computer networks lab1: network components
TRANSCRIPT
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB1: Network Components
By: Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Network Components • Devices
– PC, Router => Host
– Hub, Switch
• Medium
– Wire
• Copper
• Fiber optics
• Twisted pair
– STP (Shielded)
– UTP (Unshielded)
– Wireless
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Copper wire
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Fiber Optics
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Twisted Pair Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
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UTP Cables Connection Types • Straight forward bet. dissimilar devices
– PC , Hub
– PC , Switch
– Router , Switch
• Crossover
– PC , PC
– Router , Router similar devices
– Switch , Switch
– Hub , Switch
– PC , Router
• Rollover
consists of RJ-45 on one end & DB-9 on the other end.
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7
RJ45
A - A
B - B
A - B
B - A
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Network Devices • PC
– we can connect 2 devices directly and this type of
connection is called Point to Point( PtP )
– Considered a host
• Switch : level2
– a distributor for connecting 3 or more devices
– NOT considered a host
• Router : level3
– Is a device used to separate devices into subnets
– Considered a host
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Addressing
• Physical Address = MAC (Media Access Control)
MAC Address : 6 bytes (always unique) in layer 2
• Logical Address = IP (Internet Protocol)
IP Address in layer 3
IPv4
IPv6
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IPv4 - 32 Bits => 4 bytes , separated by dot (.), unique during connection
- Byte = 8 bits => 8*4 =32 bits
- Each byte written in decimal
- Consist of 2 parts
– NetID (subnet)
– HostID (for host)
. . .
Byte Byte Byte Byte
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IP Address Classes
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Subnet Mask is used to let devices differentiate between NetID and HostID
Class A
N.H.H.H /8
Subnet mask = 255.0.0.0
Class B
N.N.H.H /16
Subnet mask = 255.255.0.0
Class C
N.N.N.H /24
Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0
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There are 2 IP addresses which can NOT be used in addressing a host
• Subnet IP (always 0)
For example : 192 . 168 . 10 . 0
• Broadcast IP (always 255)
For example : 192 . 168 . 10 . 255
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Default Gateway is used to connect the subnet with the other
networks
It is usually the IP of the router
Ex. we have the following configuration for
subnet 1
• Subnet IP : 192.168.10.0
• Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0
• Default gateway : 192.168.10.1
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Check my Computer IP
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB2: IP Configuration By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Layer 4
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Ca
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TCP/IP Control Data Transmission over
the Internet
2
Service Request Service Delivery
Service Processing
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Ethernet • is a technology used in LAN ( Local Area Network )
• Related to Data link and physical layer (wired connection),
throughput and Data transfer rate (speed) .
• Throughput : The amount of data that was successfully
delivered over a specified period of time.
• Data Transfer Rate : The amount of data transmitted over a
specified period of time.
Ex./10Mbps => Data Transfer Rate =10 Mega bit per second.
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Ethernet Types • Traditional Ethernet = Ethernet
10Base-T => (T= Twisted-pair)
2 pair UTP
Half-Duplex
Uses Hub
Data Transfer Rate is 10 Mbps
• Fast Ethernet
100Base-TX (2 pair UTP)
100Base-T4 (4 pair UTP)
100Base-FX (Fiber Optics)
Full-Duplex, Uses switch
Data Transfer Rate is 100 Mbps
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• Giga Ethernet
1000 Base-X (Fiber Optics)
1000Base-T (Twisted Pair)
Data Transfer Rate is 1000 Mbps = 1Gbps
other (10,40,100) Giga Ethernet
– Each model is backward compatible
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IP Configuration
• Assign IP Address to the Host => (GUI)
– Static (manually)
– Dynamic (automatically)
o DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Check IP
– GUI (windows)
– CLI (cmd)
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GUI
GUI => Graphical User Interface
• Desktop => Network Connection
• Start => Network Connection
• Start => Search => Network Connection
• Start => control panel => Network and Internet =>
Network and Sharing Center
• Click on internet access icon => Open Network and Sharing Center
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DHCP (Dynamic)
Static
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Check IP address CLI => Command Line Interface
• using ipconfig command to check IP, subnet mask and gateway
• Start => Run => cmd => ipconfig
• cmd abbreviated to command
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DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Assign IP automatically to PCs from the pool
• The DHCP server uses IP addresses that are available in the DHCP pool
• we can exclude some addresses from the whole range pool to aviod conflict
• We don’t need the whole range (2- 254) because we may need to assign static IP
addresses to special devices (Printers, NAS, Servers etc)
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• Lease time is the time given by DHCP server to a device to hold
specific information
– These information include : IP address, Subnet mask, default gateway
– CISCO default time is 1 day
– When lease expires, new information are assigned to that device
.254 .2 .20 .30
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB3: Check PCs Connectivity By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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IP Configuration
• Assign IP Address to the Host => (GUI)
– Static (manually)
– Dynamic (automatically)
o DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Check IP
– GUI ( start > Network Connections)
– CLI ( start > run > cmd > ipconfig)
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IPs Types • Private (LAN )
• Public (WAN)
– Google.com
– Yahoo.com
– Youtube.com
– Facebook.com
– Uobaghdad.edu.iq
– Host communicate direct with Internet : Server ,Router.
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Private Addresses
MASK RANGE IP /? CLASS
255.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
10.0.0.0 /8 A
255.240.0.0 172.16.255.255 – 172.31. 255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.0.0 /12 B
255.255.0.0 192.168.255.255
192.168.0.0 /16 C
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Check PCs Connectivity • The ping command is used to test the ability of the source computer to reach a
specified destination computer. The ping command is usually used as a simple
way verify that a computer can communicate over the network with another
computer or network device.
• Ping /? => Help
• ping [-n count] [-t][-l size] [-f] destination
- IP
- Domain Name
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Ping • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) send messages to the destination to
check connectivity.
• The default number of packets sent by ping differs depending on the system
• we are using
– Windows is 4
– Linux is infinite
– CISCO is 5
• The echo reply represent the delay
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Start => run => cmd =>
ping /? (Help)
Example:
Start => run => cmd
- Ping 172.217.169.174
- Ping www.google.com
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TTL: Time-To-Live is one of the information in the L3 header
• It is a counter with an initial value (that depends on the system)
• The default value in Windows is 128
• Each router that the packets goes through decreases the TTL by 1 and
the packet(s) is dropped if TTL reaches zero.
• This is done to prevent an infinite loop in L3 layer
• For example: if a packet passes 2 routers then it will become 126
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• -n [number] => number of requests(packets) to send.
• For example:
ping -n 6 172.217.169.174 => send 6 packets to 172.217.169.174
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• -t to send an infinite number of packets
– CTRL-C to stop
– We can’t use -n with it
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• -l => change the size of the send packets
– The default size is 32 bytes (without using this option)
– This also increase the time required to send and receive packets
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• MTU = Maximum Transmission Unit which defines the maximum size of bytes that can be send
without fragmentation, MTU depends on the physical network. In Ethernet MTU is 1500 byte
• Ping www.yahoo.com –l 1500
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• Fragmentation is the process in which we broke the information into smaller
pieces and the combining them at the destination.
• Ping www.yahoo.com –l 1500 -f => don’t fragment
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Trace Route • Tracert destination-IP
• Follows the route from source to destination
• This form is slow because it register the hostname and IP, to make it faster we
can -d (ignore hostname and print only the IP)
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And suppose we are working at the device which has the IP (192.168.10.2)
If we use the following command tracert -d 192.168.20.5 then we will get the
following output:
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB4: Network Services By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Layer 4
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Ca
psu
lati
on
De-C
ap
sula
tio
n
TCP/IP Control Data Transmission over
the Internet
(Service Processing)
Service Request Service Delivery
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Network Services Web Browser
File sharing
Instant messaging
Online game
Printing
DNS
Voice over IP
Video on demand
Video telephony , etc….
