computers are your future twelfth edition chapter 6: the internet and the world wide web copyright...
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Computers Are Your FutureTwelfth Edition
Chapter 6: The Internet and the World Wide Web
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Objectives • Define the Internet, and explain
how it works.• Describe methods for accessing
the Internet.• Differentiate between the Internet
and the World Wide Web, and describe the elements that enable Web content to be displayed.
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Objectives • Describe several methods of finding
information on the Web including the use of a URL, surfing, conducting searches, and sharing with other Web users through RSS feeds, blogs, wikis, and podcasts.
• Identify features to look for when evaluating a Web site or its content.
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Objectives • List the most popular Internet
services, and explain what they do.
• Describe the three types of e-commerce.
• List the rules of netiquette.• List safe surfing procedures, and
identify hazards of the Web.
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What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?
• Interneto Global system of computers of thousands of
privately and publicly owned computers and networks
o Also known as the Neto Started in the 1960so U.S. Department of Defense project
• ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
• Purpose was to o Create a form of secure communication for
military and scientific purposeso Create a method for transferring such
communication between computersCopyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5
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What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?
• Internet—composed of more than 750 million hosts
• Host—computer that has two-way access to other computers:o Receives requests o Replies to those requests
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• Volunteers maintain the Internet networks.
• Private and public groups provide the equipment.
• Network service providers (NSPs)o Maintain the Internet backbone—the main
high-speed routes
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What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?
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What Is the Internet and How Does It
Work?
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What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?
• Network access points (NAPs)o How NSPs are linkedo NAPs allow data to start on one network
then cross over to another network
• Routerso Specialized devices that connect networks,
locate the best path of transmission, and ensure that data reaches its destination
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• Interoperabilityo Ability to work with different brands and
models of computers
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)o Provides methods for packaging and
transmitting information
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What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?
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What Is the Internet and How Does It Work?
• Transmission Control Protocolo Manages assembling of a message or file into
smaller packets • Packets are transmitted over Internet• TCP layer on the destination computer
reassembles the packets into the original message
• Internet Protocolo Handles the address part of each packet so
that it gets to the right destination
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What is the Internet and How Does It Work?
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Accessing the Internet: Going Online
• Internet service providers (ISPs)o Supply and sustain user connections to the Interneto Maintain the hardware and softwareo Protect their sites and networks from outside threats
• Online service provider (OSP)o A for-profit firm that provides a proprietary networko Offers special services only available to subscriberso Examples: MSN and AOL
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Accessing the Internet: Going Online
• Wireless Internet service providero Company that provides wireless Internet accesso Examples: AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon Wireless
• Hot spoto Public location that provides Internet access for
wireless deviceso Examples: airport, college campus, or coffee
shop
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Accessing the Internet: Going Online
• Methods to access the Interneto Dial-up access—uses modem and telephone
lineo Digital subscriber line (DSL)—high-speed
online connection—external modem with telephone lines
o Cable access—high-speed Internet connection—cable modem not a phone line
o Satellite—high-speed Internet service with antenna and dish connected to indoor receive unit (IRU) and indoor transmit unit (IRU)
o Fiber-optic service—high-speed Internet—fiber-optic lines direct
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Accessing the Internet: Going Online
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• World Wide Web (also known as the Web or WWW)o Contains billions of documentso Part of the Interneto Uses the Internet to transport informationo Separate entity from the Interneto No one owns the Webo Standards and guidelines for the Web are published
by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• Web contains
the information.
• Internet transports information to and from users.
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• Web page
o Document that may include text, graphics, sound, animation, and video
• Web browsero Program that displays Web pages and linked items
• Web siteo Collection of Web pages
• Typically contains a home page (also called an index page)—default page displayed when you enter a site
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• Hypertext
o Uses links to connect to additional related information
• Hyperlinks or linkso Words and images that bring other documents into view
when clicked
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)o Uses tags to specify how a Web page should display
• Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)o HTML combined with Extensible Markup Language (XML)
to reduce the complexity of HTML
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• Distributed hypermedia system
o Network-based content development systemo Uses multimedia resources as a means to of navigation or
illustration
• Web 2.0o Current generation of the Webo Provides opportunities to collaborate, interface, and
create new content using blogs, Wikis, and podcasts
• Some issues with Web distribution include:o Dead links (also known as broken links)o Information posted on the Web is not validated.o Information overload due to too much data
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• The most popular Web
browsers
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• Plug-ins
o Additional software programs to extend the ability of the browser
o Examples:• Acrobat Reader• Adobe Flash Player• Adobe Shockwave Player• Apple QuickTime• Real Player• Windows Media Player
• Browser cacheo Stores Web page files and graphics on a computer hard
drive when the user visits a site for the first time
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?
