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    CommunicationJournal of Business

    DOI: 10.1177/0021943695032003031995; 32; 249Journal of Business Communication

    Carolyn M. Anderson and Matthew M. Martinand Organizational Satisfaction

    Why Employees Speak to Coworkers and Bosses: Motives, Gender,

    http://job.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/3/249The online version of this article can be found at:

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    can be found at:Journal of Business Communication

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    Why Employees Speak to Coworkersand Bosses: Motives, Gender, and

    Organizational Satisfaction

    Carolyn M.AndersonThe University of Akron

    Matthew M. Martin

    West

    Virginia University

    Research identifies pleasure, affection, escape, relaxation, control, and inclusionas motives explaining why people communicate interpersonally. These motivesare examined, along with a duty motive, in organizational relationships. Investi-gated are employees motives for communicating with coworkers or with superiorsand their satisfaction with work, satisfaction with superiors, and commitment.Full-time workers (N = 202) report high satisfaction with superiors, as well asmoderate satisfaction with work and commitment, when communicating withsuperiors from pleasure, affection, and inclusion needs but not for escape.Employees report high work satisfaction, along with moderate satisfaction withsuperiors and commitment, when communicating with coworkers for affectionbut not for escape. Females, more than males, communicate with their bosses foraffection and relaxation. Males communicate with coworkers more from control

    needs, while females communicate for affection. Both communicate more withcoworkers versus superiors on all of the motives except for duty. Females commu-nicate more from the duty motive with superiors versus coworkers.

    Peoplecommunicate to satisfy interpersonal needs, which, in turn, influ-

    -L ences their communication choices and behaviors (Rubin, 1979,1981; Rubin & Rubin, 1992). In essence, then, people have motives for

    communicating. Understanding peoples motives for communicatingshould lead to a better understanding ofrelationship outcomes. This studyinvestigates motives for communicating in organizations from a need toknow (a) why employees communicate with coworkers and bosses and

    (b) how relational outcomes are connected to motives for communicat-ing to satisfy needs. Since relationships at work influence both affectiveand behavioral outcomes, the studys importance is illustrating how

    employees communication motives relate to satisfaction with their

    superiors, jobs, and organizations. Gender is examined because findingscontribute to a clearer picture of interpersonal relationships at work

    (Fairhurst, 1985).Studying communication issues in interpersonal relationships at

    work are popular research focuses. One reason is that employees needcommunication with superiors and coworkers to understand their envi-ronments and roles (Jablin & Krone, 1994). In fact, superior/subordinatecommunication is one of the most frequently researched topics (Allen,Gotcher, & Seibert, 1993; Jablin & Krone, 1994).Although studying com-munication in the superior/subordinate relationship is important, com-municationbetween coworkers also provides meaningfulinformation (see

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    a review by Jablin & Krone, 1994). This study is a first step in investi-gating both relationships by examining employees motives for commu-

    nicating with coworkers and with superiors. The motives construct is

    explainedunder

    interpersonalneeds gratification

    theory.Interpersonal Needs Gratification

    Interpersonal needs gratification theory is a goal-oriented perspec-tive forcommunicatingthat explainswhy people enter into relationships.Needs theory is an outgrowth of uses and gratification theory thatstates people use the media to fulfill interpersonal needs (McLeod &

    Becker, 1981; Rubin, 1993). The needs theory also includes Schutzs (1966)ideas that people have individual needs for inclusion, control, and affec-

    tion. By definition, inclusion is the need to establish and maintain a sat-isfactory relationship with another person, while affection concernscloseness and intimacy. The control need reflects dominance and powerconcepts. In summary, social and/or psychological needs produce motivesto communicate, which explains why people communicate with others

    (Rubin, 1993). Interpersonal communication researchers are examiningmotives in relationship to satisfaction or other relational outcome vari-ables (Anderson & Martin, 1995; Daly, 1987; Graham, Barbato, & Perse,