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Port no. Port no. are used to identify which service the server provide to the requesting client
For each service => port number
In transport layer
The port number uses 16 bits => (2^16) => The range = (0 - 65,535)
Port Types Port no. Range well known applications 0 - 1023
registered ports 1024 - 49151 Dynamic or private ports 49152 - 65,535
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Well Known Applications Protocol Port no. Service
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 20/21 Files : Transfer Files over the Internet
Secure Shell (SSH) 22 Remotely access : Establish a secure connection bet. a remote
server and computer (encryption), create/delete/browse/
transfer files-folders, start/stop service. Terminal network (Telnet) 23 Remotely access : Establish a connection between a remote
server and computer (manage device remotely by CLI) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 25 Email : Deliver email messages successfully and securely
Domain Name System (DNS) 53 Name System : Link the host names to their respective IP
Addresses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) 67/68 Host Configuration : assign IP Address to the Hosts
automatically Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 80 Web : Establish a connection between the webpages and the
browser Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
(HTTPS => HTTP+SSL) 443 Web : Establish a secure connection between webpages and
browser (encryption)
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DNS • Domain Name System
• It’s a service allowed to use Domain Name or Hostname instead of IP address
• more than 1 DNS server =>
– Balance the load of the network
– Speed
– Prevent the halt of the network if one DNS server crashes
Ex./ Primary DNS server address : 8.8.8.8
Alternate DNS server address : 8.8.4.4
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DNS – Ex./ Ping www.Google.com or Ping 172.217.17.228
Stand for Domain
commercial com education edu
organization org government gov information info
network net
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DNS service => DNS server => DNS protocol
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NSLOOKUP • Domain Name (Host name) => IPs
• nslookup <hostname> <server>
Ex./ nslookup www.google.com
DNS Server address : 8.8.8.8 or 8.8.4.4
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Display DNS Server IP 1. GUI
Network
connection
(Windows)
2. CLI
Start =>
Run =>
cmd =>
ipconfig
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IPCONFIG • Display information about your PC during connect to the net like ip, mask,
default gateway and DNS ,etc..
• ipconfig /? => Help
• ipconfig
• ipconfig /all
• ipconfig /release
– To release the IP address back to DHCP pool
• ipconfig /renew
– To get a new IP address from the DHCP pool
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• ipconfig /all
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• Windows caches the DNS servers information
– ipconfig /displaydns => display the contents of DNS cache
– ipconfig /flushdns => delete the contents of DNS cache
• Socket is the name given to the [ IP + port no. ]
– IP : port
– Ex./ 192.168.10.10:80 => web browser service (http)
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Thank You
16 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB5: MAC Address
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Hub • plug and play
• 4 ,8,16 ports
• Layer 1 device => Physical Layer (OSI model)
• Not intelligent device : Direct Data to all Hosts
not to a specific destination
• Hub Types:
– Passive
– Active : Repeater
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Switch • Layer 2 device => Data Link Layer or multilayer => router and switch at the same time
• Smart device : Direct message to the dest. Host (MAC Table)
• Ethernet Switch (LAN Switch) Categories :
– Fixed : fixed number of ports (not flexible , cheap)
• Unmanaged => plug and play
• Managed => Partially M. (smart switch) and Fully M. (enterprise switch)
Ex./ 5,8,10,16, 24,28, 48 ,52 ports
– Modular : add expansion modules ( flexible ,expensive)
Ex./ expansion modules are application-specific (such as firewall, wireless or network
analysis) and modules for additional interfaces, power supplies, or cooling fans
Standalone Switch Stackable Switch
Multiple standalone => as one switch
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• Switching Methods
– Store and forward : S. & F. frame after checking error (CRC)
– Cut through (direct frame forward without check error )
• Symmetric and Asymmetric switching ports (same or different Data transfer Rate)
• PoE and not PoE (Power over Ethernet)
– not POE => port => transfer Data only ex./printer
– POE => port => transfer Data + Power to the device
ex./camera
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Transmission Types
• Half Duplex ( port => send or receive data at a time )
• Full Duplex ( port => send and receive at the same time)
Communication Types
– UniCast => 1:1 => 1 sender : 1 receiver
– BroadCast => 1:All => 1 sender : All receivers
– MultiCast => 1:M => 1 sender : many receivers
255.255.255.255
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MAC Address • Physical address (Hardware Address)
• Stands for Media Access Control
– Used in layer 2 (Data Link Layer) in OSI model
– 6 bytes = 48 bits, each byte 2 digit, digit = 4 bit , Hexadecimal
– separated by a hyphen(-) or a colon(:) or a dot(.)
• For Example: Broadcast MAC Add.
– FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF or FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF or FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
or FFFFFF.FFFFFF or FFFFFF-FFFFFF or FFFFFFFFFFFF
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• MAC Address
is a Network Card number
consist of 2 parts as :
– OUI : Organization Unique Identifier
– NIC : Network Interface Card (Controller)
• LAN Card = Ethernet NIC
• Wireless NIC (Wireless Connection ex./ Wi-Fi)
• Display Mac Address
GUI ( windows) => Network Connection
CLI => Start => Run => cmd => ipconfig /all
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MAC Table • Switch => Switch Table or MAC Table or
CAM (Content Addressable Memory) Table
• CAM Table : Mac address for each device + port no.
• Fa= Fastethernet 0/1 .. Fastethernet 0/24
• Display Switch MAC Address Table
Click on Switch1=> CLI
sh mac add = show mac address-table
Slot no. Port no. Data Transfer Rate for the port=10/100 Mbps
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ARP • Address Resolution Protocol (Layer 2 protocol)
• It has an ARP cache (Table) which contains the MACs of all devices in a subnet
• The cache can be either filled
– Statically (manually)
– Dynamically (by the ARP)
• The source sends an ARP Request Broadcast MAC Add. FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
( it is picked by all the devices) with specific dest. IP
• The device which has that IP replies with an ARP reply (Unicast, because it is
one device which replies) to return it’s MAC add.
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• arp -a => display the ARP table
• arp -d => deletes the ARP table
• arp -s <IP address> <MAC address>
=> To set a MAC address manually for a device
Ex:/ arp -s 192.168.10.12 B2-FD-0F-11-A2-C3
=> Add the Host IP add. 192.168.10.12 with
it’s MAC Add. B2-FD-0F-11-A2-C3 to the
ARP cache statically (manually)
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• PC0 => ping PC1,PC2,PC3
• PC0 => arp -a
Dest. IP Add.
MAC Add.
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Thank You
12 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB6: Netstat
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Transport Layer • is end-to-end connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting any data
• The major protocols are:
– TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
– UDP : User Datagram Protocol
• TCP Connection
Open Connection => Established (3 way handshake)
SYN (Synchronize)
SYN + ACK (Acknowledgment)
ACK
Transfer Data
End Connection => Closed
2
Open Connection
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3
UDP TCP
Unreliable Reliable
Connectionless Connection oriented (3 way handshake)
Speed Slower (Delay)
- Acknowledgment
- Sequence no. (reorder : sort segments in the right order)
- Windowing ( Flow Control ) => Dest. Window size
- Error Handling ( resend if lost )
Low Overhead High Overhead
VoIP, Video Text
Close Connection
Client Server
Reset Connection
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Netstat Netstat = Network Statistics
=> display very detailed information about network active connections, protocol-specific statistics
=> help troubleshoot certain kinds of networking issues.
• Proto => protocol that is used to establish the connection (either TCP or UDP)
• Local Address => The IP address and port number of the source computer try to establish a connection.
• Foreign Address => The IP address and port number of the destination (remote ) computer .
• State => connection state :
– Established => The session is established between the source and destination
– Close_wait => The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close.
– Time_wait => The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network.
4
Socket => IP : Port no
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• Netstat /?
