concealed carry permit holders across the united states: 2018 · four states now have over 1...
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ReportfromtheCrimePreventionResearchCenter
ConcealedCarryPermitHoldersAcrosstheUnitedStates:2018*
JohnR.Lott,Jr.
President
484-802-5373
August14,2018
• RujunWangandRogerLottprovidedvaluableresearchassistanceinproducingthisreport.
Copyright2018byJohnLott.Nomorethanathirdoftablesmaybereproducedwithoutthepermissionoftheauthorandmustbeproperlycredited.
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TableofContents
SUMMARY 3
THEEXPONENTIALGROWTHINTHENUMBEROFPERMITS 5
THECHANGINGGENDERANDRACEOFPERMITHOLDERS 24
EVIDENCETHATLOSANGELESCOUNTYOFFICIALSDISCRIMINATEAGAINST
HISPANICSANDWOMENWHENGIVINGOUTPERMITS 31
EXAMPLESOFPEOPLEWHOAREFACINGDEATHTHREATS
AREPREVENTEDFROMGETTINGPERMITSINSTATES
WITHDISCRETIONARYPERMITTINGRULES 18
PERMITHOLDERSAREEXTREMELYLAW-ABIDING 33
DETERRINGCRIME 37
WHYisTHENUMBEROFPERMITSINCREASING 40
Table1:NUMBERSOFPERMITSBYSTATE 12
Table2:PERCENTOFADULTPOPULATIONWITHPERMITSBYSTATE 15
Table3:PERMITFEESBYSTATE 18
Table4:REVOCATIONRATESFORPERMITHOLDERS 35
DATASOURCESFORNUMBEROFPERMITS,PERMITFEES,ANDLENGTHOF
PERMITS 43
Appendixonratesthatpermitholdersareconvictedofviolentcrime 53
AppendixonAcademicResearch 56
AcademicAdvisoryBoard 59
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Summary
Despitetheexpectationsofmanyafterthe2016elections,thenumberofconcealedhandgunpermitshascontinuedincreasing.In2018,thenumberofconcealedhandgunpermitssoaredtonowover17.25million–a273%increasesince2007.7.14%ofAmericanadultshavepermits.Unlikesurveysthatmaybeaffectedbypeople’sunwillingnesstoanswersomepersonalquestions,concealedhandgunpermitdataistheonlyreally“harddata”thatwehaveongunownershipacrosstheUnitedStates.Still,anevenlargernumberofpeoplecarrybecausein14statespeopledon’tneedapermittocarryinallorvirtuallyallthosestates.
Amongthefindingsofourreport:
■ Lastyear,despitethecommonperceptionthatgrowthinthenumberofpermitholderswouldstopafterthe2016election,thenumberofpermitsgrewbyabout890,000.
■ OutsidetherestrictivestatesofCaliforniaandNewYork,about8.63%oftheadultpopulationhasapermit.
■ Infifteenstates,morethan10%ofadultshavepermits,upfromjustelevenlastyear.
■ Alabamahasthehighestrate—22.1%.Indianaissecondwith17.9%,andSouthDakotaisaclosethirdwith17.2%.
■ Fourstatesnowhaveover1millionpermitholders:Florida,Georgia,Pennsylvania,andTexas.
■ Another14stateshaveadoptedconstitutionalcarryinalloralmostalloftheirstate,meaningthatapermitisnolongerrequired.However,becauseoftheseconstitutionalcarrystates,thenationwidegrowthinpermitsdoesnotpaintafullpictureoftheoverallincreaseinconcealedcarry.
■ Permitscontinuedtogrowmuchfasterforwomenandminorities.Between2012and2018,thepercentofwomenwithpermitsgrew111%fasterforwomenandthepercentofblackswithpermitsgrew20%fasterthanforwhites.PermitsforAsiansgrew29%fasterthanforwhites.
■ Concealedhandgunpermitholdersareextremelylaw-abiding.InFloridaandTexas,permitholdersareconvictedofmisdemeanorsandfeloniesatone-sixthoftherateatwhichpoliceofficersareconvicted.
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TheExponentialGrowthintheNumberofPermits
Figures1aandbshowhowthepercentageofadultswithconcealedhandgunpermitshasbeengrowingexponentiallyovertime.Therewere2.7millionconcealedhandgunpermitholdersin1999,4.6millionin2007,8millionin2011,11.1millionin2014,andnow17.25millionin2017.Thegrowthinpermitshasbeencontinuous.
Atthesametimethattherehasbeenanexponentialgrowthinpermits,therehasbeenagenerallineardeclineinmurderandviolentcrimerates.Murderratesfellfrom5.7to5.3per100,000,a7%drop.Overallviolentcrimefellby24percent.Meanwhile,thepercentageofadultswithpermitssoaredbyfivefold.Suchsimpleevidencebyitselfisn’tmeanttoshowthatconcealedhandgunpermitsreduceviolentcrimerates,asmanyfactorsaccountforchangesincrimerates,butonlythattheredoesn’tseemtobeanyobviouspositiverelationshipbetweenpermitsandcrime.
Overtheyears,moreandmorestateshaveadoptedlawsallowingindividualstoobtainconcealedcarrypermits.Illinoiswasthelaststatetodoso,issuingitsfirstpermitsinMarch2014.EvenWashington,D.C.finallyenactedaconcealedhandgunpermitlawinSeptember2014.Today,permittedconcealedhandgunsareallowedineveryjurisdictionoftheUnitedStates.Someoftheincreaseinpermitsinearlieryearswasduetomorestateshavingpermittedconcealedhandguns.
Buttherulesvarygreatlyfromstatetostate,andgenerallystateshavemadeiteasierovertimetogetpermits.Therearenofeesortrainingrequirementsinthefourteenstatesthatdonotrequirepermitsinalloralmostalltheirstate.Theaveragefeeforafive-yearpermitis$64.Californiaisatthehighendofthespectrum,charginguptoa$385feeandrequiring16hoursoftraining.Thetrainingcostsalsovarywidely.Ifprivatetrainersareallowed,thecostscouldbeaslowas$250.Butsomejurisdictionsrequirethatapplicantsgothroughthesametrainingaslawenforcement,andcostscanbeover$1,000.Applicantsmustalsodemonstratetotheirlocalsheriffthattheyreallyneedagun.InmanypartsofCalifornia,permitsonlygotothemostpoliticallyconnectedapplicants.Bycontrast,SouthDakotahasnotrainingrequirementandchargesonly$10forafour-yearpermit.Similarly,Pennsylvaniahasnotrainingrequirementandcharges$19forafive-yearpermit.Youjustneedtobe21andpassabackgroundcheck.
Alotofchangesinfeesareoccurringthisyear.Texasjustreduceditsfeefrom
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$140to$40andFloridafrom$60to$55.Theaveragefeeforstatepermitsfellby6%from2017,droppingto$63.81(seeTable3).
Notsurprisingly,concealedcarryismuchmorepopularinstateswherepermitsarerelativelyinexpensiveandeasytoobtain.Texashasseendramaticgrowthinthenumberofpermitsafterthedropinfeesandreductionintrainingrequirements,withitmovingfromthestatewiththethirdmostpermitstosecond.
Thisreportwillfocusonchangesinthenumberofconcealedcarrypermits.Fromacrimepreventionstandpoint,theimportantthingiswhetherpeopleactuallycarryguns,notmerelywhethertheyareallowedtodoso.
Allstatesnowallowconcealedcarry.Andtheyareallissuingmorepermits.Thelongerthatconcealedcarrylawshavebeenineffect,themoretimethatpeoplehavehadtoapplyforandreceivepermits.ButPresidentObama’selectionin2008alsoseemstohavebeenamajorfactor.ManyhavereferredtoObamaasthebestgunsalesmanever.NotonlydidObama’spresidencyincreasegunsales,italsoincreasedthenumberofconcealedhandgunpermits.
ConventionalwisdomheldthatthesharpriseingunsalesduringObama’spresidencywasdriven,atleastinpart,bythethreatofguncontrol.That’swhyeveryoneexpectedgunsalestodeclineafterTrump’svictory.
Someevidenceindicatesthatgunsaleshavecooleddown.TheNationalInstantCriminalBackgroundCheckSystem(NICS)hasseenaslightdrop-offinbackgroundcheckscomparedtolastyear.1Duringthefirstfivemonthsof2017,backgroundchecksweredownabout9.3%(998,672)comparedtothesameperiodin2015.
Buttherearemultipleproblemswithusingbackgroundcheckstomeasurethenumberofpeoplebuyingguns.Somepeopleundergomultiplecheckstobuymultipleguns,butsometimesmultiplegunsaresoldwithasinglecheck.
1TheNICSbackgroundchecksystemdoesdifferentiatebackgroundchecksforconcealedhandgunpermitsfromothertypesofbackgroundchecks.Yet,thepermitestimatefromtheNICSchecksconsistentlyimpliesamuchhighernumberofpermitsthansuppliedbythestatesthemselves.Forexample,Texassaysthattherewere1,200,746activepermitsasofMay31st2017,buttheNICSsystemscounts1,413,621backgroundchecksforthepermitsystem,aneighteenpercentdifference.ThatgapisduetopeoplemovingfromTexas,dying,andhavingtheirpermitsrevoked,thoughthosereasonsdon’texplaintheentire200,000difference.Whileourestimateshowsthatthereareover17.25millionpermits,summinguptheNICSpermitchecksgivesanumbernearerto30million.
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Furthermore,peoplewhohavealreadypassedaconcealedcarrybackgroundcheckarenotalwaysrequiredtoundergoanotheronewhentheybuyagun.
Pollingisanotherproblematicmethodofmeasuringgunownership.Whenaskediftheyownagun,manypeoplemaybereluctanttoanswertruthfully.Theymayfeelthatit'snoneofthepollster'sbusiness,orbeafraidtoanswerbecauseofmassshootingsordistrustofgovernment.2Somepollsshowanincreaseingunownership,whileoneshowsadecrease.3
Previously,theincreaseinpermitshadbeenrelativelyslow,growingfromroughly2.7millionpermitholdersin1999to4.6millionin2007.ButthenumberofconcealedhandgunpermitsexplodedduringtheObamapresidency.InDecember2011,theGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeestimatedthattherewereatleast8millionconcealedhandgunpermits.ByJune2014,itwas11.1million.Now,in2018,thenumberisnowupto17.25million.4
Afterthe2016election,gunsalessloweddownnoticeably.AfterNICSfirearmbackgroundcheckshittheiralltimepeakof27.4millionin2016,theyfellbackto24.96during2017.Yet,whilethegrowthofconcealedhandgunpermitshasslowedaftertheelection,theyhavecontinuedtogrow,increasingby890,000permitsthisyear.
Whileconcealedhandgunpermitdataisabettermeasureofchanginggun
2Thereareanumberofpollsthatshowthisincreasingdistrustofgovernment.ThePewResearchCenterdescribesthetrustingovernmenta“nearhistoriclows.”Seeforexample,PewResearchCenter,PublicTrustinGovernment:1958-2014,November132014(http://www.people-press.org/2014/11/13/public-trust-in-government/).3SeveralNBCNews/WallStreetJournalpollsoverthelastyearshowthatabout47%to48%ofAmericanhouseholdsownagun.Itisupfrom44%in1999.AnotherMonmouthUniversityPollinMarchfoundthat46%ofAmericanslivedinhouseholdswithguns,butifyouaportionthe7%whorefusedtoanswersothatyouassume46%ofthemliveinhouseholdswithoutguns,therewouldbeabout50%thatliveinhomeswithguns.TheonesurveythathasshownaconsistentdropovertimeisbytheGeneralSocialsurvey,whichwentfromthehigh40%rangeintheearly1970stothelow30%levelin2014.CrimePreventionResearchCenter,“Gunownershipremainsat47%,butthatprobablyunderestimatesthetruerate,”March252018(https://crimeresearch.org/2018/03/problems-with-using-the-general-social-survey-to-measure-gun-ownership/).4Thereare16.5millionpermitstoresidentsinthosestates.Somepeopleholdapermitoutsidetheirstatesimplybecauseitisrecognizedinstatesthattheywanttotraveltootherstates.Forsomepeoplethatmightbetheironlypermit.ThetwostatesthatissuealotofpermitsoutsidetherestateareFlorida(225,896)andUtah(487,826).NewHampshire(38,874)alsoseemstohaveasizeablenumber.Forsomeotherstheymightholdmorethanonepermit.Thetotalnumberofpermitholdersisbetween16.5and17.25million.