    1993; Katz, Blumler,&

    Gurevitch, 1974; Rubin, 1986; Rubin, Perse,&

    Barbato, 1988).How one communicates affects relational outcomes because motives

    influence communication choices (Graham, et al., 1993). Studies demon-strate when peoples needs are met through satisfying communication,they more than likely build relationships, stay in them, and experiencesatisfaction (Rubin, 1993). Conversely, unfulfilled needs result in coun-

    terproductive communication behaviors (Rubin & Rubin, 1992). Coun-

    terproductive communication contributes to feelings of dissatisfactionwith superiors, jobs, and organizations (Jablin & Krone, 1994). In one

    study, Indvik and Fitzpatrick (1986) suggest that coworkers are perceivedas lower than other relationship types on meeting needs because employ-ees are powerless to pick and choose them.

    In summary, this study rests on the belief that employees seek com-munication interactions with coworkers and superiors to fulfill inter-

    personal needs. The study answers questions surrounding which motives

    employees say they have for communicating at work.Although study-

    ing communication motives is still new in an organizational setting, jus-tification is found in other contexts.

    Communication Motives

    Researchers conceptualize motives as relatively stable, personal vari-ables explainingwhy one chooses to communicate, which, in turn, influ-

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    ences how one communicates (Rubin et al., 1988). For example, a needfor love produces a motive to use communication to seek affection.

    The study byRubin et al. (1988) found six motives forwhy people com-municate with another person: pleasure is for fun; affection is caring;escape is the filling of time to avoid other behaviors; relaxation is an

    &dquo;unwinding&dquo; concept; control concerns power; and inclusion is sharingoffeelings and avoiding loneliness. The authors encourage researchersto extend findings by examining other motives. In this study, a duty motiveis introduced. The duty motive followsfrom the logic that employees needto communicate with coworkers and bosses in order to get theirjobs done.For example, employees say they communicate with coworkers to obtaininformationabout the task, to discusscompany policies, and to solve prob-

    lems (Jablin&

    Sussman, 1983; Katz & Kahn, 1966). Communicatingfroma duty motive, then, may contribute to employees satisfaction at work.

    Research supports the significance ofstudying communication motivesin relationships. Martin and Rubin (1994) found that competent com-municators converse with a new person for affection, pleasure, andrelaxation but seldom for control. Further, the control motive was relatedto using reward-type affinity-seeking strategies (e.g., Ill like you moreif you do this for me.). On the other hand, people communicating fromthe affection motive reported using other-involvement affinity-seekingstrategies (e.g., altruistic behavior, being concerned for the other, etc.).

    .

    In a study ofcompliance-gaining strategies and motives, Javidi, Jordan,and Carlone (1994) reported that people communicating from a controlmotive tended to be more directby using simple questions or statements.They also used more aggressive communication, showing more concernfor instrumental gain and less for the relationship. Communication for

    pleasure related to more negotiation-type strategies.Graham et al. (1993) studied different relationship types (coworkers,

    family members, spouses/lovers, etc.) to find that employees communi-cated with coworkers for relaxation, and they did so using a friendly, ani-mated communicator style.Another aspect of that study examinedmotives and self-disclosure to find that people communicating for plea-sure or affection discussed a number of topics but on a less personal level.Yet communicating for inclusion requiredbothbreadth and depth in con-versations. Similarly, Martin and Anderson (in press) found that peo-ple with different motives will self-disclose differently. For example, peoplewho communicate to satisfy affection needs reported being more hon-

    est in their self-disclosures. The results fromthese studies indicate, then,that people with different motives for communicating do communicatedifferently.

    In task groups,Anderson and Martin (1995) found that (a) members

    communicating for pleasure are more responsive to others, which leadsto higher satisfaction, and (b) members communicating from a need for

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    affection are more satisfied. In organizations, the relationships betweencommunication variables and satisfaction are established (Allen et al.,1993). This study contributes to that research by showing how commu-nication motives relate to satisfaction and commitment.

