computers: tools for an information age chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Computers: Tools for an Information Age
Chapter 1
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Objectives
• Describe the three fundamental characteristics of computers
• Describe at least four areas of society in which computers are used
• Identify the basic components of a computer system: input, processing, output, and storage
• List some common input, output, and storage media• Distinguish data from information• Describe the significance of networking• Explain the significance of the Internet• Explain the various classifications of computers
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Contents
• Information Age
• Computer Literacy
• Where Computers Are Used
• Computer System
• Network
• Classifications of Computers
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• Evolving more rapidly than Industrial Age
• Will continue into the current century
Information Age
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Cornerstones of our Economy
• Land
• Labor
• Capital
• Information
Forging a Computer-Based Society:
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Jobs
• From physical to mental
• From muscle-power to brain-power
Forging a Computer-Based Society:
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A Computer in Your Future• Where used?
– Bank withdrawal– Supermarket– Drive the car
• Do I need a Personal Computer?– Half of Americans have one at home– Many more use at work
• Will I use a computer in my future career?– Almost every job will involve use of a computer
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Computer Literacy
• Awareness– Importance– Versatility– Pervasiveness in our society
• Knowledge– What are computers– How do computers work– Terminology
• Interaction– Use some simple computer applications
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The Nature of Computers
Characteristics• Speed• Reliability• Storage capability
Results• Productivity• Decision making• Cost reduction
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Where Computers Are Used Graphics
Graphs and charts
Animated graphics
Visual walk-through
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Where Computers Are UsedEducation
• Teaching and testing aid
• Learning by doing
• Computer-based instruction
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Where Computers Are UsedRetailing
• Bar codes for pricing and inventory
• Shipping
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Where Computers Are UsedEnergy
• Locate oil, coal, natural gas, and uranium
• Monitor the power network
• Meter reading
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Where Computers Are UsedLaw Enforcement
• National fingerprint files
• National files on criminal
• Computer modeling of DNA
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Where Computers Are UsedTransportation
• Cars
• Run rapid transit systems
• Load containerships
• Track railroad cars
• Monitor air traffic
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Where Computers Are UsedMoney
• Record keeping
• Banking by phone
• Credit cards
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Where Computers Are UsedAgriculture
• Billing
• Crop information
• Feed combinations
• Livestock breeding and performance
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Where Computers Are UsedGovernment
• Forecast weather
• Manage parks
• Process immigrants
• Social Security benefits
• Taxes
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Where Computers Are UsedThe Home
• Educational tool• Record keeping• Letter writing• Budgeting• Drawing and editing
pictures• Newsletters• Connecting with others
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Where Computers Are UsedHealth and Medicine
• Monitor patients
• Electronic imaging
• Diagnose illnesses
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Where Computers Are UsedRobotics
• Perform jobs that are dangerous for humans
• Factory work
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Where Computers Are UsedThe Human Connection
• Assist the disabled
• Assist athletes by monitoring their movements
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Where Computers Are Used
The Sciences• Research
• Simulation
Connectivity• Communication
• Telecommuting
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Where Computers Are Used
Training• Airline pilots
• Railroad engineers
Paperwork• Junk mail
• Term paper
• Record keeping
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Computers are all around!
• Grocery store
• School
• Library
• Bank
We interact with computers everyday!We interact with computers everyday!
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Computer System
People
Software
Hardware
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People
• Computer programmer – person who writes programs
• Users or End-users – make use of the computer’s capabilities
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Software
• Programs
• Set of instructions that directs the hardware to do a required task and produce the desired results
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HardwareBasic Components of a
Computer
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Computer
• A machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it away (in secondary storage device) for safekeeping or later reuse
• Process is directed by software but performed by the hardware
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Function of Computer System
Data handling
I Input
P Process
O Output
S Storage
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Input devices
• Accept data or commands and convert them to electronic form
• Getting data into the computer
– Typing on a keyboard
– Pointing with a mouse
– Scanning with a wand reader or bar-code reader
– Terminal
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Output devices
Monitor or screen• Text• Numbers• Symbols• Art• Photographs• Video
Printer• Black and white• Color
• Convert from electronic form to some other form
• May display the processed results
• Usable information
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The Processor
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Converts data to useful information
• Interpret and execute instructions
• Communicate with input, output and storage
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Two Types of Storage
• Secondary storage
long-term storage
• Primary storage or memory
temporary storage
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Memory / Primary Storage
• Temporary storage
• Holds input to be processed
• Holds results of processing
• Contains the programs to control the computer and manipulate input into output
• Volatile
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Secondary Storage
• Long-term storage
• Non-volatile
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Secondary Storage Examples• Magnetic disks – read and written by
magnetic disk drive– Hard disk– Diskette
• Optical disks – read and written by optical disk drives– CD-ROM– DVD-ROM
• Magnetic tape – read and written by magnetic tape drives– Primarily used for back-up
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Computer System
• Computer– CPU– Memory
• Peripheral equipment– Connected to the computer by a cable– Input, output, storage
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Network
• Definition– A system that uses communications equipment
to connect computers and their resources.
• Types– Local area network (LAN) – connects computers
in close proximity
– Metropolitan are network (MAN) – connect computers between buildings in the same geographic area
– Wide are network (WAN) – connects computers over great distances
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Home Connectivity
• Connect home PC to other computers
• Use modem to convert signals between electronic (computer) and analog (voice) formats
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Internet
• Collection of networks• No ownership• No central source for services available• No comprehensive index of what information
is available
Individuals
Businesses
Organizations
Libraries
Research labs
Government
Connects Everyone!
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Getting Connected
• User’s computer must connect to a server
• Server must communicate using TCP/IP
• The user can purchase access to a server from an ISP (Internet Service Provider)
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Internet – What Can You Do?
• WWW – World Wide Web
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• UseNet
• IRC – Internet Relay Chat
• Bulletin Boards
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World Wide Web
• Browser – program that allows the user to move around and explore the Internet
• Use the mouse to point and click on text and graphics
• Web page
• Web site
• Home page
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Classifications of Computers
• Use the computer that fits your needs
• Based upon– Size– Speed– Cost– Portability– Number of simultaneous users supported– Available software– Typical use
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Personal Computers
• Other names– PC– Microcomputer– Home computer
• Categories– Low-end functional– Fully powered– Workstations– Net computer or net box (Web TV)
• Desktop Models
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Notebook Computers
• Portable– Lightweight– Fits in a briefcase– Battery operated
• Laptop– Larger– Heavier
• More expensive that desktop models
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Handheld Computers
• Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)– Scheduling– Addresses– Handwritten input– May offer wireless e-mail and fax
• Pocket– More power than PDA– Runs basic productivity software
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Other Types of Computers
Mainframes– High speed– More expensive– Used to process large amounts of data quickly– Support multiple users– Does server tasks
Supercomputers– Fastest speed– Most expensive
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