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ownershipratesthanNICSchecksorpolls,itclearlyunderestimatesthetruenumberandgrowthofpeoplewhocanlegallycarryconcealedhandguns.Thescaleofthatunderestimationisincreasingovertime.Therearethreereasonsforthis.
1) Permitsarenotrequiredin12statesaswellasvirtuallyallofArkansasandMontana.Generally,peopleinthesestatesonlyobtainpermitssothattheycancarryconcealedwhentravelingoutsideoftheirhomestate.Withnofeesorotherrequirements,thesestatesareprobablytheoneswhereconcealedcarryismostcommon.Indeed,despitethefactthatthenumberofpeoplewhocarriedundoubtedlywentupsignificantlywhentherewerenolongeranyfeesortrainingrequirementstocarry,permitgrowthintheConstitutionalCarrystateswasonlyhalftherateastheotherstatesthatallowconcealedcarry.
2) Dataonconcealedcarryisnotreadilyavailableforafewstates.Forexample,NewHampshireonlycollectsdataonpermitsissuedtonon-residents.Theyweren'twillingtogiveanexactfigure,onlygivingusaconservativeestimate.AlabamaandNewYorksimplydon’tcollectthisdataatallonthestatelevel,anditisaverycumbersomeprocesstoobtaindatafromalargenumberofindividualcountiesorcities.InthecaseofAlabama,wecollecteddataforcountiesrepresenting37%ofthestate’spopulationandthenassumedthattherateofconcealedcarrywassimilartotherestofthestate.However,thisislikelytounderestimatethetotalnumberofpermits,asconcealedcarryislikelytobelesspopularinthemoreurbancountiesthatwehaddatafor,asopposedtomoreruralcounties.AsimilarprocesswasusedforNewYork.
3) Forsomestates,thedataisoneormoreyearsoldandthusmissestherecent,acceleratedgrowthinpermits.
Asmoreandmorestatesdecidenottorequirepermits,thenumberofpeoplewhocanlegallycarryahandgunwillincreasinglyoutpacethenumberofpermitholders.Thenumberofpeoplewhocarrypermittedconcealedhandgunsisclearlyrelatedtothecostofgettingpermission.Whenthereisnocostwhatsoever,concealedcarrybecomesverypopular.
Duetooldandmissingdata,17.25millionisundoubtedlyanunderestimateofthetotalnumberofAmericanswithpermits.Ontheotherhand,752,596permitsare
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“non-residential,”someofwhichareissuedtopeoplewhoalreadyhaveconcealedhandgunpermitsfromtheirhomestates.Mostofthesenon-residentialpermitsareissuedbyUtah(487,826)andFlorida(225,896).
Asshownbythemaponthenextpage,everyregionofthecountryhasbothstatesthatdon'trequirepermitsaswellasstateswhereover10percentofadultshaveconcealedhandgunpermits.
ThereisatleastonecountyinAlabamawherealmosttwo-thirdsoftheadultshaveaconcealedhandgunpermit(Cleburnewith64.6%).In2017,therewerefivecountiesinPennsylvaniathathadabout30%to50%oftheiradultpopulationswithconcealedhandgunpermits:Potter(50.3%),McKean(34.6%),Warren(34.6%),Cameron(31.3%),andArmstrong(30.1%).
Figure2:Percentofadultpopulationwithpermitsbystate
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Whileabout7.14%oftheadultpopulationhasconcealedhandgunpermits,oneofthebigquestionsishowfrequentlypermitholdersactuallycarrytheirguns.Thefactthat14statesallowpermitlesscarrydoesn'tmakeitanyeasiertocomeupwithanestimate.ButaPewResearchCenterSurveylastyearmakesitpossibletoestimatethepercentageofAmericanadultswhocarrygunsandhowfrequentlytheycarrythem(“America’sComplexRelationshipWithGuns,”PewResearchCenter,June222017).ThePewnumbersincludebothconcealedandopencarry.Inmoststates,permitsarenotrequiredforopencarry.Itmightberareforsomeonetoopenlycarryahandgunonaregularbasis,butopencarrymayaccountforalargeshareofthosewhocarryagunonoccasion.Thesurveyalsocountspeoplenomattertheirreasonforcarrying,evenifitissimplyforsportontheirwaytooratashootingrangeorhunting.Whatitmeanstocarry"someofthetime"isalsonotclearlydefined.
ThePewsurveythuslikelyoverestimatesthenumberofpeoplewhocarry,especiallythosewhocarryoccasionally.TherearethreerelevantsetsofnumbersfromthePewsurvey:
--30%ofAmericanadultssaythattheyownagun
--72%ofthepeoplewhoownagun,saytheyownahandgunorapistol
--11%ofhandgunownerssaythattheycarryallthetime,26%saytheycarrymostorallthetime,and57percentsaythattheycarryatleastsomeofthetime.
Withalittlemultiplication,wefindthat:
--2.4%saythattheycarryallthetime.
--5.4%carrymostorallthetime.
--12.3%carryatleastsomeofthetime.
Tosummarize,thetotalnumberofpermitsintheUSisatleast17.25million.Addinpeoplewholegallycarrywithoutapermit,andthenumberclearlybecomesmuchlarger.While7.14%oftheadultpopulationhaspermits,thepercentageofAmericanswhosaythattheycarrymostorallthetimeisaboutthreequartersaslargeat5.4%.
Whatdoesthismeaninpractice?Itmeansthatinmostplaceswherepeopleareallowedtocarryaconcealedhandgun,therewillbesomeonecarryingaconcealedhandgun.Iftheprobabilitythatanyonepersonhasaconcealedhandgunpermitis5.4%,inaroomwith10people(assumingthattheprobabilitiesareindependent),theprobabilitythatatleastonepersonwillhaveapermitted
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concealedhandgunis43%.Inaroomwith20people,thatprobabilitygoesupto67%.With40,thatprobabilityrisesto89%.
TheComparingPermitIssuingRatesAcrossStates
Asjustnoted,thereisahugevariationintheratethatpermitsaregivenoutbystate.Thefollowingtwotablesprovidemorespecificdetailsonthesedifferences.7.14%oftheadultpopulationhasconcealedhandgunpermits.IfyouexcludetheeightMayIssuestatesandtheDistrictofColumbia(California,Delaware,DC,Hawaii,Maryland,Massachusetts,NewJersey,NewYork,RhodeIsland),wherethereisdiscretiononwhogetspermits,thatraisesthepercentfortheother42statesto10.14%.
ForthevastmajorityoftheUSoutsideofthesecoastalareasitisverylikelythatanyplacethatallowspeopletocarryaconcealedhandgunand
Fifteenstateshavemorethan10%oftheiradultpopulationsandseventeenstateshavelessthan5%.Alabamacontinuestoleadotherstateswiththelargestshareofitsadultpopulationwithpermits,about22%,whileCalifornia,theDistrictofColumbia,Hawaii,Maryland,NewYork,NewJersey,andRhodeIslandallhavelessthanonepercentwithpermits.
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Table 1: Number of Permit Holders by State
State Active Permits
Data Updated
Alabama¥ 797,177 State rate based
on 4 large counties in June 2018
Alaska† 11,485 June 22, 2018
Arizona† 333,285 June 24, 2018
Arkansas†† 227,898 February 9, 2018
California 108,000 March 13, 2018
Colorado 433,483 March 31, 2018
Connecticut 267,330 July 2, 2018
Delaware 18,096 January 31, 2018
District of Columbia 1,482 June 29, 2018
Florida
1,931,719 total,
1,705,823 residential
July 31, 2018
Georgia 1,006,946 June 30, 2018
Hawaii - December 31, 2016
Idaho† 121,984 June 18, 2018
Illinois 300,705 June 18, 2018
Indiana 869,829 July 1, 2018
Iowa 289,060 December 31, 2017
Kansas† 85,000 July 5, 2018
Kentucky 374,132 December 31, 2017
Louisiana 204,625 December 31, 2017
Florida is the state that has Florida is the state that has issued the most concealed carry permits at 1.93 million, followed by Texas with 1.314 million.
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Maine† 42,000 June 30, 2018
Maryland 20,628 May 31, 2018
Massachusetts 401,452 June 28, 2018
Michigan 628,923 April 2, 2018
Minnesota 284,954 July 31, 2018
Mississippi† 46,598 June 21, 2018
Missouri† 160,184 December 31, 2012
Montana* 52,982 February 6, 2018
Nebraska 61,781 July 1, 2018
Nevada 126,995 May 1, 2018
New Hampshire†
38,874 non-residential/at least 50,000
residential December 31,
2017
New Jersey 1,212 2012-2013
New Mexico 45,115 June 29, 2018
New York¥ 100,549
March to July 2018, Broome,
Herkimer, Nassau, Oneida, Rockland,
and Saratoga Counties were
used to make this calculation for the state outside of New York City.
NYC data was also used.
North Carolina 640,702 June 18, 2018
North Dakota† 48,356 February 8, 2018
Ohio 703,476 March 31, 2018
Oklahoma 287,786 December 31, 2017
Oregon 261,155 February 5, 2018
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Pennsylvania 1,310,263 February 9, 2018
Rhode Island 2,288 June 19, 2018
South Carolina 324,923 January 1, 2018
South Dakota 107,276 May 31, 2018
Tennessee 618,752 June 1, 2018
Texas 1,314,432 May 31, 2018
Utah
713,550 total,
225,724 residential
June 30, 2018
Vermont† No permits issued
Virginia 398,239 June 18, 2018
Washington 583,001 July 3, 2018
West Virginia† 163,098 January 18, 2017
Wisconsin 333,217 June 15, 2018
Wyoming† 31,994 June 15, 2018
TOTAL 17,248,117
†Stateswherepermitsnotrequiredtocarrywithinthestate.Permitsonlyobtainedtocarryoutsideofstate.††Permitsnotrequiredtocarryin99.4percentofMontanaandthevastmajorityofcountiesinArkansas.Forthosepeople,theonlyreasonthattheywouldobtainapermitistocarryinotherstates.
¥DataareonlyavailableatthecountylevelforAlabamaorNewYorkState.ForAlabama,wewereabletogetpermitdatainformationforthefollowingcounties:Baldwin,Cullman,Jackson,Jefferson,Madison,andMontgomery.soweassumeda0.1%permittingratebasedonHerkimer,Suffolk,Monroe,andSuffolkCountiesaswellasNewYorkCityhttp://crimepreventionresearchcenter.org/2014/09/more-misleading-information-from-bloombergs-everytown-for-gun-safety-on-guns-analysis-of-recent-mass-shootings/.ForNYC,GawkerusedaFOIAreleaseofNYPDlicensees.114pagesofcarrylicenseswith50nameseach=5,700.http://gawker.com/5974190/here-is-a-list-of-all-the-assholes-who-own-guns-in-new-york-city.
