 in particular his knowledge of the European background.
Over the years in which this manuscript took shape, I was fortunate inhaving several congenial typists—in particular, Willette Murphy Klausnerof Los Angeles, and now distinguished intellectual historian and socialphilosopher, Dr. Ronald Hamowy of the University of Alberta. I would par-ticularly like to thank Louise Williams and Joanne Ebeling of New City fortheir often heroic services in typing this manuscript.
The responsibility for the final product is, of course, wholly my own.
Murray N. Rothbard1973–1978
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0
Whenever the legislators endeavour to take away and destroy theproperty of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrarypower, they put themselves into a state of war with the people, whoare thereupon absolved from any farther obedience, and are left tothe common refuge which God bath provided for all men againstforce and violence.
John Locke
VOLUME 1
A NEW LAND, A NEW PEOPLE: THE AMERICAN COLONIES INTHE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
1
2
Europe, England, and theNew World
PART I
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The Southern Colonies inthe Seventeenth Century
PART II
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The Founding of New England
PART III
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260
261
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263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
The Rise and Fall ofNew Netherland
PART IV
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
The Northern Colonies inthe Last Quarter of theSeventeenth Century
PART V
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
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350
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359
360
361
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368
369
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371
372
373
374
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377
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379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
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505
506
507
508
By Liberty, I understand the power which every man has overhis own actions, and his right to enjoy the fruit of his labour, art,and industry, as far as by it he hurts not the society, or any mem-bers of it, by taking from any member, or by hindering him fromenjoying what he himself enjoys. The fruits of a man's honestindustry are the just rewards of it, ascertained to him by naturaland eternal equity, as is his title to use them in the manner whichhe thinks fit: And thus, with the above limitations, every man issole lord and arbiter of his own private actions and property. . . .
Indeed, Liberty is the divine source of all human happi-ness. To possess, in security, the effects of our industry, is themost powerful and reasonable incitement to be industrious: Andto be able to provide for our children, and to leave them all thatwe have, is the best motive to beget them. But where property isprecarious, labour will languish. The privileges of thinking, say-ing, and doing what we please, and of growing as rich as we can,without any other restriction, than that by all this we hurt not thepublic, nor one another, are the glorious privileges of Liberty; andits effects, to live in freedom, plenty, and safety. . . .
Alas! Power encroaches daily upon Liberty, with a success tooevident; and the balance between them is almost lost. Tyranny hasengrossed almost the whole earth, and striking at mankind rootand branch, makes the world a slaughterhouse. . . .
Cato's Letters
VOLUME 2
“SALUTARY NEGLECT”:THE AMERICAN COLONIESIN THE FIRST HALF OF THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
509
510
511
512
Development in theSeparate Colonies
PART I
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
Intercolonial Developments
PART II
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
Relations with Britain
PART III
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, wehave done everything that could be done to avert the storm whichis now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; wehave supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne,and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands ofthe ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; ourremonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; oursupplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned withcontempt from the foot of the throne.
In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peaceand reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If wewish to be free; if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimableprivileges for which we have been so long contending; if we meannot basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been solong engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to aban-don until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained,ówemust fight! I repeat it, sir, ó we must fight! An appeal to arms, andto the God of hosts, is all that is left us.
Patrick Henry
VOLUME 3
ADVANCE TO REVOLUTION,1760–1775
777
778
The British Army andthe Western Lands
PART I
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
Enforcement of Mercantilism
PART II
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
Ideology and Religion
PART III
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
Edge of Revolution:The Stamp Act Crisis
PART IV
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
The Townshend Crisis,1766–1770
PART V
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
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949
950
951
952
953
954
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956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
The Regulator Uprisings
PART VI
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
Prelude to Revolution,1770–1775
PART VII
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
Other Forces for Revolution
PART VIII
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
These are the times that try menís souls. The summer soldier andthe sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service oftheir country; but be that stands it now, deserves the love and thanksof man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yetwe have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, themore glorious the triumph.
Patrick Henry
VOLUME 4
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR,1775–1784
1127
1128
The War Begins
PART I
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
Suppressing the Tories
PART II
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
The War in the FirstHalf of 1776
PART III
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
America Declares Independence
PART IV
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
The Military Historyof the Revolution,
1776–1778
PART V
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
The Political Historyof the United States,
1776–1778
PART VI
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
The Military Historyof the Revolution,
1778–1781
PART VII
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
The Political and EconomicHistory of the United
States, 1778–1784
PART VIII
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
The Impact of theRevolution
PART IX
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
Abercromby, James, 745Abingdon, Earl of, 1351abolition. See slavery, abolition ofAcadians, 736–42, 763, 790Acton, Lord, 1556Acts of Trade and Navigation, 1217Adams, John, 836, 871, 899, 919, 944, 947,
957, 962, 970–71, 1014, 1021, 1031,1037, 1049, 1060–61, 1080, 1082,1084, 1099–1100, 1132, 1143, 1146,1147, 1151, 1153, 1154, 1170, 1217,1230, 1248, 1256–57, 1280, 1311,1337, 1344, 1359, 1377, 1473, 1499,1500, 1501, 1504, 1519, 1525, 1132,1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1181, 1190,1205, 1212, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1224,1230, 1239, 1240, 1244, 1248,1256–58, 1259, 1269, 1270, 1274,1275, 1280, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1311,1322, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1359, 1361,1362, 1374, 1377, 1378, 1471, 1473,1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1492, 1499,1500, 1501, 1525, 1549, 1561, 1562,1574; Thoughts on Government, 1257,1269, 1383, 1384, 1387
Adams, John Quincy, 1099Adams, Samuel, 802–03, 812, 814, 868–73,
893, 896, 919, 924, 933, 937, 944–46, 958,961, 964–65, 970, 980, 1013–14,1018–22, 1030, 1043–45, 1049, 1060–61,1065, 1082, 1086–87, 1091, 1099
Adams, Samuel “Deacon,” 803Administration of Justice Act, 1039Administration of the Colonies, The (Pow-
nall), 856Adriaensen, Maryn, 295, 296Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 716, 721,
724Albany Convention Treaty (1754), 745Albany Plan, 731–32, 856, 1062Albuquerque, Alfonso de, 17
Alden, Abraham, 1069Alden, Col. Ichabod, 1407Alden, John R. (Charles Lee: Traitor or
Patriot?), 1149, 1152, 1570; (The Amer-ican Revolution, 1775–1783), 1181,1305, 1313, 1417, 1435, 1569
Aldridge, Ellen, 188Alexander, James, 335, 545, 548, 645, 646,
649Alexander, John M., 1383; Mecklenburg
instructions, 1383Allen, Ethan, 1105–11, 1113, 1138,
1141–42, 1143, 1160, 1161–62, 1163,1166, 1279, 1371, 1530–31, 1532, 1533
Allen, Capt. Heman, 1297Allen, Ira, 1109, 1531, 1533Allen, James, 721Allen, Samuel, 418, 419, 454, 456, 457, 463Allen, Thomas (Rev.), 1260, 1261–62,
1263, 1500Allen, William (Chief Justice), 565, 566,
568, 723, 808Allen, William, Jr., 885Allen, William, (killed at St. George’s Fields), 943Allicocke, Joseph, 879Allyn, John, 408, 419, 433Alrichs, Peter, 307, 325Alsop, John, 983, 1049, 1230, 1296Ambrose, Alice, 81, 237Andros, Sir Edmund, 139, 326, 328–30, 343,
344, 363, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374,375, 376, 380, 381, 386, 389, 402, 403,404, 405, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412,413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 424,425, 426, 435, 437, 446, 456, 468, 501
Anne, Queen, 125, 131, 141, 464, 470Appleton, John, 406, 407Appleton, Samuel, 360nArchdale, John, 128, 129, 132, 276Argall, Samuel, 50, 54, 86Arlington, Lord, 92, 83, 136
Index
1577
15771577
Ambruster, Anthony, 651American Historical Review, 1149, 1538,
1574, 1575American Philosophical Society, 565American Revenue Act, 807–09, 811–12,
814–16, 825–26, 831, 853, 855, 859,867, 873, 892, 908, 934, 980, 1016, 1115
American Revolution, compared to Bacon’sRebellion, 1556; Belgian Revolution of1789, 1562; English Revolution, 1555;French Revolution, 1539–40, 1545,1555, 1556, 1557–58, 1567, 1574;Russian Revolution, 1555
American Weekly Mercury, 649–50Amherst, Jeffrey, 745, 746, 747, 751, 757,
784–84, 790, 796Amicable Society, 950Andrews, John, 810, 828Andros tyranny, 519, 628Andth, Maj., 1396Anglican church, 574, 616, 654, 655, 660,
663, 664, 679, 680, 682Anglican Society for the Preservation of the
Gospel, 836Anglicans, 523, 538, 556, 558, 609, 644, 650,
659, 664, 668, 681, 1183, 1266, 1285,1286, 1382, 1383, 1384, 1553, 1558
Anglo-French Treaty of 1783, 1477Anglo-Spanish Treaty of 1783, 1477Angus, George, 886–87, 898, 1429, 1458Arieli, Yehoshua (Individualism and
Nationalism in American Ideology), 1294Aristotle, 1080Arminianism, 656, 657, 662, 663, 668–69Arminius, Jacob, 284, 656Armstrong, Laurence, 737–38; articles of
association (S.C.), 601Armstrong, Maj. John, 1334, 1491, 1519,
1520–21; “Newburgh Address,” 1519,1520
Arnold, Anthony, 101Arnold, Benedict, 203, 338, 341, 1141–42,
1143, 1160, 1161, 1164–66, 1205, 1307–08,1315, 1323, 1324, 1326, 1328, 1329–30,1337, 1394; and treason, 1396–97, 1410,1441, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1467
Arnold, Dr. Jonathan, 1516, 1521
Arnold, William, 178, 189, 190, 194, 196,197, 198, 203, 205
Articles of Confederation, 1358, 1360,1361, 1363, 1367–79, 1483, 1485,1486, 1503, 1506, 1509, 1510, 1512,1515, 1521, 1523, 1527, 1528, 1529,1562, 1563; Article Two, 1367, 1368;Article Twelve, 1369
Arundel, Sir Thomas, 32Ashe, Gen. John, 1423Asheton, Robert, 653Ashfield, Richard, 546Ashley, John, 1260, 1261Ashurst, Sir Henry, 462, 470Atherton Company, 533Atherton, Humphrey, 268Atkinson, Isaac, 1193Attucks, Crispus, 963, 965Auchmuty, Robert, 1018Atwood, William, 463, 464, 465Ausubel, H. (The Making of Modern
Europe), 1574Austin, Ann, 228, 229Avery, John, 868Avery, Waightstill, 1383; Mecklenburg
instructions, 1383Aviles, Pedro Menendez de, 26
Bache, Richard, 1364Backus, Isaac, 667Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99, 100, 116, 134Bacon’s Rebellion, 84, 92–103, 116, 348,
501, 685Bailyn, Bernard, 74n, 1119–20, 1556, 1575Bainbridge, Edmund, 547Bainbridge, John, Jr., 547, 549Baker, Remember, 1107, 1109–10Baker, William, 909, 912, 941Balboa, Vasco de, 16Baldwin, Nehemiah, 546Baldwin, Samuel, 546Ballard, Thomas, 103Baltimore Committee for Safety, 1206Baltimore, Lord, 71, 72, 75, 105, 106, 107,
117, 121, 122, 136, 137, 498, 581
1578
15781578
Bank of North America, 1505–07, 1523–24Banking, commercial, 622; deposit, 622;
government, 622; merchant, 622Banks, fund, 627; land, 627, 628, 630, 631,
632, 633, 634, 636, 637, 638; loan, 627,631, 632, 636; silver, 634
Banyar, Goldsbrow, 539Baptists, 519, 523, 524, 652, 662–63, 664,
666, 1183, 1185; General, 662–63; IsaacBackus, 1259; Particular, 663; Regular,663; Separate, 663, 666–67
Barclay, Robert, 383, 387Barefoot, Walter, 237, 351, 352, 353, 356Barlow, George, 265Barnwell, John, 587–88Barons, Benjamin, 810Barre, Isaac, 848, 857, 873, 916, 943,
1038–40Barrington, Lord, 1090Barton, William, 1505Bass, Henry, 868, 1031, 1065Basse, Jeremiah, 476, 477, 478Basset, Robert, 213Bassett, John S., 998Batter, Edward, 230Battle of Alamance, 1008Battle of Golden Hill, 968, 982, 987Baudeau, Nicolas, 1348Baxter, George, 304, 305Bayard, Nicholas, 313, 328, 422, 423, 425,
427, 433, 435, 436, 457, 463, 464, 465Bayard, William, 749Beale, John, 62Beard, Charles, 1118Beaumarchais, 1473Beatty, John, 1529Becker, Carl, 501, 1118, 1255; The Declara-
tion of Independence: A Study in the His-tory of Political Ideas, 1298, 1572
Beckford, William, 715, 754, 756, 760,857, 912, 915, 920, 941
Bedford, Duke of, 549, 717, 722, 724, 725,728, 754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 783,788, 792, 835, 911, 917, 924–25, 936,942, 976–77, 1037
Beekman, Dr. Gerardus, 424, 436, 455Beekman, James, 983
Belcher, Jonathan, 530, 548, 549, 550, 631,633, 634, 708, 709, 741
Belcher, Jonathan, Jr., 740, 742Belgium and the American Revolution,
1563, 1567, 1568Bellingham, Richard, 228Bellomont, Earl of. See Robert CooteBellomont, Lady, 465Bemis, Samuel Flagg (The Diplomacy of the
American Revolution), 1574Benezet, Anthony, 675Bengal famine, 1027Bennett, Richard, 75Benson, Egbert, 1545Berardi, Gianneto, 15, 16Berkeley, John Lord, 111, 112, 128, 313,
315, 323, 326Berkeley, Sir William, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81,
83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 99,100, 101, 102, 103, 111, 118, 134, 138,267, 501
Berkin, Carol (Jonathan Sewall: Odyssey ofan American Loyalist), 1573
Berkshire Constitutionalists, 1260, 1377,1379, 1500
Bernard, Francis, 748, 802, 827, 854,866–67, 869–70, 872–73, 891, 894,900, 903, 936–37, 945–46, 962, 1038
Berry, John, 385Beverley, Robert, 103, 136, 137, 1072Beverly, William, 576, 726Bezanson, Anne (“Inflation and Controls,
Pennsylvania, 1774–1779”), 1573Biddle, Owen, 1491Bigelow, Joel, 1533Billias, George A. (George Washington’s
opponents: British Admirals in the Ameri-can Revolution), 1184, 1213, 1571;(George Washington’s Generals), 1147,1209, 1570; (“Horatio Gates: Profes-sional Soldier”), 1308, 1327, 1435, 1570
Bingham, William, 1225, 1506, 1509Bird, Capt. Henry, 1411, 1412Birkenhead, 62Bishop, George, 234, 236“Black Boys of Cabarrus,” 1007“Black Regiment,” 803
1579
15791579
Blackman, Capt., 411Blackstone, Rev. William, 154, 158, 1099–
1100, 1252–53, 1258Blackwell, John, 398, 399, 400, 401, 485,
486, 489, 491, 492, 628Bladen, Martin, 706Blair, Rev. James, 139, 140, 141Blake, Daniel, 710Blake family, 603, 604Blake, Joseph, 128Blakiston, Nehemiah, 122Bland, John, 80Bland, Richard, Jr., 824, 840, 842, 863, 948,
1087Blathwayt, William, 346, 364, 367, 417,
445, 456, 457, 470, 574–75Block, Adriaen, 285Blommaert, Samuel, 290, 301“Bloody Law,” 1110Bloody Marsh, Battle of, 615Blunt, Tom, 587, 588Board of Commissioners of the Customs,
931, 937, 945Board of Proprietors (S.C.), 600Board of Trade (British), 549, 550, 568,
585, 602, 603, 604, 704, 705, 706, 708,710, 721, 722, 725, 732, 736, 737, 739,788–89, 794, 796, 805, 820, 936, 1104
Bogardus, Rev. Everardus, 295, 298Bollen, James, 480Bollan, Thomas, 649Bollan, William, 717, 718Bond, Phineas, 651bondservants. See indentured servantsBoone, Daniel, 1365Boone, Thomas, 617Boorstin, Daniel, 1119Borden, Richard, 480Boston Caucus Club, 803Boston Chronicle, 957, 959Boston Committee of Correspondence,
1160, 1170Boston Evening Post, 644Boston Gazette, 642, 803, 867–69, 895, 900,
919, 958, 961, 963, 965, 973, 982, 1019,1079
Boston Independent Advertiser, 720
Boston Masonic Society, 803Boston Massacre, 963, 964, 966, 968, 978,
1014, 1018, 1086Boston News-Letter, 642Boston Port Act, 1037–38, 1043–44, 1046,
1051, 1054Boston Public Occurrences, 642Boston Resolves, 1020–21Boston Tea Party, 1031–34, 1036–37,
1043, 1047Boucher, Jonathan, 1080Boulainvilliers, Comte de, 1101boundary disputes, 530, 532, 538, 539,
545–50, 573, 617, 633, 725Bouquet, Henry, 783, 785–87Bourne, Nehemiah, 259Bowdoin, James, 919, 961, 1499Bowen, Catherine Drinker (John Adams and
the American Revolution), 1146, 1573Bowler, R. Arthur (Logistics and the Failure
of the British Army in America, 1775–1783), 1570
Bowne, Andrew, 477, 481, 482, 484Bowne, John (N.J.), 323Bowne, John (N.Y.), 310Bownes, Rev. Samuel, 489Braddock, Edward, 566, 567, 732, 733,
734, 746Braddock, General, 796Bradford, Andrew, 563, 564, 649–50Bradford, William (Pa.), 487, 488, 489,
563, 645, 649, 885, 1491Bradford, William (Ply.), 151, 152, 154,
263, 264Bradstreet, Dudley, 366Bradstreet, John, 745, 787Bradstreet, Simon, 236, 276, 332, 358, 359,
360, 362, 366, 414, 415, 527Brailsford, H.N., 388nBrasher, Abraham, 436Brattle Street Church, 519–20, 521Brattle, Thomas, 446, 519Brattle, William, 519, 520Braxton, Carter, 1225, 1268, 1269–70,
1274, 1483; Address to the Convention ofVirginia, 1269–70
Bray, John, 479
1580
15801580
Bray, Thomas, 609, 679Breakenridge, James, 1105–06, 1110Breedon, Thomas, 260, 275Breed’s Hill, 1155, 1209Brend, William, 231, 232Brent, George, 70, 90Brent, Giles, 89, 100Brenton, Jahleel, 450, 451Brenton, William, 450Brewster, Margaret, 239Brian, Hugh, 598Brian, Jonathan, 598Briant, Lemuel, 668–69Bridger, John, 708Bridgewater, Earl of, 453Brief Narrative (Allen), 1108Brief Remarks (Otis), 816Brinckerhoff, Dirck, 1544British Constitution, 1120British Currency Act of 1764, 831, 856British Iron Act of 1750, 1221British Prohibitory Act, 1213–14, 1216,
1217, 1264, 1267Brockholls, Anthony, 330, 374, 378Brodhead, Capt., 317, 318Bronck, Jonas, 293, 295Bronner, Edwin B., 398n, 399Brooke, Chidley, 435Brooke, Lord, 208Broughton, Nicholas, 1211Brown brothers, 817Brown, E. Francis (Joseph Hawley: Colonial
Radical), 1500, 1573Brown, Gerald S. (American Secretary:
Colonial Policy of Lord George Germain),1571
Brown, John (Col.), 1017, 1160, 1162,1163, 1166, 1329
Brown, Moses, 890, 1022Brown, Nicholas, 807, 815Brown, Richard Maxwell, 993; (The South
Carolina Regulators), 1183Brown, Robert E., 438n, 441n; and B.