    Satisfaction and Commitment

    Commitment and relationship satisfaction are popular themes inorga-nizational research (Allen et al., 1993). One reason is that interpersonalrelationships atwork are contributingfactors (Jablin, 1979; Jablin & Krone,1994).As one example, Gorden,Anderson, and Bruning (1992) found that

    employees satisfied with jobs and coworkers perceived their companiesas committed to their welfare and rights and even product quality. Simi-

    larly,in this

    study,it was

    thoughtthat motives for

    communicatingshould

    relate to positive outcomes concerning employees commitment to their

    companies and satisfaction with superiors and jobs.Commitment is an attitude or a behavior, although Mowday, Porter,

    and Steers (1982) suggestboth are linked in thateach reinforces the other.Buchanan (1974) defines commitment as an employees adoption ofthe

    organizations values (identification), involvement (psychologicalimmer-

    sion), and loyalty (affection/attachment). Others see commitment asthe extent to which employees (a) contribute to the organizations well-

    being (Mowday, Porter, & Steers, 1979), (b) share in managerially pro-moted organizational images (Tredwell & Harrison, 1994), or (c) are

    partners in a social-exchange idea in that each gives to the other (Eisen-berger, Fasolo, & Davis-LaMastro, 1990).

    Leverings (1988) quid pro quo (partnership) model supports an argu-ment that an employees commitment should be balanced by the

    employers. Employers commitments focus on: (a) product quality, (b) goodworking environment, and (c) employees welfare in the form of fair pay,benefits, etc. In two studies, Eisenberger et al. (1990) learned that

    employees perceived that their organizations cared and valued contri-butions related to positive performances. Buchanans (1974) longitudi-nal study found that employees socialization is important, especiallyduring the first year.After that, employees needed good interactionswithcoworkers and superiors to maintain positive attitudes.

    Communication studies find commitment is linked to employee voiceand argumentativeness, which concepts involve freedom to speak up aboutconcerns and ability to argue issues surrounding those concerns (Gor-

    den & Infante, 1991; Gorden, Infante, & Graham, 1988: Infante & Gor-den, 1991).Allen (1992) tested a model of communication sources (topmanagement, coworkers, and supervisors) along with commitment and

    perceptions ofsupport.Allen foundcommitment and support comes fromcommunication with top management and, to some extent, with supe-riors. Further, when employees perceived no support from their bosses,

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    communicating with coworkers made them feel a sense ofmembershipthat, in turn, strengthened commitment.

    Satisfaction often is measured along with commitment. Mowday etal. (1979) said that while commitment concerns attachment to the orga-nization, satisfaction is a response to the task. Perspectives vary, though,on the satisfaction variable. Satisfaction is viewed from: (a) needs the-

    ory or the extent to which needs are met, (b) discrepancy theory or whatemployees actually receive versus what they believe they should receive,(c) equity theory or a combination of input-output balance, or (d)Herzbergs intrinsic (recognition) or extrinsic (pay) factors (Downs,1977; Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1969; Wanous & Lawler, 1972). Becausesatisfaction is an important variable, several valid instruments exist,

    tapping responses to satisfaction withwork, pay, jobs, etc. (Glick, Jenk-ins, & Gupta, 1985; Roberts & OReilly, 1974; Roberts, Walter, & Miles,1971; Smith et al., 1969; Wanous & Lawler, 1972).

    In summary, the commitment and satisfaction literature supports thevalue and utility of examining these organizational variables. The fol-

    lowing hypotheses address, then, their relationships with communica-tion motives.

    HypothesesRelationships are expected between employees motives for commu-

    nicating with superiors and coworkers and their commitment to their

    organizations, satisfactionwithjobs, and satisfactionwith superiors. Since

    existing research tends to find the control and escape motives as nega-tively relating to relational outcomes, while the other motives relate pos-itively, the two hypotheses reflect these findings. The duty motive ispredicted to be in a positive direction because ofthe task nature ofget-ting ones job done.

    Hl: Employees commitment and satisfaction with superiors andjobs will be positively related to the pleasure, inclusion, affection, duty,and relaxation motives but negatively related to the control and escapemotives for communicating with superiors.

    H2: Employees commitment and satisfaction with superiors and

    jobs will be positively related to the pleasure, inclusion, affection, duty,and relaxation motives but negatively related to the control and escapemotives for communicating with coworkers.