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Table 2: Ranking States by Percent of the Adult population with Permits
State
% of Adult Population with concealed carry
permit
Alabama¥ 22.11%
Indiana 17.92%
South Dakota 17.17%
Pennsylvania 13.49%
Georgia 13.28%
Iowa 12.56%
Utah* 12.43%
Tennessee 12.35%
West Virginia† 11.87%
Kentucky 11.38%
Washington 10.45%
Florida* 10.44%
Arkansas†† 10.40%
Colorado 10.34%
Oklahoma 10.21%
Idaho† 9.95%
Connecticut 9.82%
North Dakota† 8.79%
South Carolina 8.59%
Michigan 8.44%
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North Carolina 8.35%
Oregon 8.25%
Ohio 8.13%
Wisconsin 7.72%
Wyoming† 7.70%
Massachusetts 7.59%
Minnesota 6.95%
Montana†† 6.69%
Texas 6.57%
Arizona† 6.42%
Virginia 6.29%
Louisiana 6.04%
Nevada 5.67%
New Hampshire†* 4.80%
Nebraska 4.50%
Kansas† 4.08%
Maine† 4.02%
Missouri† 3.55%
Illinois 3.20%
New Mexico 2.97%
Delaware 2.48%
Alaska† 2.20%
Mississippi† 2.17%
New York¥ 0.67%
Maryland 0.46%
California 0.37%
Rhode Island 0.28%
District of Columbia 0.27%
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New Jersey 0.02%
Hawaii 0.00% (0.02% if include permits for private security)
Vermont† NotApplicable
†Stateswerepermitsnotrequiredtocarrywithinthestate.Permitsonlyobtainedtocarryoutsideofstate.Thesenumberswilldramaticallyunderestimatethetrueratethatgunsarelegallycarriedconcealedinthesestates.
††Permitsnotrequiredtocarryin99.4percentofMontana(areasoutsideofcitylimits).MostcountiesinArkansaswillnotprosecutepeopleforcarryingwithoutapermit.Forthosepeople,theonlyreasonthattheywouldobtainapermitistocarryinotherstates.
*OnlyFlorida’s,NewHampshire’sandUtah'sresidentialpermitsareincludedhere.
¥Estimatesmadeusingasampleofpermitsfromsomecountieswithinthestate.
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Table3:CostofGettingPermitsbyState2018
State PermitType InitialHandgunCarryPermitFee
LengthPermitisValid(years)
Costtocarryfor5years
Alabama Concealedpistolpermit
$5-$20peryear(VariesbyCounty)
1-5years(chosenbyapplicant)
$25-$100(VariesbyCounty)
Alaska†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$87 5 $87
Arizona†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$60 5 $60
Arkansas†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$142.11;age65+$90.61(Includeson-lineapplicationandbackgroundcheckfee.)
5 $142.11;age65+$90.61
CaliforniaConcealedcarryweaponslicense(MayIssueonly)
Localfeenottoexceed$100fornewlicense.;StateDOJchargesanother$95.Localfingerprintingcostsofbetween$20and$40.Afewjurisdictionsrequirepsychologicalscreeningtestthatcanrunupto$150.Trainingfeesinsomeareasareashighasover$1,000.Thelicensingauthoritymaychargeanadditionalfee,nottoexceed$25,forprocessingtheapplicationforalicenserenewal.
2 $150to$300(VariesbyIssuingAgency)
Colorado Concealedhandgunpermit
$52.5plusadditionalfees(VariesbyCounty) 5
$52.5plusadditionalfees(VariesbyCounty)
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ConnecticutPermittocarrypistolorrevolverpermit
$192=$70(TemporaryLocalPermitCost)+$75(StatePermitCost)+$12(FederalProcessingFee)+$35(StateProcessingFee).
5 $192
DelawareConcealeddeadlyweaponpermits
$65forissuing;$65forrenewal
initialapplicationvalidfor3years;renewalevery5yearsthereafter
$91
DistrictofColumbia
Concealedcarrypistollicense
$110=$75(ApplicationFee)+$35(FingerprintProcessingFee)
2 $275
FloridaConcealedweaponorfirearmslicense
$97=$55(InitialLicenseFee)+$42(FingerprintFee)
7 $69.3
Georgia Firearmslicense $75averagefee(VariesbyCounty) 5 $75averagefee
(VariesbyCounty)
Hawaii Licensetocarryhandgun $42
Individualpermitstoacquirehandgunsarerequiredforeachtransactionandmustbeusedwith10daysofissue.Apermittoacquireshotgunsandriflesisgoodforoneyearfromthedateofissueforanynumberoftransactions.
$42
Idaho†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$20plusadditionalfees(VariesbyCounty) 5
$20plusadditionalfees(VariesbyCounty)
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Illinois Concealedcarryhandgunlicense
$150for5yearsforresidents;$300for5yearsfornon-residents
5
$150for5yearsforresidents;$300for5yearsfornon-residents
Indiana Licensetocarryhandgun
4yearPersonalProtection:$10($5Refundable)forlocalfeeand$30forstatefee;LifetimePersonalProtection/NoCurrentLicense:$50($30Refundable)forlocalfeeand$75forstatefee;AllNEWlicenseapplicationsincura$11.95feeforIDEMIAElectronicFingerprinting.
4 $50
Iowa Permittocarryweapons $50 5 $50
Kansas†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$112=$79.5(AttorneyGeneral)+$32.5(LocalSheriff'sOffice)
4 $140
KentuckyPermittocarryconcealedhandgun
$60=$20(LocalSheriff'sOffice)+$40(KentuckyStateTreasurer)
5 $60
LouisianaConcealedhandguncarrypermit
$125;age65+$62.5 5 $125;age65+$62.5
Maine†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
Resident,$35foranoriginalapplicationand$20forarenewal;Nonresident,$60foranoriginalorrenewalapplication
4$40forresidents;$75fornon-residents
Maryland Handgunwearandcarrypermit
$75plusfingerprintfees
initialapplicationvalidfor2years;renewalevery3yearsthereafter
$125=$75(Initial)+$50(Renewal)
Massachusetts Licensetocarry $100 6 $83.3
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Michigan Concealedpistollicense $100 4-5 $100
Minnesota Permittocarrypistol
nottoexceed$100(VariesbyCounty) 5 $100
Mississippi†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$112 5 $112
Missouri†Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
nottoexceed$100forapplication
5 $100
Montana*
Concealedcarryhandgunpermit(Notrequiredoutsidecitylimits)
$55=$50(IssuanceFee)+$5(FingerprintProcessingFee);$25forrenewal
4 $61.3
NebraskaPermittocarryaconcealedhandgun
$100 5 $100
Nevada Concealedcarryhandgunpermit
nottoexceed$60(FBIfeeswillbeextra) 5
$60(FBIfeeswillbeextra,assume$27.50)
NewHampshire†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$10forresident;$100fornonresident 5
$10forresident;$100fornonresident
NewJersey Concealedcarryhandgunpermit $20 2 $50
NewMexicoConcealedhandguncarrypermit
$100=$56(ApplicationFeepaidtoNMDPS)+$44(BackgroundCheckpaidtoCogent)forapplication;$75=$31(ApplicationFeepaidtoNMDPS)+$44(BackgroundCheckpaidtoCogent)forrenewal
4 $118.8
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NewYork¥Firearmslicensetocarryconcealed
Usuallyabout$100,butvariesbycounty=permitfeegenerallynottoexceed$10+safetyclassesareusuallyalsorequired
5 $10(VariesbyCounty)
NewYorkCity
Concealedcarryhandgunlicense
$427=$340(LicenseFee)+$87(FingerprintProcessingFee)
3 $711.7
NorthCarolina Concealedhandgunpermit
$90=$80(Non-refundableFee)+$10(FingerprintingProcessingFee)
5 $90
NorthDakota†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$60 5 $60
OhioLicensetocarryaconcealedhandgun
$67 5 $67
Oklahoma Selfdefenseactlicense
$100for5-yearlicense;$200for10-yearlicense 5 $100
Oregon Concealedhandgunlicense
$65fornew;$50forrenewal 4 $77.5
Pennsylvania Licensetocarryhandgun $20 5 $20
RhodeIslandLicensetocarryaconcealableweapon
$40 4 $50
SouthCarolina Concealedweaponpermit $50 5 $50
SouthDakota ConcealedPistolPermit $10 5 $10
Tennessee Handguncarrypermit
$100for8-yearlicense;$300forlifetimelicense 8 $62.5
Texas Licensetocarryahandgun
$40(asofSeptember12017) 5 $40
Utah Concealedfirearmpermit
$52forresident;$62fornonresident 5 $52forresident;
$62fornonresident
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Vermont†
Nopermitsrequired/doesnotissuepermits
N/A N/A N/A
Virginia Concealedhandgunpermit
nottoexceed$50forresident;nottoexceed$100fornonresident
5$50forresident;$100fornonresident
Washington Concealedpistollicense
$48(somelawenforcementagencieswilllaminateyourlicenseforanextracharge)
5 $48
WestVirginia†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$100=$75(ApplicationFee)+$25(ifapproved) 5 $100
Wisconsin Concealedweaponlicense
$40=$30(ApplicationFee)+$10(BackgroundCheckFee)
5 $40
Wyoming†
Constitutionalcarry/permitforreciprocitywithotherstates
$64 5 $64
Averagecostofbecauseofthepermittocarrywithinastate(ThefeeinpureConstitutionalCarrystatesiszero.SincepermitsarerequiredinpartsofArkansasandMontana,thestatepermitfeesareused.)
$63.81
Averagecostofbecauseofthepermittocarrywithinastate(ThefeeinpureConstitutionalCarrystatesandforthosepartsofArkansasandMontanathatdon’trequireapermittocarryiszero.)
$59.82
†Stateswherepermitsnotrequiredtocarrywithinthestate.Permitsonlyobtainedtocarryoutsideofstate.††Permitsnotrequiredtocarryin99.4percentofMontanaandmostcountiesinArkansaswillnotprosecutepeoplefornothavingapermit.Forthosepeople,theonlyreasonthattheywouldobtainapermitistocarryinotherstates.
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TheChangingGenderandRaceofPermitHolders
Twelvestates,withabout6.8millionpermitholdersbetweenthem,havereportedpermitdatabygenderfor2018.Amongthosestates,womenaveraged26%ofpermitholders.Thestatesrepresentallregionsofthecountry:Arizona,Connecticut,Florida,Illinois,Indiana,Louisiana,Maryland,Minnesota,Oklahoma,Tennessee,TexasandWashingtonState.(Ourpreviousestimateofthepercentofpermitsheldbywomenwashigher,butwehadmorestatethatreportedthosenumbers.)
Foreightstates,wehavethedatatomakeacomparisonoveratleastasix-yearperiod.Allofthesestatesexperiencedageneralupwardtrendinfemalepermitholders,thoughOklahomaandTexasexperiencedslightdropsin2018.
■ Arizona:thepercentageofpermitholderswhoarewomenrosefrom20.7%in2012to21.2%in2016and22.0%in2018.
■ Connecticut:from24.3%in2012to33.3%in2016.
■ Florida:from18%inMay2012to24.1%inMay2016and26.3%inJune2018.
■ Indiana:from18.0%inJune2012to23.9%inJune2016and27.4%inMarch2018.
■ Louisiana:from18.3%in2009to24.1%in2016and25.6%in2018.
■ NorthCarolina:from21.3%inJune2012to27.5%inJune2016to28.7%inMarch2017.
■ NorthDakota:from11.2%in2010to24.9%in2014.
■ Oklahoma:from28.9%in2012to36.3%in2016to34.1%in2018.
■ Tennessee:from25.9%in2012to34.3%in2016to34.9in2018.
■ Texas:from22.00%in2012to28.0%in2016to27.5%in2018.
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■ WashingtonState:between2005and2014,“thegrowthrateforwomengettingnewpermits[was]twiceasfastasthatofmen.”5Wedon’tknowtheexactpercentagesinthosetwoyears,butby2017,womenheld25.2%ofpermits.
Intheeightstateswherewehavedatabygenderforboth2012and2018,thenumberofpermitsincreasedby207%forwomenandby103%formen––a101%fasterrateamongwomen.
