computing for technology tally sticks 35,000 bc memory … · 2/1/2017 · abacus is an ancient...

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Computing for Technology

[email protected]

Department of Computer Science

University of Sri Jayewardanepura

Lecture 01

The first known counting devices or tools were Tally Sticks from about 35,000 BC.

The tally stick was a memory aid device that allowed the recording and documenting of numbers, quantities and even messages.

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Oldest known tally stick, made from Lebombo bone.

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Abacus is an ancient calculating device.

This is still being used in China, Russia and the Far East.

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Invented by the Babylonians in 2400 BC

Also known as the counting frame.

Used to perform only addition and subtraction operations ( No multiplication or division).

The most used calculator aside from the human brain!.


Mechanical adding machine.

Developed by Blaise Pascal.


A card punched with holes in certain places so that a computer can read data coded from the combination of holes.

This was first used by Joseph Jacquard to automate his weaving factory.


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Englishman Charles Babbage‘s Analytical Engine back in 1837 to be the first computer.

While the original device was never built by Babbage, it wasn’t until 1991 when a perfectly functioning difference engine was built using Babbage’s original plans.

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Invented by Charles Babbage who is known as “The father of computers”.

Designed to store one thousand 50 digit numbers for calculations and decisions

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852):

World’s first computer programmer.

Collaborated with Charles Babbage.


It is a general-purpose computing machine.

Analytical Engine also used punch cards to program the machine.

It operated using steam power.


The units included were: An input device:

Punched cards provided the input.

A control unit:

A unit used to control or program the processor.

A processor (or calculator) :

A unit which consisted mechanical parts to process data.

Storage:

A unit which could hold 1000 50-digit numbers.

An output device:

Used to print the final results.


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This was invented by Herman Hollerith to tabulate 1890 US census data.

It was electrically powered and, used punched cards.


A German engineer by the name of KonradZuse made the Z1 computer in 1936.

The Z1 read its instructions from punched tape and was able to perform multiplication and division by repeated addition and subtraction operations.

Konrad Zuse built the Z1 in his parents apartment.



The first true digital electronic computer was created by John V Atanasoff during 1937-1942.

The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the first to use modern digital switching techniques.

Vacuum tubes were used as switches.

The concepts of using binary arithmetic and logic circuits were introduced to computing world by this ABC.



This was invented by Dr. Howard Aiken.

The idea is based on programmable, general purpose computer

The Colossus was the first electronic computer developed by the British to crack the LORENZ codes used by the German high command and was operational in January 1944.

It was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers with the help of Allen Coombs.

The Colossus Mark 2 was build just in time for the Normandy Landings on June 1st, 1944.


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Electronic Numerator Integrator Analyzer and Computer – Built by John W. Mauchly Jr., J. PresperEckert Jr., and J.G. Brainerd at the University of Pennsylvania, the ENIAC was built for about $400,000and used 18,000 radio tubes.

‘Giant Brain’ was housed in a 30×50 foot room.

It held immediate importance to the world and began the spreading of computer architecture seminars and lectures.


The first large-scale electronic computer for the military

Operated on 10-digit numbers and could multiply two such numbers at the rate of 300products per second.

1000 times faster than the previous generation of electromechanical relay computers.

Used 18,000 vacuum tubes, and occupied 1,800 square feet of floor space and consumed around 180,000 watts of electrical power.


Punch cards were used as input and outputand registers served as adders and also as quick access read/write storage.

The executable instructions of a program were created using specified wiring and switches that controlled the flow of computations through the machine.

As such, ENIAC had to be rewired and switched for each program to be run.



John Von Neumann introduced the idea of using the computer as a fixed physical structure and to use programmed control, without the need for any change in hardware – (EDVAC in 1945).

Used the concept of RAM for the first time. The RAM was used to store programs and data when the computer is functioning.

In 1949 Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University released the EDSAC, the first real stored-program computer.

Machine language is used to write programs


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The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercially available, “mass produced” electronic computer manufactured by Remington Rand in the USA and was delivered to the US Census Bureau in March 1951.

It used 5,200 vacuum tubes and consumed 125 kW of power.

First true general-purpose computer which was able to manipulate both alphabetical and numerical programs

46 machines were sold at more than $1 million each. The fifth machine was sold to CBS for predictions on the 1952 presidential election.


In 1947 William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen was success-ful in testing the point-contact transistor. This made the semiconductor revolution which helped to reduce the size of computers.

In 1953 IBM releases the IBM 701. This is IBMs first electronic computer

In 1955 Bell laboratories introduced the TRADIC, the first fully transistorized computer.

In 1958 Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments created the first integrated circuit(IC). first integrated circuit contained only six transistors in it


In 1969 the ARPAnet was developed. (This became the base for Internet later.)

In 1971 IBM invented the 8” floppy disk.

In 1972 Intel introduced the Intel 8008 microprocessor.

In 1973 Robert Metcalfe introduced the Ethernetmethod for network connections.

In 1974 Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre designed the first workstation with mouse input available.


In 1977 Apple Computers introduced Apple II.

In 1979 Motorola introduced the 68000 microprocessor.