    Gender

    Wood and Phillips (1984) argue against believing that the male cul-ture is normative by suggesting that two distinct, genderized culturescoexist. Reviews ofgender differences and communication are available

    (Allen et al., 1993; Baker, 1991; Fairhurst, 1985; Giles & Street, 1994;Jablin & Krone, 1994).

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    Some gender researchers believe as Schwartz (1992) does that cul-tural differences are more complex between the sexes in organizationsthan even such biological concerns as maternity leave.A cultural per-spective is rootedin socialization theory that says males and females are

    sex-role trained and expected to behave differently.These differences existin communication patterns. For example, in professional settings, menand women differ in their communication strategies (Baker, 1991).

    Although Jablin and Krone (1994) argue that people form impressionsof how employees communicate in organizations from family, schools,mass media, peers, and adolescentpart-timejobs, early male and femalesocialization is an underlying factor.

    Research shows thatmen andwomen communicate differently at work

    (Baker, 1991). For example,women

    displayless

    competitivenessthan

    males in conflict management strategies (Gayle, 1991), while males use

    power strategies more than females (Rossi & Todd-Mancillas, 1987). Brass

    (1985) study demonstrated that women engage in informal networks,&dquo;especially with other women,&dquo; more so than men, and that each gen-der tends to &dquo;interact with itself&dquo; (p. 339).Although studies show malesand females may communicate differently, motives were not included.

    Therefore, gender and motives are investigatedunder research questions.Four research questions addressed differences in motives for com-

    municating with superiors and/or coworkers:RQ 1: Will males and females differ in motives for communicating with

    their superiors?RQ 2: Will males and females differ in motives forcommunicating with

    coworkers?

    RQ 3: Will females differ in motives for communicating with superi-ors versus coworkers?

    RQ 4: Will males differ in motives for communicating with superi-ors versus coworkers?

    Method

    Participantswere 202 (113 females; 89 males) full-time employees rang-ing in ages from 20 to 63 (M = 36.31, SD = 10.71) years old. The major-itywere college graduates (40.7%) or had some college education (34.5%).Employees were either non-management personnel (50.5%) or in super-visory or management positions (49.5%). Theyworkedfrom 35 to 80 hours

    per week(M= 44.22, SD = 7.08), with the majority employed at the same

    company (67.5%) and for the same boss (67.5%) for two or more years.Organizations were ina major metropolitanand industrial section ofthemidwesternUnited States. Some employingorganizations were reportedas: manufacturing (31.4%), financial (14.4%), and service (12.9%). The orga-nizations represented had 1-20 employees (32.9%), 21-100 employees(35.6%), 101-500 employees (20.6%), and over 500 employees (10.8%). Gen-

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    der was reported for superiors (females = 62; males = 140) and cowork-ers (females = 108; males = 94).

    Procedures

    Evening students enrolled in a senior-level organizational communi-cation class fulfilled a researchrequirementbyrecruiting at least 10 full-time workers to volunteer to complete a questionnaire. Students had sixweeks to return the questionnaires, with delivery ofthem as proofofcom-

    pletion.A cover letter assured recruited participants of anonymity and

    confidentiality. Each participant was instructed to place the completed ques-tionnaire in the envelope provided and return it to the person who gaveit to them.An abstract of results was sent by supplying an address.

    Instruments

    Participants reported motives forcommunicatingwith coworkers and

    superiors through Rubin et al.s (1988) Interpersonal Motives Scale

    (IMS). The IMS is an 18-item, Likert-type scale measuring affection, con-

    trol, escape, inclusion, pleasure, and relaxation dimensions. Three itemswere used (Rubin et al., 1988) for the duty dimension (e.g., because its

    expected of me; because it would be rude not to do so; and because its

    part ofmy job). Scale range was Almost always true&dquo; (5) to Almost nevertrue&dquo; (1). Since one goal ofthis study was to compare motives across thetwo targets and since six motives (duty is new) are established as reli-able and valid (Anderson & Martin, 1995; Graham et al., 1993; Rubin et

    al., 1988), the motives were treated independently.Analyses ofthe inter-nal reliability of the items produced coefficient alphas for communicat-

    ing with superiors, as follows: affection = .70; control = .67; escape = .80;inclusion = .71; pleasure = .82; relaxation = .87; and duty = .76. Coefficient

    alphas forcommunicating with coworkers were: affection = .64; control=

    .74; escape=

    .75; inclusion=

    .78; relaxation=

    .80; pleasure=

    .72; andduty = .71.