Katherine (Virginia 1705–86: Democ-racy or Aristocracy?), 1271
Brown, William, 360nBrown University. See Rhode Island College
Browne, John, 164Browne, Samuel, 164Brunhouse, Robert L. (The Counter-Revolu-
tion in Pennsylvania), 1572Bryan, George, 1371–72, 1550Budd, Dr. John, 1383Buchanan, George, 1097Buckingham, Duke of, 149, 214Bulkeley, Peter, 360n, 361, 366Bulkeley, Rev. Gershom, 419, 471Bull, Alderman, 1037Bull, Henry, 420Bull, Thomas, 344Bull, William, 826, 886, 897, 901, 994Burch, William, 957Burgh, James (Political Disquisitions), 1262–63Burke, Aedanus ( Judge), 1525, 1526Burke, Edmund, 848, 911, 914, 930, 971,
978, 1028, 1038–40, 1042, 1058, 1076,1098, 1150, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1321,1348, 1468, 1565; The Vindication ofNatural Society, 1253; Letter to the Sher-iff of Bristol, 1349, 1350
Burke, Dr. Thomas, 1359–60, 1367, 1369,1472, 1514–15; Orange instructions, 1383
Burke, Richard, 911Burke, William, 755, 762, 910–11, 914Burgoyne, Gen. John, 1154, 1315, 1316, 1317,
1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322–23, 1324,1325, 1326–27, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1332,1338, 1339, 1348, 1349, 1381, 1405, 1459
Burling, William, 673Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 1053Burnett, Edmund Cody (The Continental
Congress), 1169, 1571 Burr, Aaron, 667, 695, 1165, 1302, 1303,
1305, 1344, 1550Burrington, George, 590Burrough, Edward, 236Burroughs, Rev. George, 444, 448Burton, Mary, 544Bute, Earl of, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759,
760, 788, 792, 794, 796, 844, 847, 869,907, 911, 913, 917, 942
Butler, John (Col.), 1405–06, 1407; Butler’sRangers, 1405, 1406, 1407
1581
15811581
Butler, Walter, 1407, 1408, 1415Butler, William (Col.), 1000–02, 1004–05,
1008, 1407Butterworth, Moses, 480Byfield, Nathaniel, 450, 451, 453, 462, 470Byllinge, Edward, 326, 327, 387, 388, 389,
390, 391, 474Byrd family, 840Byrd, Valentine, 118Byrd II, William, 59, 63, 92, 95, 114, 115,
119, 140, 576
“cabin right,” 553Cabot, John, 15, 25Cabot, Sebastian, 15, 17, 19, 25Cabral, Pedro, 16Cadamosto, Capt., 12Calef, Robert, 449Calhoun, Robert M. (The Loyalists in Revo-
lutionary, America, 1760–1781), 1573Callahan, North (“Henry Knox: American
Artillerist”), 1209; (Royal Raiders),1537, 1571
Calvert, Benedict, 125Calvert, Cecilius, 104, 105, 106, 109Calvert, Charles, 125Calvert, Leonard, 105, 106Calvert, Philip, 108, 116Calvinism, 523, 524, 553, 644, 657, 658,
659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 668, 669,680, 681
Calvinistic Methodists, 659Camden, Lord, 916–17, 925, 977–78Camm, John, 839–43Campbell, Col. Archibald, 1421, 1422,
1423Campbell, Col. Arthur, 1484Campbell, Dougal, 901Campbell, John, 642Campbell, Neil, 385, 386Campbell, Col. William, 1439, 1459Canada, 567, 714, 717, 719, 724, 732, 735,
738, 746, 748, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758,760, 762, 764–65
Cannon, Prof. James, 1277, 1279, 1280,1281, 1282, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1375;
Philadelphia Committee of Privates,1372
Cano, Sebastian del, 17Canonchet, 337, 340, 341, 342Cao, Diogo, 13, 15Cape Breton Island (Nova Scotia), 559,
631, 634, 713, 714, 725, 735, 736–42ff.,745, 755
Cape Fear Loyalists, 1006Carden, Maj. John, 1431Carleton, Guy (Gov.), 765Carleton, Gen. Guy, 1160, 1161, 1163,
1164, 1166, 1191, 1307, 1308, 1315,1325, 1468, 1532
Carleton, Maj. Guy, 1410Carlisle, Earl of, 1352Carlisle Commission, 1352Carpenter, Isaiah, 1105–06Carr, John, 314Carr, Sir Robert, 273, 274, 276, 314Carrier, Martha, 445Carroll, Charles of Carrollton, 1286, 1287,
1364, 1385cartel, compulsory, 581Carter family, 783Carter, Landon, 584, 632, 824, 840, 842,
1072, 1253, 1549Carter, Robert (“King”), 69, 576, 726Carter, Samuel, 479, 480Carteret, James, 324, 480Carteret, John. See Granville, Earl ofCarteret, Peter, 117Carteret, Philip, 315, 323, 324, 326, 329,
380, 381, 382, 383, 476, 479Carteret, Sir George, 111, 313, 315, 323,
327, 329, 330, 380, 381, 382Cartier, Jacques, 17, 18Cartwright, Maj. John, 1352; Take Your
Choice, 1352Cartwright, George, 273, 276, 314Cary, Archibald, 824Cary, Thomas, 587, 132, 133Caswell, Col. Richard, 1199, 1360, 1435Catherine the Great, 1234, 1471Cato’s Letters (1720s; Gordon) , 649, 686,
690–93, 702, 1120Catterall, Eleazer, 480
1582
15821582
Causamon, 335Causton, Thomas, 612Cavendish, Thomas, 30censorship, 639, 643, 644, 648, 673, 720Chaleur, 830Chalmers, George (Plain Truth), 1278Chamberlain, Richard, 351, 352Champagne, Roger J. (“New York’s Radicals
and the Coming of Independence”),1173
Champernowne, Francis, 276, 352, 366Champlain, Samuel de, 34Chandler, Robert, 942Chandler, Thomas, 1067, 1080Channing, Edward, 399Chaplin, Ebenezer, 1085Charles I (King), 104, 112, 135, 157, 159,
214, 223, 253, 314, 493Charles II (King), 103, 107, 111, 135, 138,
236, 238, 267, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276,277, 278, 311, 312, 315, 324, 325, 326,345, 346, 349, 352, 355, 356, 359, 366,372, 375, 382, 392, 457, 945
Charles III of Spain (King), 1227Chase, Samuel, 1063, 1216, 1224, 1287,
1363, 1364, 1491Chase, Thomas, 868Chatham, Lord, 1136, 1232Chatham, Earl of. See William PittCaucus Club, 868Chauncy, Charles, 660, 668, 669, 686, 871,
904, 1044, 1085Checkley, John, 644Chesseldine, Kenelm, 122Chessick, Robert, 62Chew, Larkin, 576Chew, Justice Benjamin, 1334Chicherley, Sir Henry, 134, 135Child, Dr. Robert, 227, 228, 259, 273Chittenden, Col. Thomas, 1297, 1531Chitwood, Oliver, 273Choiseul, Comte Etienne Francois, 1346Chodorov, Frank, 993Christian, Matthew, 942Christison, Wenlock, 235, 236Church, Benjamin, 342, 944–45, 970,
1014, 1091, 1133, 1145, 1181
Churchman, John, 675Cicero, 1080Cider tax, 793–94, 844–45, 848, 869, 941Circuit Court Act, 996Civil Government (Locke), 1099Claiborne, William, 71, 72, 106, 107Clarendon, Earl of. See Edward HydeClark, George Rogers, 1365–66, 1402–03,
1404, 1405, 1408, 1411–12, 1413,1414, 1415, 1457, 1464, 1465
Clark, Mary, 231Clark, Thomas, 425, 434, 458Clarke, George, 466, 535Clarke, John, 184, 186, 187, 197, 198, 200,
201, 202, 269, 270Clarke, Nathaniel, 408, 417Clarke, Richard, 1030Clarke, Samuel, 669Clarke, Walter, 341, 409, 420, 468, 469Clarke, Samuel, 669Clarke, William, 732Claver, Pedro, 65Cleverly, Stephen, 868Clinton, Gen. George, 535, 1389, 1478,
1501, 1512, 1530, 1533Clinton, Gen. James, 1408, 1410Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 1154, 1155, 1156,
1190, 1200, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1265,1301, 1303, 1310, 1311, 1317, 1329,1330, 1331, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342,1343, 1344, 1352, 1353, 1393, 1394,1395, 1397, 1410, 1414, 1424–25,1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1438, 1441,1451, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462,1468, 1544, 1546
Clutton, William, 61Clymer, George, 1506Cochran, Robert, 1106–07, 1110, 1112Cockayne, Alderman, 155Coddington, William, 183, 184, 185, 186,
188, 189, 193, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202,203, 204, 231, 247, 248, 339, 340, 341,408
Coercive Acts, 1037, 1039, 1042–43, 1048,1055, 1057–58, 1061–63, 1071, 1075,1111; of 1774, 1151, 1258, 1352, 1416
Coerteus, Myndert, 436
1583
15831583
Coffell, Joseph, 995–96Coggeshall, John, 184, 248, 420Coke, Sir Edward, 176Coke, Chief Justice, 802Colden, Alexander, 820Colden, Cadwallader, , 534–35, 670, 820,
878–79, 903, 1046, 1104–05, 1111–12Colden family, 926, 929Coleman, Ann, 237Coleman, Henry, 325Collected Works (Voltaire), 1100College of Philadelphia, 1047Colleton, James, 126, 127Colleton, John, 111Collins, John, 1516, 1521Colman, Benjamin, 521, 718Colman, John, 630, 631, 633Colonel Dismounted, The (Bland), 842Columbia University, 13, 1180. See King’s
CollegeColumbus, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16Colve, Anthony, 325, 326Colville, Admiral Lord, 809–10Commentaries, 1099Committees of Inspection, Philadelphia,
1217, 1218; Newark, 1218; New Lon-don, 1218; Hartford, 1218; Providence,1218
Committee of Fifty-one, 1046, 1049–50,1067
Committee of Forty-five, 1069Committee of Forty-three, 1047, 1050, 1066Committee of Mechanics, 1046, 1049,
1059, 1067Committee of Nine (Mass.), 515–16Committee of One Hundred, 1173–74Committee of Safety, 1083–84Committee of Sixty, 1067, 1070, 1173–74Committee of Sixty-six, 1066, 1071Committee on the State of the Province, 1083Committees of Correspondence, 823, 825,
839–40, 843, 1019, 1031, 1034, 1037,1043–48, 1057, 1068, 1074, 1098
commodities, marketable, 581, 589, 593,621, 625, 632, 633
commodity money, 621, 625, 632
Common Council (Ga.), 609Commonwealthmen, 848Conant, Roger, 153, 154Conciliatory Plan, 1076Condorcet, Marquis de, 1298, 1561Conestoga wagons, 555Congregationalists, 1246, 1259, 1379, 1553Congregationalism, 521, 523, 654, 661,
664, 665, 666, 669; New Light, 660,662, 663, 664, 665, 668, 695; New LightSeparatist, 663, 665–66; Old Light, 660,663, 664, 666; Separatists, 664
Congress (national), 1361, 1362, 1368, 1369Congreve, William, 59Connecticut, 527, 528, 532, 551, 657, 710,
731, 741, 750; after Glorious Revolu-tion, 471–73; Assembly, 660, 664–65,731–32, 1188, 1370; conscription, 524,559, 568, 587, 589, 599, 729, 734, 744,749, 750; founding, 208–13, 700; Gen-eral Court, 523; militia, 719; money in,625, 627, 631, 635; postal service in,640; prohibition of slavery 676, 1550;religion in, 523, 553, 654, 660, 663, 664,665–66, 680, 695
Connecticut Gazette, 882, 895Connolly, Dr. John, 1194–95, 1200, 1464Consensus school of history, 1119Considerations on the Nature and Extent of
the Legislative Authority of the BritishParliament, 1052
Constitutional Post, 1170–71Constitutionalist school of history, 1119–20Continental Army, 1145, 1146, 1152,
1157, 1158, 1159, 1167, 1181, 1190,1209, 1221, 1230, 1239, 1244, 1290,1295, 1303, 1307, 1311, 1312, 1323,1324, 1326, 1328, 1337, 1338, 1394,1406, 1408, 1409, 1416, 1433, 1434,1436, 1438, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1453,1455, 1458, 1459, 1495, 1519, 1552;disintegration of, 1395, 1396, 1397,1398, 1408, 1413, 1454, 1455, 1462,1479, 1488, 1489, 1518, 1521
Continental Association, 1063–69, 1071–74, 1076, 1082, 1172, 1179, 1180, 1202,1215, 1216, 1217, 1218
1584
15841584
Continental Congress, 1132, 1142–43,1144–47, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154,1158, 1160, 1161, 1166, 1167–69,1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1180,1181, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190,1192, 1195, 1201, 1202, 1206, 1211,1214, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1221,1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1229,1230, 1239, 1240, 1247, 1248, 1249,1258, 1264–65, 1267, 1268, 1269,1271, 1273, 1274, 1276, 1280, 1281,1286, 1287, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293,1295, 1296, 1297, 1304, 1305, 1307,1312, 1314, 1315, 1321, 1327, 1337,1338, 1339, 1343–44, 1347, 1352,1357, 1359, 1360, 1363, 1365, 1367,1375, 1377, 1380, 1381, 1386, 1396,1397, 1406, 1408, 1434, 1442, 1453,1456, 1457, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475,1484, 1485, 1486, 1501, 1512, 1514,1524, 1525, 1527; Articles of Confeder-ation, 1483; Board of War, 1337; Com-mittee of Foreign Affairs, 1473, 1503,1504; Committee of Secret Correspon-dence, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1473; Conti-nental bills, 1487, 1489, 1491, 1494,1496; Departments of War, Marine, andFinance, 1503–04; military pensions,1518–22, 1523, 1524; Ordinance of1784, 1528; Secret Committee, 1216,1223–24, 1225; slavery, 1552; taxation,1503, 1509, 1511, 1514, 1517, 1524;Tories, 1538, 1540; Treaty of Paris,1478; Vermont, 1531, 1532, 1533
Continental Congress, First, 1048, 1051,1054–57, 1060–67, 1069, 1072, 1074–75,1079, 1082, 1085, 1087–88, 1112
Continental Congress, Second, 1085Continental Navy, 1212, 1353; and priva-
teering, 1212–13, 1399Continental paper, 1168, 1493, 1494, 1495,
1496, 1497, 1498, 1508; inflation, 1169,1395, 1487–89, 1491, 1492, 1493,1494, 1557; loan certificates, 1495,1496; price controls, 1489–93; Quarter-master and Commissary certificates,1509–10, 1511, 1512
Convention of El Prado (1739), 715Conway, Gen. Sir Henry, 848, 858, 907,
911–13, 917, 925, 977, 1038, 1149,1337, 1344, 1434
Coode, John, 117, 122, 432Cook, Arthur, 399, 400, 401, 492Cooke, Elisha, 416, 439, 457, 461, 515Cooke, Elisha, Jr., 515, 628Cooke, George, 916Cooke, John, 265Cooke Nicholas, 1185, 1211, 1247Cooley, Simeon, 954Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley (Earl of
Shaftesbury), 111, 112, 119, 128, 277,333, 349, 358
Cooper, Myles (Rev.), 1080; (FriendlyAddress to All Reasonable Americans),1152, 1173
Cooper, Samuel, 803, 871, 947, 961, 982Cooper, Timothy, 371Cooper, Thomas, 603Cooper, William, 961, 1020Coote, Robert (Earl of Bellomont),
454–61, 463, 464, 465, 466, 469, 470,520, 525
Copeland, John, 231, 232Coram, Thomas, 609, 616Corbin, Francis, 591“corn right,” 552–53Cornbury, Lord (Gov.), 464, 465, 466, 467,
483, 542, 554, 820Cornwallis, Edward, 738, 739Cornwallis, Gen. Charles Lord, 1205, 1310,
1313, 1333, 1334, 1343, 1428, 1429,1430, 1432, 1433, 1435, 1436, 1438,1439, 1440–41, 1443, 1444, 1446, 1447,1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1454,1456, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 17Corry, William, 535Corssen, Arendt, 292Cortez, Hernando, 17Cosby, William, 534, 645, 646Cotton, Rev. John, 168, 176, 180, 182, 192,
201, 247, 339Council of Elders (Mass.), 518Council of Proprietors (N.J.), 545, 547
1585
15851585
Council of War (R.I.), 524“Country Party” of Maryland, 1285–86“Court Party” of Maryland, 1285–86Cox, John, 885Coxe, Dr. Daniel, Jr., 391, 474, 476,
545–46Coxe, William, 878Crandall, Samuel, 875–77Cranfield, Edward, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356,
361, 364, 369, 407, 418Cranston, Samuel, 468, 469, 524Craven, Charles, 599Craven, Peter, 1001Crawford, William, 1464credit exchanges, 622creditors, 527, 528, 582, 624, 633, 637Crews, James, 92, 97Croghan, George, 560–61, 1364Cromwell, Oliver, 75, 107, 108, 202, 203,
204, 206, 213, 225, 228, 258, 305, 332,945
Crook, Robert, 875Crosby, Brass, 974Crown Point, 1142, 1143, 1160, 1161Cruger, Henry, 971, 1042Cudworth, James, 265, 266Culpeper, John, 98, 118, 333Culpeper, Lord, 82, 83, 103, 134, 135, 136,
138, 139, 140, 363, 364, 576, 726Cumberland, Duke of, 724, 732, 744, 912Cunliffe, Marcus (“George Washington:
George Washington’s Generalship”),1147
currency. See paper moneyCurrey, Cecil B. (Code Number 72/Ben
Franklin: Patriot or Spy?), 1474, 1574Curry, Michael, 846, 848Curtis, John, 381, 382Cushing, Thomas, 946, 1014, 1019, 1049,
1063, 1065, 1146, 1230, 1248, 1259,1378
Cushing, Chief Justice William (Common-wealth v. Jennison), 1550
customs, royal, 590, 700, 704Cutler, Timothy, 680Cutt, John, 351
Cuyler, Hendrick, 422Cygnet, 830, 876
d’Ailly, Cardinal Pierre, 11, 13d’Aulnay, Charles, 224d’Estaing, Adm. Charles Hector, 1353, 1425,
1426, 1427d’Hinoyossa, Alexander, 307Daggett, Naphtali, 882Daille, Rev. Peter, 436Dale, Sir Thomas, 50, 51, 52Dalrymple, William, 962Damhouder, Josse de, 299Danby, Earl of, 345, 349, 416Danforth, Thomas, 358, 359, 360, 362,
407, 439Dangerfield, George (Chancellor Robert R.