In 1980 Segate Technology created the first hard disk drive for microcomputers.

In 1981 Xerox introduced the Star, the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI)

In 1981 Sony introduced the 3 1/2” floppy drives.

In 1982 Sony introduced the first CD player.

In 1984 Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh, the first successful mouse driven, GUI based computer.


In 1984 IBM released the personal computer PC-AT. This introduced the 16-bit ISA bus and is the computer which all modern personal computers are based.

In 1985 Philips introduced the first CD-ROM drive.

In 1987 IBM introduced its PS/2 machines. This machine made the 3 1/2” floppy disk drives and VGA video standards for personal computers.

In 1988 EISA architecture was developed.

In 1990 theWorldWideWeb (WWW) was introduced. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) also was introduced.

In 1995 Microsoft introduced the Windows 95 operating system. This is the first main 32-bit operating system.


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In 1997 Intel released the Pentium II microprocessor.

In 1997 AMD released the K6 microprocessor.

In 1998 Microsoft released Windows 98.

In 1999 Intel released the Pentium III, with SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) added.

In 1999 AMD released Athlon.

In 2000 Microsoft released Windows Me and Windows 2000.

In 2000 both Intel and AMD released processor at 1 GHz.


In 2000 Intel released Pentium 4. It belongs to Intel Architecture 32-bit(IA-32) family.

In 2001 Intel released the Itanium processor. This is Intel’s 64-bit processor for personal computers.

In 2001 Microsoft released Windows XP.

In 2002 Intel released the Pentium 4 with 3GHz speed. This processor also included the Hyper-Threading (HT) technology.

In 2003 Intel released the Pentium M, a processor designed for mobile computer systems.

In 2005 Intel released the dual core processor named Core Duo


Input raw data

Process raw data and produce information

Output information

Data – Isolated facts or figures such as numbers (0-9), letters (A-Z, a-z), symbols (+,*,{, %, etc.)

Information – Meaningful data; Processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented data.

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Input(Raw Data)

ProcessOutput

(Information)


SpeedAccuracy (GIGO)Storage CapacityDiligence Reliability Multitasking (Versatility)AutomationIntelligenceCreativity


Generation Technology Period

1st

Valve Before 1950

2nd

Transistors 1950-60

3rd

IC (integrated Circuit)

1960-70

4th

Micro Chips (LSI,VLSI)

1970 - present

5th

AI (Artificial

intelligence)

in Future


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Made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965.

Number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.


Supercomputers

Mainframe computers

Minicomputers

Micro computers

Handheld devices


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Hardware

Software

Liveware

Real World

Computer World

Knowledge

Knowledge

Knowledge

(Tangible in Nature)

(intangible in Nature)


Computer System

Hardware

Software

Liveware

(intangible in Nature)

(tangible in Nature) (all Living things)

•Users

•Data Entry Operators

•Programmers

•Analysis

Firmware : Soft ware that include by the manufacture


Hardware Input Device

Output Device

Process Device

Storage Device

Software System Software

Application Software

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Hardware

Things that we can touch ( or feel by the sense) –all the equipment

Software

Things that we can not touch or feel like Computer programs & knowledge

Liveware

All the living things in a computer system (Usually Peoples)


Hardware Software Liveware

Input

device

output

device

Process

device

Storage

device

System

Soft ware

Application

Soft ware

Packages Languages

Low Level L. High Level L.

Structure

Procedure

OOP

User

Operators

Programmers

Analysis

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Input DevicesKey Board

Mouse

Mic

Scanner

Light pen

Track Ball

Bar code Reader

Touch Screen

Joy Sticks

Video Camera

output DevicesMonitor

Printer

Plotter

Head Phones

SpeakersProcess DevicesCPU-Central Processing Unit

1. ALU-Arithmetical &Logical Unit

2. CU-Control Unit

Storage Devices

Main Memory

(ROM&RAM)

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

CD/VCD

ZIP Disk

Magnetic Tape


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Manual input – Keyboard Entry

Automatic methods – Direct Entry

Pointing

Voice

Scanning

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Typewriter keys

Numeric keys

Cursor control keys

Enter keys

Function keys

Special purpose keys



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Using the pen input device it is possible to activate a command or cause the computer to perform a task, enter handwritten notes and draw objects and figures.

These can be used to activate commands and place drawings on the screen.


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Sampling



Flat bed Scanners Negative Scanners


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Usually to create a point cloud. Contact

Physical touch the Object

It is used mostly in manufacturing and can be very precise

Non-contact Active scanners - Emit some kind of

radiation or light (light, ultrasound or x-ray) detect its reflection

Passive scanners - Do not emit any kind of radiation themselves, but instead rely on detecting reflected ambient radiation.

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Optical Mark Recognition

Specialized forms

Extremely low error rate

Low cost

Ease-of-use

Popular method of tallying votes


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Optical character recognition

Scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into editable machine-encoded text

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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

Devices are used to read the data that placed on the bottom of a check or other form using a special magnetic ink.

Humans as well as computers can read this data. This technology is used by banks.



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Additive color Subtractive color




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computing for technology tally sticks 35,000 bc memory … · 2/1/2017 · abacus is an ancient...

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