Fivestateshavedataonpermitissuancebyracefor2012and2018.Inthesestates(Arizona,Connecticut,Florida,Oklahoma,andTexas)thenumberofpermitsgrewata20%fasterrateforblacksthanforwhites.
Severalstatesprovidedetaileddatasince2002orearlier.Texasprovidesdetailedinformationonbothraceandgenderfrom1996through2014.6Thedataindicatethatpermittinghasincreasedfastestamongblacks,followedcloselybyAsians.Whilewhitesstillholdthevastmajorityofpermits,thenumberofblackpermitholdershasgrownmorethantwiceasquicklyasthenumberofwhitepermitholders.
AfterTexasreduceditsminimumtraininghoursfromtentofourin2012,thegrowthinpermit-holdingbyAsians,blacks,andAmericanIndiansreachedbyfaritsmostrapidphase.Whilethenumberofblackswithpermitsgrewby71%inthefouryearspriortothereducedtrainingrequirement,itgrewbyalmost140%inthefouryearsafter2012.ThegrowthrateofpermitsforAmericanIndiansalsodoubledafterthetrainingrequirementswerereduced.
Whenpermitdataisbrokendownbyraceandgender,wefindthatratesofpermitholdingamongAmericanIndian,Asian,black,andwhitefemalesallgrewmuchfasterthantheratesformalesinthoseracialgroups.Concealedcarryhasincreasedmostrapidlyamongblackfemales.From2000to2016,therateofgrowthwas2.22timesfasterthanamongwhitefemales.
NorthCarolinahasdetaileddataontheraceofpermitholdersfrom1996to2016.
5JustinMayo,BrianM.Rosenthal,andErikaSchultz,“Concealed-carrypermitsskyrocket,especiallyforwomen,”TheSeattleTimes,May312014(http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/concealed-carry-permits-skyrocket-especially-for-women/).6Thosewhoindicatedthattheywereofmultipleraceswereexcludedbecausepeople’swillingnesstosaythattheyareofmultipleraceshaschangedovertime.Thusitisnotpossibletoknowhowmuchofthechangeisduetopeople’swillingnesstoidentifythemselvesthiswayoranactualchangeinthenumberofpeopleinthiscategory.
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Again,Asiansshowthelargestgrowth,followedbyAmericanIndiansandthenBlacks.Thegrowthrateforblacksisstillabouttwiceasfastasthatforwhites.
Oklahomadatafrom2002to2016alsoshowasimilarpattern.AsiansandAmericanIndianstiedforthefastestgrowthrate.ThegrowthinthenumberofBlackspermitswasabout50%greaterthanthegrowthforwhitepermitholders.
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EvidencethatLosAngelesCountyOfficialsdiscriminateagainstHispanicandWomenwhengivingoutpermits
In2013,LAWeeklyobtainedalistofthe341concealedcarrypermitholdersinLosAngelesCounty,California.7Thatisonlyabout0.0045%ofthe7.7millionadultslivinginthecountyin2013.LAWeeklypointedoutthatthepeoplegivenpermitswerejudges,reservedeputysheriffs,andasmallgroupwhogavecampaigncontributionsorgiftstothen-SheriffLeeBaca.SomethingthatLAWeeklydidn’tdowaslookatthelisttodeterminetheraceofthoseluckyfewgettingpermits.InLosAngelesCountyin2013,about48.1%ofthepeoplelivingtherewereHispanic,9%wereblack,and50.7%women.Tochecktheraceofthosewhoreceivedpermits,weusedtwoapproaches.First,wedidGooglesearchesaswellassearchesonsocialmediatofindinformationonpeople.Usingthis,weidentifiedtheraceof135people:4Hispanics(3%),7blacks(5.2%),15Asians(11.1%),and109whites.Only16werefemales(11.9%).Hispanicsandwomenhadmuchlowerpermittingratesthanthegeneralpopulationandtheratesthatthosegroupsobtainedconcealedhandgunpermitsinplacesthatdon’tallowauthoritiesdiscretionindeterminingwhetherpeoplehaveajustifiableneedtocarryagunforprotection.Asianswerenotasdifferentthantheir14.4%ofthepopulationin2013.Forall341names,weusedawebsitethatlistedtheprobabilitythatthelastnameisHispanic.8WeincludedanylastnameasHispanicwhentheprobabilityofthembeingHispanicwasatleast5%.Doingthatimpliedthatatotalofjust22ofthe341peoplecouldbeHispanic(6.5%),stillanumberdramaticallylowerthantheirshareofthepopulation.Therearethreenamesthatwecouldn’tclassifyasmaleorfemale(Bobbie,Tracy,Robbie),butifyouassumethattheyareallwomen,only26ofthe341permitholdersarewomen(7.6%).Bycomparison,thisisdramaticallylowerthan29%ofthepermitholdersbeingwomenthatwefoundforeightstatesin2012.Eightstatesthathadsimilarinformationonraceshowedthat11%ofpermitholderswereblack.
7GeneMaddaus,“Who'sPackingHeatInL.A.County?SheriffLeeBaca'sGunPermitListIncludesManyPersonalFriends,”LAWeekly,February142013(http://www.laweekly.com/news/whos-packing-heat-in-la-county-sheriff-lee-bacas-gun-permit-list-includes-many-personal-friends-4174664).8Thewebsitethatweusediscalled“MostcommonlastnamesforLatinosintheU.S.”(http://names.mongabay.com/data/hispanic.html).
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PreviousworkthatwehavedonehasdiscussedtheimpactofhowguncontrolinChicagoonthepoorobtaininghandguns.9InChicagoandDC,thezipcodesthathavegunsunderDemocratrulestendtobehigherincomeandmuchmoreheavilywhiteareas. PartialListofPeoplewhoarefacingdeaththreatsandpreventedfromgettingpermitsinstateswithdiscretionarypermittingrules
--CasesinSanFrancisco10
--Womanwhohadacriminalprotectiveorder(2014)
--Correctionsofficer,deniedthreetimes,lasttimeinOctober2013.Inmateshadclearlythreatenedhim.
--FormerDelNorteCounty(California)deputydistrictattorneywhowasworriedthatpastfelonsthathehadputinprisonwouldharmhim.
--NewJersey
--IsraelAlbertAlmeidahadevidencethata“tenant'slive-inboyfriendthreatenedtokillhim”(2015).11
--MarcStephensfacedmultipledeaththreats(2013)12
--Lt.Col.TerryRussell“appliedforaconcealedcarrypermitasmilitarypersonnelandespeciallypersonnelthatworkathighlysensitive
9JohnR.Lott,Jr.,“Canpoorpeoplebetrustedwithguns?FoxNews,March122013(http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/03/12/can-poor-people-be-trusted-with-guns.html).10MattDrange,“Wanttocarryaconcealedgun?LiveinSacramento,notSanFrancisco,”Reveal,June122015(https://www.revealnews.org/article/want-to-carry-a-concealed-gun-live-in-sacramento-not-san-francisco/).11JoeCarlson,“SecondAmendmentgroupbacksAndoverTwp.man’sbidtocarrygun,”NewJerseyHerald,March12015(http://www.njherald.com/story/28230557/second-amendment-group-backs-andover-twp-mans-bid-to-carry-gun#).12ChrisEger,“NewJerseymanfightsstategunpermitlawallthewaytoSupremeCourt,”Guns.com,January302017(http://www.guns.com/2017/01/30/new-jersey-man-fights-state-gun-permit-law-all-the-way-to-supreme-court/).
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areas(likethePicatinnyArmory)areathigherriskofterroristattacks.”(2016)13
--NewYork
--JohnStossel,FoxNewsHost,NewYorkCity2013:Deniedapermitdespiteprovidingevidenceofmanydeaththreats.14
--SeanMcCarthyservedasakeywitnessthatsentmembersofthe“PagansOutlawMotorcycleClub”toprison.In2017,hetriedtogetapermitashewasworriedthathefacedretribution.15
--Washington,DC
--In2016,CorrectionsOfficersRobertSmith,RonaldDuBerry,HaroldBennette,andMauriceCurtis,whohadallreceiveddeaththreatsfrominmatesthattheyhadonceguarded,werefinallygrantedpermitlicensesbutonlyafteracasethattheytooktotheDCCircuitCourt.16
PermitHoldersareExtremelyLaw-abiding
Itisveryrareforpermitholderstoviolatethelaw.Inordertoappreciatehowincrediblyraretheseviolationsare,oneneedstorememberthatthereareover17.25millionpermitholdersintheUS.Indeed,itisimpossibletothinkofanyothergroupintheUSthatisanywherenearaslaw-abiding.
Togetanideaofjusthowlaw-abidingconcealedhandgunpermitholdersare,weneedonlycomparethemtopolice.AccordingtoastudyinPoliceQuarterly,
13SamHoober,“CCWWeekend:WhatConstitutes“GoodCause”InMay-IssueStates,”November52016(http://dailycaller.com/2016/11/05/ccw-weekend-what-constitutes-good-cause-in-may-issue-states/).14"TheInsaneGunLawsofNYC,"FoxNews,November162013(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24jRaxXT7JQ).15MichaelO’Keeffe,“Formerclubmanagersuescountyovergunpermitdenial,”Newsday,March302017(http://www.newsday.com/long-island/former-club-manager-sues-county-over-gun-permit-denial-1.13340941).16FoxNews,"DCmustletex-prisonguardspackheat,federalcourtrules,"FoxNews,June32016(http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/06/03/dc-must-let-ex-prison-guards-pack-heat-federal-court-rules.html).
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policecommittedanaverageof703crimesperyearfrom2005to2007.17113oftheseinvolvedfirearmsviolations.Thisislikelytobeanunderestimate,sincenotallpolicecrimesreceivemediacoverage.Theauthorsofthestudymayalsohavemissedsomemediareports.
Withabout685,464full-timepoliceofficersintheU.S.from2005to2007,wefindthattherewereabout103crimesperhundredthousandofficers.FortheU.S.populationasawhole,thecrimeratewas37timeshigher--3,813crimesperhundredthousandpeople.
Perhapspolicecrimesareunderreportedduetoleniencyfromfellowofficers,butthevastcrimegapbetweenpoliceandthegeneralpopulaceisindisputable.
Evengiventhelowconvictionrateforpolice,concealedcarrypermitholdersareevenmorelaw-abidingthanpolice.BetweenOctober1,1987andJune302017,Floridarevoked11,189concealedhandgunpermitsformisdemeanorsorfelonies.18Thisisanannualrevocationrateof10.4permitsper100,000.InTexasin2016(thelastyearforwhichdataisavailable),148permitholderswereconvictedofafelonyormisdemeanor–aconvictionrateof12.3per100,000.19
CombiningFloridaandTexasdata,wefindthatpermitholdersareconvictedofmisdemeanorsandfeloniesatlessthanasixthoftherateforpoliceofficers.
Amongpolice,firearmsviolationsoccuratarateof16.5per100,000officers.AmongpermitholdersinFloridaandTexas,therateisonly2.4per100,000.Thatisjust1/7thoftherateforpoliceofficers.Butthere'snoneedtofocusonTexasandFlorida—thedataaresimilarinotherstates.
17PhilStinson,JLiederbachandTLFreiburger,“ExitStrategy:AnExplorationofLate-StagePoliceCrime,”PoliceQuarterlyDecember201013:413-435.Dataonthenumberoffull-timelawenforcementemployeesisavailablefromtheFBIUniformCrimeReportsfrom2005to2007,Table74(https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/data/table_74.html).18ConcealedWeaponorFirearmLicenseSummaryReport,October1,1987-June302017(http://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/7499/118851/cw_monthly.pdf).19Theconvictionratesofpermitholdersduringthatyearisavailablehere(https://www.dps.texas.gov/RSD/LTC/Reports/ConvictionRatesReport2016.pdf).