Livingston), 1573Daniel, Robert, 131Danson, John, 132Dare, Virginia, 29Dart, Benjamin, 973Dartmouth, 1030–31Dartmouth, Lord, 912, 917, 953, 1037–39Dartmouth College, 1246, 1381Daughters of Liberty, 905Davenport, James, 660Davenant, Sir William, 107Davenport, Rev. John, 166, 211, 212, 220,
270, 271, 272Davis, Hugh, 66Davis, John, 28, 30, 31Davis, Samuel, 662, 695Davis, Silvanus, 405Davy, Humphrey, 360nDavyes, Wiliam, 116de Beaumarchais, Caron, 1226, 1227de Bonvouloir, Archard, 1226, 1227de Galvez, Bernardo, 1415de Grasse, Adm., 1460, 1461, 1462, 1475de Kalb, Gen. Baron Johann, 1336, 1434,
1435, 1436de Montesquieu, Baron, 1375de Nemours, Dupont, 1561de Peyster, Abraham, 464de Peyster, Pierre, 1105
1586
15861586
de Vattel, Emerich, 813, 1099de Vries, David, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295, 296, 300Deane, Silas, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1230, 1346,
1347, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1485, 1503debasement of money, 622, 625, 626, 627debtors, 527, 528, 582, 609, 610, 624, 630,
637decentralization, 524–25Declaration of Independence, 1291–94,
1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1351, 1371,1382, 1556, 1562
Declaration of Rights, 1062Declaratory Acts, 915–16, 918–19, 980,
1233, 1349Dee, “Doctor” John, 28, 46deism, 662, 668–71, 686, 694DeLancey family, 538, 645, 646, 683, 749,
757, 926, 1174, 1183, 1543DeLancey, James, 789, 837DeLancey, Oliver, 983DeLancey, Peter, 887Delanoy, Peter, 423, 424, 425, 426, 429,
436, 437, 455, 456, 463Delaware, 554, 561, 564, 573; Assembly,
1283, 1370; Delaware Constitution,1385, 1549; proprietary in, 700; religionin, 654
Delke, Roger, 83Dellius, Rev. Godfridus, 455, 457, 458, 460,
539demand deposits, 623democracy, 525, 533, 578, 579, 593Denison, Daniel, 360nDennis, Samuel, 381Denny, William, 570, 748Denton, Rev. Richard, 212Derby, Capt. John, 1135Derby, Lord, 1467Derk, John, 1235Desbrosses, Elias, 984despotism, 517, 603, 646, 651, 652, 691Detroit, 784–84devaluation. See debasement of moneyDevinney, Samuel, 1004Devonshire, Duke of, 847, 856Devotion, Ebenezer, 883
Dewey, Jedediah, 1105Diaz, Bartholomew, 13, 14, 15Dickerson, Oliver, 965Dickinson, John, 796, 822, 892, 934, 944,
970, 972, 1014, 1027, 1046–47,1050–51, 1063, 1144, 1145, 1147,1224, 1230, 1231, 1248, 1275, 1276,1277, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1360,1361, 1362, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1375
Dinwiddie, Robert, 586, 728–31, 733, 734,783, 796
Discourse on Inequality (Rousseau), 1102Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and
Sciences (Rousseau), 1102disenfranchisement, 533, 551, 566, 568, 650Dissenters, 538, 616, 654, 665, 681, 794,
838, 841Dixon, Jeremiah, 573Dobbs, Arthur, 591Dockwra, William, 481Dominion of New England, 366–69, 402–12Dongan, Thomas, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
379, 408, 410, 411, 414, 429, 437Donne, John (Gov.), 68, 641Dorchester Heights, 1154, 1209, 1220Dorfman, Joseph (The Economic Mind in
American Civilization), 1400Douglass, Elisha P. (“German Intellectuals
and the American Revolution”), 1236,1575; (Rebels and Democrats: The Strug-gle for Equal Political Rights and Major-ity Rule During the AmericanRevolution), 1374, 1378, 1572
Douglass, William, 637, 720Dowdeswell, William, 912, 971, 1038Downer, Silas, 901, 919, 953Downing, Emmanuel, 259Drake, Sir Francis, 27Drayton, William Henry, 955–56, 973, 1066,
1089, 1201, 1267, 1370, 1382, 1552Drosius, Rev. Mr., 310Drummond, James, 383Drummond, John, 405Drummond, Sara, 99Drummond, William, 97, 98, 99, 100Dry, William, 897–98Drysdale, Hugh, 585
1587
15871587
Duane, James, 539, 831, 879, 1049–50,1060–62, 1104, 1107, 1145, 1173,1190, 1230, 1248, 1274, 1295, 1296,1368, 1502, 1503
Duane manor, 537Duberman, Martin (The Anti-Slavery Van-
guard), 1529Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, 1101Dudingston, William, 1017, 1023Dudley, Charles, Jr., 1016–17Dudley, Joseph, 358, 360, 362, 364, 365–69,
402, 403, 405, 406, 407, 415, 435, 436,443, 450, 451, 466, 462, 463, 464, 469,470, 471, 501, 520, 521, 527, 628, 642
Dudley, Paul, 630, 718Dudley, Rebecca, 367Dudley, Thomas, 160, 162, 181, 182, 222,
228Duer, William, 1368, 1473, 1519Dunbar, David, 708–09, 796Dunbar, Thomas, 733Dunmore, Lord (Gov.), 1052, 1088–89,
1105, 1193, 1194–95, 1196–98, 1200,1211, 1268, 1365, 1551, 1552
Dunn, Richard S., 344, 347n, 445, 472nDurant, George, 117, 118, 119, 120Durkee, John, 905Dutch Reformed Church, 658, 661Dyer, Eliphalet, 796, 815, 1063Dyer, Mary, 183, 186, 231, 233, 234, 330,
445Dyer, William (N.Y.), 330, 374, 396Dyer, William (R.I.), 184, 200, 202, 203,
231, 330
East India Company, 1024–30, 1037, 1043,1047, 1051
Eastchurch, Thomas, 118, 119Eastland Company, 29, 155Easton, John, 336, 468Easton, Nicholas, 184, 200, 202, 203, 338,
408Easy Plan of Discipline for a Militia (Picker-
ing), 1084Eaton, Theophilus, 211, 212, 220, 222,
231, 302
Eaton, Thomas, 59Eckly, John, 400Economic-determinist school of history, 1118Ecuyer, Simeon, 786Eddis, William, 1080Edes, Benjamin, 868Eden, Robert, 1206, 1240, 1265, 1287Edmundson, William, 349Edmundston, William (Rev.), 672Edsall, Samuel, 383, 424, 436Edwards, Jonathan, 657–58, 659–60, 661, 662Effingham, Lord, 1135–36, 1232Egremont, Earl of, 783, 786, 789–90,
793–95, 845–46Eldridge, John, 327Eliot, Andrew, 680, 687, 871, 1098Eliot, John, 342Elizabeth, Queen, 25, 28, 147Ellery, William, 721, 875–76Ellis, Welbore, 793Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1093Emile (Rousseau), 1100Endecott, John, 158, 164, 170, 192, 197, 218,
224, 229, 232, 233, 235, 238, 332, 527England, immigration policy, 539–40;
international policy, 751–53; land pol-icy, 530, 532, 549–50, 602–04; mone-tary policy, 626–27, 631, 633, 634,635–36, 638; postal service, 639, 640,641; religious policy, 679–83; relationswith France, 559, 607, 713–14, 717,721, 724–26, 743, 754; relations withSpain, 607, 615, 644, 714–16; religionin, 670–71, 684, 694
Enlightenment, 655, 677; enumerated list,595, 703, 704, 706, 708
Enos, Lt. Col. Roger, 1164, 1166Ericson, Leif, 15Erskine, Gen. Sir William, 1313Essay on Civil Government (Locke), 893Essay on Man (Pope), 846“Essay on the Trade of the Northern
Colonies” (Hopkins), 815Essay on Woman, 846–47Evangelicals, New Side, 661; Old Side, 661,
663–64, 665Evans, John, 455, 457, 496
1588
15881588
Everard, Richard, 590, 591Eyre, Littleton, 900
Fabricius, Rev. Mr., 327Fairbanks, Richard, 640Fairfax County, 1151, 1270Fairfax Resolves, 1270Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 576, 577, 726, 727,
1541Fanning, Edmund, 999–1002, 1004–06, 1008Farmer, John, 673Fauquier, Francis, 783, 881, 896Fay, Jonas, 1109Fay, Stephen, 1109Feake, Tobias, 310fees, feudal, 535Feller, Abbe, 1563, 1568Fendall, Josiah, 108, 116Fenwick, George, 210, 211Fenwick, John, 326, 327, 387, 389Fenwicke family, 603–04Ferguson, E. James (The Power of the Purse:
A History of American Public Finance1776–1790), 1496, 1515, 1520, 1573;(“The Nationalists of 1781–1783 andthe Economic Interpretation of theConstitution”), 1573
Ferguson, Patrick (Maj.), 1439–40Ferguson, Thomas, 973Fernandes, Joao, 15feudalism, 535, 536, 537–38, 555, 606, 686Few, James, 1008Few, William, 1008Field, John, 205Field, William, 196Finley, Samuel, 665Fish, Elisha, 1085Fish, Joseph, 695Fisher, Mary, 228, 229Fiske, John, 298–99, 313–14Fitch, James, 419, 471, 472 Fitch, Thomas, 815, 883Fleeming, John, 958–96Fleet, Thomas, 644Fleming, John, 863Fletchall, Col. Thomas, 1201
Fletcher, Benjamin, 437, 450, 454, 455,456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 464, 465, 466,467, 471, 475, 488, 489, 490, 491, 496,536, 649
Flick, Alexander C. (Loyalism in New YorkDuring the American Revolution), 1180
Florida, 599, 600, 605, 606, 614, 615, 617,761, 763; as haven for runaway slaves,597, 607; forced labor in, 763–64
Foner, Eric (Tom Paine and RevolutionaryAmerica), 1490, 1491, 1572
Forbes, John, 745–46Fort Constitution (Fort Lee), 1305, 1309,
1310Fort Edward, 1322, 1323Fort Miller, 1323, 1324Fort St. John’s, 1142, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1165Fort Stanwix, 1191, 1325, 1326, 1414Fort Sullivan, 1205, 1207Fort Washington, 1305, 1306, 1309Founce, John, 408Fothergill, Samuel, 675Fowle, Daniel, 644–45Fowles, Henry, 122Fox, Charles James, 713, 1038–40,
1231–32, 1233, 1298, 1348, 1349,1350, 1467–68, 1475–76, 1477–78
Fox, George, 108, 115, 339Fox, Henry, 724, 732, 762, 790, 793, 1231France, 558, 559, 566, 570, 605, 606, 610,
617, 621, 654, 685, 696, 713, 714,724–35, 736, 737, 738, 739, 743, 744,745, 746, 747, 748, 755, 756, 758, 760,763, 765
France and the American Revolution, 1393,1399, 1400, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1425,1430, 1459–60, 1461, 1462, 1561, 1567
Franco-American Treaty, 1470, 1472, 1474,1476, 1478
Franklin, Benjamin, 556, 562–70, 572, 636,642, 643, 646, 650, 652, 659, 670, 731,732, 733, 755, 757, 790, 792, 808,821–22, 855–56, 858, 866–67, 882,884–85, 904, 906, 911, 916, 923, 930,982, 1029, 1036, 1062, 1135, 1170,1171, 1217, 1224, 1226, 1227, 1250,1282, 1290, 1291, 1346–47, 1359,
1589
15891589
1360–61, 1363, 1364, 1371, 1400,1472, 1473, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1485,1493, 1515, 1525, 1526, 1527; as minis-ter to France, 1474, 1561, 1574
Franklin, James, 642–43, 644Franklin, William, 755, 808, 823, 904,
1192, 1240, 1284, 1285, 1364Franks, David, 789Franks family, 1364Franks, Moses, 789Fraser, Simon (Gen.), 1330, 1410Free American Fire Company, 958freedom of the press, 642, 644, 645, 646,
648, 649, 650, 682, 696freedom of religion, 666, 667, 737. See also
religious libertyfreedom of speech, 652, 696freeholders, 536, 589Frelinghuysen, Federick, 1542Frelinghuysen, Theodore J., 658, 661 French, Allen (The First Year of the Ameri-
can Revolution), 1570French, Philip, 465French, William, 1112French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War),
555, 566, 586, 617, 632, 638, 662,724–35, 743–47, 748, 749, 751,752–53, 781, 788, 791–92, 796, 801,810, 1083
French Enlightenment, 1100Fretwell, Peter, 478Friend, Isaac, 61Friends of America, 1080Friends of Liberty and Trade, 983Frobisher, Martin, 28Frontenac, Comte de, 429, 433frontiersmen, 527, 528, 552, 568, 569, 573,
655, 708Fuller, Dr. Matthew, 264Fuller, Rose, 857, 912, 915, 919–20, 1038–39Fuller, William, 107fur trade, 539, 552, 706, 714, 717, 724, 728
Gadsden, Christopher, 886, 892–93,918–19, 949–50, 955–56, 973, 986,1015, 1034, 1054–55, 1063, 1066,
1073, 1082, 1217, 1249, 1267, 1382,1383, 1428
Gage, Thomas (Gen.), 786–87, 796, 866,879, 924, 929, 946, 985, 1018, 1038,1044–45, 1048–49, 1056, 1058, 1065,1068–69, 1083, 1090–92, 1135, 1136,1140, 1141, 1154, 1155, 1159, 1160,1173, 1184, 1200, 1233
Gaine, Hugh, 648, 1079Gale, Christopher, 590Gallop, John, 218Galloway, Joseph, 822, 854, 867, 884–85,
906, 911, 934, 937, 982, 1022,1050–51, 1060–63, 1144, 1175, 1192,1312, 1316, 1364
Gama, Vasco da, 15Gardiner, Lyon, 218Gardiner, Thomas, 478Garth, Charles, 855, 857Gaspee, 1017–18, 1022–23Gates, Gen. Horatio, 1150, 1151, 1153,
1161, 1164, 1240, 1307, 1308, 1311,1312, 1321, 1322, 1327, 1328, 1329,1330, 1332, 1336–37, 1339, 1341,1344, 1394, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1442,1479, 1519
Gates, Sir Thomas, 49Gay, Ebenezer, 669Gedney, Bartholomew, 360n, 366General Committee of Charleston, 1054,
1066, 1073Geneva and the American Revolution,
1564, 1566, 1568George, Capt., 414George II (King), 801George III (King), 836, 864, 907, 953, 959,
973, 977, 1037, 1052, 1111, 1150, 1151,1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1271, 1275,1280, 1282, 1293, 1297, 1302, 1311,1319, 1322, 1380, 1406, 1419, 1467,1468, 1472, 1476; declares war on theDutch, 1400
Georgia, 707, 716, 741; as proprietarycolony, 607, 609, 614; as royal colony,616; Assembly, 614, 616, 617; , 1382;Association movement, 997; Council,616, 617; Council of Safety, 1202, 1265;
1590
15901590
dictatorship in, 611–12, 613; humani-tarianism in, 607–18; militia, 700; Lib-erty Society of Savannah, 1382; moneyin, 636; newspapers in, 652; religion in,654, 670; settlement of, 605, 607, 609,610, 611; silk in, 612–13, 614, 616; slav-ery in, 612, 613, 614, 616
Georgia Gazette, 895, 1055Gerard, Conrad, 1364, 1472, 1473, 1474Germain, Lord George, 1233, 1302, 1315,
1316, 1317, 1340, 1353, 1425, 1467German Enlightenment, 1099German settlers, 566, 568, 569–70, 610,
654, 672. See also immigration, GermanGermany and the American Revolution,
1561Gerrard, Thomas, 117, 122Gerry, Elbridge, 1020, 1083, 1146, 1248,
1264, 1525Gibbs, John, 126Gibbes, Robert, 596Gibson, James, 572Gilbert, Adrian, 28, 30Gilbert, Felix (To the Farewell Address: Ideas
of EarlyAmerican Foreign Policy), 1347,1348, 1574
Gilbert, Jonathan, 995Gilbert, Raleigh, 33Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 27, 28, 33Gilbert, William, 598Gildersleeve, Richard, 309Gill, John, 958Gillam, Samuel, 943Glen, James, 730Glorious Revolution, 413–41, 628, 688Glover, William, 132Glynn, Serjeant John, 845, 941Godyn, Samuel, 290Goddard, William, 874, 1170, 1171Godechot, Jacques, 1560; La Grande
Nation, 1568; France and the AtlanticRevolution of the Eighteenth Century,1770–1799, 1568, 1574–75
Goetwater, Rev. Ernestus, 308gold, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629Gooch, William, 576, 585, 586, 661, 727,
728
Good, Sarah, 444Goodman, Christopher, 1097Goodyear, Stephen, 255Gookin, Daniel, 337, 360nGordon, John, 956Gordon, Thomas, 477, 649, 681, 686,
690–93, 848, 1097, 1120Gordon, William, 1085Gore, John, 962Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 32, 33, 35, 149, 153,