    Commitment was measured by six Likert-type items from Mowdayet al.s (1979) Organizational Commitment Scale. The scale was used byInfante,Anderson, Martin, Herington, and Kim (1993). In the presentstudy, coefficient alpha was .78. Satisfactionwith superior and with workwere each measuredby six, Likert-type items based on the Job Descrip-tion Index (Smith et al., 1969). Other studies employed this scale (Infante& Gorden,1991; Infante et al., 1993; Wheeless, Wheeless, & Howard, 1984).In this study, coefficient alphas for satisfaction with superiors and withwork were .78 and .73, respectively.

    Results

    The hypotheses predicted relationships between interpersonal motivesand the three organizational outcomes. To investigate the relationship

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    betweenthese two sets of variables, two canonical correlations were con-ducted. The hypotheses predicted positive relationships for pleasure,escape, affection, inclusion, control, relaxation, and duty motives for com-

    municating and employees commitment and satisfaction with superi-ors andjobs. The canonical correlations had the motives as one set, withthe relational outcomes as the second set. One significant root wasfound for communicating with superiors (Wilks lambda = .60, p < .001;Rc = .58, Rc2 = .33). Table 1 summarizes the canonical analysis.

    Table 1

    CanonicalAnalysis ofEmployees Motives for Communicatingwith Superiors and Their Satisfaction and Commitment

    Note: Rc = .58, Rc = .33, lambda = .60, F (3, 196) = 5.07, p < .001.

    The hypothesis was substantially supported except for the control andrelaxation

    motives,which motives cannot be

    interpretedas

    meaningful.Thus, employees communicating with their superiors for pleasure, inclu-sion, and, to a slight degree, for affection reported high satisfactionandto a lesser extent commitment to their organizations and job satisfac-tion. These same relational outcomes applied to employees communi-

    cating not to escape and to a slight extent not because of duty.The canonical correlation for communicatingwith coworkers also pro-

    duced one significant root (Wilks lambda = .80, Rc= .40, Rc2 = .16). Table2 summarizes the canonical analysis.

    The hypothesis was supported for three motives. Employees com-municating with their coworkers for affection and to a slight degree inclu-

    sion, but not for escape, reported high satisfaction with work and to alesser extent satisfaction with their superiors and commitment to their

    organizations. Relaxation, duty, control, and pleasure motives were not

    significant in this analysis.

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    Table 2

    CanonicalAnalysis ofEmployees Motives for Communicatingwith Coworkers and Their Satisfaction and Commitment

    Note Rc = .40, Rcl = .16, lambda = .80, F (3, 196) = 2.16,p < .01

    Research questions one and two asked ifmales differed from femalesin motives for

    communicatingwith

    superiorsand/or with coworkers. For

    superiors, t-tests revealed that for females the motives of affection (t =

    2.52, df = 198,p < .01) and relaxation (t = 1.97, df = 198,p < .05) were sig-nificant. For coworkers, t-tests found that females communicated morewith coworkers out ofaffection needs (t = 3.62, df = 200,p < .001), while

    males communicated with coworkers more for control (t = 2.31, df = 200,

    p < .05). Table 3 presents the t statistics.Research questions three and four addressed gender differences in

    motives for communicating with superiors versus coworkers. The t-test

    statistics are in Table 4.The analyses showed that males communicated more with cowork-

    ers than with superiors for pleasure, escape, affection, relaxation, con-

    trol, and inclusion. The duty motive was not significant. Femalescommunicated more with coworkers than with superiors for pleasure,escape, affection, relaxation, control, and inclusion, but when it cameto duty, communicated more with superiors than with coworkers.