• Netstat
• Netstat -a => Displays all active connections
(protocol, local add., foreign add., state)
• Netstat -e => Displays ethernet statistics
5
Socket => Domain name : Protocol name
Socket => IP : Port no
Socket => Domain name : Port no
Socket => IP : Protocol name
Loopback Address : 127.0.0.1
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• Netstat –n
Displays addresses and port numbers in
numerical form .
ex./ http => 80 , https => 443
• Netstat –p proto => display information about a specific protocol
6
Socket => IP : Port no
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• Netstat –s
=> Displays statistics for :
IP ,IPv6 ( Packet )
ICMP, ICMPv6 ( Message )
TCP, TCPv6, UDP, and UDPv6 ( Segment )
Ex./ send, received (discard, delivered),error
• Netstat –f => display fully Qualified domain name for foreign addresses
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8
Netstat –s –p tcp => statistic about TCP protocol
Netstat –s –p tcp –f => same as above with fully domain name for foreign addresses
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Thank You
9 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB7: Wireshark By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Wireshark => used for packet capture (PCAP) with detailed information about the connection and protocols
Reading headers contents
=> It used by
Attackers
Network Admins
Educational Purposes
=> To protect data we can use
Encryption
Hashing (to prevent changing the data)
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3
Click here
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4
Wireshark.org => download
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• Filter => The filter bar can be used to filter results depending on a certain criteria
– Protocol
• tcp, udp, arp, icmp, dns , http
• !dns => ! : Display all protocol information except DNS
• http or icmp
• tcp.port==80 , tcp.port==80 || udp.port==80 => ||: or
• !(tcp.port == 53)
– IP Address
• Source & destination => ip.addr == 192.168.0.109
• Source => ip.src == 192.168.0.109
• Destination => ip.dst == 192.168.0.109
– IP Address and Protocol
• ip.src == 192.168.0.109 and icmp
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• Ex./ Filter by ICMP protocol : Display All Information about ICMP protocol
– From My - PC => Ping 192.168.0.1
• We can follow the stream of a specific packet by right clicking on it and choosing (follow stream)
6
Ex./ Display All Information about ICMP protocol for the source ip (My - PC) = 192.168.0.109
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7
Ex./ Filter by DNS protocol : Display All Information about DNS protocol
Ex./Display All Information about DNS protocol for the source ip (MY – PC) =192.168.0.109
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Thank You
8 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB8
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1\ Draw the net. and then do the following:
1. Assign IPs to the Host statically.
2. Display the IP address for PC1 using
ipconfig command
3. Check connectivity between PC0 and PC2
by using ping command bidirectional
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Q2/ using (Ping) command to check your PC connectivity with the following
website:
• Telegram.com with (5) echo messages.
• Youtube.com with (6) echo requests , (64) byte of data (message length)
• Facebook.com with infinity messages until stopped by using CTRL+C
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Q3/ using (Tracert) command to check route from your PC to
• Uobaghdad.edu.iq
• Google.com
• Twitter.com
Note: Using Ctrl+C to stop
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5
Q4/By using Packet Tracer design
the Topology below then check
connectivity between PC0 & PC5
using (ping) command as follows:
• Send 6 echo request.
• Send infinity echo request.
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Thank you
6Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB9
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1/ Display IPs allocated for the following websites by using (nslookup)
command:
• Uobaghdad.edu.iq
• Yahoo.com
Q2/ Display the DNS servers addresses by using CLI after do the following steps :-
• ipconfig /release
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /all
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Q3/Using Packet Tracer to Design the
topology below and then
• assign IPs to the Hosts
• assign DNS server address for each
Host
• show DNS server address for PC1 by
using ipconfig /all
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Q4/ Use CMD of your PC to answer the following:
• How to display the options of arp command
• Display the ARP table for your PC using arp –a
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Q5/ Design the topology below using Packet
Tracer and then answer the following:
1- Ping from PC1 to PC0, PC2, PC3
2- Display PC1-MAC address using ipconfig /all
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3- Show PC1-ARP table using arp –a. Explain the arp table briefly
4- Delete PC1-ARP table using arp –d
5- Enter to the switch (by one click), then Display switch-MAC
address using sh mac add
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Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class 7
Note That:
If you want to run arp –d to delete the
arp table for your PC, you must do the
following steps:
Start > Search > cmd > Right click on
Command Prompt > Run as administrator
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Thank you
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB10
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1/ Use CMD of your PC to Run and explain the following commands:
• Netstat /?
• Netstat –a
• Netstat –n
• Netstat –f
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Q2/ Run and explain the main differences between the following commands:
• Netstat –s and Netstat –p TCP
• Netstat –s –p ICMP and Netstat –s –p IP
• Netstat –s –p TCP and Netstat –s –p TCP -f
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Q3/Use Wireshark to capture your network traffic and answer the following:
Display all information about:
• All websites that your PC browse
• All your PC requests
• All responses reached to your PC
• All your PC request messages
• All reply messages to your PC
• All services request by your PC except domain name service
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Q4/ What are the differences between :
• TCP and UDP header
• TCP.port==443 and !(TCP.port==443)
• (ip.src==your PC-IP and dns or http) and
• (ip.dst== your PC-IP and !(dns or http))
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Thank you
6Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB1: Network Components
By: Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Network Components • Devices
– PC, Router => Host
– Hub, Switch
• Medium
– Wire
• Copper
• Fiber optics
• Twisted pair
– STP (Shielded)
– UTP (Unshielded)
– Wireless
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Copper wire
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Fiber Optics
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Twisted Pair Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
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UTP Cables Connection Types • Straight forward bet. dissimilar devices
– PC , Hub
– PC , Switch
– Router , Switch
• Crossover
– PC , PC
– Router , Router similar devices
– Switch , Switch
– Hub , Switch
– PC , Router
• Rollover
consists of RJ-45 on one end & DB-9 on the other end.
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7
RJ45
A - A
B - B
A - B
B - A
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Network Devices • PC
– we can connect 2 devices directly and this type of
connection is called Point to Point( PtP )
– Considered a host
• Switch : level2
– a distributor for connecting 3 or more devices
– NOT considered a host
• Router : level3
– Is a device used to separate devices into subnets
– Considered a host
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Addressing
• Physical Address = MAC (Media Access Control)
MAC Address : 6 bytes (always unique) in layer 2
• Logical Address = IP (Internet Protocol)
IP Address in layer 3
IPv4
IPv6
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IPv4 - 32 Bits => 4 bytes , separated by dot (.), unique during connection
- Byte = 8 bits => 8*4 =32 bits
- Each byte written in decimal
- Consist of 2 parts
– NetID (subnet)
– HostID (for host)
. . .
Byte Byte Byte Byte
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IP Address Classes
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Subnet Mask is used to let devices differentiate between NetID and HostID
Class A
N.H.H.H /8
Subnet mask = 255.0.0.0
Class B
N.N.H.H /16
Subnet mask = 255.255.0.0
Class C
N.N.N.H /24
Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0
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There are 2 IP addresses which can NOT be used in addressing a host
• Subnet IP (always 0)
For example : 192 . 168 . 10 . 0
• Broadcast IP (always 255)
For example : 192 . 168 . 10 . 255
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Default Gateway is used to connect the subnet with the other
networks
It is usually the IP of the router
Ex. we have the following configuration for
subnet 1
• Subnet IP : 192.168.10.0
• Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0
• Default gateway : 192.168.10.1
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Check my Computer IP
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB2: IP Configuration By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Layer 4
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Ca
psu
lati
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De-C
ap
sula
tio
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TCP/IP Control Data Transmission over
the Internet
2
Service Request Service Delivery
Service Processing
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Ethernet • is a technology used in LAN ( Local Area Network )
• Related to Data link and physical layer (wired connection),
throughput and Data transfer rate (speed) .
• Throughput : The amount of data that was successfully
delivered over a specified period of time.