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Table4:RevocationRatesforpermitholdersforanyreasonin2017,revocationsforfirearmviolationsarelessthan1/10ththeratethatexcludesrevocationsforchangingresidency.
State Rate Source
Arizona(YearbeforeAugust5,2018) 0.363%
http://www.leg.state.co.us/library/reports.nsf/ReportsDoc.xsp?documentId=D6727350F8E058DB8725
6E6600773612
Colorado** 0.099%http://www.leg.state.co.us/library/reports.nsf/ReportsDoc.xsp?documentId=D6727350F8E058DB8725
6E6600773612
Florida(yearbeforeJuly31,2018) 0.065%
https://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/7499/118851/cw_monthly.pdfandyearearlier
sheet
Kentucky 0.19%https://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/downlo
ad/7499/118851/cw_monthly.pdf
Louisiana 0.084%https://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/downlo
ad/7499/118851/cw_monthly.pdf
Maryland 0.658%PatrickMccrory,MarylandStatePoliceLicensing
Division
Massachusetts 0.079%
MichaelaDunne,ManagerofLawEnforcement&JusticeServices,MassachusettsDepartmentof
CriminalJusticeInformationServices(617)660-4682
Michigan 0.305%https://www.michigan.gov/documents/msp/CPL_A
nnual_Report_01-04-2018_611131_7.pdf
Minnesota* 0.217%
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ooc/news-releases/Pages/BCA-releases-2017-permit-to-carry-
annual-report.aspx
Ohio 0.062%https://www.michigan.gov/documents/msp/CPL_A
nnual_Report_01-04-2018_611131_7.pdf
Oklahoma 0.022%
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ooc/news-releases/Pages/BCA-releases-2017-permit-to-carry-
annual-report.aspx
Tennessee 0.075%https://www.michigan.gov/documents/msp/CPL_A
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nnual_Report_01-04-2018_611131_7.pdf
Texas 0.013%
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ooc/news-releases/Pages/BCA-releases-2017-permit-to-carry-
annual-report.aspx
Utah 0.028%https://www.michigan.gov/documents/msp/CPL_A
nnual_Report_01-04-2018_611131_7.pdf
WashingtonState 0.038% TeresaClark,WashingtonDepartmentofLicensing,PublicDisclosure
Wisconsin 0.366%https://www.doj.state.wi.us/sites/default/files/dles/ccw/2017%20Annual%20CCW%20Statistical%20Re
port.pdf
*Revocationsfornon-trafficviolations.
**Excludesrevocationsforchangeinresidency.
Listedabovearetherecentrevocationratesin16states.Mostoftheseratesincluderevocationsforanyreason,includingpeoplemovingoutofthestate,andforthestateswheretherevocationratesarehigherthanhundredthsofapercentagepointareduetoresidencyrevocations.Peoplecanalsolosetheirpermitsforsometypesoftrafficviolations,forforgettingtohavetheirpermitswiththem,orforbeingchargedwithorconvictedonaviolentmisdemeanororfelony.InOhio,mostoftheserevocationswereapparentlyaresultofhandguncourseteachersnotspendingtherequirednumberofhoursteachingtheirclasses.20
20“Concealedcarryinstructorallegedlygaveout170invalidtrainingcertificates,”TheNews-Herald(Ohio),May252015(http://www.news-herald.com/general-news/20150525/concealed-carry-instructor-allegedly-gave-out-170-invalid-training-certificates);“About50gunpermitsinvalidaftertwoinstructorsaccusedofforgery,”TheColumbusDispatch,July152016(http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2016/07/14/Concealed-carry-permits-bad.html);LynnThompson,“SilentJusticeforgunpermits,”Bryan(Ohio)Times,February42015(http://www.bryantimes.com/news/local/article_35d9b7bd-10c7-5d86-b9fe-a56843d73d91.html);“CCWInstructorsgetjailforcuttingclassshort,”Lima(Ohio)News,November252014(http://limaohio.com/archive/18890);
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Sincepermitholderscommitvirtuallynocrimes,right-to-carrylawscan’tincreaseviolentcrimerates(seeappendix).21
DeterringCrime
Manyfactorsaffectcrimerates:arrestandconvictionrates,policingpolicies,prison,demographics,income,poverty,andeducation.Butconcealedcarrylawsarealsopartofthestory,especiallywhenalargepercentageofthepopulationhaspermits.Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpeer-reviewedacademicresearchbyeconomistsandcriminologistsconcludesthatownershipofpermittedconcealedhandgunscausesareductioninviolentcrime.Thedebateisbetweenthoseclaimingareductionincrimeandthosedenyinganyeffect(forasurveyoftheacademicresearch,seeLott,“Whatabalancingtestwillshowforright-to-carrylaws,”UniversityofMarylandLawReview(2012):1205-1218).
Mostresearch,however,focusesonwhatstatesallowright-to-carry,notthemorerelevantquestionofhowmanypeopleactuallyhavepermits.(Onlypeer-reviewedstudiesbyJohnLottinthesecondandthirdeditionsofMoreGuns,LessCrime[UniversityofChicagoPress,2000and2010]usethenumberofpermitstomeasuretheimpactofconcealedcarrylaws).Empiricaltestsshouldmeasurewhethercrimeratesfellrelativelysharplyinthosestateswiththelargestpercentageofpermitholders.
In2014,thesevenstateswithconstitutionalcarryhadmuchlowerratesofmurderandviolentcrimethandidthesevenjurisdictionswiththelowestpercentagesofpermitholders.Indeed,themurderratewas31percentlowerinthestatesnotrequiringpermits.Theviolentcrimeratewas28percentlower.
Comparedtotherestofthecountry,the25stateswiththehighestconcealedcarryratesexperiencedmarkedlylowerratesofmurderandviolentcrime.
Ofcourse,suchacomparisonisfartoosimplistic.Therearemanyfactorsthatinfluencecrimerates,andsimple,cross-sectionalcomparisonsareunabletoaccountforallofthem.Wecanaccountfordifferencesacrossstatesonlybylookingathowcrimeratesvarybeforeandafterchangesinastate’sconcealedcarrylaws.
21Adetaileddiscussionofthesenumbersandhowthepercentagesarecalculatedisavailablehere(https://crimeresearch.org/2017/07/badly-flawed-misleading-donohue-aneja-weber-study/).
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Stateshaveadoptedconcealedhandgunlawsindifferentyearsandissuedpermitsatdifferentrates.Thisallowsforrevealingcomparisons(seeAppendixforalargeandgrowingbodyofpeer-reviewedliterature).Wemustlookacrossstatesandcomparechangesincrimerateswithchangesintheratesofpermitholding.Doingsohasconsistentlyrevealedaverystrongrelationshipbetweenmorepermitsandlessviolentcrime(e.g.,Lott,MoreGuns,LessCrime,UniversityofChicagoPress2010andLott2012).
Ouranalysisheredoesn’tprovidesuchsophisticatedestimates,simplybecausethenecessarydatawillnotbeavailableforatleastacoupleofyears.Thus,thisreportshouldonlybeviewedassuggestive.22
Insteadofjustcomparingstatesthatdon’trequirepermitswiththosethatdo,itisalsopossibletolookjustatstatesthatrequirepermits.Afteraccountingforthepercapitanumberofpolice,newprisonadmissions,anddemographics,thisstatelevelpermitdatasuggeststhateach20percentincreaseintherateofadultswithpermits(aboutonepercentagepoint)isroughlyassociatedwitha15percentdropinthemurderrate.Sincethelateststatelevelcrimedataisonlyavailablethrough2014,the2011and2014.23
Usingpermitandmurderdatafrom2011through2014,wefindthatstateswiththesharpestincreasesinpermitshadthelargestpercentagedropsinmurderrates.A10percentincreaseintheshareoftheadultpopulationwithpermitsreducesthemurderrateby1.4percent.24
22Regressingthenaturallogofthemurderrateonthepercentoftheadultpopulationwithpermits,thenumberoffull-timeswornpoliceofficersper1,000Americans,andatimetrendfinds:
ln(murderrate)=-.2499(7.15)percentofadultswithpermits-.8197(5.50)policeper1,000Americans–0.0023(3.41)PrisonPopulationper100,000people+0.0068(2.51)yeartimetrend-8.95(1.76)Constant
Usingthepercentofthepopulationinprisoninsteadofatimetrendproducedverysimilarresults.
23Toestimatethisweranacouplesimpleregressionsonthemurderrateonthepercentageofadultpopulationwithpermitsaswellaswithandwithoutstateandyearfixedeffects.Thereisalotofnoiseintheseestimatesbothbecausethepermitnumberscomefrommanydifferentyearsaswellastheestimatednumberofmurdersin2013.Theseestimateshaveagreatdealofmeasurementerrorandshouldonlybetakenassuggestive.Thatsaid,thesimplestestimateregressingthemurderrateonthepercentageoftheadultpopulationwithpermitsproducesacoefficientandabsolutet-statisticsof-12.68(1.66).Withfixedeffects,theestimatewas6.8(0.82).24Regressingthepercentchangeinmurderratesonthepercentchangeintheshareoftheadult
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populationbetween2011and2014givesusthis:
Percentchangeinmurderrates=-.136(1.38)thepercentchangeintheshareoftheadultpopulation+.212(0.99)Constant
F-statistics=1.92,AdjustedR-squared=0.0242
WeusedtheGAOreportonpercentofthepopulationwithpermitsfor2011(http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/592552.pdf).TherewereobviouserrorsintheGAOreportforMaineandConnecticut.Forexample,in2011,theGAOstatesthattherewereonly4,000concealedhandgunpermits.Thatwouldimplyanamazing725percentincreaseinpermitsbetween2011and2013.Forapermittingsystemthathadbeenaroundfordecadesandnorecentchangeintheirlaws,itwouldbesurprisingtohaveanystateseethattypeofchange.Maine’sSpecialInvestigationsUnittoldusthattherewereinfact24,000in2011.PossiblytheGAOsimplyleftoffthenumber“2”whenthenrecordedthisinformation.InConnecticut,wehadasmallernumberofpermitsin2011(115,000).
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WhyistheNumberofPermitsIncreasing?
AsimpleGoogleTrendssearchshowsthatpeople’sinterestinconcealedcarryhasspikedinthewakeofrecentmasspublicshootings.Hereisthesearchactivityafterfournotableattacks.
Theseattackshavealsobeenfollowedbysharpincreasesinthenumberof
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permitsbeingissued.Withabout890,000newconcealedhandgunpermitsissuedinjustthelastyear—bringingthetotalto17.25million—AmericanshaveclearlydonemorethansimplylookupinformationontheInternet.
Thesurgeinconcealedhandgunpermitscorrespondscloselywithopinionpollsonguns.TakeaseriesofpollsbythePewResearchCenter.InDecember2012,48%ofrespondentssaidthatowningagun“protectedthemfrombeingcrimevictims”asopposedto37%whoansweredthatitwouldbe“puttingpeople’ssafetyatrisk.”25ByDecember2014,people’spositiveimpressionsofgunownershiphadgrowntoamarginof57-to-38.
SimilarchangescanbeseeninpollsbyGallupandABCNews-WashingtonPost.26Theyaskedamorenarrowquestion:whetherhavingaguninthehomemakesthehomesaferormoredangerous.Thechangehasbeendramatic.In2000,Gallupfoundthatonly35percentofAmericansthoughtthatowningagunmadetheirhomesafer.By2014,thatnumberhadsoaredto63percent.