162, 165, 214, 215, 216, 276, 346, 348Gorges, Thomas, 215Gorton, Samuell, 187–99, 223, 340, 408,
525, 532Gottschalk, Louis (“The Place of the Amer-
ican Revolution in the Causal Pattern ofthe French Revolution”), 1568, 1574
Gould, Thomas, 239Gourgues, Dominique de, 27Gouverneur, Abraham, 436, 450Gove, Edward, 353, 354, 356, 418Grafton, Lord (Duke), 847, 912–13, 917,
925, 942, 953, 976–78, 1150, 1233Grand Design, the, 791–92, 795, 835, 870grant-in-aid, 565Grant, Charles, 527–28Grant, James, 1090Grantham, Thomas, 100Graham (shipowner), 826Granville, Earl of ( John Carteret), 130,
131, 591, 714, 728, 757, 760Gratz family, 1364, 1483; Bernard Gratz,
1527Graves, Adm. Samuel, 1212, 1233Graves, Rear Adm. Thomas, 1460–61Gray, Edmund, 616–17Great Awakening, 621, 657–67, 668Green Mountain Boys, 1105–12, 1138,
1141, 1160, 1161, 1162Green Mountain Rangers, 1161, 1163Green, Roger, 111Greene, John, 190, 194Greene, Nathanael (Gen.), 1206, 1240,
1247, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1309, 1311,1312, 1313, 1333, 1334–35, 1336,1341, 1342, 1344, 1396, 1442, 1443,1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451,
1591
15911591
1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457,1462, 1479, 1480
Greene, Thomas, 107Greenland, Henry, 382, 383Grenville, George, 790, 792, 794, 801, 804,
808, 822, 844–45, 848, 853, 854–56,858, 882, 907–15, 917, 920, 923–24,930, 976, 978, 1037
Grenville, Richard, 29Gresham’s law, 629, 630, 637Grey, Gen. Charles, 1333, 1419Groom, Samuel, 384“Grotius,” 1080Grotius, Hugo, 46, 286, 813Grover, James, 323Growdon, Joseph, 400, 494Gruber, Ira D. (“Richard Lord Howe:
Admiral as Peacemaker”), 1184, 1213,1571; (“Lord Howe and Lord GeorgeGermain: British Politics and the Win-ning of American Independence”), 1303,1316, 1571
Guilford, Lord, 125
habeas corpus, writ of, 603, 651, 652Habersham, Joseph, 1202habitants, 1162–63Hakluyt, Richard, 28, 29, 30, 33Haldimand, Frederick, 1110Hale, John (Rev.), 446Hale, Nathan, 1306Halevy, Elie (The Growth of Philosophic
Radicalism), 1253Half-Way Covenant, 520Halifax, Earl of, 722–23, 725, 732, 755,
760, 794–96, 835, 845–46, 848, 853,911–12, 917
Halifax, Marquis of. See George SavileHall, Michael Garibaldi, 346n, 361Hall, Lyman, 1056, 1067Hall, Samuel, 816–17Hall, Thomas, 100Hallenbeck, Michael, 538, 539Hallowell, Benjamin, 871Hamilton, Alexander, 1342, 1343, 1344,
1385, 1502–83, 1505, 1511–12, 1518,
1519, 1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1525;The Continentalist, 1511–12
Hamilton, Andrew, 386, 474, 475, 476,478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 501, 564, 641,642, 646, 649, 650, 1080
Hamilton, Lt. Gov. Henry, 1403–04, 1405,1406
Hamilton, James, 566Hamilton, John, 547Hamilton, Ninian, 1004Hamilton, Norman Bell, 1001Hanbury, John, 727Hancock, John, 871, 938–39, 947, 957–59,
964, 971, 1013–16, 1019, 1030, 1065,1083, 1091–92, 1132, 1147, 1153,1154, 1205, 1230, 1248, 1256, 1259,1264, 1311, 1377, 1501
Hancock, Thomas, 717, 718, 719Handlin, Oscar and Mary (“James Burgh
and American Revolutionary Theory”),1263
Hanseatic League, 8–9, 12, 21, 22Hardwicke, Lord, 681, 756, 757, 759, 762,
845–46, 916Harley, Thomas, 942Harrington, James, 803, 1080, 1097–98Harris, Benjamin, 642Harris, Thomas, 231Harris, Tyree, 1000Harris, William, 178, 187, 189, 190, 205,
207, 338, 339, 340Harrison, Benjamin, 824, 840, 1087, 1224,
1225, 1230, 1264, 1457, 1483, 1517, 1554Harrison, Nathaniel, 140Haskett, Richard C. (“Prosecuting the Rev-
olution”), 1538, 1541, 1574Hart, Edward, 310Hart, John, 125Hart, Thomas, 1006Hartley, David, 914Hartshorne, Richard, 385, 386, 476, 484Hartso, John Philip, 1004Harvard College, 520, 523, 556, 655, 656,
659, 669, 694, 803, 958, 1098–99, 1180Harvey, Edward, 1090Harvey, John, 71, 72, 73, 87Harvey, William, 596
1592
15921592
Hat Act (1732), 706, 801, 809Hathaway, Simon, 1106Hatherley, Timothy, 265Haviland, William, 747Hawke, David Freeman (Paine), 1572Hawkins, Sir John, 26, 27Hawley, Thomas, 534Hayward, John, 640Hawley, Joseph, 1083, 1091, 1259, 1260,
1261, 1500Hayley, George, 971Haynes, John, 209, 220Hearts of Oak club, 884Heath, Sir Robert, 112Heath, William (Gen.), 1093, 1305, 1309,
1310, 1414Henderson, Jacob, 125Henderson, Richard (Judge), 1005, 1365, 1366Henry, John, 840Henry, Patrick (lawyer), 841, 863–67, 873,
889, 910, 948, 1022, 1053, 1060, 1062,1072, 1087–89, 1151, 1224, 1230,1249, 1264, 1268, 1270, 1271, 1272,1364, 1366, 1403, 1553; Thoughts onGovernment, 1269
Henry, Patrick (minister), 841–42Henry the Navigator, Prince, 12Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, 1325–26Heron, Robert, 826Hertford, Lord, 858Hesse, Capt. Emanuel, 1411–12Higginbotham, Don (“Daniel Morgan,
Guerilla Fighter”), 1443, 1570; (DanielMorgan: Revolutionary Rifleman), 1570;(War of American Independence: Mili-tary Attitudes, Policies, and Practice1763–1789), 1570
Higginson, Francis, 164Higginson, Rev. John, 331, 404, 520Hill, Aaron, 606Hill, Edward, 88, 103Hill, Valentine, 275Hilliard, Timothy, 1085Hills (merchant), 954Hillsborough, Lord, 936, 938, 942, 945,
953, 976–77, 981–82, 1015, 1037Hilton, Edward, 153
Hilton, William, 153Hinckes, John, 355, 366, 411Hinckley, Thomas, 417Hinman, Col. Benjamin, 1143, 1161History of England (Macauley), 972Hoadly, 1098Hobbes, Thomas, 1103Hodgson, Robert, 309Holden, Randall, 190, 191, 194Holder, Christopher, 231, 232, 233Hollis, Thomas, 1097–1100Holme, Thomas, 493Holmes, Obadiah, 197, 198Holmes, Rev. John, 265Holmes, William, 217Holt, John, 961Holy League (French), 685Holyoke, Edward (“Guts”), 669, 1132Home, John (Reverend), 941, 971, 973,
1135, 1232, 1233Honeyman, James, 828Hood, Rear Adm. Sir Stanley, 1460Hood, Zachariah, 878, 887Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 162, 175, 208, 209,
210, 211, 221hHooper, William, 1053, 1266, 1383Hooton, Elizabeth, 237–38Hopkins, Edward, 259Hopkins, Ezek, 1212, 1247Hopkins, Samuel, 326Hopkins, Stephen, 815–18, 861–62, 890,
1022, 1051, 1060Hopson, Peregrine, 739, 740Hopton, Lord, 138Hotman, Francois, 1097Hough, Benjamin, 1111House of Burgesses (Va.), 576, 578–79,
641, 652, 726, 729, 731Houston, William, 886Hovey, Daniel, 695Howell, David, 1516, 1517, 1523Howard, Francis Lord, 136, 137, 138, 139Howard, John (Col.), 1444, 1445Howard, Martin, Jr., 816–17, 875–76, 917Howe, Adm. Richard Lord, 1184, 1212,
1213, 1233, 1234, 1301, 1302, 1304,1311, 1317, 1339, 1353
1593
15931593
Howe, Gen. Robert, 1266, 1398, 1421Howe, Gen. Sir William, 1154, 1155, 1156,
1159, 1184, 1209, 1233, 1284, 1301,1302–03, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307,1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1315, 1316,1317, 1323, 1324, 1329, 1331, 1332,1333, 1334, 1335, 1339–40, 1375, 1419
Howell, Rednap, 1000–01, 1005–06, 1008Howland, Arthur, 265Howland, Zoeth, 265Hubbard, James, 305Hubbard, Rev. Mr., 239Hubbard, William, 447Hudson, Henry, 34, 35, 285Hudson, Jonathan, 985Hudson River Uprising (1766), 537Huger, Gen. Isaac, 1427, 1428, 1446–47Hughes, John, 866–67, 884–85Hull, John, 360n, 627humanitarianism, 607–18Hume, David, 1116; (History of England),
1150Humphrey, John, 160Humphreys, Charles, 1291Hunie, David, 65Hunloke, Edward, 475Hunt, Goodman and Mrs., 212Hunter, James, 1000–01, 1004–05, 1007–08Hunter, Robert, 466, 467, 534, 540, 541Huntington Library Quarterly, 1575Husband, Hermon, 999, 1001–02, 1004–08Huske, John, 807, 909Hutchins, William, 464, 465Hutchinson, Anne, 180–86, 187, 188, 189,
193, 206, 211, 220, 231, 232, 261, 296,298, 312, 525, 652, 684, 686, 687
Hutcheson, Charles, 1107Hutchinson, Eliakim, 717, 718Hutchinson, Elisha, 628Hutchinson, Foster, 1058Hutchinson, Richard, 259Hutchinson, Thomas, 637, 750, 802, 813, 867,
869, 875, 899–900, 919, 939, 957–58, 960,962, 964, 966, 981, 1013–15, 1021,1029–30, 1033, 1036, 1038, 1044
Hutchinson, William, 180, 183, 184, 185,186
Hutson, J. (Essays on the American Revolu-tion), 1570
Hyde, Edward (Earl of Clarendon), 111,132, 133, 269, 277, 345, 587
Hyman, Harold M. (To Try Men’s Souls),1180, 1574
Illinois-Wabash Co., 1363, 1364, 1483, 1527immigrants, 535, 539, 763–64; German,
539–41, 551, 555–56, 575–76, 615;Ulster Scot, 551–54
impressment, 717, 719, 720, 721indentured servants, 516, 517–18, 532,
539, 544, 552, 553, 554, 574, 575, 576,741, 763. See also labor, forced
Independent Reflector, The, 681–82Independent Society of Bristol, 971Independent Whig, 681Indian tribes, Chickasaws, 1412; Chero-
kees, 599, 618, 784, 786, 991, 1200,1201, 1365, 1366, 1430; Creek, 587,599, 600, 607, 618; Conestoga, 571;Delawares, 558, 560, 567, 570, 745,785–87, 1413, 1464; Guale, 605;Hurons, 785; Iroquois, 786, 1191, 1325,1366, 1405, 1408, 1409, 1414, 1484;Mohawks ( Joseph Brant), 1321, 1325,1326, 1405, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410,1413–14, 1463; Oneidas, 1409–10;Onondagas, 1408; Ottawas, 784;Senecas, 784–86, 1409; Shawnees,785–87, 1194, 1195, 1412, 1465
Indiana Co., 1364, 1376, 1483, 1485, 1527,1528
Indians, 532, 533, 538, 545, 552, 555,557–61, 569, 570, 571, 575, 587–88,597, 598, 599, 601, 605, 606, 607, 610,614, 621, 625, 639, 728, 731, 739, 1191,1195, 1308, 1321, 1324, 1363, 1365,1430, 1462, 1478–79; massacre of, 569,571, 587–88, 607; Proclamation Line of1763, 1191, 1194, 1195; slaughter ofMoravian converts, 1463; war in theWest, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406,1407, 1408, 1409, 1411, 1412, 1413
indigo, 581, 595, 596,616, 704, 763
1594
15941594
inflation, 621–38ff., 719, 721Ingersoll, David, 538Ingersoll, Jared, 804, 855, 866, 874, 882, 894Ingle, Richard, 106Inglis, Charles, 1080, 1546; The True Inter-
est of America Impartially Stated,1278–79
Ingoldesby, Richard, 434, 435, 437, 464, 466Institutiones, 1099Intolerable Acts, 1043, 1069, 1072Inquiry, Committee of, 1133Ireland and the American Revolution, 1223,
1561, 1564–65Ireland, Shadrack, 668Iron Act (1750), 706–07, 801Iroquois Indians, 560, 570, 587, 588, 726,
731, 743, 745Izard family, 604
Jackson, Richard, 755, 807–08, 814–15,821–22, 855, 857, 882, 916
Jackson, William, 962Jacobi, Johann Georg, 1236Jacobson, David L., 822Jacobsen, Marcus, 325Jaffrey, George, 353James I (King), 31, 55, 59, 68, 70, 85, 135,
148, 149, 153, 155James II (Duke of York), 121, 137, 138,
271, 272, 276, 277, 283, 313, 315, 321,324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 343, 356, 366,371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 380,381, 382, 383, 389, 393, 402, 409, 410,413, 422, 425, 426, 457, 487, 488
James, Thomas, 879Jameson, J. Franklin (The American Revolu-
tion Considered as a Social Movement),1575
Jameson, Robert, 981Jamaica, 830Jarratt, Devereux, 664Jay, John, 1049, 1062, 1173, 1189, 1224,
1230, 1244, 1275, 1295, 1553–54Jefferson, Thomas, 864, 948, 1022,
1052–53, 1099, 1151, 1264, 1269,1270, 1271, 1290, 1291–92, 1293–94,
1363–64, 1366, 1385, 1404, 1456,1457, 1458, 1475, 1483, 1484, 1485,1501, 1526, 1528, 1529, 1538, 1548,1550, 1553–54, 1561; Statute of Reli-gious Freedom, 1553, 1154
Jeffreys, Herbert, 134Jenkins, John, 117, 118, 119Jenkinson, Charles, 760, 794, 845, 848Jennings, Lt. Gov., 14, 830Jennings, Samuel, 390, 478, 487, 488Jensen, Merrill (The Articles of Confederation:
An Interpretation of the Social-Constitu-tional History of the American Revolution,1774–1781), 1358, 1368, 254, 1571
Jews, 615–16John Wilkes Club, 1034Johnson, Edward, 260Johnson, Sir John, 1191, 1201, 1325, 1405,
1410, 1543Johnson, Nathaniel, 130, 131Johnson, Robert, 601, 602–03, 604Johnson, Samuel (minister), 680, 682, 835;
(Taxation No Tyranny), 1233Johnson, Samuel (Tory), 1098Johnson, Thomas, 1152, 1216, 1224, 1230,
1244, 1286–87, 1363–64Johnson, William, 570, 732, 733, 735, 820,
1191, 1325, 1543Johnson, William Samuel, 892Johnson, Thomas, 480Johnston, Augustus, 816, 875, 877, 888, 901Johnston, Gabriel, 592–93Johnston, Samuel, 1006Jones, Griffith, 399, 492Jones, John Gabriel, 1365–66Jones, Howard Mumford, 38n, 1100Jones, Capt. John Paul, 1353, 1399Jones, Joseph (Congressman, 1400Jordan, Winthrop D., 65n, 66nJoseph II, Emperor of Austria, 1150Joseph, William, 121Journal of American History, 1173, 1425,
1571, 1573Journal of Economic History, 1573Journal of Occurrences, 961Journal of the Times, 961Judd, Andrew, 31
1595
15951595
Junto, the Newport, 816–17, 874–75, 877jury trial, 533, 535, 545, 548, 593, 646,
649, 700, 704
Kames, Lord, 755Kayaderosseras grant, 820Keayne, Robert, 248Keith, George, 487, 488, 489Kemp, Richard, 72Kempe, John T., 1104–05, 1107Kennedy, Archibald, 809, 899Kent, Benjamin, 656Keppel, Adm. Augustus, 1135, 1232Kiefft, Willem, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297,
298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 309Kimble, Reverend, 650King George’s War (War of the Austrian
Succession), 559, 560, 561, 635,713–23, 724, 735, 748
King Philip’s War, 334–44, 347, 363, 370, 408King’s College, 556, 1080King’s Friends, 912–13, 917, 1028, 1037Kinsey, John, 559Kirk, Thomas, 939, 947Kirke, Percy, 366Klyberg, Albert T. (“The Armed Loyalists
as Seen by American Historians”), 1181,1571
Knollenberg, Bernhard, 819, 1120; (Wash-ington and the Revolution: AReappraisal), 1435, 1570
Knox, Col. Henry, 1208, 1312, 1313, 1334,1335, 1344, 1462, 1519, 1520, 1524
Knowles, Charles, 720, 721Kosciuszko, Col. Thaddeus, 1322, 1327, 1454Kurtz, S. (Essays on the American
Revolution), 1570Kusso Indians, 605Kuyter, Joachim, 298, 299, 300, 303
La Boetie, Etienne de, 1116La Luzerne, Chevalier de, 1474, 1475,
1485, 1504, 1516La Montague, Dr., 295La Nouvelle Eloise (Rousseau), 1100
labor, forced, 516, 518, 540, 541, 553, 574,737, 739, 742, 763, 764
Ladd, Nathaniel, 353Lafayette, Marquis de, 1306, 1337, 1339,
1342, 1343, 1344, 1458–59, 1479Lamb, John, 879, 884, 905, 929, 967, 1034,