• Data Transfer Rate : The amount of data transmitted over a
specified period of time.
Ex./10Mbps => Data Transfer Rate =10 Mega bit per second.
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Ethernet Types • Traditional Ethernet = Ethernet
10Base-T => (T= Twisted-pair)
2 pair UTP
Half-Duplex
Uses Hub
Data Transfer Rate is 10 Mbps
• Fast Ethernet
100Base-TX (2 pair UTP)
100Base-T4 (4 pair UTP)
100Base-FX (Fiber Optics)
Full-Duplex, Uses switch
Data Transfer Rate is 100 Mbps
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• Giga Ethernet
1000 Base-X (Fiber Optics)
1000Base-T (Twisted Pair)
Data Transfer Rate is 1000 Mbps = 1Gbps
other (10,40,100) Giga Ethernet
– Each model is backward compatible
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IP Configuration
• Assign IP Address to the Host => (GUI)
– Static (manually)
– Dynamic (automatically)
o DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Check IP
– GUI (windows)
– CLI (cmd)
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GUI
GUI => Graphical User Interface
• Desktop => Network Connection
• Start => Network Connection
• Start => Search => Network Connection
• Start => control panel => Network and Internet =>
Network and Sharing Center
• Click on internet access icon => Open Network and Sharing Center
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DHCP (Dynamic)
Static
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Check IP address CLI => Command Line Interface
• using ipconfig command to check IP, subnet mask and gateway
• Start => Run => cmd => ipconfig
• cmd abbreviated to command
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DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Assign IP automatically to PCs from the pool
• The DHCP server uses IP addresses that are available in the DHCP pool
• we can exclude some addresses from the whole range pool to aviod conflict
• We don’t need the whole range (2- 254) because we may need to assign static IP
addresses to special devices (Printers, NAS, Servers etc)
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• Lease time is the time given by DHCP server to a device to hold
specific information
– These information include : IP address, Subnet mask, default gateway
– CISCO default time is 1 day
– When lease expires, new information are assigned to that device
.254 .2 .20 .30
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB3: Check PCs Connectivity By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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IP Configuration
• Assign IP Address to the Host => (GUI)
– Static (manually)
– Dynamic (automatically)
o DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Check IP
– GUI ( start > Network Connections)
– CLI ( start > run > cmd > ipconfig)
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IPs Types • Private (LAN )
• Public (WAN)
– Google.com
– Yahoo.com
– Youtube.com
– Facebook.com
– Uobaghdad.edu.iq
– Host communicate direct with Internet : Server ,Router.
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Private Addresses
MASK RANGE IP /? CLASS
255.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
10.0.0.0 /8 A
255.240.0.0 172.16.255.255 – 172.31. 255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.0.0 /12 B
255.255.0.0 192.168.255.255
192.168.0.0 /16 C
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Check PCs Connectivity • The ping command is used to test the ability of the source computer to reach a
specified destination computer. The ping command is usually used as a simple
way verify that a computer can communicate over the network with another
computer or network device.
• Ping /? => Help
• ping [-n count] [-t][-l size] [-f] destination
- IP
- Domain Name
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Ping • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) send messages to the destination to
check connectivity.
• The default number of packets sent by ping differs depending on the system
• we are using
– Windows is 4
– Linux is infinite
– CISCO is 5
• The echo reply represent the delay
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Start => run => cmd =>
ping /? (Help)
Example:
Start => run => cmd
- Ping 172.217.169.174
- Ping www.google.com
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TTL: Time-To-Live is one of the information in the L3 header
• It is a counter with an initial value (that depends on the system)
• The default value in Windows is 128
• Each router that the packets goes through decreases the TTL by 1 and
the packet(s) is dropped if TTL reaches zero.
• This is done to prevent an infinite loop in L3 layer
• For example: if a packet passes 2 routers then it will become 126
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• -n [number] => number of requests(packets) to send.
• For example:
ping -n 6 172.217.169.174 => send 6 packets to 172.217.169.174
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• -t to send an infinite number of packets
– CTRL-C to stop
– We can’t use -n with it
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• -l => change the size of the send packets
– The default size is 32 bytes (without using this option)
– This also increase the time required to send and receive packets
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• MTU = Maximum Transmission Unit which defines the maximum size of bytes that can be send
without fragmentation, MTU depends on the physical network. In Ethernet MTU is 1500 byte
• Ping www.yahoo.com –l 1500
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• Fragmentation is the process in which we broke the information into smaller
pieces and the combining them at the destination.
• Ping www.yahoo.com –l 1500 -f => don’t fragment
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Trace Route • Tracert destination-IP
• Follows the route from source to destination
• This form is slow because it register the hostname and IP, to make it faster we
can -d (ignore hostname and print only the IP)
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And suppose we are working at the device which has the IP (192.168.10.2)
If we use the following command tracert -d 192.168.20.5 then we will get the
following output:
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB4: Network Services By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Layer 4
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Ca
psu
lati
on
De-C
ap
sula
tio
n
TCP/IP Control Data Transmission over
the Internet
(Service Processing)
Service Request Service Delivery
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Network Services Web Browser
File sharing
Instant messaging
Online game
Printing
DNS
Voice over IP
Video on demand
Video telephony , etc….
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Port no. Port no. are used to identify which service the server provide to the requesting client
For each service => port number
In transport layer
The port number uses 16 bits => (2^16) => The range = (0 - 65,535)
Port Types Port no. Range well known applications 0 - 1023
registered ports 1024 - 49151 Dynamic or private ports 49152 - 65,535
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Well Known Applications Protocol Port no. Service
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 20/21 Files : Transfer Files over the Internet
Secure Shell (SSH) 22 Remotely access : Establish a secure connection bet. a remote
server and computer (encryption), create/delete/browse/
transfer files-folders, start/stop service. Terminal network (Telnet) 23 Remotely access : Establish a connection between a remote
server and computer (manage device remotely by CLI) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 25 Email : Deliver email messages successfully and securely
Domain Name System (DNS) 53 Name System : Link the host names to their respective IP
Addresses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) 67/68 Host Configuration : assign IP Address to the Hosts
automatically Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 80 Web : Establish a connection between the webpages and the
browser Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
(HTTPS => HTTP+SSL) 443 Web : Establish a secure connection between webpages and
browser (encryption)
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DNS • Domain Name System
• It’s a service allowed to use Domain Name or Hostname instead of IP address
• more than 1 DNS server =>
– Balance the load of the network
– Speed
– Prevent the halt of the network if one DNS server crashes
Ex./ Primary DNS server address : 8.8.8.8
Alternate DNS server address : 8.8.4.4
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DNS – Ex./ Ping www.Google.com or Ping 172.217.17.228
Stand for Domain
commercial com education edu
organization org government gov information info
network net
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DNS service => DNS server => DNS protocol
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NSLOOKUP • Domain Name (Host name) => IPs
• nslookup <hostname> <server>
Ex./ nslookup www.google.com
DNS Server address : 8.8.8.8 or 8.8.4.4
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Display DNS Server IP 1. GUI
Network
connection
(Windows)
2. CLI
Start =>
Run =>
cmd =>
ipconfig
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IPCONFIG • Display information about your PC during connect to the net like ip, mask,
default gateway and DNS ,etc..