    Discussion

    Downs, Clampitt, and Pfeiffer (1988) question contributions fromresearchers investigating employees satisfaction and commitment dueto such factors as the variability among organizations. Yet, this study isa case in point for arguing that contributions are being made.A grow-ing body ofresearch finds that peoples communication motives explainsatisfaction interpersonally. This studys utility and value, then, is

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    movement into the organizational context to connect communicationmotives for communicating with superiors and coworkers with employ-ees satisfaction with superiors and jobs, as well as commitment.

    Table 3Male and Female Differences in Motives for Communicating

    with Superiors and with Coworkers

    Note: df = 1,198 (superiors), 1,200 (coworkers), *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001

    Employees who communicate with their superiors for pleasure andnot just to bide time (escape) report high satisfaction with those supe-riors. In fact, the relationship between motives with superior satisfac-tion shows the importance ofcommunication in satisfying needs in this

    superior/subordinate dyad. Findings are consistent with those ofInfanteet al.

    (1993),Infante and

    Gorden, (1991),and otherswho

    reportthat

    goodcommunication climates lead to satisfaction, e.g, subordinates like supe-riors who are not verbally aggressive towards them or use threateningcompliance-gaining tactics. This is not to say that superiors and subor-dinates have to be good friends or intimates (very personal), but that com-munication between them cannot be totally irrelevant (escape) or totallyinformative/taskfocused (duty). Employees in this study say they com-municate with their bosses to fulfill needs associated with (a) a satis-

    factory relationship (inclusion) and (b) closeness (affection).

    Althoughresearchers continue studying superior/subordinate powerand status differences, in this study, employees appear &dquo;cognitivelyand

    behaviorally&dquo; a part of their organizations (see: Jablin & Krone, 1994).Their motives for communicating extend beyond the relationship toinfluence satisfaction with their jobs and a commitment to their com-

    panies. Interestingly, most of the participants in this study worked for

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    their organizations and their bosses for two years or more. Perhapscoworkers meeting each others interpersonal needs may explain reten-tion beyondwhat Buchanan (1974) describes as first-year socializationtactics.

    Table 4Gender Differences in Motives for Communicating

    with Superiors Versus Coworkers

    Note: df = 1, 111 (females), 1, 86 (males), *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001

    When it comes to motives for communicatingwith coworkers, employ-ees needs differ. Employees communicate for closeness and intimacy

    (affection),which motives relate to

    job happiness, commitment,and

    satisfaction with bosses. Findings supportAndersonand Martins (1995)study reporting a direct relationship between affection and group mem-

    bers perceptions ofcohesion and consensus, as well as communicationsatisfaction. Meaningful questions to investigate might be: What otherorganizational outcomes besides commitment and satisfaction withwork and superiors are affected by motives for communicating withcoworkers? Productivity? Subsequent satisfaction in groups?

    This studys findings provide evidence that non-task oriented com-

    munication motives serve a valuable function in organizations.A nextstep wouldbe to look athow coworkers communicate to satisfyeach othersneeds for affection. What do coworkers say to each other? What com-

    municator style is most effective? Since Graham et al. (1993) found thata friendly, attentive style is important interpersonally, findings inan orga-nizational context could provide validity.

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    Although Rubin and Rubin (1985) argue convincingly for the inter-face ofinterpersonal and mediated communication motives, the escapemotive may be more appropriate when exaniining motives and media.

    Employees did not communicate at all from a need to escape. Similarly,AndersonandMartin (1995) found escape negatively relates to satisfactionin on-going task groups. This finding is good news for management.Employees communicate for other reasons than to fill in time at workor in task groups. Quite simply, people spending 40 or more hours a week

    working need toknow that others aroundthem care about them, like them,etc. We communicate at work for pleasure too.Althoughsome argue that

    situation-specificmotivation to communicate is a better predictor of workand performance (Zorn, 1993), there appears to be a consistency of

    needs (inclusion, pleasure, affection, etc.) leading to satisfaction that cutacross contexts. This lends support for argument advanced by Schutz

    (1966) and Rubin et al., (1988). Making sure that employees understandthat their communication should address each others interpersonalneeds could boost morale and, possibly, productivity.