1173, 1174, 1175Lamberton, George, 213, 302Lancaster, James, 30, 31land grants, 526, 527, 530, 531, 534, 535,
537, 575–77, 590, 602, 603, 618; head-right system of, 574, 575; joint, 526;proprietary, 602
land monopoly, 534, 538, 541, 550, 575,576, 602
land speculation, 527, 528, 539, 561, 575,576, 602, 603, 611, 617–18, 624, 633,634, 636, 725–28, 755, 758; absentee,528, 531
Lane, Ralph, 29Lane, Sir Thomas, 474Langdon, John, 1085Langlade, Capt. Charles, 1411–12Larie, Gawen, 384, 385, 387Las Casas, Fr. Bartolome de, 19, 65Lascelles family, 915Lasswell, Harold, 1119Laud, Rev. William, 157, 163, 176Laudonniere, Rene de, 26Laurens, Henry, 604, 617, 973, 1015, 1253,
1382, 1473, 1475, 1552Laurens, Col. John, 1344, 1552Law, Jonathan, 665Lawrence, Charles, 739, 740, 741, 742Lawrence, Peter, 358Lawrence, Richard, 97Lawrence, William, 424, 475Lay, Benjamin, 674Lea, John, 1004League of Armed Neutrality, 1471Le Boeuf, Fort, 785Leddra, William, 270Ledlie, Capt. Hugh, 1525Lee, Arthur, 970, 973, 982, 1227, 1230,
1346, 1472–73, 1474, 1475, 1485,1504, 1519, 1521, 1574
Lee, Charles, 1148–53, 1161, 1166, 1186,
1596
15961596
1189–90, 1205–07, 1239, 1240, 1249,1251, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1269, 1287,1301, 1302, 1304, 1306, 1307,1309–10, 1311, 1312, 1337, 1338–39,1341, 1342–43, 1344, 1394, 1434,1479–80
Lee family, 789Lee, Col. “Light Horse Harry,” 1443, 1448,
1449, 1450, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1462Lee, Richard Henry, 103, 824, 899, 948,
970, 1022, 1051, 1053, 1060, 1062,1072, 1087, 1089, 1151, 1215, 1217,1227, 1230, 1249, 1264, 1269, 1274,1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1345, 1474,1359, 1501, 1360, 1521, 1363, 1367,1457, 1472, 1473
Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 726–27, 728, 783,1272
Leete, William, 270, 971legal tender, 623, 624, 628, 630, 632, 636Leiby, Adrian C. (The Revolutionary War in
the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutchand the Neutral Ground, 1775–1783),1570–71
Leigh, Egerton, 810Leisler, Jacob, 373, 419, 423, 424, 425, 426,
427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435,436, 437, 451, 456, 458, 459, 463, 464,466, 485, 501
Leislerian revolution, 685Lemisch, Jesse (“Jack Tar in the Streets:
Merchant Seamen in the Politics of Rev-olutionary America”), 1573
Lenin, V.I., 251nLennox, Earl of, 149Leon, Ponce de, 16Leonard, Daniel, 1080Leonard, Samuel, 479, 480Leslie, Gen. Alexander, 1441, 1443, 1446Letter on Toleration, 666, 667Letter to the Clergy (Bland), 840Letters from a Farmer (Dickinson), 934,
944, 970Levant Company, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 155Levellers, 685, 686Levellers’ Uprising (1766), 537, 926–27Leverett, John, 346, 519, 520
Levis-Leran, Chevalier de, 747Levert, Christopher, 214Levy, Leonard W. (Jefferson and Civil Liber-
ties: The Darker Side), 1538, 1573–74liberalism, 515–22, 523, 655, 656, 657,
659, 660, 664, 668, 669, 685, 696, 713,717, 756
libertarianism, 524–25, 526, 546, 576, 643,650, 664, 665, 677, 684–96, 701, 702,734, 752, 765
Liberty and Power, conflict between, 1140,1143, 1181
Liberty, 938–39, 1016–17Liberty Boys, 1201–02; “Savannah Mob,”
1202Liberty Pole, 919, 954, 967–68Liberty Tree, Boston, 1030; Charleston,
919, 949, 950Lidget, Peter, 279Lidgett, Charles, 404, 414Lilburne, John, 202Lillie, Theophilus, 962Lillington, Col. John, 1199Lilly, Thomas, 1068Lincoln, Earl of, 160Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 1323, 1324, 1344,
1419–20, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424,1425, 1426, 1427–28, 1434, 1504
Lispenard, Leonard, 983, 1049Little, William, 590Littleworth, Capt., 164Livery Company of London, 1136Livingston family, 538, 541, 645, 926–27,
929, 935Livingston, Henry, 1318, 1320Livingston, Col. James, 1163Livingston, John P., 1319, 1320Livingston Manor, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540,
1318–21, 1389; Manor Committee ofSafety, 1318
Livingston, Peter, 1173, 1318, 1388Livingston, Philip J., 831, 1049–50, 1225,
1230, 1295, 1296, 1318, 1389Livingston, Robert, 370, 377, 378, 425,
426, 431, 432, 433, 455, 458, 463, 464,465, 466, 470, 536, 537, 540, 879, 892,1105, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1230, 1275,
1597
15971597
1290, 1295, 1387, 1388, 1475, 1504,1515, 1517, 1523, 1544
Livingston, Robert, Jr., 538Livingston, William, 649, 655, 670,
681–83, 819, 831, 879, 1105, 1387Livy, 1080Lloyd, Caleb, 886–87, 897Lloyd, David, 399, 493, 494, 496, 557Lloyd, Thomas, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401,
486, 487, 488, 490, 492Lobb, Jacob, 897–98Locke, John, 113, 128, 456, 546, 552, 656,
666, 667, 669, 671, 681, 686, 687,688–90, 694, 696, 705, 803, 813, 848,893, 1080, 1097, 1099, 1101–02, 1120,1251, 1278, 1292
Logan, James, 494, 496, 557, 559London, 1034London Company, 32, 33, 34, 149London Public Advertiser, 972Lopez, Aaron, 980Loomis, Josiah, 538Lothrop, Rev. John, 264Loudoun, Earl of, 744, 745, 750, 796Louis XIII (King), 224Louis XIV (King), 379, 497Louis XVI (King), 1227Louisbourg, Fort, 559, 634, 714, 716–18,
719, 721, 735, 744, 745, 756, 757Lovejoy, David S., 817Lovelace, Francis, 322, 325Lovelace, Governor, 640Lovelace, Lord, 466Lovell, James, 1344, 1475, 1506Low, Isaac, 983, 1034, 1046, 1049, 1144, 1173Low, John, 547, 549Loyal Nine, 868–71, 873Loyalty Pole, 1067Lucas, Nicholas, 387Ludlow, Gabriel, 983Ludlow, Roger, 209, 220Ludwell, Philip, 103, 125, 126, 128, 137,
139, 141Lukas, Elizah, 595Lutherans, 555, 556, 611Lyde, Edward, 630Lydia, 871
Lyell, David, 481Lynch, Thomas, 892, 949, 973, 986, 1015,
1066, 1073, 1217, 1230Lynd, Staughton (“The Abolitionist Cri-
tique of the United States Constitu-tion”), 1529; (Anti-Federalism inDutchess County, New York: A Study ofDemocracy and Class Conflict in the Rev-olutionary Era), 1572; (“The Revolu-tion and the Common Man”), 1390,1545–46, 1575; (“The Tenant Rising atLivingston Manor”), 1320, 1571
Lynde, Benjamin, 919Lynde, Simon, 628Lyons, Peter, 841
Mably, Abbe, 1561Macauley, Catherine, 972, 1098MacDonald, Maj. Allan, 1200MacDonald, Donald, 1199, 1200Mack, George, 111MacKenzie, John, 949, 986Mackesy, Piers (The War for America,
1755–1783), 1401, 1461, 1571Mackintosh, Ebenezer, 868–73, 1031Macknight, Thomas, 1073MacLean, Allan, 1164–65, 1166Madison, Isaac, 86Madison, James, 984, 1079, 1385, 1506,
1521, 1523, 1527, 1529, 1553, 1554Magellan, Ferdinand, 17Magna Carta, 810, 812Maham, Col. Hezekiah, 1452“Maham Tower,” 1454Maidstone, 830Mail service. See postal serviceMain, Jackson Turner (The Anti-federalists:
Crisis of the Constitution 1781–1788),1516, 1571; (Political Parties Before theRevolution), 1572; (The Sovereign States1775–1783), 1572
Maine, 553, 709; founding, 214–16; settle-ment of, 638
Maitland, Col. John, 1424Makemie, Francis, 554Malcom, Daniel, 934
1598
15981598
Malone, Dumas (Jefferson and His Time),1572; (Jefferson the Virginian), 1294,1364, 1572
Maltraven, Henry Lord, 112Manigault, Peter, 973Mansfield, Lord, 942–43Markham, William, 392, 401, 485, 486,
489, 490, 491, 492, 493Marine Committee, 1212Marion, Francis (“Swamp Fox”), 1431, 1437,
1438, 1440, 1443, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1479Marshall, John, 1553Marston, Edward, 130Martin, Alexander, 1006Martin, Josiah, 1054, 1199, 1200, 1430Martin, Richard, 351, 352, 354Mary, Queen, 147Maryland, 104–10, 116–17, 121–25, 552,
573, 574, 575, 581, 582, 707, 733, 741,742; and Articles of Confederation,1483; Assembly, 733; constitution,1384–85; Council of Safety, 1206,1286, 1370; convention, 1171, 1276,1286, 1287; militia, 730; money in, 626,627, 632; proprietary in, 700; ProvincialCongress, 1151; religion in, 654, 664,672; Senate, 1485; slavery in, 595, 673,676
Maryland Gazette, 862, 895Mascarene, Paul, 737Mason, Charles, 573Mason, George, 90, 783, 918–19, 948,
1053, 1072, 1151, 1269, 1270, 1271,1272, 1273, 1293, 1294, 1366, 1483,1484, 1485; Papers, 1725–1792, 1572
Mason, John, 214, 215, 219, 346, 348Mason, Robert T., 275, 346, 350, 351, 352,
354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 366, 405, 418,439
Mason, Thomson, 1053Massachusetts, 527, 530–31, 533, 538, 548,
551, 553, 566, 572, 573, 616, 632, 657,706, 710, 711, 716–17, 721, 741, 742,750, 763; Assembly, 515, 627, 633–34,637–38, 642–43, 644, 645, 699, 709,718, 720, 735, 749–50, 760; charter,1377; Committee of Safety, 1132, 1141,
1154, 1161; constitutional convention,1499–01; Council, 515, 628, 634, 638,642, 643, 644, 699, 719, 720, 1260;decline of theocracy, 331–33; economicsdissolves theocracy, 241–49, 253–56;education in, 519, 520, 524; GeneralCourt, 515–16, 518, 520, 530, 630, 633,708, 717, 720, 751, 1180, 1258, 1259,1260, 1261, 1262, 1370, 1378, 1379,1498–99, 1526; founding, 155–63; half-way covenant, 261–62; militia, 538–39,718, 719, 735, 749, 750–51; money in,625, 627, 628–31, 633–35, 637–38,717; newspapers in, 639, 642–45, 649,650; postal service in, 640; proprietorsin, 526; Provincial Congress, 1133,1140, 1143, 1144–45, 1169, 1180,1248, 1258; army, 1180; religion in,518–19, 521–22, 523, 644, 654, 655,658, 660, 663, 664, 666–67, 668–70,680, 686, 687, 694, 695; Salem witchhunt, 442–50; slavery in, 516–18, 673,676; suppressing heresy, 172–86,227–40; takeover by Crown, 345–60,357–62; Supreme Court, 1549–50;theocracy, 164–71
Massachusetts Charter (1691), 518, 707, 708Massachusetts Gazette, 816Massachusetts Gazette and Boston
Newsletter, 1079Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Post-Boy,
1079–80Massachusetts Government Act, 1038,
1057–59, 1083Massachusetts Historical Society, 1263Massachusetts Proposals (1705), 521Massachusetts Resolves, 893Massachusetts Spy, 1079, 1133, 1134, 1259Massasoit, 335Mather, Rev. Cotton, 404, 414, 444, 445,
448, 449, 462, 516–17, 518, 520, 521,636, 656
Mather, Rev. Increase, 332, 358, 361, 403,407, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 436, 439,442, 443, 444, 445, 447, 449, 451, 462,520, 521, 643
Mathew, Thomas, 90
1599
15991599
Mathews, David, 1295–96Mathews, Samuel, 71, 72, 75, 88Matlack, Timothy, 1279, 1282, 1371, 1375,
1473Matthews, Gen. George, 1425Mauduit, Israel, 756, 757, 760, 854Mauduit, Jasper, 807Maule, Thomas, 649Maurice (Prince of Orange), 286Maury, James, 840–42Maverick, Samuel, 227, 273Mauvillon, Jakob, 1236May, Cornelis, 288Mayhew, Experience, 668, 669Mayhew, Jonathan, 659, 669–70, 681, 686,
687, 694, 835–37, 871, 1098, 1100McCall, Archibald, 885McCulloh, Henry, 796–97, 853, 886, 997McComb, John, 488McDougall, Alexander, 867, 929,
967–1000, 982–84, 1045, 1049, 1067,1151, 1173, 1175, 1189–90, 1344, 1519
McEvers, James, 878, 887McGuire, Thomas, 825McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, 1406, 1427McKean, Thomas, 1280, 1281–82, 1283,
1291, 1376McKee, Alexander, 1195, 1200, 1464, 1465McLeod, Col. Donald, 1200Megapolensis, Rev. Mr., 308, 310, 314Mein, John, 957–60Melyn, Cornelis, 298, 299, 300, 303Menefie, George, 72Mennonites, 1277mercantile restrictions, 700, 702, 703–12,
722, 766Mercer family, 783Mercer, George, 880–81Merchant Adventurers, 24, 25, 155Merchants Club, 803Merchants Committees of Inspection,
953–55, 957, 979–81Merchants of the Staple, 9–10, 20Meredith, William, 858Merrill, Benjamin, 1008Meserve, George, 880Messier, Peter, 1490
Methodism, 664Methodists, 659, 664, 1183Metzger, Charles H. (Catholics and the
American Revolution: A Study in Reli-gious Climate), 1573
Miamis, Fort, 785Miantonomo, 191, 334, 340Michel, Robert, 324Micklejohn, George, 1001, 1004Middleton, Arthur, 1362Middleton, Henry, 617Middleton family, 604Middleton, Lord, 845Mifflin, Thomas, 1046–47, 1152, 1281, 1501Milborne, Jacob, 426, 431, 432, 434, 436,
437, 451, 456, 458military grants, 539militia, 561, 562, 746, 751; “association,”
voluntary, 562–63, 565, 569, 572; inde-pendent companies, 569. See also indi-vidual colonies
Miller, Thomas, 118, 119Miller, Professor John C. (Triumph of Free-
dom, 1755–1783), 1179, 1569; (SamAdams: Pioneer in Propaganda), 1573
Milton, John, 200, 201, 972, 1097–98Mingoe, 142Minuit, Peter, 213, 288, 289, 291, 294, 301Minutemen, 1083, 1092Minvielle, Gabriel, 435, 458Mirabeau, 1561Mises, Ludwig von, 251nMississippi Company, 789Mitchell, Rev. Jonathan, 239“Mob, The,” 1000Moderator Movement, 995–96Moffat, Thomas, 816, 875–76Mohawk Indians, 541Molasses Act (1733), 710, 711–12, 801,
805–08, 816, 819, 920Molineux, William, 1014, 1030–31Monaghan, Frank (John Jay), 1573Monday Night Club, 803money. See individual colonies; paper money“Monks of St. Francis, The,” 847monopoly, mercantilist, 573Monroe, James, 1344
1600
16001600
Monson, Lord, 705, 722Montagu, Charles, 992Montagu (Montague), John, 459, 1017Montcalm, Marquis de, 743, 744, 745, 746,
747Montesquieu, Baron de, 65, 1100–03,
1241, 1252–53, 1258, 1278, 1279Montgomery, John, 534Montgomery, Brig. Gen. Richard, 1161, 1162,
1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1175, 1205Montgomery, Robert, 606Moody, Lady Deborah, 296, 309, 310Moody, Rev. Joshua, 276, 353, 354, 355Moore, Henry, 900, 927Moore, James, 588, 601Moore, Samuel, 381, 385Moore, William, 650, 651–52Moravians, 556, 571–72, 615More, Nicholas, 395Morellet, Abbe, 1561Morgan, Cadwallader, 672Morgan, Capt. Daniel, 1164, 1165, 1166,
1323, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1338, 1339,1342, 1394, 1408, 1436, 1442, 1443, 1444,1445, 1446, 1447, 1450, 1455, 1479
Morgan, Edmund S. and Helen M., 854, 865Morgan, Thomas, 670Morgann, Maurice, 789, 795Morris, Gouverneur, 1168, 1175, 1295,
1296, 1387–88, 1473, 1493, 1504,1505, 1506, 1514, 1517, 1518, 1519,1521, 1523, 1544
Morris Lewis, II ( Jr.), 477, 479, 481, 482,483, 484, 535, 545, 546, 547, 645, 646,810
Morris, Richard, 200, 810Morris, Richard B., 248, (The American