• ipconfig /? => Help
• ipconfig
• ipconfig /all
• ipconfig /release
– To release the IP address back to DHCP pool
• ipconfig /renew
– To get a new IP address from the DHCP pool
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• ipconfig /all
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• Windows caches the DNS servers information
– ipconfig /displaydns => display the contents of DNS cache
– ipconfig /flushdns => delete the contents of DNS cache
• Socket is the name given to the [ IP + port no. ]
– IP : port
– Ex./ 192.168.10.10:80 => web browser service (http)
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB5: MAC Address
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Hub • plug and play
• 4 ,8,16 ports
• Layer 1 device => Physical Layer (OSI model)
• Not intelligent device : Direct Data to all Hosts
not to a specific destination
• Hub Types:
– Passive
– Active : Repeater
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Switch • Layer 2 device => Data Link Layer or multilayer => router and switch at the same time
• Smart device : Direct message to the dest. Host (MAC Table)
• Ethernet Switch (LAN Switch) Categories :
– Fixed : fixed number of ports (not flexible , cheap)
• Unmanaged => plug and play
• Managed => Partially M. (smart switch) and Fully M. (enterprise switch)
Ex./ 5,8,10,16, 24,28, 48 ,52 ports
– Modular : add expansion modules ( flexible ,expensive)
Ex./ expansion modules are application-specific (such as firewall, wireless or network
analysis) and modules for additional interfaces, power supplies, or cooling fans
Standalone Switch Stackable Switch
Multiple standalone => as one switch
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• Switching Methods
– Store and forward : S. & F. frame after checking error (CRC)
– Cut through (direct frame forward without check error )
• Symmetric and Asymmetric switching ports (same or different Data transfer Rate)
• PoE and not PoE (Power over Ethernet)
– not POE => port => transfer Data only ex./printer
– POE => port => transfer Data + Power to the device
ex./camera
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Transmission Types
• Half Duplex ( port => send or receive data at a time )
• Full Duplex ( port => send and receive at the same time)
Communication Types
– UniCast => 1:1 => 1 sender : 1 receiver
– BroadCast => 1:All => 1 sender : All receivers
– MultiCast => 1:M => 1 sender : many receivers
255.255.255.255
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MAC Address • Physical address (Hardware Address)
• Stands for Media Access Control
– Used in layer 2 (Data Link Layer) in OSI model
– 6 bytes = 48 bits, each byte 2 digit, digit = 4 bit , Hexadecimal
– separated by a hyphen(-) or a colon(:) or a dot(.)
• For Example: Broadcast MAC Add.
– FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF or FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF or FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
or FFFFFF.FFFFFF or FFFFFF-FFFFFF or FFFFFFFFFFFF
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• MAC Address
is a Network Card number
consist of 2 parts as :
– OUI : Organization Unique Identifier
– NIC : Network Interface Card (Controller)
• LAN Card = Ethernet NIC
• Wireless NIC (Wireless Connection ex./ Wi-Fi)
• Display Mac Address
GUI ( windows) => Network Connection
CLI => Start => Run => cmd => ipconfig /all
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MAC Table • Switch => Switch Table or MAC Table or
CAM (Content Addressable Memory) Table
• CAM Table : Mac address for each device + port no.
• Fa= Fastethernet 0/1 .. Fastethernet 0/24
• Display Switch MAC Address Table
Click on Switch1=> CLI
sh mac add = show mac address-table
Slot no. Port no. Data Transfer Rate for the port=10/100 Mbps
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ARP • Address Resolution Protocol (Layer 2 protocol)
• It has an ARP cache (Table) which contains the MACs of all devices in a subnet
• The cache can be either filled
– Statically (manually)
– Dynamically (by the ARP)
• The source sends an ARP Request Broadcast MAC Add. FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
( it is picked by all the devices) with specific dest. IP
• The device which has that IP replies with an ARP reply (Unicast, because it is
one device which replies) to return it’s MAC add.
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• arp -a => display the ARP table
• arp -d => deletes the ARP table
• arp -s <IP address> <MAC address>
=> To set a MAC address manually for a device
Ex:/ arp -s 192.168.10.12 B2-FD-0F-11-A2-C3
=> Add the Host IP add. 192.168.10.12 with
it’s MAC Add. B2-FD-0F-11-A2-C3 to the
ARP cache statically (manually)
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• PC0 => ping PC1,PC2,PC3
• PC0 => arp -a
Dest. IP Add.
MAC Add.
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB6: Netstat
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Transport Layer • is end-to-end connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting any data
• The major protocols are:
– TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
– UDP : User Datagram Protocol
• TCP Connection
Open Connection => Established (3 way handshake)
SYN (Synchronize)
SYN + ACK (Acknowledgment)
ACK
Transfer Data
End Connection => Closed
2
Open Connection
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3
UDP TCP
Unreliable Reliable
Connectionless Connection oriented (3 way handshake)
Speed Slower (Delay)
- Acknowledgment
- Sequence no. (reorder : sort segments in the right order)
- Windowing ( Flow Control ) => Dest. Window size
- Error Handling ( resend if lost )
Low Overhead High Overhead
VoIP, Video Text
Close Connection
Client Server
Reset Connection
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Netstat Netstat = Network Statistics
=> display very detailed information about network active connections, protocol-specific statistics
=> help troubleshoot certain kinds of networking issues.
• Proto => protocol that is used to establish the connection (either TCP or UDP)
• Local Address => The IP address and port number of the source computer try to establish a connection.
• Foreign Address => The IP address and port number of the destination (remote ) computer .
• State => connection state :
– Established => The session is established between the source and destination
– Close_wait => The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close.
– Time_wait => The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network.
4
Socket => IP : Port no
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• Netstat /?
• Netstat
• Netstat -a => Displays all active connections
(protocol, local add., foreign add., state)
• Netstat -e => Displays ethernet statistics
5
Socket => Domain name : Protocol name
Socket => IP : Port no
Socket => Domain name : Port no
Socket => IP : Protocol name
Loopback Address : 127.0.0.1
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• Netstat –n
Displays addresses and port numbers in
numerical form .
ex./ http => 80 , https => 443
• Netstat –p proto => display information about a specific protocol
6
Socket => IP : Port no
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• Netstat –s
=> Displays statistics for :
IP ,IPv6 ( Packet )
ICMP, ICMPv6 ( Message )
TCP, TCPv6, UDP, and UDPv6 ( Segment )
Ex./ send, received (discard, delivered),error
• Netstat –f => display fully Qualified domain name for foreign addresses
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8
Netstat –s –p tcp => statistic about TCP protocol
Netstat –s –p tcp –f => same as above with fully domain name for foreign addresses
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB7: Wireshark By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Wireshark => used for packet capture (PCAP) with detailed information about the connection and protocols
Reading headers contents
=> It used by
Attackers
Network Admins
Educational Purposes
=> To protect data we can use
Encryption
Hashing (to prevent changing the data)
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3
Click here
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4
Wireshark.org => download
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• Filter => The filter bar can be used to filter results depending on a certain criteria
– Protocol
• tcp, udp, arp, icmp, dns , http
• !dns => ! : Display all protocol information except DNS
• http or icmp
• tcp.port==80 , tcp.port==80 || udp.port==80 => ||: or
• !(tcp.port == 53)
– IP Address
• Source & destination => ip.addr == 192.168.0.109
• Source => ip.src == 192.168.0.109
• Destination => ip.dst == 192.168.0.109
– IP Address and Protocol
• ip.src == 192.168.0.109 and icmp
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• Ex./ Filter by ICMP protocol : Display All Information about ICMP protocol
– From My - PC => Ping 192.168.0.1
• We can follow the stream of a specific packet by right clicking on it and choosing (follow stream)
6
Ex./ Display All Information about ICMP protocol for the source ip (My - PC) = 192.168.0.109
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7
Ex./ Filter by DNS protocol : Display All Information about DNS protocol
Ex./Display All Information about DNS protocol for the source ip (MY – PC) =192.168.0.109
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Thank You
8 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB8
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1\ Draw the net. and then do the following:
1. Assign IPs to the Host statically.
2. Display the IP address for PC1 using
ipconfig command
3. Check connectivity between PC0 and PC2
by using ping command bidirectional
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Q2/ using (Ping) command to check your PC connectivity with the following
website:
• Telegram.com with (5) echo messages.