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The Internet and the Web: What’s the
Difference?• Web servers
o Web sites and their associated information are stored here
o Used to recognize information requests, process the requests, and send the requested documents
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Finding Informationon the Web
• Internet Protocol (IP) addresso Every device connected to the Internet, including
PCs and servers, is given a unique network identifiero Numerical identification and logical address
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)o Identifies Internet resource’s type and location
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Finding Informationon the Web
• Complete URL is made up of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), domain name, path, and resource name.
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Finding Informationon the Web
• Surfing the Webo Type a URL into the address baro Click a tab in the browser windowo Click a hyperlink
• History listo Compiles a list of the Web pages visited
• Favorites or Bookmarks featureo Allows Web pages visited often to be marked
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Finding Informationon the Web
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Finding Informationon the Web
• Downloadingo Process of transferring a file or document from
one computer to user’s computer
• Uploadingo Process of transferring a file or document from
user’s computer to another computer
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Finding Informationon the Web
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• Really Simple Syndication (RSS)o Connection to a Web site that allows users to
receive constant updates
• Aggregatoro Regularly checks each site on your subscriptions
list and sends alerts if new information has been published
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Finding Informationon the Web
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• Wiki (short for the Hawaiian word for “fast”)o Simple Web page where any visitor can post
text or images, change posted information, and track earlier changes
• Blog (short for Weblog)o Internet equivalent of a journal or diary where
bloggers post opinions, thoughts, and interesting links
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Finding Informationon the Web
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• Podcastso Audio, image, or video files released by Web
syndication
• Podcatcherso Automatically identify and retrieve new files in
a given series and make them availableo Examples: iTunes or Winamp
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Finding Information on the Web
• Subject guideo Web pages grouped under specific headings—
offered by some search sites
• Portalo Web page that acts as a gateway to diverse
sources and presents them in an organized way
• Clickstreamo Trail of Web links followed to arrive at a
particular site
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Finding Informationon the Web
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Finding Information on the Web
• Search engineso Index databases of Web pages to enable fast
information searches
• Spiderso Programs that roam the Web to add new Web
pages to search engine indexes
• Link roto Results from hyperlinks that no longer work
or Web pages that have been removed or restructured
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Finding Informationon the Web
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Finding Information on the Web
• Specialized search engineso Index information,
such as job advertisements, and names and addresses
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Finding Information on the Web
• Search operatorso Perform complex searches
• Wildcard symbols (also called truncation symbols)o Replace the zero or additional characters in
search words to improve search accuracyo Examples: ? and *
• Phrase searchingo Place quotation marks around a phrase to create
a complete unit for search purposeso The result—search engines retrieve only those
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Finding Information on the Web
• Inclusion operatorso Used so only Web pages including those
criteria are retrievedo Example: plus sign (+)
• Exclusion operatorso Used so only Web pages excluding those
criteria are retrievedo Example: minus sign (-)
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Finding Information on the Web
• Boolean searcheso Link search words by using logical operators
such as AND, OR, and NOTo Using the AND, OR, and NOT logical operators
provides additional criteria for a search engine to use when retrieving documents
• Nestingo A Boolean search operator that uses
parentheseso The search engine evaluates the expression
from left to right, and searches for content in the parentheses first
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Using Information from the Web
• Evaluate information obtained from the Web:o Who is author?o Does the author reference sources?o Who is the Web page affiliated with? Who pays
for it?o Is the language objective/dispassionate or
strident/argumentative?o What is the purpose of the page?o Does the information appear to be accurate?o Is the page current?
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Using Information from the Web
• Use Web information for schoolwork. o Access authoritative online sources.o Locate published works.o Provide appropriate online and offline reference
citations in your work.
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Exploring InternetServices
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• Internet serviceo Set of standards or protocols that identify
how computers communicate through the Internet
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Exploring InternetServices
• Electronic mail (e-mail)o Type of application software that makes
sending and receiving messages through computer networks possible
• E-mail attachmento Computer file included with an e-mail
message
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Exploring InternetServices
• E-mail addresso Unique cyberspace address for each
individualo Consists of a user name, the name of the
hosting e-mail service, and the top-level domain
• Spamo Unsolicited e-mails, usually from advertiserso Do not open spam
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Exploring InternetServices
• Malwareo Malicious software that places a computer
in the spammer’s control
• Spywareo Gathers data from a system without
knowledge
• Botneto Set of infected computers that places
computers under the control of a bot herder
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Exploring InternetServices
• .
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Exploring InternetServices
• Instant messaging (IM) systemso Allow immediate, real-time communication with
contacts• Requires additional software• Notifies users when a contact is connected to
the Internet• Spimming—spam for instant messaging
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Exploring InternetServices
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Exploring InternetServices
• Internet relay chat (IRC)o Special type of Internet service that gives users
the ability to join chat groups called channels
• Social networkingo Helps people connecto Sites such as MySpace provide the ability to
create large communities online.