It'snotjustthatAmericansthinkthathavingagunmakesthemsaferasindividuals.Theyalsofeelbetterknowingthattheirneighborsarearmed.ARasmussenpollfromthispastJunefoundthata68-to-22percentmarginofAmericans“feelsaferinaneighborhoodwheregunsareallowed.”27
ApollbyPEWhelpstoexplainwhytherehasbeensuchalargeincreaseinconcealedhandgunpermitsamongblacksandwomen.Thepollshowsa25percentagepointincreaseintheproportionofblackswithafavorableviewofgunownership.Thisisthelargestincreaseofanygroup.Theincreaseamongallwomenwas11percentagepoints,andtheincreaseamongmenwas8percentagepoints.
25PewResearchCenter,“GrowingPublicSupportforGunRights:MoreSayGunsDoMoretoProtectThanPutPeopleatRisk,”December102014(http://www.people-press.org/2014/12/10/growing-public-support-for-gun-rights/).26JustinMcCarthy,“MoreThanSixin10AmericansSayGunsMakeHomesSafer,”Gallup,November7,2014(http://www.gallup.com/poll/179213/six-americans-say-guns-homes-safer.aspx?utm_source=alert&utm_medium=email&utm_content=morelink&utm_campaign=syndication).ScottClementandPeytonCraighill,“MajorityofAmericanssaygunsmakehomessafer,”WashingtonPost,April18,2013(http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/04/18/majority-of-americans-say-guns-make-homes-safer/).27RasmussenReports,“AmericansPreferLivinginNeighborhoodsWithGuns,”June122015(http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/gun_control/americans_prefer_living_in_neighborhoods_with_guns).
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DataSourcesforNumberofConcealedHandgunPermits,feesforpermits,andthelengthoftimethatapermitisvalid.
StateDataSource
Alabama CountiesusedtoestimatethenumberofconcealedhandgunpermitinthestateareBaldwinCounty,CullmanCounty,MadisonCounty,CleburneCounty,MontgomeryCounty,JacksonCounty,JeffersonCounty,andShelbyCounty.ChadPetri,"PistolPermitPricesVaryAcrossCounties,"WKRG.COM,March192016http://wkrg.com/2016/03/19/pistol-permit-prices-vary-across-counties/
Alaska* EricGaffney,Records&LicensingSupervisor,DivisionofStatewideServices,AlaskaDepartmentofPublicSafety(907)269-5634AlaskaDepartmentofPublicSafety, Permits&Licensing-ConcealedHandgunPermitshttps://dps.alaska.gov/Statewide/R-I/PermitsLicensing/ACHP-FAQhttps://dps.alaska.gov/getmedia/0440c0e0-2f58-4406-9101-65ca34a2e2f6/ACHP-Statutes-and-Regs.pdf;.aspx
Arizona* ArizonaDepartmentofPublicSafety,ConcealedWeaponsandPermits-StatisticsandFeeshttp://www.azdps.gov/services/public/cwpArizonaAdministrativeCode,DepartmentofPublicSafety(DPS)-ConcealedWeaponsPermitsR13-9-204http://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_13/13-09.pdf
Arkansas BillSadler,ArkansasStatePolice-PublicInformationOfficerArkansasStatePolice–ConcealedHandgunCarryLicensinghttps://www.ark.org/asplicense/chcl_application/chcl.aspxArkansasCode-ConcealedHandgunCarryLicensing§5-73-302
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https://static.ark.org/eeuploads/asp/Arkansas_concealed_handgun_carry_license_rules_effective_1-1-2018.pdf
California KristopherHooks,"New'enhancements'tosystemwillmakegettingconcealedweaponspermitseasier,"ABC10,December202016http://www.abc10.com/news/local/new-enhancements-to-process-will-make-getting-concealed-weapons-permits-easier/375499761CaliforniaPenalCodesections26185,26190,and26220
Colorado ColoradoGeneralAssembly–StatutoryReportshttp://www.leg.state.co.us/library/reports.nsf/ReportsDoc.xsp?documentId=D6727350F8E058DB87256E6600773612CBIFirearmsInstaCheckUnit–FirearmStatisticshttps://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cbi/currentyearstatisticsCBIFirearmsInstaCheckUnit–ConcealedHandgunPermit(CHP)Feeshttps://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cbi/chpfeesCBIFirearmsInstaCheckUnit–ConcealedHandgunPermit(CHP)StatutesC.R.S.18-12-204http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/colorado/?app=00075&view=full&interface=1&docinfo=off&searchtype=get&search=C.R.S.+18-12-204
Connecticut JanetK.Ainsworth,StaffAttorney3/EthicsLiaison,DepartmentofEmergencyServicesandPublicProtection,SpecialLicensingandFirearms-ConnecticutStatePistolPermithttp://www.ct.gov/despp/cwp/view.asp?a=4213&q=494614https://www.ct.gov/despp/lib/despp/slfu/dps-769-c_pistol_permit_instructions_to_applicants_rev_12-01-17.pdf
Delaware SusanJudge,CourtAdministrator,SuperiorCourtofDelawareDelawareCourts-ConcealedDeadlyWeaponshttp://courts.delaware.gov/superior/weapons.aspx
DistrictofColumbia
KarimahBilal,PublicAffairsSpecialist,OfficeofCommunications(PIO),MetropolitanPoliceDepartment
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MetropolitanPoliceDepartment-ApplyingforaConcealedCarryPistolLicensehttps://mpdc.dc.gov/page/applying-concealed-carry-pistol-licenseCodeoftheDistrictofColumbia§7–2509.03https://beta.code.dccouncil.us/dc/council/code/titles/7/chapters/25/
Florida FloridaDepartmentofAgricultureandConsumerServices,DivisionofLicensing,ConcealedWeaponorFirearmLicenseSummaryReporthttp://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/7499/118851/cw_monthly.pdfConcealedWeaponorFirearm:Section790.06,FloridaStatutes,FeeSchedulehttp://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/7438/118429/License_Fees.pdfFloridaDepartmentofAgricultureandConsumerServices,ConcealedWeaponLicense–RenewYourLicensehttps://www.freshfromflorida.com/Consumer-Resources/Concealed-Weapon-License/Renew-Your-Concealed-Weapon-License
Georgia Georgiacarry.orgTheStateofGeorgia-ApplyingforaFirearmsLicensehttps://georgia.gov/popular-topic/applying-firearms-license
Hawaii HawaiiFirearmRegistrationsSummaryhttp://freebeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2016-KPD-firearm-reg-rots-1.pdfhttp://freebeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Firearm-Registrations-in-Hawaii-2015.pdfHawaiiRifleAssociation-HawaiiGunLawshttp://hawaiirifleassociation.org/hawaii-gun-laws/
Idaho LeilaMcNeill,CPM,OperationsOfficer,BureauofCriminalIdentification,IdahoStatePoliceIdahoStatutes18-3302https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T1
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8CH33/SECT18-3302/
Illinois E-mail:IllinoisStatePolice,[email protected]://www.ispfsb.com/Public/AboutTheAct.aspx
Indiana IndianaStatePoliceFirearmsLicensingStatisticsbyCountyhttps://www.in.gov/isp/files/ISP_Firearms_Licensing_Statistics_2018_Issued_and_Active_2nd_Quarter.pdfIndianaStatePolice,FirearmsLicensingFeeSchedulehttp://www.in.gov/isp/3065.htm
Iowa RossLoder,BureauChief,ProgramServicesBureau,AdministrativeServicesDivision,IowaDepartmentofPublicSafetyIowaDepartmentofPublicSafety,DivisionofAdministrativeServices–WeaponPermitInformationandFormshttp://www.dps.state.ia.us/asd/weapon_permits.shtmlChapter724oftheIowaCodeandAdministrativeRules,661,Chapter91
Kansas CharlesW.Klebe,Director&AssistantAttorneyGeneral,ConcealedCarry,PrivateDetective&BailEnforcementAgentLicensingUnitsKansasApplicationforConcealedCarryHandgunLicenseandQualifyingInformation,OfficeofAttorneyGeneralDerekSchmidthttps://ag.ks.gov/docs/default-source/forms/concealed-carry-application.pdf?sfvrsn=20KansasPersonalandFamilyProtectionAct[K.S.A75-7c01et.seq]https://ag.ks.gov/docs/default-source/documents/concealed-carry-faqs.pdf?sfvrsn=6
Kentucky KentuckyStatePolicehttp://kentuckystatepolice.org/ccdw/ccdw-home/ccdw-annual-stats-reports/DanaPeacock,ProgramCoordinator,KentuckyStatePolice,
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CriminalID&Records,C.C.D.W.Section
KentuckyStatePolice,ConcealedDeadlyWeapons
http://kentuckystatepolice.org/ccdw/ccdw-home/ccdw-faqs/
Louisiana LouisianaDepartmentofPublicSafetyhttp://www.lsp.org/handguns.htmlLouisianaConcealedHandgunPermitApplicationPackethttp://www.lsp.org/pdf/chApplication.pdf
Maine StateRepresentativeRichM.CebrawhointercededwiththeMaineStatePoliceforus.StateofMaineLawsRelatingtoPermittoCarryConcealedHandgunshttp://www.maine.gov/dps/msp/licenses/documents/Weapons/CFP%20Booklet.pdf
Maryland PatrickMccrory,LicensingDivision,MarylandStatePoliceMattLabudzki,ITLeadProgrammerAnalyst,InformationTechnologyandCommunicationsDivision,DepartmentofPublicSafetyandCorrectionalServicesMarylandStatePolice-HandgunWearandCarryPermithttp://mdsp.maryland.gov/Organization/Pages/CriminalInvestigationBureau/LicensingDivision/Firearms/WearandCarryPermit.aspx
Massachusetts MichaelaDunne,ManagerofLawEnforcement&JusticeServices,MassachusettsDepartmentofCriminalJusticeInformationServicesMassachusettsGovernment-GunOwnershipinMassachusettshttp://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dfg/dfw/education-events/hed/gun-licensing-requirements.html#TrainingRequirements
Michigan MichiganStatePolice-CPLApplicationsbyCountyandStatushttps://www.michigan.gov/documents/msp/All_Statuses_Report_April_2_2018_619274_7.pdf
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MichiganStatePolice-ConcealedPistolLicenseRenewalInformationhttp://www.michigan.gov/msp/0,4643,7-123-1878_1591_3503_4654-10955--,00.htmlhttps://www.michigan.gov/msp/0,4643,7-123-1878_1591_3503_4654-10929--,00.html
Minnesota JudithM.Strobel,JD,MBA,SeniorLegalAnalyst,MinnesotaBureauofCriminalApprehension
MinnesotaBureauofCriminalApprehension-Firearmshttps://dps.mn.gov/divisions/bca/bca-divisions/administrative/Pages/firearms.aspxMinnesotaStatutes624.714https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/624.714
Mississippi M/Sgt.OdisEasterling,Director,FirearmPermitUnitMississippiDepartmentofPublicSafety–FirearmPermitApplicationhttps://www.dps.state.ms.us/firearms/firearms-permit-unit/firearms-permits-faqs/
Missouri Email:MissouriStateHighwayPatrolmshppied@mshp.dps.mo.govCommitteeonLegislativeResearch,OversightDivision1360-04http://lawcenter.giffords.org/concealed-weapons-permitting-in-missouri/
Montana† EricSell,CommunicationsDirector,MontanaDepartmentofJusticeMontanaCode45-8-322http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0450/chapter_0080/part_0030/section_0220/0450-0080-0030-0220.html
Nebraska Email:[email protected]–ConcealCarryhttps://statepatrol.nebraska.gov/vnews/display.v/SEC/Services%7CConcealed%20Carry%20Permits%3E%3EConceal%20Carry%20FAQ
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Nevada NevadaDepartmentofPublicSafetyhttp://rccd.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/gsdnvgov/content/Resources/Active%20CCW%20by%20SO%20(1%20MAY%2018)%20Final.pdfNevadaCode-ConcealedFirearmshttps://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-202.htmlhttp://www.nevadacarry.org/concealed-carry.html
NewHampshire SergeantMichael.J.McQuade,PermitsandLicensingUnitCommanderStateofNewHampshireDepartmentofSafetyhttps://www.nh.gov/safety/divisions/nhsp/ssb/permitslicensing/documents/dssp260.pdf
NewJersey StateofNewJerseyN.J.S.2C:58-3andN.J.S.2C:58-4http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2016/Bills/S3500/3124_I1.HTM