Revolution Reconsidered), 1574; (TheEmerging Nations and the American Rev-olution), 1574; (Government and Laborin Early America), 1490, 1573; (ThePeacemakers: The Great Powers andAmerican Independence), 1574
Morton, Richard L., 74n, 842Morris, Robert Hunter, 546, 547, 549–50,
566, 567, 569, 570, 732, 741, 885,1224–25, 1226, 1230, 1268, 1275, 1276,
1281, 1291, 1311, 1358, 1359, 1364,1368, 1376, 1415, 1473, 1483, 1484,1491, 1501, 1503–07, 1508–11, 1512,1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519,1520, 1521, 1523, 1524, 1573, 1574
Morris, Roger, 1543, 1546Morris, Samuel, 661Morton, Thomas, 153, 154, 164, 165, 242Moseley, Edward, 132Moultrie, Col. William, 1207, 1422, 1423,
1424Mowry, Congressman Daniel, 1515Muhlenberg, Col. Peter, 1334, 1335Munford, Robert, 863Munroe, Samuel, 927Mullenix, Horsman, 673Murphy, Timothy, 1323, 1330, 1410, 1411Murray, James, 747, 765Murray, John (colonel), 814Murray, John (minister), 1085Musgrove, John, 995Muscatellus, Bernardinus de, 299, 300Muscovy Company, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
33, 34, 35, 156Mutiny Act, 923–25, 930, 967, 976, 978
Nanfan, John, 463, 464, 465, 466Narrative Committee, 1133national debt, 1509, 1511Nation, Christopher, 1005naval stores, 530, 539, 540, 616, 704, 707,
708, 710Naval Stores Act (1705), 707–08Navigation Act (1660), 703Navigation Act (1696), 704Navigation Act (1704), 595Navigation Acts, 78, 79, 80, 258, 275,
277–79, 332–33, 345, 368, 403,451–53, 459, 492–94, 699, 700, 703,704, 705, 801, 808, 859, 920, 937, 986,1017, 1115, 1215, 1223, 1236
Neal, Thomas, 641Neale, Walter, 215Nedham, 1097Negro slaves, 1181, 1183, 1192, 1196,
1198, 1199, 1200, 1293, 1424, 1469,
1601
16011601
1549–52, 1558; Ethiopian Regiment,1197; free voters, 1243; freedomthrough enlistment, 1551–52;“maroons,” 1551; slavery proviso,1528–29
Nelly, 828Nelson, John, 414Nelson, Thomas, 1271, 1501Nelson, William H. (The American Tory),
1182, 1277, 1279, 1573Netherlands and the American Revolution,
1561, 1562–63, 1568Nettels, Curtis (George Washington and
American Independence), 1230, 1572;(“Review of William B. Willcox, Por-trait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton andthe War of Independence”), 1425, 1571
Nevill, Samuel, 546, 547Neville, 1097Nevins, Allan (The American States During
and After the Revolution, 1775–1789),1571
New England Confederation, 220–26, 337New England, Council of, 365–69New England Courant, 642, 643, 644New England Restraining Act, 1076New France, 542, 570, 713, 732, 744, 745,
748New Hampshire, 527, 530–31, 538, 539,
553, 707, 708, 709–10, founding,214–16; Assembly, 631, 652; constitu-tion, 1386, 1550; Council, 530, 709,1245–46; General Court, 530, 1324;House of Representatives, 1245–46;money in, 631, 635; newspapers in, 652;Provincial Congress, 1218, 1245–46,1370; religion in, 654; takeover byCrown, 351–56
New Hampshire Grant Lands, 1296–97, 1381New Jersey, 535, 541, 554, 558, 572, 655,
707, 708, 741, 748, 755; Assembly, 546,547, 548, 549, 550, 654, 744, 1192;Committee of Safety, 1219, 1284;Council, 546, 548, 549, 550, 1539; East,380–86; land conflicts in, 545–50; mili-tia, 546; money in, 626, 631; ProvincialCongress, 1285, 1370; religion in, 654,
658, 661, 685, 744; slavery in 543, 674,675, 676; unification, 474–84; West,387–91
New Jersey Historical Society, 1181, 1571New London Gazette, 895New Netherland, founding, 283–87; gov-
ernment, 288–300; and New Sweden,301–07; theocracy, 308–10; fall andbreakup, 311–18
New York, 531, 534–41, 550, 551, 554,572, 706, 708, 710, 741, 744, 749, 750,751; Assembly, 535, 536, 537, 627, 645,647–48, 729, (of 1779), 1544–45, 1546;boundary disputes, 538–39; Committeeof Safety, 1174, 1184; Committee ofSeven, 1295; confiscation law of 1784,1295, 1311; constitution, 1388; Coun-cil, 537, 646, (of Revision), 1550; feu-dalism in, 534–38; founding, 370–79;militia, 538–39, 700, 719, 729, 730;money in, 626, 627, 630, 631, 632;newspapers in, 645–49, 650; postal serv-ice in, 640; Provincial Congress, 1143,1160, 1161, 1171, 1174, 1175, 1180,1190, 1290, 1295, 1296, 1387, 1518;religion in, 654, 658, 660, 662, 664, 670,679, 681–83, 685; slavery in, 542–44,673, 676
New York Gazette, 645, 648, 649, 895New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury,
1079New York Gazetteer, 1079New York Historical Society Quarterly, 1320,
1571New York Journal, 961, 1134New York Weekly Journal, 645, 646Newcastle, Duke of, 549, 681, 705, 717,
718, 719, 721, 722, 724, 725, 732, 744,754, 755, 756, 757, 759, 760, 761, 762,765, 781, 792, 795–96, 807, 844–46,907–10, 912, 916–17, 940–42
Newcomb, Silas, 1070Newcombe, John, 908Newport Mercury, 816, 865, 874newspapers, 564–65, 568, 608, 639,
642–53, 761Newton, Isaac, 655–56, 705
1602
16021602
Leisler’s Rebellion, 421–36Niagra, Fort, 787Nicholas, Robert Carter, 843, 863, 1268,
1269, 1272Nicholson, Francis, 138, 140, 141, 410, 420,
421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 606–07, 736Nicoll, John, 828NiColls patent. See patent, NicollsNicolls, Richard, 272, 273, 274, 275, 283,
313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 323,324, 328, 330, 343, 383, 384, 480
Nicolls, William, 425, 435, 458Ninham, Daniel, 926–27Nisbet, Robert A. (The Social Impact of the
Revolution), 1549, 1575Noble, Robert, 539Norfolk, Duke of, 112Norris, Isaac, 559, 567, 729–30North Briton (Wilkes), 794, 844, 846–48,
941North Carolina, 111–15, 117–20, 125,
128–30, 132–33, 552, 616, 741; as royalcolony, 591, 592–94; Assembly, 589,590, 591, 592–93; constitution,1383–84; Council, 589, 590, 592; Gen-eral Court, 591, 593; immigration to,590, 592; Indian conflict in, 587–88,599; militia, 730; money in, 631, 635;newspapers in, 652; postal service in,641; proprietors in, 589–91; ProvincialCongress, 1199, 1200, 1266, 1369–70,1384, 1526; religion in, 654, 662, 663,670, 684; slavery in, 595, 673
North Carolina Gazette, 895North, British Prime Minister Lord Freder-
ick, 847, 912, 936, 976–78, 986,1037–39, 1041, 1044, 1075–76, 1145,1150, 1194, 1231, 1233, 1234, 1321,1348, 1350, 1352, 1353, 1418, 1466,1467, 1468, 1477; Plan of Conciliation,1234
Norton, Fletcher, 845Norton, Humphrey, 264Norton, Mary Beth (The British Americans:
The Loyalist Exiles in England,1774–1789), 1573
Norton, Rev. John, 172, 232, 233, 236, 238
Norwich Packet, 1069Nott, Edward, 141, 142Nova Scotia. See Cape Breton Island“Novanglus,” 1080Nowell, Samuel, 360n, 361Noyes, Nicholas, 520Nugent, Katherine, 62“Nutbush Paper” (Sims), 998
Oakes, Rev. Urian, 172, 231, 331Oates, Thomas, 416, 439Oates, Titus, 378“Observations on the Charter” (Mayhew),
835Ogden, John, 326Ogden, Jonathan, Jr., 477Ogden, Robert, 823, 892Ogilvie, Francis, 763Ogle, Robert, 598Oglethorpe, James E., 607–16ff.Ohio Company, 783, 789Oldenbarneveldt, Johan van, 284, 286Oldham, John, 153, 208, 215, 217, 218oligarchy, 516, 519, 522, 526, 528, 530,
533, 534, 537, 549, 561, 574, 578, 579,600, 603, 617, 626, 628, 645, 685, 686,726
Oliver, Andrew, 869–69, 896, 919, 1029Oliver, Peter, 1058Oliver, Thomas, 389, 390, 1021, 1036,
1058, 1085Olney, Rev. Thomas, 205, 206Ondaatje, 1562Onslow, George, 845–46Opechancanough, 86, 87Orange, House of, 1234–35, 1561, 1562Orange, Prince of. See MauriceOrder of Cincinnati, 1524–26Oriskany, Battle of, 1326Orkney, Earl of, 141Ortiz, Bishop Diogo, 13Osgood, Samuel, 1523, 1525Otis, James, Jr., 802–03, 812–14, 816, 825,
867–68, 871, 891, 899–900, 924, 932,937, 939, 944–46, 958, 960–63, 965,970, 972, 976, 1014, 1020, 1099, 1101
1603
16031603
Otis, James, Sr., 802Oswald, Richard, 1475, 1476Oulton, John, 630Overzee, Symon, 110Owen, Rev. John, 201
Paca, William, 1286, 1364Page, John, 1220, 1554Pain, William, 630Paine, Joseph, 538Paine, Reverend Ephraim, 1389Paine, Robert Treat, 1146, 1248, 1378Paine, Thomas, 5, 1249–54, 1257, 1269,
1278, 1279–80, 1282, 1294, 1347,1348, 1375, 1473, 1485, 1491, 1516,1517, 1550, 1574; “African Slavery inAmerica,” 1250; Common Sense,1251–53, 1255, 1257, 1261, 1264,1267, 1278–79, 1540; The Crisis,1312–13; “Forester’s Letters,” 1279–80;Public Good, 1485
Palatines, 539–41, 576, 645, 710Palfrey, John, 347, 607Palfrey, William, 970–72Palmer, John, 415, 418, 424Palmer, Robert R. (The Age of the Democra-
tic Revolution, A Political History ofEurope and America 1760–1800. Vol. 1:The Challenge), 1539–40, 1560, 1563,1566–67, 1574
Palmes, Edward, 374, 377, 429, 481pamphlets, 562, 564, 629, 630, 644, 650,
694, 762pamphlet war, 572, 573, 754, 755, 756,
757, 760Panton, Anthony, 82paper money, 564, 566, 567, 582, 592, 593,
621–38, 717, 719, 720. See also individ-ual colonies
Parker, James, 648, 649Parker, John, 1092Parks, John, 1071Parmeter, Joseph, 490Parsons, James, 973Parsons, Samuel, 1021Parris, Rev. Samuel, 454, 459
Partridge, Capt., 210Partridge, Oliver, 891Partridge, William, 464, 467Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 404, 505n, 672Pate, John, 126Paterson, Billy, 1112Patent, blank, 590, 592, 593; Nicholls, 545,
549Patterson, Eleazer, 1530, 1531Patterson, Attorney General William,
1538–39, 1542patronage, 563, 564, 600, 701, 702, 705,
716, 718, 719patroonship, feudal, 536Patton, James, 726Pauw, Michael, 301Paxton Boys, 571–73Paxton, Charles, 931, 939Peale, Charles Willson, 1375, 1473, 1550Peckham, Sir George, 38, 39Pelham, Henry, 717, 718, 719, 720, 722,
725, 732, 756, 765, 781, 794Pell, Thomas, 322Pemberton, Israel, 559, 567, 568, 570, 675,
745Pemberton, James, 567, 568, 569Pembroke, Earl of, 159Pendleton, Edmund, 824, 863, 900, 1072,
1087, 1220, 1268, 1269, 1483, 1549Penn, Admiral Sir William, 402Penn, John, 896, 903, 906, 1240, 1282,
1384, 1541Penn, Thomas, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562,
563, 570, 572Penn, William, 337, 384, 392, 393, 395,
397, 399, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407,408, 410, 411, 466, 480, 495, 496, 497,498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506,508, 557, 558
Pennsylvania, 535, 541, 549, 551, 573, 576,707, 741, 745, 746, 748, 749, 750;“Anti-Constitutionalists,” 1375, 1376,1501; constitution of 1776, 1371–76;“Constitutionalists,” 1375, 1501; Assem-bly, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 564, 565,566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572,650–52, 672, 729, 732, 733, 734, 1275,
1604
16041604
1277, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1371,1464; Committee of Privates, 1277–78;Council, 562, 569, 572, 650, 661;founding, 402–11; government returns,495–506; immigration to, 551–52,555–56; militia, 557, 559, 566, 567,568, 569, 729, 734, 744; money in, 626,635, 636; newspapers in, 649–52;Philadelphia Committee, 1280, 1281;postal service in, 640; proprietary partyin, 557, 558, 560, 562, 565, 566,567–68, 570, 636, 650, 670, 700, 755;religion in, 554, 654, 655, 658, 661–62,670, 672, 684, 685; slavery in, 587, 672,673–74, 675, 676
Pennsylvania Chronicle, 934Pennsylvania Gazette, 650Pennsylvania Journal, 1018Pennsylvania, University of, 556, 650, 671People the Best Governors, 1263Pepperrell, William, 709, 717, 718Pepys, Samuel, 378Pequot War, 227–29, 231, 257, 344Percival, Lord, 614Percival, Viscount, 610Percy, Earl, 1093Perestella, Bartholomew, 22Person, Thomas, 1008Pesagno, Emanuel, 21Peter (slave), 152Peter, Rev. Hugh, 271, 277Peters, Richard, 552, 557, 561, 562, 566Peters, Samuel, 1069Phelps, Charles, 1381, 1533Philadelphia, College of. See Pennsylvania,
University ofPhilips, Richard, 737, 738Philipse, Adolph, 465Philipse, Frederick, 384, 433, 435, 445, 468,
476, 535, 645, 646, 831Philipse manor, 535–36, 537Phillip II (King), 37, 345–47, 352, 353Phillips, Samuel, 1021Phillips, Gen. William, 1322, 1458Philosophical Dictionary and Philosophical
History (Voltaire), 1100–01Philosophical Letters (Voltaire), 1101
Phips, Lady, 456, 457Phips, Sir William, 371, 426, 442, 443, 449,
452, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461,479
Pickering, Timothy, 1084Pickins, Col. Andrew, 1423, 1431, 1438,
1444, 1445, 1449, 1452, 1453, 1454Pierce, John, 160Pierce, William, 72Pierson, Rev. Abraham, 282, 325, 494Pinhorne, William, 445Pinckney, Charles, 595Pirenne, Henri, 31Pitcairn, Maj. John, 1090, 1092–93, 1155–56Pitt, Fort, 786Pitt, William, 715, 724, 732, 744–45, 748,
754–62ff., 792–95, 805, 807, 809, 845,847, 856, 908, 912–14, 916–17, 920,924–25, 930, 941–42, 946, 974–76,978, 986, 1039–40, 1350
Pitt, William the Younger, 1136Pizarro, Francisco, 27“Plan of the Proposed Union Between
Great Britain and the Colonies,” 1061Plan of Regulation, 994–95“Plan of 1776,” 1347, 1349Plantation Duty Act (1673), 704plantation economy, 574, 594, 595, 596, 616plantations, 532, 553Plan of Union, 731Plowman, Matthew, 431, 433Plymouth, founding, 160–64; decline, 273–76Plymouth Company, 42, 43, 44, 159pocket boroughs, 537, 701, 702Pointe Aux Trembles, 1165Polk, Thomas, 997Pollock, Thomas, 130, 135Polly, 829, 876Polo, Marco, 21, 23Pontiac’s Rebellion, 784, 786, 788, 792Poole, Robert, 96Popham, Sir John, 43Popple, William, 466Popular (Smugglers) Party, 802Porter, Edmund, 59Porter, John, 142Portland (Whig), 847
1605
16051605
Portolano, Laurentian, 21postal service, 639–42. See also individual
coloniesPott, Francis, 82Potter, Robert, 194Potter, William, 627Pownall, John, 789, 856, 1038Pownall, Thomas, 732, 749–50Poynet, John, 1097Pratt, Charles, 845–46Prence, Elizabeth, 275Prence, Thomas, 273, 274Prendergast, William, 927–29, 1107Prerogative (Court) Party, 802Presbyterianism, 521, 523, 661Presbyterians, 551, 552, 553, 554, 573, 654,
658, 661, 662, 663, 668, 683; New Side,665, 667, 695; Old Side, 662, 664, 1180,1183, 1201, 1423
Prescott, Samuel, 1092Presque Isle, 785press-gangs, 718, 719Preston, Richard, 72Preston, Thomas, 963–65Prevost, Gen. Augustine, 1421, 1422, 1423,