• Youtube.com with (6) echo requests , (64) byte of data (message length)
• Facebook.com with infinity messages until stopped by using CTRL+C
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Q3/ using (Tracert) command to check route from your PC to
• Uobaghdad.edu.iq
• Google.com
• Twitter.com
Note: Using Ctrl+C to stop
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5
Q4/By using Packet Tracer design
the Topology below then check
connectivity between PC0 & PC5
using (ping) command as follows:
• Send 6 echo request.
• Send infinity echo request.
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Thank you
6Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB9
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1/ Display IPs allocated for the following websites by using (nslookup)
command:
• Uobaghdad.edu.iq
• Yahoo.com
Q2/ Display the DNS servers addresses by using CLI after do the following steps :-
• ipconfig /release
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /all
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Q3/Using Packet Tracer to Design the
topology below and then
• assign IPs to the Hosts
• assign DNS server address for each
Host
• show DNS server address for PC1 by
using ipconfig /all
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Q4/ Use CMD of your PC to answer the following:
• How to display the options of arp command
• Display the ARP table for your PC using arp –a
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Q5/ Design the topology below using Packet
Tracer and then answer the following:
1- Ping from PC1 to PC0, PC2, PC3
2- Display PC1-MAC address using ipconfig /all
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3- Show PC1-ARP table using arp –a. Explain the arp table briefly
4- Delete PC1-ARP table using arp –d
5- Enter to the switch (by one click), then Display switch-MAC
address using sh mac add
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Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class 7
Note That:
If you want to run arp –d to delete the
arp table for your PC, you must do the
following steps:
Start > Search > cmd > Right click on
Command Prompt > Run as administrator
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Thank you
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB10
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1/ Use CMD of your PC to Run and explain the following commands:
• Netstat /?
• Netstat –a
• Netstat –n
• Netstat –f
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Q2/ Run and explain the main differences between the following commands:
• Netstat –s and Netstat –p TCP
• Netstat –s –p ICMP and Netstat –s –p IP
• Netstat –s –p TCP and Netstat –s –p TCP -f
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Q3/Use Wireshark to capture your network traffic and answer the following:
Display all information about:
• All websites that your PC browse
• All your PC requests
• All responses reached to your PC
• All your PC request messages
• All reply messages to your PC
• All services request by your PC except domain name service
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Q4/ What are the differences between :
• TCP and UDP header
• TCP.port==443 and !(TCP.port==443)
• (ip.src==your PC-IP and dns or http) and
• (ip.dst== your PC-IP and !(dns or http))
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Thank you
6Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB1: Network Components
By: Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Network Components • Devices
– PC, Router => Host
– Hub, Switch
• Medium
– Wire
• Copper
• Fiber optics
• Twisted pair
– STP (Shielded)
– UTP (Unshielded)
– Wireless
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Copper wire
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Fiber Optics
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Twisted Pair Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
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UTP Cables Connection Types • Straight forward bet. dissimilar devices
– PC , Hub
– PC , Switch
– Router , Switch
• Crossover
– PC , PC
– Router , Router similar devices
– Switch , Switch
– Hub , Switch
– PC , Router
• Rollover
consists of RJ-45 on one end & DB-9 on the other end.
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7
RJ45
A - A
B - B
A - B
B - A
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Network Devices • PC
– we can connect 2 devices directly and this type of
connection is called Point to Point( PtP )
– Considered a host
• Switch : level2
– a distributor for connecting 3 or more devices
– NOT considered a host
• Router : level3
– Is a device used to separate devices into subnets
– Considered a host
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Addressing
• Physical Address = MAC (Media Access Control)
MAC Address : 6 bytes (always unique) in layer 2
• Logical Address = IP (Internet Protocol)
IP Address in layer 3
IPv4
IPv6
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IPv4 - 32 Bits => 4 bytes , separated by dot (.), unique during connection
- Byte = 8 bits => 8*4 =32 bits
- Each byte written in decimal
- Consist of 2 parts
– NetID (subnet)
– HostID (for host)
. . .
Byte Byte Byte Byte
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IP Address Classes
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Subnet Mask is used to let devices differentiate between NetID and HostID
Class A
N.H.H.H /8
Subnet mask = 255.0.0.0
Class B
N.N.H.H /16
Subnet mask = 255.255.0.0
Class C
N.N.N.H /24
Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0
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There are 2 IP addresses which can NOT be used in addressing a host
• Subnet IP (always 0)
For example : 192 . 168 . 10 . 0
• Broadcast IP (always 255)
For example : 192 . 168 . 10 . 255
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Default Gateway is used to connect the subnet with the other
networks
It is usually the IP of the router
Ex. we have the following configuration for
subnet 1
• Subnet IP : 192.168.10.0
• Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0
• Default gateway : 192.168.10.1
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Check my Computer IP
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB2: IP Configuration By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Layer 4
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Ca
psu
lati
on
De-C
ap
sula
tio
n
TCP/IP Control Data Transmission over
the Internet
2
Service Request Service Delivery
Service Processing
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Ethernet • is a technology used in LAN ( Local Area Network )
• Related to Data link and physical layer (wired connection),
throughput and Data transfer rate (speed) .
• Throughput : The amount of data that was successfully
delivered over a specified period of time.
• Data Transfer Rate : The amount of data transmitted over a
specified period of time.
Ex./10Mbps => Data Transfer Rate =10 Mega bit per second.
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Ethernet Types • Traditional Ethernet = Ethernet
10Base-T => (T= Twisted-pair)
2 pair UTP
Half-Duplex
Uses Hub
Data Transfer Rate is 10 Mbps
• Fast Ethernet
100Base-TX (2 pair UTP)
100Base-T4 (4 pair UTP)
100Base-FX (Fiber Optics)
Full-Duplex, Uses switch
Data Transfer Rate is 100 Mbps
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• Giga Ethernet
1000 Base-X (Fiber Optics)
1000Base-T (Twisted Pair)
Data Transfer Rate is 1000 Mbps = 1Gbps
other (10,40,100) Giga Ethernet
– Each model is backward compatible
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IP Configuration
• Assign IP Address to the Host => (GUI)
– Static (manually)
– Dynamic (automatically)
o DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Check IP
– GUI (windows)
– CLI (cmd)
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GUI
GUI => Graphical User Interface
• Desktop => Network Connection
• Start => Network Connection
• Start => Search => Network Connection
• Start => control panel => Network and Internet =>
Network and Sharing Center
• Click on internet access icon => Open Network and Sharing Center
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DHCP (Dynamic)
Static
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Check IP address CLI => Command Line Interface
• using ipconfig command to check IP, subnet mask and gateway
• Start => Run => cmd => ipconfig
• cmd abbreviated to command
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DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Assign IP automatically to PCs from the pool
• The DHCP server uses IP addresses that are available in the DHCP pool
• we can exclude some addresses from the whole range pool to aviod conflict
• We don’t need the whole range (2- 254) because we may need to assign static IP
addresses to special devices (Printers, NAS, Servers etc)
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• Lease time is the time given by DHCP server to a device to hold
specific information
– These information include : IP address, Subnet mask, default gateway
– CISCO default time is 1 day
– When lease expires, new information are assigned to that device
.254 .2 .20 .30
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB3: Check PCs Connectivity By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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IP Configuration
• Assign IP Address to the Host => (GUI)
– Static (manually)
– Dynamic (automatically)
o DHCP = Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Check IP
– GUI ( start > Network Connections)
– CLI ( start > run > cmd > ipconfig)
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IPs Types • Private (LAN )
• Public (WAN)
– Google.com
– Yahoo.com
– Youtube.com
– Facebook.com
– Uobaghdad.edu.iq
– Host communicate direct with Internet : Server ,Router.
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Private Addresses
MASK RANGE IP /? CLASS
255.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
10.0.0.0 /8 A
255.240.0.0 172.16.255.255 – 172.31. 255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.0.0 /12 B
255.255.0.0 192.168.255.255
192.168.0.0 /16 C
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Check PCs Connectivity • The ping command is used to test the ability of the source computer to reach a
specified destination computer. The ping command is usually used as a simple
way verify that a computer can communicate over the network with another
computer or network device.