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Exploring InternetServices
• Useneto Worldwide discussion system available through
the Interneto Made up of many newsgroups—discussion
groups dedicated to one topico Discussions within newsgroups are in threads—
groupings of commentaries on a particular subject
• Standard newsgroups—of high-quality discussions
• Alt newsgroups—created by anyone • Biz newsgroups—devoted to commercial use
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Exploring InternetServices
• Message boardo Similar to a newsgroupo Easier to useo Does not require a newsreader
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Exploring InternetServices
• Electronic mailing listso Similar to newsgroups and forums, except
that:• Only subscribers can receive and view
messages.• Messages posted to the mailing list are
automatically sent to everyone on the list.
o Majordomo is a common freeware electronic mailing list manager.
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Exploring InternetServices
• VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)o Users can speak to others over a broadband
Internet connection instead of an analog phone line
o Requires a broadband Internet connectiono A VoIP service provider such as Skypeo A VoIP adapter or computer with supporting
softwareo Calls are usually free to others using the same
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Exploring InternetServices
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)o Method to transfer files over the Interneto Use when files are too large to attach to e-mailso Usually requires a user name and a passwordo Use to upload Web pages
• Anonymous FTPo Files are available publicly available for
downloadingo Lack of securityo Do not send sensitive material
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E-Commerce• E-commerce
o Conducting business through the use of networks or the Internet
• E-tailers (Web-based retailers)o Online merchants
• Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerceo Refers to a business providing supplies to other
businesses via the Internet
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E-Commerce• Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
e-commerceo Refers to the exchange of business between
individualso Example: eBay
• Business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerceo Refers to shopping online rather than at a
physical store
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E-Commerce
• Online shoppingo Shop for good dealso Use shopping portals to compare prices
and products• Example: PriceGrabber.com
o Look for coupons and rebates
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E-Commerce• The dot.com phenomenon
o E-commerce primarily uses Web sites with a .com suffix.
o Period between 1995 and 2000 called the dot-com boom.
o Many dot-coms crashed in 2000.o Amazon.com is a profitable company.
• Drawbacks to B2C e-commerceo Buyers miss speaking with real sales clerks.o Buyers cannot touch merchandise before purchase.o Buyers have to wait for delivery of merchandise.
• Online e-commerce solutions to drawbackso Online chats with live customer service
representativeso Provide a wide variety of shipping optionso Provide good customer service by responding quickly
to customer inquiries
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E-Commerce
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E-Commerce• Building your
own business
o Only needs a low capital investment
o Requires an ISP, a Web site, and the ability to ship purchases
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E-Commerce• Other growth areas
o Travel reservationso Bankingo Online stock tradingo Nonretail services, such as health, news, and
dating services
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Rules of Netiquette• Netiquette
o Series of guidelines for good manners when using an Internet service
• Flameso Angry messages sent by other users
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Safe Surfing• Guidelines for safe surfing
o Never give out identifying information.o Never respond to suggestive messages.o Never open e-mail from an unknown source.o Never allow a child to make arrangements
for a face-to-face meeting alone.o Remember individuals online may not be
who they claim to be.o Set reasonable rules and guidelines for
computer use by children.o Make using the computer a family activity.
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Safe Surfing• Additional online hazards to
avoid:o Malwareo Identity thefto Threats to you and your familyo Unscrupulous vendors
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Safe Surfing• Protecting your identity
o Avoid shoulder-surfers, people who stand close enough to see PIN numbers
o Look for secure Web site features before entering information.
• https:// in the address instead of http://• Site seal provided by a security vendor such as
VeriSign• Locked padlock symbol on the Web site—be sure it
is not a fake image• Logo from other site-security entities, such as
Verified by Visa• Message box that identifies you are entering or
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Safe Surfing• Protecting children in
cyberspaceo Cyberbullying
• When a child is targeted for some form of torment or abuse through digital tools
o Cyberstalkers• Use e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms,
pagers, cell phones, and other forms of information technology to make repeated, credible threats of violence against an individual or family
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Summary• Define the Internet, and explain how
it works.• Describe methods for accessing the
Internet.• Differentiate between the Internet
and the World Wide Web, and describe the elements that enable Web content to be displayed.
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Summary• Describe several methods of finding
information on the Web including the use of a URL, surfing, conducting searches, and sharing with other Web users through RSS feeds, blogs, wikis, and podcasts.
• Identify features to look for when evaluating a Web site or its content.
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Summary• List the most popular Internet
services, and explain what they do.• Describe the three types of e-
commerce.• List the rules of netiquette.• List safe surfing procedures, and
identify hazards of the Web.
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mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall