computing science, university of aberdeen 1 internet for all l internationalisation beyond english l...
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 1
Internet for All
Internationalisation beyond English
Accessibility for disabled
Access as a necessity, not a luxury.
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 2
Internet for All
Internet/Web should be available for everyone, including» People who don’t know English» People with disabilities
Be aware of this when designing websites and software!
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 3
International Internet
Character sets Localised web sites Computer translation
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 4
Character Sets
ASCII – only English» Standard in USA?» Still used for Internet names
Latin1 – also other W Euro Latin alpha» French, German, Swedish, …» Accented chars, eg é ß å æ» Other, eg £ ¿» Standard in UK
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 5
Unicode
Unicode» Add support for Japanese, Chinese,
Russian, Hebrew, Arabic, …– Also Linear B, Cherokee, hieroglyphics, …– http://www.unicode.org/charts/
Unicode is just a character set, need to install font as well» Complete Unicode font came with Office
2003
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 6
Unicode
In principle supported by all major programming languages, web browsers, operating systems, etc.» Problems can arise, though» Java support for Unicode is not perfect
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 7
Bidirectional texts
English written left-to-right Hebrew, Arabic written right-to-left
» But embedded English left-to-right» Does strange things to page layout
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 8
Touchscreen Input
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 9
International Domain Name
Internet software/standards assume names are in ASCII» www.abdn.ac.uk -- OK» www.uquébec.ca -- not OK
– www.uquebec.ca instead
Unfair ….
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 10
International Domain Names
International Domain Names (IDN)» Allow Unicode in names» Based on encoding Unicode as ASCII
Spread is slow» Standard now agreed, but not yet
universally implemented.» ICANN will allow Unicode top-level
domains
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 11
Localisation
Web sites “localised” for different places» Language, currency, text direction, etc
– Spelling: eg, colour vs color
» Local news, offers» Culturally differences
– Images: modestly dressed women for muslims– Names: Icelanders don’t have last names
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 12
Example
In-depth: office.microsoft.com» Requires a lot of work!
Shallower: google.com
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 13
Internationalisation
Making one web site (or Java app) which is maximally useful worldwide» Language: simple English» Forms: allow Unicode, don’t assume
people have last names or postal codes» Avoid images that might offend some
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 14
Translation
Ultimate goal is to let people read web pages in other languages» translate.google.co.uk» Quality variable, (slowly) getting better» Widely used by many non-English speakers
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 15
Accessible Internet Not everyone uses mouse and (touch)screen
to access the Internet! Web accessibility should address their needs,
including: » Visual, motor, auditory, cognitive
disabilities and those affected by seizures. How to help such people use the Internet?
» With a little bit of effort, developers can really enhance accessibility.
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 16
Visual Disabilities
Colour-blind» Developers: don’t assume people can see
when something is red! Poor vision
» Need large fonts and screen magnifiers» Developers: DO NOT HARD-CODE
FONTS IN WEB PAGES!!!– It may “look nice” to you, but means someone
with poor vision cannot use it
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 17
Visual Disabilities
Blind» Screen readers: speak out web pages» Braille displays: display text in braille» Embossed printers: print braille
Screen readers most common» Essentially scan through a web page» Developers:
– Include ALT tags for images– Remember that blind user will not “see” entire page!
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 18
Motor Disabilities
Poor hand control» Use keyboard instead of mouse» Developers: allow keyboard control!!
No hand control (or no hands)» scanning interface, controlled by switch
– Assistive tech., head switch, sip/puff– Maybe Eye tracking.
» Need special interface» Often expensive
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 19
Example: Scanning interface
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 20
Auditory
If sound or spoken word is used, may need to find alternative ways to convey content to deaf or hard of hearing users.
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 21
Cognitive Disability
General» Keep things simple and clear
Dyslexia» Avoid white backgrounds, » don’t justify texts (stretch to fit column), » avoid italics
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 22
Seizures
Be aware that photoepileptic seizures can be caused by flashing flights, particularly repeated strobe effects.
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 23
Disabilities
Plenty of guidelines exist» http://www-03.ibm.com/able/guidelines
Following them makes websites more useful to disabled people, probably helps normal people as well» Helps mobile access in particular
Just need to make the effort!
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 24
Accessibility Guidelines
The W3C has provided a set of web content accessibility guidelines
Now accepted as ISO/IEC 40500:2012.
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 25
Legal Aspects
Increasing legal requirement that websites be accessible to disabled» Especially for (quasi-)government sites,
such as Aberdeen University» E.g., the Jodhan decision in Canada.
Good business sense as well» Biggest disabled group is elderly, and they
have lots of money to spend
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 26
Legal Aspects (UK) UK Equality Act. E.G. The RNIB says it may be unlawful for a
website to: » ``have links on that are not accessible to a screen reader » have application forms (for instance, for bank accounts or job
application forms) in a PDF format that cannot be read by a screen reader
» have core service information (for instance, timetables on a public transport website) that is not in a format accessible to screen readers.
» use text, colour contrasting and formatting that make the website inaccessible to a partially sighted service user
» change security procedures (for instance, on an e-commerce website) without considering the impact of blind and partially sighted customers that use screen readers.’’
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 27
Internet For All
Developers (us) have moral duty to make our products available to all» People with limited English» People with disabilities
Also legal duty, sensible business Tools exist, we need to use them!
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 28
Recap: Helping Everyone
Internet should benefit everyone.
Essential for fair society!
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 29
Helping Everyone
How should Internet be used in third-world countries?» Bangladesh vs India vs Chile» Much use via mobile devices now.
How can Internet help people at “bottom of heap” in UK?» Will growth of Internet hurt people who
cannot or will not use it?
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Computing Science, University of Aberdeen 30
Helping Everyone
How can we make websites universally useful?» Non-English speakers» disabled
How should the Internet be controlled (governed)?» So that it helps everyone!