    Researchers should continue to investigate new motives for commu-

    nicating even though the duty motive played a minor role in this study.Since motivationcauses and sustains behaviors (Steers, 1981), researchers

    might even follow Zorns (1993) suggestions to include Locke and Hennes

    (1986) heuristic framework for exploring work motivation as part ofan interactive communication process.An employee could self-reportmotives for communicating, while his/her superior and/or coworkercould rate that employees communication effectiveness and produc-tivity.Although the control motive was not significant in the coworker and

    superior analyses, control explains gender differences, with men more

    likely to communicate for control (see Table 3). Males appear to com-municate more

    instrumentallywith

    coworkers,while females commu-

    nicate more expressively (for affection). It may be that males have a

    greater need to gain compliance, especially from coworkers, althoughRubin et al. (1988) speculate that &dquo;little satisfaction is gained from

    interpersonal control&dquo; (p. 621). For females, perhaps more relationally-oriented needs override getting others to behave as they want. On theother hand, feelings of powerlessness are known to stimulate control-

    type communication by females (Jablin & Sussman, 1983). Since other

    factors, e.g., superiors upward influence, status, job function, etc. can

    be mediating factors in the influence process (see: Seibold, Cantrill, &Meyers, 1994), researchers could more closely examine why females donot find communicating from needs associated with functional commu-nication as important as males do.

    Females more than males communicate with bosses and coworkers

    for affection and with bosses for relaxation. These findings seem to sup-

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    port Bridge and Baxters (1992) study.Although their study did not focuson gender and work/friendship roles, Bridge and Baxter found all-female

    groups (63%) perceived coworker and friend roles as blended. Workfriends provide understanding that eases frustrations andjob-related anx-ieties. Since workers in this study had a communication and relational

    history with their bosses and coworkers, perhaps for females, feelingsoffriendship with both dyadic partners at work is necessary for qualitywork life. Baker (1991) confirms that women communicate at work foraffiliative reasons (friendships), while males talk more about job issues

    (instrumental talk).A reason females may seek affection may be because they perceivetheir organizations as less concerned about their needs (Wood & Con-

    rad, 1983). These perceptions could motivate them to engage in com-munication behaviors that seek caring responses. Schwartz (1992) andGorden et al. (1992) suggest that womens special needs include role mod-

    els, employee voice, and help with family responsibilities.A limitation is that this study investigated why employees commu-nicate but not how. Do motives influence communication messages that

    do, in fact, result in affiliative or instrumentalcommunication patternsthat differ for males and females?

    One

    illuminating findingis that females and males do not differ in com-

    munication motives when it comes to comparing which work relation-

    ship type they see as more likely to fulfill needs. Coworkers serve as targetsover superiors, with only females saying the duty motives influences themto speak to superiors over coworkers. Explanations could point to supe-rior/subordinate power/status differences, or simply that employeesspend more time communicating withcoworkers, which leads to greaterintimacy, friendships, etc. Certainly, the findings point out the impor-tance of studying motives along with communication and relational

    outcomes in coworker relationships. Organizations benefit from this studyand others that help them understand how to improve employee rela-

    tionships. To extend the findings here, researchers could follow Jablinand Krones (1994) suggestion to consider how technology and the

    growth of group participation influence communication between co-workers.

    -- -

    NOTES

    1Principal components factor (varimax rotation) analyses ofthe motives produced

    noninterpretable results. Six factors emerged for communicating with coworkers,with escape and inclusion loading together. For superiors, four factors were found,with the pleasure, relaxation, and affection items loading together and escape andinclusion motives loading as another factor. The other motive items loaded as

    expected.2Two MANOVAs (2 x 2) using employee sex and target sex as the independent

    variable, with satisfaction with superior, satisfaction with coworker, and commit-

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    ment as the dependent variables, showed that gender of target was not significantin this study.

    3Carolyn M.Anderson (Ph.D., Kent State University), is anAssistant Professorin the Communication Department, The University ofAkron, Akron, OH 44325.

    Matthew M. Martin (Ph.D., Kent State University) is anAssistant Professor in theCommunication Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV 26505. Cor-

    respondence should be sent to the first author.

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