1424, 1425, 1426Price, Benjamin, 487, 489, 490Price, Reverend Richard (Observations on
the Nature of Civil Liberty), 1351–52,1561
Prideaux, John, 746Prince, Benjamin, 967Prince, Mary, 239Princeton (College of New Jersey), 556,
661, 662, 665, 667, 695, 984, 1099,1165, 1284, 1362
Printz, Johan, 312, 316Pritchett, Jeremiah, 1006, 1006Privy Council (British), 530, 550, 568, 602,
640, 652, 700, 705, 709Proclamation Line of 1763, 788–90, 846Proclamation of Rebellion, 1231, 1264, 1267Proctor, John, 666Proctor, William, 941Prohibitory Act, 1352Proprietary, feudalist, 531, 534–38, 552,
686; joint, 526, 527
proprietary rule, 528–29, 557, 558, 560, 561,569, 574, 589–91, 599–01, 607, 700, 733
proprietors, resident, 545–50ff.proprietorship, 530, 548Protestants, 518, 539, 598, 610, 654, 664,
686Providence Gazette, 815, 817, 861, 874,
953, 1017pseudowarehouse receipts, 622, 623Prudden, Rev. Peter, 221Ptolemy, 21Pufendorf, Samuel, 522, 803, 813Pugh, James, 1008Pulaski, Count Casimir, 1234, 1426Pulaski, Count Joseph, 1234Puritan church, decline of, 518–19, 520,
521, 655; tax-supported, 518, 519, 523,666
Puritans, 516, 518, 523, 528, 553, 616, 656,664, 680, 681, 686
Puritan theocracy, 520, 654, 657Purviance, Samuel, 1206Putnam, Israel, 905, 1153, 1155, 1302,
1303, 1304, 1305, 1307, 1309, 1330Putnam, Joseph, 456Pyle, Col. John, 1449, 1450Pynchon, John, 233, 370n, 376, 381Pynchon, William, 219, 233, 252, 253, 269,
286
Quakers, 519, 523, 524, 551, 552, 555,557–61, 562, 563, 566, 567, 568, 569,570, 572, 573, 616, 636, 649, 650, 652,655, 664, 672–78, 696, 727, 732, 733,734, 741, 744, 745, 1183, 1192–93,1250, 1276, 1277, 1282; Society for thePromotion of the Abolition of Slavery,1250
Quaker Committee of Sufferings, 1070Quarles, Benjamin (The Negro in the Amer-
ican Revolution), 1573Quartering Act, 1039quartering troops, 570, 744, 749, 750, 751Quary, Robert, 502, 503, 504, 796Quebec, 1163–66, 1172Quebec Act, 1040–43, 1063
1606
16061606
Queen Anne’s War. See War of the SpanishSuccession
Queen’s Own Loyal Virginia Regiment, 1197Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 970, 1100quitrent, 531, 545, 546, 548, 552, 557, 568,
575, 576, 577, 581, 589, 590, 591, 592,593, 602, 603, 606, 607, 611, 613, 636,686, 700, 727, 729
Radical ideology school of history, 1119Raleigh, Sir Walter, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43Ramsay, David, 1114Rand, William, 695Randolph, Edmund, 1517Randolph, Edward, 139, 356, 357 358, 359,
361, 362, 363, 365,366, 367–72, 373,374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 412, 413,414, 416, 417, 420, 424, 426, 427, 460,463, 469, 479, 480, 481, 486, 491, 502,704
Randolph, John, 863Randolph, Peter, 896–97Randolph, Peyton, 824, 840, 863, 948,
1052, 1072–73, 1088Rankin, James, 1281Ratcliffe, Phillip, 182–83“Rationalis,” 911Rawdon, Lord, 1429, 1431, 1436, 1446,
1452–53, 1454Rawle, Francis, 636Rayner, Rev. Mr., 198, 247Reals, Corte, 25Read, George, 1282, 1385Reade, Charles, 823“Redressers,” 1006Reed, Joseph, 1047, 1276, 1279, 1281,
1304, 1306, 1376, 1397, 1501Reformed (Calvinist), 555, 556Regulator movement, North Carolina,
997–1009, 1088, 1106, 1109Regulator movement, South Carolina, 991–96Reid, John, 1110Reid, William, 1016–17Reich, Jerome, 435n, 475nRelating to Negroes, 673religious hatred, 553
religious liberty, 518, 519, 524–25, 574,609, 654, 666, 681, 696, 738, 740. Seealso freedom of religion
“Remonstrance and Petition” (N.Y. Assem-bly), 819
representation, legislative, 572–73, 593,600, 609, 637–38, 701–02
“Representation of the Clergy of theChurch of England,” 839
Restraining Act of June 1767, 924Reubens, Beatrice E. (“Preemptive Rights in
the Disposition of a Confiscated Estate:Philipsburg Manor, New York”),1546–47, 1572
Revenue Act. See American Revenue ActRevere, Paul, 173, 1031, 1043, 1045–46,
1061, 1065, 1085, 1092Revolution, American, 1092–93, 1098–99,
1113–14, 1116–20Reynolds, Donald E. (“Ammunition Supply
in Revolutionary Virginia”), 1457, 1471Reynolds, John, 617Rhett, William, 600, 601Rhoda, 828Rhode Island, 532, 616, 706, 711, 731, 748;
Assembly, 524, 525, 652, 732, 1180, 1185,1186, 1247; founding, 185–209, 700; edu-cation in, 524; militia, 524–25; money in,631, 632, 635, 636–37; newspapers in,652; postal service in, 641; prohibition ofslavery, 1550; religion in, 524–25, 654,662, 663, 684; slavery in, 532–33, 673,676; shift from liberty, 210–17; after Glo-rious Revolution, 478–81
Rhode Island College, 663Rhode Island Resolves, 890Ribiero, Samuel Nunez, 616rice, 532, 581, 595, 596, 616, 625, 704, 710Rich, Robert, 43Richards, John, 370, 371Richards, William, 885Richardson, Ebenezer, 962–63, 965Richardson, Richard, 996Richardson, Samuel, 410Richardson, Thomas, 954Richelieu, Cardinal, 234Richmond, Lord, 917, 942, 978
1607
16071607
Riemersma, Jelle C., 32nRights of the British Colonies Asserted and
Proved, The (Otis), 813Rights of the Colonies Examined (Hopkins),
816Riot Act, 1008Risbee, Col., 141Rising, Johan, 316Ritcheson, Charles R. (British Politics and
the American Revolution), 1234, 1575Rittenhouse, David, 1279, 1371, 1375, 1473Rivington, James, 1079–81Roan, John, 661Robbins, Caroline (The Eighteenth Century
Commonwealthman), 1263, 1352, 1556Roberdeau, Col. Daniel, 1279, 1281, 1491Roberts, Amos, 547, 548, 549Robinson, Beverly, 1389, 1543, 1546Robinson, Charles, 1002–03Robinson, Edward, 72Robinson, George, 538Robinson, Henry, 627Robinson, Isaac, 275Robinson, James, 582Robinson, Rev. John, 275, 726, 727, 728,
817, 827–29, 863, 864, 876–77, 881,939, 958, 965, 1016
Robinson, Samuel, 1105Robinson, Silas, 1106Robinson, William, 243, 245Robson, Eric (The American Revolution in
Its Political and Military Aspects), 1156,1571
Rochambeau, Comte de, 1394, 1459–60,1461
Rockingham, Marquis of, 794, 844,907–17, 919–20, 939–41, 953, 971,975, 978, 1028, 1040, 1231, 1468, 1475
Rodney, Ceasar, 1282–83, 1291, 1385Rodney, Adm. Sir George, 1400–01, 1460,
1475Rogers, Nathaniel, 962, 965, 983Rolfe, John, 62Roman Catholics, 525, 544, 552, 609, 654,
695, 738, 741, 763, 764, 1285, 1373,1388, 1554, 1565
Rome, George, 816
Roseman, Kenneth R. (Thomas Mifflin andthe Politics of the American Revolution),1573
Rosewell, William, 481Romney, 938–39Rossiter, Clinton, 1099, 1119rotten boroughs, 535, 701, 702Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 1100–03, 1235Rowe, Jacob, 652Rowe, John, 1031Royal Commission of Inquiry, 1018, 1022–23Royal Foresters, 1195Royce, John, 490Royle, Joseph, 865Rude, George (Wilkes and Liberty), 1232,
1575Rudyard, Thomas, 393, 394, 395Rugg, Winifred, 195Ruggles, Timothy, 814, 891–92, 1068, 1070Rule, Margaret, 458, 459Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 1282, 1337, 1339,
1344, 1359, 1361, 1374, 1492Russell, James, 370n, 414, 457Russell, Richard, 245Rutland, Robert A. (George Mason: Reluc-
tant Statesman), 1273, 1572Rutledge, Edward, 1054, 1061–62, 1073,
1290, 1291, 1382Rutledge, John (President), 973, 1015,
1055, 1066, 1073, 1206–07, 1230,1267, 1382, 1383, 1424, 1527, 1552
Sabbatarians, 525St. John, James, 602–03salutary neglect, 705, 721, 723, 749, 757,
765, 766Salter, Richard, 489, 491Saltonstall, Nathaniel, 370n, 376, 456Saltonstall, Rev. Gurdon, 482, 483Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 208, 234Saltonstall, Richard, Jr., 370nSalvadore (slave), 152Sandford, William, 490Sandiford, Ralph, 673–74Sandoval, Alonzo de, 75Sandy Creek Association, 663
1608
16081608
Sandys, Sir Edwin, 43, 54, 55, 60, 166Sassacus, 227, 229Saunders, Charles, 746Savage, Thomas, 370nSavannah Indians, 606Savile, George (Marquis of Halifax), 365, 366Saybrook Platform (1708), 523Saye and Sele, Lord, 166, 218Scarborough, Charles, 147Schuyler manor, 537, 541Schuyler, Peter, 435, 436, 465, 473, 476Scipio (slave), 152Scotch-Irish. See Ulster ScotsScott, Catherine, 196, 197, 216, 217, 241, 242Scott, John Morin, 322, 649Secker, Thomas, 680, 681Sedgwick, Robert, 236, 253, 269sedition, 617, 640seditious libel, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647,
649, 650, 652seigniorage, 622, 627Selyus, Rev. Mr., 446Separatists, 660Sequin, 228settlers, 526, 527–28, 531, 545–46, 575,
592, 602, 618Seven Years’ War. See French and Indian WarSewall, Samuel, 414, 417, 457, 459, 518,
637, 656Shaftesbury, Earl of, See Sir Anthony Ash-
ley CooperShattuck, Samuel, 246Shaw, Tom, 152Shawnee Indians, 745Shelton, Richard, 600Shepard, Rev. Thomas, 182, 248Sherlock, Thomas, 680–81Shirley, William, 638, 709, 713, 716–17,
718, 719–20, 725, 731, 732, 733,734–35, 738, 743, 744
Short, Capt., 460Shrimpton, Samuel, 414, 425Shute, Governor, 642Shy, John W. (“American Historians and
the Military History of the AmericanRevolution”), 1149
Sidney, Algernon, 686–88, 694
Sille, Micasius de, 324silver, 621, 622, 623, 625, 629, 630, 631,
633, 635, 636Sioux Indians, 587Sisbey, Capt., 72Skelton, Rev. Samuel, 174, 183Skene, Alexander, 601Skene, John, 400Slater, Edward, 392, 393, 489slave code, 532–33slavery, 516–18, 532–33, 584, 586, 587,
588, 599, 605, 606, 612, 714–15, 764;abolition of, 518, 533, 672–78. See alsoindividual colonies
slaves, 574, 711, 739; manumission of, 585;rebellion of, 517, 542–44, 585, 586,596–98; runaway, 517–18, 542, 585,597, 598, 607. See also Negro slaves
Sloughter, Henry, 437, 444, 445, 446, 447,461
Smith, Abbot E., 72nSmith, John, 59, 62Smith, Landgrave Thomas, 141Smith, Matthew, 571, 572Smith, Rev. Ralph, 183, 198Smith, Richard, 676Smith, Sir Thomas, 40, 41, 43, 44, 57, 65Smith, William, 445, 465, 468, 473, 475,
476, 537, 543, 556, 566, 568, 646, 649,650, 651–52, 670, 682
Smith, William, Jr., 475smuggling, 704, 722, 723, 748, 749, 751Sothel, Seth, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137Soto, Hernando de, 27South Carolina, 121–25, 135–38, 140–42,
552, 575, 587, 589, 591, 605–06, 611,615, 617, 730, 741, 742, 757; as royalprovince, 601, 602; Assembly, 596, 597,600, 601, 602, 603, 604; Council 102,601, 603; immigration to, 598; landgrants in, 602–04; militia, 597, 598,599, 601, 700; money in, 626, 631, 635,637; newspapers in, 652, 660; propri-etary rule in, 599–01, 602, 603, 605,606, 607, 631; religion in, 654, 662,663; slavery in, 595–98, 599, 606, 613
South Carolina Gazette, 660
1609
16091609
Southampton, Earl of, 65, 159Southeby, William, 672, 673Southwell, Sir Robert, 356, 426, 427Southwick, Lawrence, 240Spain, 558, 559, 597, 601, 605, 606, 607,
614–15, 616, 617, 621, 625, 626, 630, 644,654, 714, 752, 756, 758, 760, 763, 765
specie, 622, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 631,632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637
Spottswood, Alexander, 143, 574, 575, 585,587, 642, 652
squatters, 527, 545, 546, 549, 552, 560Squire, Samuel, 705Staats, Jochim, 436, 473St. Castine, Baron de, 421Standish, Miles, 163, 164, 233, 273Staple Act (1663), 704Stearns, Shubal, 663Steenwyck, Cornelius, 338Stevenson, Marmaduke, 243, 245Stewart, Lazarus, 571Stewart, John, 489Stileman, Elias, 363, 364Stoddard, Anthony, 269Stol, Joost, 434, 437, 446Stone, Capt., 227Stone, Rev. Samuel, 271Stone, William, 116, 117Stoughton, Israel, 172Stoughton, William, 368, 369, 370n, 372,
374, 376, 416, 421, 424, 425, 449, 453,454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 461, 463,466, 471, 472, 628
Stuyvesant, Balthazar, 324Stuyvesant, Peter, 235, 297, 308, 309, 310,
312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320,322, 323, 324, 332
Sugar Act (1739), 712supply and demand, 582, 623, 629Surez, Francisco, 56Swan, Matthew, 93Swann, Thomas, 93Sylvius, Aeneas, 23
“taking up land,” 553Talbot, John, 679
Talbot, Richard, 132Tarleton, Col. Banastre, 1428, 1429, 1432,
1436–37, 1440, 1441, 1443, 1444,1445, 1446, 1448
taxes, 525, 529, 536, 549, 550, 553, 555,565, 567, 568, 570, 574, 581, 585, 591,593, 594, 612, 629, 632, 637, 641, 644,680, 700, 704, 713, 719, 720, 730, 733,734, 750, 754, 761
Taylor, John, 668, , 962, 1069Taylor, William, 391Tea Act, 1026–27, 1029, 1036, 1039Tea tax, 977–78, 980, 986, 1024, 1035, 1115Tedyuschung, Chief, 570Temple, Earl, 757, 758, 760, 761, 790, 794,
845, 847, 913–14, 917, 942Temple, John, 806, 828–29, 882, 908Temple, Thomas, 270Ten Eyck, Henry, 1106tenants, manorial, 535, 536tenant uprisings, 537, 538, 539, 541,
546–47, 548–49Tennent, Gilbert, 658, 659Test Oath, 568, 569Thacher, Peter, 1085Thacher, Oxenbridge, 802, 813, 826,
867–68, 873, 893Thayer, Theodore (Nathanael Greene: Strate-
gist of the American Revolution), 1573Thomas, Gen. John, 1140, 1209Thompson, Gen. William, 1166Thomas, George, 558, 559, 560Thomlinson, John, Jr., 909–10Thomlinson, John, Sr., 909–10Thompson, David, 163, 224Thompson, Gen. William, 1166Thomson, Charles, 885, 982, 985,
1046–47, 1064Thornton, Timothy, 630Thorpe, Otto, 111, 112Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discon-
tents (Burke), 1098Three Rivers, 1166Throckmorton, John, 215Throckmorton, Rebecca, 217Thurston, Thomas, 365Tilghman, James, 885
1610
16101610
Tillotson, John, 671Tilton, Peter, 370nTimothy, Peter, 956, 973, 1054“To the Betrayed Inhabitants”
(McDougall), 967tobacco, 532, 574, 581–83, 584, 589, 595,
596, 621, 625, 626, 632, 704, 710“tobacco notes,” 632Tolles, Frederick B. (“The American Revo-
lution Considered as a Social Move-ment: A Re-evaluation”), 1575
“tomahawk right,” 553Tomkins, Mary, 91, 247Tony (slave), 120Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, 312Torrey, Rev. Samuel, 341, 457Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo, 23Tour, Claude de la, 234Tourtellot, Arthur (Lexington and Con-
cord), 1131, 1570Townshend Acts, 930–36, 938, 940, 942,
945, 947, 949–50, 960, 962, 977–81,983, 986–87, 1013, 1015, 1024, 1036,1044
Townshend, Charles, 790, 794, 796,805–06, 857, 912, 917, 924–25,930–31, 936, 976