NewMexico TeashaJ.Roybal,LawEnforcementRecordsBureau,IPRACoordinator-DepartmentofPublicSafetyNewMexicoDepartmentofPublicSafety-ConcealedHandgunCarryhttps://www.dps.nm.gov/index.php/concealed-carry-faqs?highlight=WyJjb25jZWFsZWQiXQ==https://www.dps.nm.gov/templates/g5_hydrogen/custom/PDFs/Concealed%20Carry%20License/FILLABLE/NMAC%20CCW%20Booklet%20FILLABLE.pdf
NewYorkNYC
CountiesusedtoestimatethenumberofconcealedhandgunpermitinthestateareHerkimerCounty,NassauCounty,RocklandCounty,OneidaCounty,SaratogaCountyandBroomeCountyWestchesterCounty.NewYorkStatePolice–Firearmshttps://troopers.ny.gov/Firearms/PoliceDepartment,CityofNewYork,HandgunLicenseApplicationhttp://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/permits/HandGunLicenseApplicationFormsComplete.pdf
NorthCarolina BethA.Starosta-Desmond,NorthCarolinaStateBureauofInvestigation,CriminalInformationandIdentification
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Section,AssistantSpecialAgentinChargeNorthCarolinaFirearmsLawshttp://www.ncdoj.gov/getdoc/32344299-a2a7-4ae5-99fd-9018262f64ac/NC-Firearms-gun-Laws.aspx
NorthDakota NorthDakotaAttorneyGeneral-ConcealedWeaponLicenseshttps://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/public-safety/concealed-weapons-licensesNorthDakotaAttorneyGeneral-OnlineApplicationProcesshttps://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/public-safety/concealed-weapons-licenses/obtaining-north-dakota-concealed-weapon-license/onlineNorthDakotaConcealedWeaponLicensehttps://attorneygeneral.nd.gov/sites/ag/files/documents/CWL-Manual.pdf
Ohio OhioAttorneyGeneralhttp://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Files/Publications/Publications-for-Law-Enforcement/Concealed-Carry-Publications/Concealed-Carry-StatisticsOhio’sConcealedCarryLawsandLicenseApplicationhttp://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Files/Publications-Files/Publications-for-Law-Enforcement/Concealed-Carry-Publications/Concealed-Carry-Laws-Manual-%28PDF%29
Oklahoma OklahomaStateBureauofInvestigationhttp://www.ok.gov/osbi/OklahomaStateBureauofInvestigation-HandgunLicensinghttps://www.ok.gov/osbi/Handgun_Licensing/How_to_apply_as_a_first_time_license_holder_or_expired_renewal.html
Oregon PatriciaWhitfield,Director,CJISDivision,OregonStatePolice
OregonStateLegislature166.292https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors166.html
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Pennsylvania CorporalAdamReed,CommunicationsOfficeDirector,PennsylvaniaStatePolicePennsylvaniaStatutesTitle18Pa.C.S.A.CrimesandOffenses§6109.Licenseshttp://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/18/00.061.009.000..HTM
RhodeIsland LisaA.Pinsonneault,SpecialAssistantAttorneyGeneral,TheStateofRhodeIsland|OfficeoftheAttorneyGeneralStateofRhodeIslandAttorneyGeneralhttp://www.riag.ri.gov/home/pistol_renewal_form.pdf
SouthCarolina SouthCarolinaLawEnforcementDivisionhttp://www.sled.sc.gov/CWPStats.aspx?MenuID=CWPSouthCarolinaConcealedWeaponPermitApplicationhttp://www.sled.sc.gov/documents/CWP/CWPApplicationForm.pdfSouthCarolinaCodeofLaws23-31http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t23c031.php
SouthDakota SouthDakotaSecretaryofState–ConcealedPistolPermitshttp://sdsos.gov/general-services/concealed-pistol-permits/default.aspx
Tennessee TennesseeDepartmentofSafetyandHomelandSecurityhttps://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/safety/documents/Current_HG_PermitHolders.pdfTennesseeDepartmentofSafetyandHomelandSecurity-HandgunCarryPermitshttps://www.tn.gov/safety/handgunmain.html
Texas TexasDepartmentofPublicSafety-Reports&Statisticshttp://www.dps.texas.gov/rsd/LTC/reports/demographics.htmhttp://www.dps.texas.gov/rsd/LTC/reports/ActLicAndInstr/ActiveLicandInstr2017.pdfMandyTennill,RecordsAnalyst,OperationsandSharedServices,RegulatoryServicesDivision,TexasDepartmentofPublicSafetyTexasLicensetoCarryaHandgun(LTC)FeeTablehttp://www.dps.texas.gov/RSD/LTC/documents/LTCFeeSch
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edule.pdfTexasDepartmentofPublicSafety,RegulatoryServicesDivision-LicensetoCarryAHandgunhttps://www.dps.texas.gov/RSD/LTC/faqs/index.htm
Utah†† UtahDepartmentofPublicSafety,FirearmStatisticalReview,SecondQuarter2018https://bci.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2018/07/2018Q2.pdfUtahDepartmentofPublicSafety,ConcealedFirearmPermitshttps://bci.utah.gov/concealed-firearm/
Vermont* Nopermitsrequiredtocarry.Nopermitsofferedforthosewhocarryoutofstate.
Virginia MichaelS.Matthews,Manager,FirearmsTransactionCenter,VirginiaStatePolice
E-mail:[email protected]
http://www.vsp.state.va.us/Firearms_ResidentConcealed.shtmhttp://www.vsp.state.va.us/Firearms_NonresidentConcealed.shtm
Washington Email:WashingtonStateDepartmentofLicensingPublicRecordshttps://wadolpublicrecords.nextrequest.com/WashingtonStateDepartmentofLicensing-Concealedpistollicensehttp://www.dol.wa.gov/business/firearms/faconcealreq.html
WestVirginia WestVirginiaCode§61-7-4http://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/chapterentire.cfm?chap=61&art=7§ion=4#01
Wisconsin WaltNeverman,Director–CrimeInformationBureau,WisconsinCSO/NletsRep,NCICSubcommitteeChairWisconsinDepartmentofJustice-ConcealedCarryAnnualReportshttps://www.doj.state.wi.us/dles/cib/conceal-
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carry/concealed-carry-annual-reportsWisconsinDepartmentofJustice–ConcealedCarryhttps://concealedcarry.doj.wi.gov/ccwonline/steps/startApplication.html;jsessionid=686F87BE01355D5D7E378AAD060F6284.ccwonline1#!
Wyoming* HeatherCalvert,WyomingDivisionofCriminalInvestigation,CriminalJusticeRecordsAnalyst-ConcealedFirearmPermitsWyomingDivisionofCriminalInvestigation-ConcealedFirearmPermitshttp://wyomingdci.wyo.gov/dci-criminal-justice-information-systems-section/concealed-firearms-permits/cfp-faq
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Appendixonratesthatpermitholdersareconvictedofviolentcrimes.
Louisiana:Herearethepercentagesofpermitholderswhowerechargedorconvictedofanytypeoffelony,whetherviolentornonviolent(aggravatedassaultisonetypeoffelony,butfeloniesalsotypicallyincludetrafficviolations).Includingchargedcasesskewsthenumbersubstantially,sincepermitholdershaveverylowconvictionratesingeneral.Afterall,permitholdersareusuallyarrestedeveniftheyusedtheirgunsinjustifiableself-defense.Policeandprosecutorscan’tjustletthemoffthehookuntiltheyaresureaboutwhathappened.Thevastmajorityofthesecasesareunlikelytoinvolvefirearms,however.(reports)
2016:16.Percentofpermitholderswhoarechargedorconvictedofafelony:0.0092%
2015:19.Percentofpermitholderswhoarechargedorconvictedofafelony:0.0123%
2014:15.Percentofpermitholderswhoarechargedorconvictedofafelony:0.0109%
Shareofviolentcrimes
2015:Therewere25,208violentcrimesinLouisiana,with19felonychargesorconvictionsagainstpermitholders.Assumingthatthesefelonieswereallviolentandthattheaccusedwereguiltyofthecharges,permitholderswouldaccountforjust0.08%ofthetotal.Again,thisisanoverestimateofpermitholders’shareofviolentcrimes.
2014:Therewere23,983violentcrimesinLouisiana,with15felonychargesorconvictionsagainstpermitholders.Assumingthatthesefelonieswereallviolentandthattheaccusedwereguiltyofthecharges,permitholderswouldaccountforjust0.06%ofthetotal.Again,thisisanoverestimateofpermitholders’shareofviolentcrimes.
Michigan:Belowisthepercentageofpermitholderswhowereconvictedofaggravatedassault(withandwithoutaweapon)
2015-2016:17.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanaggravatedassault:0.003%
2014-2015:11.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanaggravatedassault:0.002%
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Also,thepercentageofpermitholderswhowereconvictedofanytypeofviolentcrime(Murder,manslaughter,criminalsexualconduct,armedrobbery,unarmedrobbery,aggravatedassault)
2015-2016:22.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofaviolentcrime:0.00396%
These22casescomparetoatotalof41,231violentcrimesinMichigan,thatisa0.053%share.
2014-2015:18.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofaviolentcrime:0.00352%
These18casescomparetoatotalof42,348violentcrimesinMichigan,thatisa0.044%share.
Minnesota:Permitrevocationsduetoanytypeofassault
2015:0.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanassault:0.000%
2014:0.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanassault:0.000%
2013:0.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanassault:0.000%
2012:0.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanassault:0.000%
2011:0.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanassault:0.000%
2010:0.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanassault:0.000%
Therewere7,094aggravatedassaultsinMinnesotain2015andnoconcealedhandgunpermitholderswereconvictedofthesecrimes.
Oregon:Permitholderswhowereconvictedofanytypeoffelony,violentornonviolent.Thevastmajorityofthesecasesareunlikelytoinvolvefirearms.
2016:19.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:0.0074%
Therewere10,468violentcrimesinOklahomain2015.Eventhoughfeloniesinvolvemoreviolentcrimes,the19feloniesthatpermitholderswereconvictedofin2016equalonly0.182%ofviolentcrimes.
Oklahoma:Permitholderswhowereconvictedofanytypeoffelony.(reports)
2016:20.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:0.0071%
2015:16.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:0.0062%
2014:15.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:0.0069%
2013:15.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:0.0078%
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2012:10.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:Unknowratebecausewedon'thavepermitdatafor2012.
Therewere16,506violentcrimesinOklahomain2015.Eventhoughfeloniesinvolvemoreviolentcrimes,the16feloniesthatpermitholderswereconvictedofequalonly0.097%ofviolentcrimes.
Tennessee:Revocationsduetoanytypeofassaultotherthanvehicularassault
2016:Zero.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanon-vehicularassault:0.000%
2015:Zero.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanon-vehicularassault:0.000%
Permitholderswhowereconvictedofanytypeoffelony.
2016:29.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:0.0049%
2015:31.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofafelony:0.0061%
Therewere40,400violentcrimesinTennesseein2015.Eventhoughfeloniesinvolvemoreviolentcrimes,the31feloniesthatpermitholderswereconvictedofequalonly0.077%ofviolentcrimes.
Texas:Convictionsforaggravatedassaultwithanytypeofweapon
2016:8.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanaggravatedassault:0.00067%
2015:10.Percentofpermitholderswhoareconvictedofanaggravatedassault:0.0011%
Therewere67,727aggravatedassaultinTexasin2015.Eventhoughfeloniesinvolvemoreviolentcrimes,the31feloniesthatpermitholderswereconvictedofequalonly0.077%ofviolentcrimes.