• Ping /? => Help
• ping [-n count] [-t][-l size] [-f] destination
- IP
- Domain Name
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Ping • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) send messages to the destination to
check connectivity.
• The default number of packets sent by ping differs depending on the system
• we are using
– Windows is 4
– Linux is infinite
– CISCO is 5
• The echo reply represent the delay
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Start => run => cmd =>
ping /? (Help)
Example:
Start => run => cmd
- Ping 172.217.169.174
- Ping www.google.com
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TTL: Time-To-Live is one of the information in the L3 header
• It is a counter with an initial value (that depends on the system)
• The default value in Windows is 128
• Each router that the packets goes through decreases the TTL by 1 and
the packet(s) is dropped if TTL reaches zero.
• This is done to prevent an infinite loop in L3 layer
• For example: if a packet passes 2 routers then it will become 126
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• -n [number] => number of requests(packets) to send.
• For example:
ping -n 6 172.217.169.174 => send 6 packets to 172.217.169.174
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• -t to send an infinite number of packets
– CTRL-C to stop
– We can’t use -n with it
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• -l => change the size of the send packets
– The default size is 32 bytes (without using this option)
– This also increase the time required to send and receive packets
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• MTU = Maximum Transmission Unit which defines the maximum size of bytes that can be send
without fragmentation, MTU depends on the physical network. In Ethernet MTU is 1500 byte
• Ping www.yahoo.com –l 1500
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• Fragmentation is the process in which we broke the information into smaller
pieces and the combining them at the destination.
• Ping www.yahoo.com –l 1500 -f => don’t fragment
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Trace Route • Tracert destination-IP
• Follows the route from source to destination
• This form is slow because it register the hostname and IP, to make it faster we
can -d (ignore hostname and print only the IP)
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And suppose we are working at the device which has the IP (192.168.10.2)
If we use the following command tracert -d 192.168.20.5 then we will get the
following output:
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB4: Network Services By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Layer 4
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Ca
psu
lati
on
De-C
ap
sula
tio
n
TCP/IP Control Data Transmission over
the Internet
(Service Processing)
Service Request Service Delivery
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Network Services Web Browser
File sharing
Instant messaging
Online game
Printing
DNS
Voice over IP
Video on demand
Video telephony , etc….
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Port no. Port no. are used to identify which service the server provide to the requesting client
For each service => port number
In transport layer
The port number uses 16 bits => (2^16) => The range = (0 - 65,535)
Port Types Port no. Range well known applications 0 - 1023
registered ports 1024 - 49151 Dynamic or private ports 49152 - 65,535
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Well Known Applications Protocol Port no. Service
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 20/21 Files : Transfer Files over the Internet
Secure Shell (SSH) 22 Remotely access : Establish a secure connection bet. a remote
server and computer (encryption), create/delete/browse/
transfer files-folders, start/stop service. Terminal network (Telnet) 23 Remotely access : Establish a connection between a remote
server and computer (manage device remotely by CLI) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 25 Email : Deliver email messages successfully and securely
Domain Name System (DNS) 53 Name System : Link the host names to their respective IP
Addresses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) 67/68 Host Configuration : assign IP Address to the Hosts
automatically Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 80 Web : Establish a connection between the webpages and the
browser Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
(HTTPS => HTTP+SSL) 443 Web : Establish a secure connection between webpages and
browser (encryption)
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DNS • Domain Name System
• It’s a service allowed to use Domain Name or Hostname instead of IP address
• more than 1 DNS server =>
– Balance the load of the network
– Speed
– Prevent the halt of the network if one DNS server crashes
Ex./ Primary DNS server address : 8.8.8.8
Alternate DNS server address : 8.8.4.4
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DNS – Ex./ Ping www.Google.com or Ping 172.217.17.228
Stand for Domain
commercial com education edu
organization org government gov information info
network net
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DNS service => DNS server => DNS protocol
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NSLOOKUP • Domain Name (Host name) => IPs
• nslookup <hostname> <server>
Ex./ nslookup www.google.com
DNS Server address : 8.8.8.8 or 8.8.4.4
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Display DNS Server IP 1. GUI
Network
connection
(Windows)
2. CLI
Start =>
Run =>
cmd =>
ipconfig
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IPCONFIG • Display information about your PC during connect to the net like ip, mask,
default gateway and DNS ,etc..
• ipconfig /? => Help
• ipconfig
• ipconfig /all
• ipconfig /release
– To release the IP address back to DHCP pool
• ipconfig /renew
– To get a new IP address from the DHCP pool
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• ipconfig /all
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• Windows caches the DNS servers information
– ipconfig /displaydns => display the contents of DNS cache
– ipconfig /flushdns => delete the contents of DNS cache
• Socket is the name given to the [ IP + port no. ]
– IP : port
– Ex./ 192.168.10.10:80 => web browser service (http)
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Thank You
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB5: MAC Address
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Hub • plug and play
• 4 ,8,16 ports
• Layer 1 device => Physical Layer (OSI model)
• Not intelligent device : Direct Data to all Hosts
not to a specific destination
• Hub Types:
– Passive
– Active : Repeater
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Switch • Layer 2 device => Data Link Layer or multilayer => router and switch at the same time
• Smart device : Direct message to the dest. Host (MAC Table)
• Ethernet Switch (LAN Switch) Categories :
– Fixed : fixed number of ports (not flexible , cheap)
• Unmanaged => plug and play
• Managed => Partially M. (smart switch) and Fully M. (enterprise switch)
Ex./ 5,8,10,16, 24,28, 48 ,52 ports
– Modular : add expansion modules ( flexible ,expensive)
Ex./ expansion modules are application-specific (such as firewall, wireless or network
analysis) and modules for additional interfaces, power supplies, or cooling fans
Standalone Switch Stackable Switch
Multiple standalone => as one switch
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• Switching Methods
– Store and forward : S. & F. frame after checking error (CRC)
– Cut through (direct frame forward without check error )
• Symmetric and Asymmetric switching ports (same or different Data transfer Rate)
• PoE and not PoE (Power over Ethernet)
– not POE => port => transfer Data only ex./printer
– POE => port => transfer Data + Power to the device
ex./camera
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Transmission Types
• Half Duplex ( port => send or receive data at a time )
• Full Duplex ( port => send and receive at the same time)
Communication Types
– UniCast => 1:1 => 1 sender : 1 receiver
– BroadCast => 1:All => 1 sender : All receivers
– MultiCast => 1:M => 1 sender : many receivers
255.255.255.255
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MAC Address • Physical address (Hardware Address)
• Stands for Media Access Control
– Used in layer 2 (Data Link Layer) in OSI model
– 6 bytes = 48 bits, each byte 2 digit, digit = 4 bit , Hexadecimal
– separated by a hyphen(-) or a colon(:) or a dot(.)
• For Example: Broadcast MAC Add.
– FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF or FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF or FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
or FFFFFF.FFFFFF or FFFFFF-FFFFFF or FFFFFFFFFFFF
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• MAC Address
is a Network Card number
consist of 2 parts as :
– OUI : Organization Unique Identifier
– NIC : Network Interface Card (Controller)
• LAN Card = Ethernet NIC
• Wireless NIC (Wireless Connection ex./ Wi-Fi)
• Display Mac Address
GUI ( windows) => Network Connection
CLI => Start => Run => cmd => ipconfig /all
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MAC Table • Switch => Switch Table or MAC Table or
CAM (Content Addressable Memory) Table
• CAM Table : Mac address for each device + port no.