Townsend, Harry, 319Townsend, Samuel, 648Treat, Robert, 429Treaty of Paris, 1478; United States-Great
Britain Treaty, 1477, 1478trade restrictions, 524, 721, 757Transylvania Company, 1365, 1402Trecothick, Barlow, 910–11, 914, 919, 941,
978Trenchard, John, 649, 681, 686, 690–93,
848, 1097, 1120Trent, William, 1364Trevelyan, George Otto (The American
Revolution), 1298, 1307“triangular trade,” 711Trott, George, 868Trott, Nicholas, 600, 601Truman, Thomas, 101Trueman, Thomas, 1080Turgot, 1561
Turnbull, Andrew, 763Turnbull, Col. George, 1431Turner, Nathaniel, 223Turner, Robert, 502Tuscarora Indians, 587, 588, 589, 590, 599Tyler, Moses Coit (Patrick Henry), 1268Tyler, Lyon G., 842Tyler, Royal, 644Twopenny Acts, 838–40, 842Tryon, William (Gov.), 897, 951, 999–1004,
1006–08, 1106–07, 1109–11, 1175,1189–90, 1296, 1315, 1316, 1394, 1396
Tyng, Edward, 376, 377, 415Tyng, Jonathan, 376, 377, 415, 421Tyng, William, 253Tyton, John, 811
Ulloa, Antonio de, 765Ulster Scots, 551–54, 555, 556, 558, 560,
567, 568, 569, 571, 572, 573, 594, 661,655, 661, 663
Uncas, 201, 344, 347Underhill, John, 192, 314, 326Unitarianism, 669, 694United Brethren. See MoraviansUnited States Constitution, 1357, 1385, 1388Upshall, Nicholas, 239, 241, 246Ury, Jphn, 543–44Usher, John, 376, 377, 415, 416, 424, 428,
429, 460, 464, 466, 467, 472, 473, 474 Usselincx, William, 296, 311Utrecht, Peace of (1713), 713, 714, 715,
736, 737
Van Alstyne, Richard W. (Empire and Inde-pendence: The International History ofthe American Revolution), 1574
Van Cortlandt, Augustus, 1105Van Cortlandt manor, 535, 536–37Van Cortlandt, 0.S., 374Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 927Van Cortlandt, Stephanus, 424, 425, 426,
427, 435, 455, 458, 463van der Capellen tot de Pol, J. D., 1235,
1562; An Address to the Netherlands Peo-ple, 1562
1611
16111611
Van der Donck, Adrien, 303van der Kemp, Reverend, 1562Van Dincklagen, Lubbertus, 292Van Every, Dale (A Company of Heroes: The
American Frontier, 1775–1783), 1415,1571
Van Meter, John, 576Van Nieuwenhuysen, Rev. Mr., 373Van Rensselaer, 927–28Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, 291Van Rensselaer manor, 535, 536, 538, 539Van Rensselaer, Rev. Nicholas, 372, 373,
378, 455, 466Van Rensselaer, Robert, 1319, 1410Van Schaack, Henry, 888Van Schaack, Peter, 983Van Tenhoven, 295Van Twiller, Wouter, 291, 292Van Tyne, C. H. (The Loyalists in the Amer-
ican Revolution), 1541Venango, Fort, 785Vane, Sir Henry, 180, 181, 193, 200, 201,
202, 203, 204, 218, 267, 687Vassal, Samuel, 112Vassall, William, 263Vaughan, William, 351, 354, 418, 419, 724Vauquellin, Robert, 383Ver Steeg, Clarence L. (“The American
Revolution Considered as an EconomicMovement”), 1575; (Robert Morris, Rev-olutionary Financier: With an Analysis ofHis Earlier Career), 1573
Verin, Joshua, 178–79Vermilge, Johannes, 436Vermont, 531, 539Vernon, Samuel, 875–76Varnum, Gen. James, 1336, 1515, 1516Vergennes, Comte Charles Gravier de,
1226, 1227, 1346, 1348, 1349, 1474,1475, 1476, 1477
Vermont, 1296–97, 1530–33; constitution,1380–81, 1550; “Cow War,” 1530,1533; General Assembly, 1381, 1532;grants, 1380, 1532; negotiations withGreat Britain, 1531
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 17Vesey, Rev. William, 459, 465
Vespucci, Amerigo, 16, 19Vetch, Samuel, 736Vicars, Robert, 382, 383“Vindex,” 965Vindication of Natural Society, A (Burke), 1077Vindication of the British Colonies, A (Otis),
816Vines, Richard, 215Virginia, 552, 616, 652, 733, 741, 746;
after Bacon’s Rebellion, 134–43; Assem-bly, 574, 575, 585, 587, 734, 1194,1198, 1365, 1457, 1458, 1483, 1485;Committee of Safety, 1220; Council ofSafety, 1206, 1268; convention, 1198,1217, 1219, 1269, 1270, 1271–72,1273, 1363, 1501; Council, 574, 585,652, 727, 729, 783; General Court, 662;House of Delegates, 1540–41; Indianrelations, 85–92; land system, 575–77,725–28, 732; militia, 585, 586, 729,734; money in, 626, 627, 631, 632, 636;newspapers in, 652; planters, 57–58;postal service in, 641; proprietors in,574; religion in, 68–70, 574, 654, 661,662, 663, 664, 685; servants, 60–62;slavery in, 63–67, 574, 578, 581,584–86, 595, 673, 676; tobacco crop,581–83, 584, 595, 632; vote, right to,525, 574, 585, 764; voting freeholdproperty qualification for, 525, 533, 537,593, 702; religious test for, 518; royalgovernment, 71–76; secret ballot, 536,579
Virginia Association, 1053–54, 1063Virginia Company, 34, 35, 43–54, 55, 56,
73, 86, 150, 156, 161Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1272–73,
1293, 1373Virginia Gazette, 865, 895, 1053Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,
1457, 1571Virginia Resolves, 864–67, 889Vitoria, Francisco de, 18Voltaire, 1099–1101, 1235von Breymann, Lt. Col. Henrich, 1324, 1329von Knyphausen, Gen. Wilhelm, 1333,
1395, 1396, 1427
1612
16121612
von Riedesel, Maj. Gen. Baron, 1324, 1330von Steuben, Gen. “Baron,” 1338, 1339,
1344, 1449, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1525
Waddell, Hugh, 1006–08Wadsworth, Benjamin, 517, 518Wahanganoche, 90Wainscott, 828Waldo, Samuel, 709, 717, 718, 719, 720Waldron, Richard, III 343, 351, 352, 353,
354, 418, 419, 530Walker, Henderson, 131walking purchase, 558, 560, 570, 745Wallace, Willard M. (Appeal to Arms: A
Military History of the American Revolu-tion), 1093, 1159, 1570
Walpole family, 858Walpole, Horace, 1321, 1401, 1467Walpole, Horatio, 681Walpole, Robert, 680, 704–05, 712, 713,
715, 716, 721, 722, 728, 756, 759, 765,781, 793, 911
Wanton, Joseph, Jr., 817, 1018, 1185, 1247warehouse receipts, 622, 623, 632War of Jenkins’ Ear, 714, 715War of the Austrian Succession. See King
George’s WarWar of the Polish Succession, 714War of the Spanish Succession (Queen
Anne’s War), 539, 559, 575, 631, 706,715, 736
Ward, Artemas, 1132, 1133, 1140, 1146,1147, 1148, 1152, 1153, 1154–55,1156, 1206, 1209, 1506
Ward, Christopher (The War of the Revolu-tion), 1159, 1304, 1435, 1439, 1570
Ward, Henry, 890, 1022Ward, Joshua, 1383Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, 166Ward, Richard, 636Ward, Samuel, 817–18, 830, 877, 1051,
1060, 1185, 1240, 1244, 1247Warner, Edward, 327Warner, Seth, 1106, 1110–11Warner, Lt. Col. Seth, 1141, 1142, 1160,
1161–62, 1163, 1322, 1324, 1329
Warren, James, 1020, 1083Warren, Dr. Joseph, 944, 946, 970, 1020,
1030, 1044, 1061, 1083, 1085–86,1092–93, 1132, 1133, 1135, 1136,1140, 1144, 1146, 1154–55
Warrington, Thomas, 840, 842Warwick, Earl of, 54, 194Washburn, Wilcomb, 93nWashington family, 783, 789Washington, George, 728, 729, 730, 732,
734, 880, 899, 937, 948, 1037, 1053,1060, 1072, 1087–88, 1146, 1147,1148, 1149, 1152, 1153, 1157–59,1160, 1164, 1175, 1181, 1186, 1190,1205, 1206, 1208, 1209, 1211, 1213,1230, 1248, 1249, 1251, 1256, 1264,1269, 1270, 1287, 1295, 1296,1301–02, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306,1307, 1309–10, 1311–12, 1313, 1314,1315, 1316, 1317, 1323–24, 1327,1329, 1332, 1333–34, 1335, 1336,1337, 1338, 1339, 1341, 1342–43,1344, 1346, 1353, 1393, 1394, 1395,1396, 1397, 1398, 1408, 1409, 1410,1414, 1419, 1420, 1428, 1434, 1442,1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461,1478, 1479, 1480, 1492, 1493, 1502,1504, 1517, 1518, 1520, 1521, 1522,1525, 1526, 1532, 1533, 1553, 1557
Washington, John, 90, 103Washington, Lt. Col, William, 1443, 1444,
1445, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1453, 1462Waterhouse, Samuel, 957Watkins, Hezekiah, 648Watkins, May, 448Watson, Charles, 616–17Watson, Col. John, 1452, 1453Watson, Luke, 323Watson-Wentworth, Charles. See Marquis
of RockinghamWatts, John, 789Waugh, Dorothy, 309Way, John, 927Wayne, Gen. Anthony (“Mad Anthony”),
1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1341, 1342,1344, 1394, 1397, 1459, 1462
Weare, Nathaniel, 355, 418, 419
1613
16131613
Weatherhead, Mary, 309Weaver, Thomas, 464Webb, Philip Carteret, 845–46, 848Webber, John, 876–77Webb, Stephen Saunders (“Review of the
Browns’ Virginia 1705–86”), 1271Webster, Pelatiah, 1492–93, 1505Wedderburn, Alexander, 760, 761, 1075Weekly Post-Boy, 895Weigley, Russell F. (The Partisan War: The
South Carolina Campaign of1780–1782), 1444, 1571
Weiser, John Conrad, 540, 541, 559, 560Weld, Rev. Thomas, 183Wenham, Thomas, 465Wentworth, Benning, 530, 531, 710, 804,
909, 1051, 1104Wentworth family, 709–10Wentworth, John (Gov.), 530, 710, 909,
953, 1107, 1244, 1541Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson, 93n, 172Wesley, John, 659West Indies, 605, 625, 710, 711, 712, 713,
715, 716, 721, 748, 754, 755“Westminster Massacre,” 1112Western lands, 1362–63, 1364, 1365, 1366,
1367; skirmishes on, 1464–65, 1527,1548, 1558; Virginia’s claims to,1483–84, 1485–86
Westo Indians, 605, 606, 760West, John (Mass.), 402, 403, 405, 408, 414West, John (Va.), 72West, Robert, 207Weston, Anthony, 395Weston, Thomas, 150Weymouth, George, 30, 31, 32Weymouth, Viscount George, 942Wharton, Edward, 235, 237Wharton, Richard, 260, 279, 362, 363, 364,
366, 367, 368, 369, 403, 404, 405, 407Wharton, Samuel, 1485, 1527Wharton, Thomas, 1026, 1033, 1364,
1376, 1483Whately, Thomas, 853–55, 882Wheelwright, Nathaniel, 831Wheelwright, Rev. John, 180, 181, 188,
215, 216, 237
Whig Society, 1375Whigs, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1232, 1239,
1249, 1259, 1296, 1302, 1318, 1319,1320, 1321, 1339, 1348–35, 1350,1352, 1468, 1476, 1477–78, 1544; atti-tude toward the Revolution, 1135–36
Whitaker, Rev. Alexander, 69Whitby, Daniel, 668Whipple, Abraham, 1017White Oaks club, 884, 911White Pine Act, 801, 804; (of 1711), 708;
(of 1722), 708White, Alexander, 840, 842White, Fr. Andrew, 106White, John, 29, 30, 153, 158, 160Whitefield, George, 658–59, 660, 661, 663Whitehead, Isaac, 381, 477Whitehead, Samuel, 480Whitfield, Rev. Henry, 211Whitney, Peter, 1085Whittaker, Benjamin, 602Whyte, George, 1290Wickham, Benjamin, 817Wickes, John, 188, 189Wieland, Christopher M. (Der Teutsche
Merkur), 1236Wigglesworth, Edward, 656, 660Wilbur, Shadrach, 408Wilkes, John, 761, 762, 794, 844–88,
941–44, 968, 970–75, 978, 1015, 1135,1149, 1232
Wilkes movement, 807, 908, 941–44, 971,973, 977
Will (slave), 143Willard, Rev. Samuel, 446, 447, 449, 516,
518, 520Willcox, William B. (Portrait of a General:
Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Indepen-dence), 1571
Willer, Samuel, 480Willett, Marinus, 1175, 1325, 1326, 1414Willett, Thomas, 434, 435, 458William and Mary, College of, 556, 652,
838–39William and Mary of Orange, 121, 122,
139, 413, 415, 416, 417, 422, 423, 425,426, 428, 433, 435, 451, 457, 471, 488
1614
16141614
William and Mary Quarterly, 1236, 1303,1546, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1575
Williams, Abijah, 1057Williams, Ann, 207Williams, Col. Otho, 1448, 1449, 1450Williams, Elisha, 694, 695Williams, Israel, 1021Williams, John, 1005Williams, Jonathan, 1030Williams, Robert, 205, 207Williams, Roger, 172–79, 180, 183, 185,
187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200,201, 202, 203, 304, 205, 206, 207, 218,219, 223, 238, 239, 243, 268, 269, 334,335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 408, 525,546, 652, 684–85, 686
Williamsburg Committee of Safety, 1197Williamson, Gen. Andrew, 1423Williamson, Chilton (American Suffrage
from Property in Democracy,1760–1860), 1243, 1559–60, 1575
Willing, James, 1052–53, 1230, 1244,1274, 1278, 1281, 1290, 1291, 1359,1363, 1364, 1367, 1375, 1376, 1491,1501, 1519, 1521, 1527, 1415
Willing, Thomas, 1216, 1224–25, 1226,1275, 1291
Willocks, George, 477, 481Willoughby, Francis, 259Willys, Samuel, 419, 472Wilson, George, 81Wilson, Rev. John, 181, 182–83, 197, 231,
233, 234, 235, 248, 444Wing, Mehitabel, 928Winslow, Edward, 208, 263Winslow, Josiah, 266, 337, 338, 347Winthrop, Fitz-John, 326, 364, 366, 367,
369, 408, 409, 419, 433, 456, 471, 472Winthrop, John, Jr., 159, 160, 162, 166,
170, 171, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 190,191, 192, 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 244,261, 332, 208, 209, 223, 254, 255, 256,268, 269, 270, 274, 326, 328, 364
Winthrop, John, Sr., 527, 627Winthrop, Lucy, 367Winthrop, Martha, 367Winthrop, Stephen, 261
Winthrop, Wait, 366, 367, 369, 414, 415,439, 453, 456, 457, 461, 462, 628
Wisconsin Magazine of History, 1271Wise, Rev. John, 406, 407, 446, 447, 519,
521–22, 631Wiswall, Rev. Ichabod, 408, 417Witherspoon, Reverend Dr. John,
1284–85, 1362, 1492Wolcott, Roger, 710Wolfe, James, 746, 747Wolff, Christian, 1099Wood, Abraham, 88Wood, Gordon S. (The Creation of the
American Republic, 1776–1787), 1574Wood, Robert, 757, 846, 942Wood, William, 811Woodbridge, John, 627Woodruff, John, 323Woodward, Professor Bezaleel, 1246, 1381Woolen Act (1699), 705–06, 801, 809Woolman, John, 674–75, 676Woodmason, Charles, 992, 994Woolsey, Maj. Melanchthon, 1410–11Wragg, William, 956Wright, Gov. Sir James, 887, 898, 1055,
1067, 1201–02, 1422, 1424, 1541Wright, James, 617Wright, Louis B., 59nWright, Robert, 603Writs of Assistance, 801–02, 804Wroth, Robert, 737Wyatt, Francis, 72Wyckoff, Simon, 547Wyoming Valley Massacre, 1406, 1408Wythe, George, 824, 840, 843, 863,
1217
Yale College, 523, 556, 657, 660, 661, 666,680, 1099
Yamassee Indians, 587, 599–600, 605, 606,607
Yates, Abraham, 1389–90Yeardley, George, 50, 87Yeates, Robert, 811Yeoman, Plain, 861–62York, Duke of, 641; See James II
1615
16151615
Yorke, Charles, 845, 858, 912, 915–16Yoshpe, Henry B. (The Disposition of Loyal-
ist Estates in the Southern District of theState of New York), 1572
Young, Dr. Thomas, 970, 1014, 1020–21,1108, 1279, 1280, 1371, 1375, 1380
Youngs, Rev. John, 212
Zenger, John Peter, 645–47, 648, 649, 650Zubly, John Joachim, 1216, 1230
1616
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