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Appendixofsomeacademicresearchshowingthatright-to-carrylawsreduceviolentcrime
JohnR.Lott,Jr.andDavidB.Mustard,Crime,Deterrence,andRight-to-CarryConcealedHandguns,JournalofLegalStudies,1997.
WilliamAlanBartleyandMarkACohen,TheEffectofConcealedWeaponsLaws:AnExtremeBoundAnalysis,EconomicInquiry,April1998.(Copyavailablehere)
StephenG.BronarsandJohnR.Lott,Jr.,CriminalDeterrence,GeographicSpillovers,andRight-to-CarryConcealedHandguns,AmericanEconomicReview,May1998.
JohnR.Lott,Jr.,“TheConcealed–HandgunDebate,”JournalofLegalStudies,January1998:221-243
DavidMustard,TheImpactofGunLawsonPoliceDeaths,JournalofLawandEconomics,October2001.
BruceL.BensonandBrentD.Mast,PrivatelyProducedGeneralDeterrence,JournalofLawandEconomics,October2001.
FlorenzPlassmannandT.NicolausTideman,DoestheRighttoCarryConcealedHandgunsDeterCountableCrimes?:OnlyaCountAnalysisCanSay,JournalofLawandEconomics,October2001.
CarlisleE.Moody,TestingfortheEffectsofConcealedWeaponsLaws:SpecificationErrorsandRobustness,JournalofLawandEconomics,October2001.
DavidE.OlsonandMichaelD.Maltz,Right-to-CarryConcealedWeaponLawsandHomicideinLargeU.S.Counties:TheEffectonWeaponTypes,VictimCharacteristics,andVictim-OffenderRelationships,JournalofLawandEconomics,October2001.
ThomasB.Marvell,TheImpactofBanningJuvenileGunPossession,JournalofLawandEconomics,October2001.
JohnR.Lott,Jr.andJohnE.Whitley,Safe-StorageGunLaws:AccidentalDeaths,Suicides,andCrime,JournalofLawandEconomics,October2001
JohnR.Lott,Jr.andJohnE.Whitley,MeasurementErrorinCounty-LevelUCR
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Data,JournalofQuantitativeCriminology,June2003,Volume19,Issue2,pp185-198
FlorenzPlassmannandJohnWhitley,ConfirmingMoreGuns,LessCrime,StanfordLawReview,2003
EricHellandandAlexanderTabarrok,UsingPlaceboLawstoTest“MoreGuns,LessCrime,”AdvancesinEconomicAnalysisandPolicy,4(1):Article1,2004.
JohnR.Lott,Jr.andWilliamLandes,MultipleVictimPublicShootings,Bombings,andRight-to-CarryConcealedHandgunLaws:ContrastingPrivateandPublicLawEnforcement,publishedinTheBiasAgainstGuns(2003).
FlorenzPlassmannandJohnR.Lott,Jr.,MoreReadersofGunMagazines,ButNotMoreCrimes.
JohnRLott,Jr.,“MoreGuns,LessCrime”(UniversityofChicagoPress2010,3rdedition).
CarlisleE.Moody,ThomasB.Marvell,PaulRZimmerman,andFasilAlemante,“TheDebateonShall-IssueLaws,”ReviewofEconomics&Finance2014
MarkGius,“Anexaminationoftheeffectsofconcealedweaponslawsandassaultweaponsbansonstate-levelmurderrates,”AppliedEconomicsLetters,Volume21,Issue42014
CarlisleE.MoodyandThomasB.Marvell,“TheDebateonShall-IssueLaws,”EconJournalWatch,volume5,number3,September2008Itisalsoavailablehere.
CarlisleE.MoodyandThomasB.Marvell,“TheDebateonShallIssueLaws,Continued,”EconJournalWatch,Volume6,Number2May2009
CarlisleE.Moody,ThomasB.Marvell,andJohnR.Lott,Jr.,“DidJohnLottProvideBadDatatotheNRC?ANoteonAneja,Donohue,andZhang,”EconJournalWatch,Volume10,Number1,January2013
CarlisleE.MoodyandThomasB.Marvell,“OntheChoiceofControlVariablesintheCrimeEquation”byCarlisleE.MoodyandThomasB.Marvell,OxfordBulletinofEconomicsandStatistics,Volume72,Issue5,pages696–715,October2010.
JohnR.Lott,Jr.,MoreGuns,LessCrime:AResponsetoAyresandDonohue’s1999
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bookreviewintheAmericanLawandEconomicsReview,YaleLaw&EconomicsResearchPaperNo.247,1999.
JohnR.Lott,Jr.,Right-to-CarryLawsandViolentCrimeRevisited:Clustering,MeasurementError,andState-by-StateBreakdowns,AmericanEnterpriseInstituteWorkingpaper,2004.
JohnR.Lott,Jr.,Commenton'TheDeterrenceofCrimeThroughPrivateSecurityEfforts:TheoryandEvidence',CrimePreventionResearchCenter,November2014.
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Academicadvisoryboard
WilliamM.LandesistheCliftonR.MusserProfessorEmeritusofLawandEconomics,andSeniorLecturerattheUniversityofChicagoLawSchool.Mr.Landeshaswrittenwidelyontheapplicationofeconomicsandquantitativemethodstolawandlegalinstitutions,includingmultiplevictimpublicshootings,hijackingofairplanes,andthebailsystem.LandeshasbeenaneditoroftheJournalofLawandEconomics(1975–1991)andtheJournalofLegalStudies(1991–2000),ispastpresidentoftheAmericanLawandEconomicsAssociation,andisamemberoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation,theMontPelerinSociety,andtheCouncilofEconomicAdvisersoftheAmericanEnterpriseInstitute.HeisalsoaFellowoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.
J.ScottArmstrongisaprofessorattheWhartonBusinessSchooloftheUniversityofPennsylvania.Heisinternationallyknownforhispioneeringworkonforecastingmethods.Mostrecently,hisresearchactivitieshaveinvolvedforecastingforterrorismandconflicts.HeisauthorofLong-RangeForecasting,themostfrequentlycitedbookonforecastingmethods.Heisaco-founderoftheJournalofForecasting,theInternationalJournalofForecasting,theInternationalSymposiumonForecasting,andforecastingprinciples.com.Heisaco-developerofnewmethodsincludingrule-basedforecasting,causalforcesforextrapolation,simulatedinteraction,structuredanalogies,andthe“indexmethod.”Inadditiontoforecasting,ProfessorArmstronghaspublishedpapersonsurveyresearch,educationalmethods,appliedstatistics,socialresponsibility,strategicplanning,andscientificpeerreview.
ArthurZ.Berg,M.D.isaDistinguishedLifeFellowoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociationandformermemberoftheAPAViolenceTaskForce.HewasfoundingPsychiatrist-in-ChiefatBeverlyHospital(emeritus)andformerAssociateProfessorofPsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool.ArecentarticlethatDr.BerghadintheWallStreetJournalonmultiplevictimpublicshootingsisavailablehere.
TimGrosecloseistheMarvinHoffenbergProfessorofAmericanPoliticsatUCLA.Heholdsappointmentsinthepoliticalscienceandeconomicsdepartmentsattheuniversity.In1987,hereceivedhisB.S.inMathematicalSciencesfromStanfordUniversity.In1992,hereceivedhisPhDfromStanford’sGraduateSchoolofBusiness.HeistheauthorofovertwodozenscholarlyarticlesaswellasthebookLeftTurn:HowLiberalMediaBiasDistortstheAmericanMind.Giventheextensivemediabiasonguns,ProfessorGroseclose’sexpertiseonidentifyingmediabiaswillbeimportant.Hecontributestotheblog,www.Ricochet.com,and
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isanactivetweeterat@Tim_Groseclose(https://twitter.com/Tim_Groseclose).Youcanlearnmoreabouthimandhiswritingsatwww.timgroseclose.com.
JonathanM.KarpoffistheWashingtonMutualEndowedChairinInnovationProfessorofFinanceattheUniversityofWashingtonFosterSchoolofBusiness.Karpoffhaspublishedpathbreakingresearchonthetopicsofcorporatecrimeandpunishmentaswellascorporategovernance.HeistheassociateeditorfortheJournalofFinance,JournalofFinancialEconomics,JournalofFinancialandQuantitativeAnalysis,ManagementScience,ManagerialandDecisionSciences,andTheNorthAmericanJournalofEconomicsandFinance.Hehasreceivedalonglistofacademicawards.
JoyceLeeMalcolmisthePatrickHenryProfessorofConstitutionalLawandtheSecondAmendmentatGeorgeMasonUniversityLawSchool.ShehasaPh.D.inhistoryandisinternationallyknownforherbooksGunsandViolence:TheEnglishExperience,HarvardUniversityPress(November24,2004),andToKeepandBearArms:TheOriginsofanAnglo-AmericanRight,HarvardUniversityPress(March2,1996).GunsandViolenceprovidesacomprehensivehistoryandexaminationofchangesinmurderratesinEnglandfromthemiddleagestothecurrentday.SheisaFellowoftheRoyalHistoricalSociety,andshehasheldpositionsatPrincetonUniversity,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,andCambridgeUniversity.MalcolmalsoservedastheDirector,DivisionofResearchProgramsfortheNationalEndowmentfortheHumanitiesduring2005-2006.
ScottE.MastenisProfessorofBusinessEconomicsandPublicPolicyintheUniversityofMichiganStephenM.RossSchoolofBusiness,wherehehasbeenafacultymembersince1984.Aleadingscholarintheareaoftransactioncosteconomics,ProfessorMasten’sresearchfocusesonissuesattheintersectionoflaw,economics,andorganization.Inadditiontohisprimaryappointment,hehasheldappointmentsastheLouisandMyrtleMoskowitzResearchProfessorinBusinessandLawatMichigan,JohnM.OlinFacultyResearchFellowatYaleLawSchool,JohnM.OlinDistinguishedVisitingProfessorofLawattheUniversityofVirginiaLawSchool,andVisitingProfessorintheUniversityofMichiganLawSchool.HewasPresidentoftheInternationalSocietyforNewInstitutionalEconomicsin2008-09,isaco-editoroftheJournalofEconomics&ManagementStrategy,andservesontheeditorialboardsoftheJournalofLaw,Economics&OrganizationandManagerialandDecisionEconomics
CarlMoody,ProfessorofEconomics,William&Mary.ProfessorMoodyhaspublishedextensivelyontherelationshipsbetweenguns,crimeand
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imprisonmentinsuchacademicjournalsasCriminology,HomicideStudies,theJournalofLawandEconomics,theJournalofLegalStudies,andtheJournalofQuantitativeCriminology.Heteachesmathematicaleconomicsandeconometrics.
PaulH.RubinistheSamuelCandlerDobbsProfessorofEconomicsatEmoryUniversity,andEditorinChiefofManagerialandDecisionEconomics.HehasbeenpresidentoftheSouthernEconomicAssociation.Hisresearchinterestshaveincludedcrime,thedeathpenalty,andguncontrol.HereceivedhisB.A.fromtheUniversityofCincinnatiin1963andhisPh.D.fromPurdueUniversityin1970.HeisaFellowofthePublicChoiceSociety,aSeniorFellowattheProgressandFreedomFoundation,anAdjunctScholarattheAmericanEnterpriseInstituteandtheGeorgiaPublicPolicyFoundation,andformerVicePresidentoftheSouthernEconomicsAssociation.Dr.RubinhasbeenSeniorStaffEconomistatPresidentReagan’sCouncilofEconomicAdvisers,ChiefEconomistattheU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission,DirectorofAdvertisingEconomicsattheFederalTradeCommission,andvice-presidentofGlassman-OliverEconomicConsultants,Inc.,alitigationconsultingfirminWashington.