computer organization & programming chapter 6 single datapath cpu architecture
TRANSCRIPT
Computer Organization & Programming
Chapter 6
Single DatapathCPU Architecture
How to Design a Processor: step-by-step
1. Analyze instruction set => datapath requirements• the meaning of each instruction is given by the register
transfers• datapath must include storage element for ISA registers• datapath must support each register transfer
2. Select set of datapath components and establish clocking methodology
3. Assemble datapath meeting the requirements4. Analyze implementation of each instruction to
determine setting of control points that effects the register transfer.
5. Assemble the control logic
Overview of MIPS All MIPS instructions are 32 bits long. The three instruction formats:
• R-type
• I-type
• J-type
The different fields are:• op: operation of the instruction• rs, rt, rd: the source and destination register specifiers• shamt: shift amount• funct: selects the variant of the operation in the “op” field• address / immediate: address offset or immediate value
• target address: target address of the jump instruction
op rs rt rd shamt funct
061116212631
6 bits 6 bits5 bits5 bits5 bits5 bits
op rs rt immediate
016212631
6 bits 16 bits5 bits5 bits
op target address
02631
6 bits 26 bits
MIPS Instructions
MIPS Instructions
MIPS Instructions
MIPS Instructions
MIPS Instructions
Assembly Language Example
To summarize:
MIPS assembly language
Category Instruction Example Meaning Commentsadd add $s1, $s2, $s3 $s1 = $s2 + $s3 Three operands; data in registers
Arithmetic subtract sub $s1, $s2, $s3 $s1 = $s2 - $s3 Three operands; data in registers
add immediate addi $s1, $s2, 100 $s1 = $s2 + 100 Used to add constants
load word lw $s1, 100($s2) $s1 = Memory[$s2 + 100] Word from memory to register
store word sw $s1, 100($s2) Memory[$s2 + 100] = $s1 Word from register to memory
Data transfer load byte lb $s1, 100($s2) $s1 = Memory[$s2 + 100] Byte from memory to register
store byte sb $s1, 100($s2) Memory[$s2 + 100] = $s1 Byte from register to memory
load upper immediate lui $s1, 100 $s1 = 100 * 216 Loads constant in upper 16 bits
branch on equal beq $s1, $s2, 25 if ($s1 == $s2) go to PC + 4 + 100
Equal test; PC-relative branch
Conditional
branch on not equal bne $s1, $s2, 25 if ($s1 != $s2) go to PC + 4 + 100
Not equal test; PC-relative
branch set on less than slt $s1, $s2, $s3 if ($s2 < $s3) $s1 = 1; else $s1 = 0
Compare less than; for beq, bne
set less than immediate
slti $s1, $s2, 100 if ($s2 < 100) $s1 = 1; else $s1 = 0
Compare less than constant
jump j 2500 go to 10000 Jump to target address
Uncondi- jump register jr $ra go to $ra For switch, procedure return
tional jump jump and link jal 2500 $ra = PC + 4; go to 10000 For procedure call
MIPS operands
Name Example Comments$s0-$s7, $t0-$t9, $zero, Fast locations for data. In MIPS, data must be in registers to perform
32 registers $a0-$a3, $v0-$v1, $gp, arithmetic. MIPS register $zero always equals 0. Register $at is $fp, $sp, $ra, $at reserved for the assembler to handle large constants.
Memory[0], Accessed only by data transfer instructions. MIPS uses byte addresses, so
230 memory Memory[4], ..., sequential words differ by 4. Memory holds data structures, such as arrays,
words Memory[4294967292] and spilled registers, such as those saved on procedure calls.
MIPS CPU Implementation
Register File• Built using D flip-flops
Mux
Register 0
Register 1
Register n – 1
Register n
Mux
Read data 1
Read data 2
Read registernumber 1
Read registernumber 2
Read registernumber 1 Read
data 1
Readdata 2
Read registernumber 2
Register fileWriteregister
Writedata Write
Register File
n-to-1decoder
Register 0
Register 1
Register n – 1C
C
D
DRegister n
C
C
D
D
Register number
Write
Register data
0
1
n – 1
n
Functional units
PC
Instructionmemory
Instructionaddress
Instruction
a. Instruction memory b. Program counter
Add Sum
c. Adder
ALU control
RegWrite
RegistersWriteregister
Readdata 1
Readdata 2
Readregister 1
Readregister 2
Writedata
ALUresult
ALU
Data
Data
Registernumbers
a. Registers b. ALU
Zero5
5
5 3
16 32Sign
extend
b. Sign-extension unit
MemRead
MemWrite
Datamemory
Writedata
Readdata
a. Data memory unit
Address
Building the Datapath
PC
Instructionmemory
Readaddress
Instruction
16 32
Add ALUresult
Mux
Registers
Writeregister
Writedata
Readdata 1
Readdata 2
Readregister 1Readregister 2
Shiftleft 2
4
Mux
ALU operation3
RegWrite
MemRead
MemWrite
PCSrc
ALUSrc
MemtoReg
ALUresult
ZeroALU
Datamemory
Address
Writedata
Readdata M
ux
Signextend
Add
Control
PC
Instructionmemory
Readaddress
Instruction[31– 0]
Instruction [20– 16]
Instruction [25– 21]
Add
Instruction [5– 0]
MemtoReg
ALUOp
MemWrite
RegWrite
MemRead
BranchRegDst
ALUSrc
Instruction [31– 26]
4
16 32Instruction [15– 0]
0
0Mux
0
1
Control
Add ALUresult
Mux
0
1
RegistersWriteregister
Writedata
Readdata 1
Readdata 2
Readregister 1
Readregister 2
Signextend
Shiftleft 2
Mux
1
ALUresult
Zero
Datamemory
Writedata
Readdata
Mux
1
Instruction [15– 11]
ALUcontrol
ALUAddress
Instruction RegDst ALUSrcMemto-
RegReg
WriteMem Read
Mem Write Branch ALUOp1 ALUp0
R-format 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0lw 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0sw X 1 X 0 0 1 0 0 0beq X 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 1
Single/Multi Cycle CPU
Control – FSM
PCWritePCSource = 10
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 01PCWriteCond
PCSource = 01
ALUSrcA =1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp= 10
RegDst = 1RegWrite
MemtoReg = 0
MemWriteIorD = 1
MemReadIorD = 1
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
RegDst = 0RegWrite
MemtoReg=1
ALUSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 11ALUOp = 00
MemReadALUSrcA = 0
IorD = 0IRWrite
ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00
PCWritePCSource = 00
Instruction fetchInstruction decode/
register fetch
Jumpcompletion
BranchcompletionExecution
Memory addresscomputation
Memoryaccess
Memoryaccess R-type completion
Write-back step
(Op
= 'J
')
(Op =
'LW
')
4
01
9862
753
Start
Executing ADD instruction
Executing Load
Executing Store
Executing BEQ