• Fa= Fastethernet 0/1 .. Fastethernet 0/24
• Display Switch MAC Address Table
Click on Switch1=> CLI
sh mac add = show mac address-table
Slot no. Port no. Data Transfer Rate for the port=10/100 Mbps
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ARP • Address Resolution Protocol (Layer 2 protocol)
• It has an ARP cache (Table) which contains the MACs of all devices in a subnet
• The cache can be either filled
– Statically (manually)
– Dynamically (by the ARP)
• The source sends an ARP Request Broadcast MAC Add. FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
( it is picked by all the devices) with specific dest. IP
• The device which has that IP replies with an ARP reply (Unicast, because it is
one device which replies) to return it’s MAC add.
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• arp -a => display the ARP table
• arp -d => deletes the ARP table
• arp -s <IP address> <MAC address>
=> To set a MAC address manually for a device
Ex:/ arp -s 192.168.10.12 B2-FD-0F-11-A2-C3
=> Add the Host IP add. 192.168.10.12 with
it’s MAC Add. B2-FD-0F-11-A2-C3 to the
ARP cache statically (manually)
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• PC0 => ping PC1,PC2,PC3
• PC0 => arp -a
Dest. IP Add.
MAC Add.
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Thank You
12 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB6: Netstat
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Transport Layer • is end-to-end connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting any data
• The major protocols are:
– TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
– UDP : User Datagram Protocol
• TCP Connection
Open Connection => Established (3 way handshake)
SYN (Synchronize)
SYN + ACK (Acknowledgment)
ACK
Transfer Data
End Connection => Closed
2
Open Connection
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3
UDP TCP
Unreliable Reliable
Connectionless Connection oriented (3 way handshake)
Speed Slower (Delay)
- Acknowledgment
- Sequence no. (reorder : sort segments in the right order)
- Windowing ( Flow Control ) => Dest. Window size
- Error Handling ( resend if lost )
Low Overhead High Overhead
VoIP, Video Text
Close Connection
Client Server
Reset Connection
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Netstat Netstat = Network Statistics
=> display very detailed information about network active connections, protocol-specific statistics
=> help troubleshoot certain kinds of networking issues.
• Proto => protocol that is used to establish the connection (either TCP or UDP)
• Local Address => The IP address and port number of the source computer try to establish a connection.
• Foreign Address => The IP address and port number of the destination (remote ) computer .
• State => connection state :
– Established => The session is established between the source and destination
– Close_wait => The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close.
– Time_wait => The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network.
4
Socket => IP : Port no
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• Netstat /?
• Netstat
• Netstat -a => Displays all active connections
(protocol, local add., foreign add., state)
• Netstat -e => Displays ethernet statistics
5
Socket => Domain name : Protocol name
Socket => IP : Port no
Socket => Domain name : Port no
Socket => IP : Protocol name
Loopback Address : 127.0.0.1
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• Netstat –n
Displays addresses and port numbers in
numerical form .
ex./ http => 80 , https => 443
• Netstat –p proto => display information about a specific protocol
6
Socket => IP : Port no
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• Netstat –s
=> Displays statistics for :
IP ,IPv6 ( Packet )
ICMP, ICMPv6 ( Message )
TCP, TCPv6, UDP, and UDPv6 ( Segment )
Ex./ send, received (discard, delivered),error
• Netstat –f => display fully Qualified domain name for foreign addresses
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Netstat –s –p tcp => statistic about TCP protocol
Netstat –s –p tcp –f => same as above with fully domain name for foreign addresses
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Thank You
9 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB7: Wireshark By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad Jasim (Supervisor) University of Baghdad - College of Science
Computer Department Third Class
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Wireshark => used for packet capture (PCAP) with detailed information about the connection and protocols
Reading headers contents
=> It used by
Attackers
Network Admins
Educational Purposes
=> To protect data we can use
Encryption
Hashing (to prevent changing the data)
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3
Click here
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4
Wireshark.org => download
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• Filter => The filter bar can be used to filter results depending on a certain criteria
– Protocol
• tcp, udp, arp, icmp, dns , http
• !dns => ! : Display all protocol information except DNS
• http or icmp
• tcp.port==80 , tcp.port==80 || udp.port==80 => ||: or
• !(tcp.port == 53)
– IP Address
• Source & destination => ip.addr == 192.168.0.109
• Source => ip.src == 192.168.0.109
• Destination => ip.dst == 192.168.0.109
– IP Address and Protocol
• ip.src == 192.168.0.109 and icmp
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• Ex./ Filter by ICMP protocol : Display All Information about ICMP protocol
– From My - PC => Ping 192.168.0.1
• We can follow the stream of a specific packet by right clicking on it and choosing (follow stream)
6
Ex./ Display All Information about ICMP protocol for the source ip (My - PC) = 192.168.0.109
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Ex./ Filter by DNS protocol : Display All Information about DNS protocol
Ex./Display All Information about DNS protocol for the source ip (MY – PC) =192.168.0.109
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Thank You
8 Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB8
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1\ Draw the net. and then do the following:
1. Assign IPs to the Host statically.
2. Display the IP address for PC1 using
ipconfig command
3. Check connectivity between PC0 and PC2
by using ping command bidirectional
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Q2/ using (Ping) command to check your PC connectivity with the following
website:
• Telegram.com with (5) echo messages.
• Youtube.com with (6) echo requests , (64) byte of data (message length)
• Facebook.com with infinity messages until stopped by using CTRL+C
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Q3/ using (Tracert) command to check route from your PC to
• Uobaghdad.edu.iq
• Google.com
• Twitter.com
Note: Using Ctrl+C to stop
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5
Q4/By using Packet Tracer design
the Topology below then check
connectivity between PC0 & PC5
using (ping) command as follows:
• Send 6 echo request.
• Send infinity echo request.
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Thank you
6Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB9
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1/ Display IPs allocated for the following websites by using (nslookup)
command:
• Uobaghdad.edu.iq
• Yahoo.com
Q2/ Display the DNS servers addresses by using CLI after do the following steps :-
• ipconfig /release
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /all
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Q3/Using Packet Tracer to Design the
topology below and then
• assign IPs to the Hosts
• assign DNS server address for each
Host
• show DNS server address for PC1 by
using ipconfig /all
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Q4/ Use CMD of your PC to answer the following:
• How to display the options of arp command
• Display the ARP table for your PC using arp –a
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Q5/ Design the topology below using Packet
Tracer and then answer the following:
1- Ping from PC1 to PC0, PC2, PC3
2- Display PC1-MAC address using ipconfig /all
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3- Show PC1-ARP table using arp –a. Explain the arp table briefly
4- Delete PC1-ARP table using arp –d
5- Enter to the switch (by one click), then Display switch-MAC
address using sh mac add
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Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class 7
Note That:
If you want to run arp –d to delete the
arp table for your PC, you must do the
following steps:
Start > Search > cmd > Right click on
Command Prompt > Run as administrator
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Thank you
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COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAB10
By:
Ibtisam A.Taqi
Zaid Hashim
Dr. Imad (Supervisor)
University of Baghdad - Collage of Science
Computer Department
Third Class
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Q1/ Use CMD of your PC to Run and explain the following commands:
• Netstat /?
• Netstat –a
• Netstat –n
• Netstat –f
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Q2/ Run and explain the main differences between the following commands:
• Netstat –s and Netstat –p TCP
• Netstat –s –p ICMP and Netstat –s –p IP
• Netstat –s –p TCP and Netstat –s –p TCP -f
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Q3/Use Wireshark to capture your network traffic and answer the following:
Display all information about:
• All websites that your PC browse
• All your PC requests
• All responses reached to your PC
• All your PC request messages
• All reply messages to your PC
• All services request by your PC except domain name service
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Q4/ What are the differences between :
• TCP and UDP header
• TCP.port==443 and !(TCP.port==443)
• (ip.src==your PC-IP and dns or http) and
• (ip.dst== your PC-IP and !(dns or http))
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Thank you
6Computer Networks Lab. / Third Class