computer hadrware,software,networking,and communication
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B Y : A s s t p r o f . D i p t i P u r o h i t
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE
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UNIT 2 Computer hardware
Software
Managing &OrganizationData &Information
Information networks
Internet, Intranet
I.
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COMPUTER
Understand and distinguish between mainframecomputer, network computer, personal computer,laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA) in terms ofcapacity, speed, cost, and typical users.
Main Parts of a Personal ComputerKnow the main parts of a personal computer such as:
central processing unit (CPU), hard disk, commoninput and output devices, types of memory.Understand the term peripheral device.
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1.Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit or CPU can be thought of as thebrain of the computer. The function of the CPU is to execute theinstructions in the programs. At the heart of its operations arearithmetic and logical operations.
1.1. Processor Chip
The CPU is made up of millions of electronic components called transistors,
capacitors and resistors. Transistors are the active components of the CPU.Modern CPUs contain millions of transistors.
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PARTS OF CPU
1.2. Integrated Circuit It was the miniaturization of
components and the creationof the integrated circuitthat has made thedevelopment of moderncomputers possible. Although
integrated circuits containenormous numbers ofcomponents and connectors,the whole object ismanufactured as a single itemthrough special manufacturingtechniques. From the outside,
the integrated circuit looks likea small black box with anumber of electricalconnectors on the outside.
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Input devices
Input devices are components which areused to feed commands and data intothe computer. These include devices
such as keyboards and mice.
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Cont..
1. Track ball2.Barcode reader
3.Light pen
4.Joystick
5.Digital camera
6.Scanner
7.Microphones
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Output devices
Output devices are devices that thecomputer uses to send us the results ofthe processing. These include the VDU
(monitor) and printers.
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Cont.
1.PlotterPlotters are usually used in
conjunction with CAD(Computer Assisted Design)programs. These are used in
everything from the design ofships and machines to buildings.
2.Speakers
1.
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Peripheral devices
A computer system comprises the case whichhouses the motherboard, CPU, hard drives,
power supply and various other components.
Devices such as printers, monitor, keyboardmouse which are connected to the main unitby various types of cables and connectors are
called peripheral devices.
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Memory
Primary memory is thememory that isintimately associated
with the actual workingofthe computer. This
includes memory that holdsthe start-up routines as wellas the current program anddata it is working with.There are various forms of
primary memory: RAM,ROM and Cache memory.
Secondary memoryconsists of the variousdevices that are able tostore data and programseven when the power is off.
This includes devices such ashard drives, floppy drives,tape drives, CD drives andDVD drives.
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Input/output Devices
Some devices function as both input and outputdevices.
A touch screen is a special type of screen in which thescreen not only displays output but also responds to
being touched. A typical example is their use in autotellers at banks. Part of the screen containsinformation. Other parts may contain a menu. When
you touch one of the icons on the screen, the system
responds to the associated command.
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Storage Devices
Diskette, Zip disk, data cartridges,CD-ROM, internal, external hard
disk, DVD, Memory sticks
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Cont
Hard Disk
The hard disk is thecomponent that stores dataand programs even after the
computer has been switchedoff. It consists of a numberof rotating platters which arecovered with a magneticfilm. Information is storedusing the magneticproperties of the film. Theplatters rotate from between5000 and 8000 rpm orfaster.
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SOFTWARE
Software is divided into two broadcategories: systems software and
application software.
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TWO TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Systems software is the term used to
described programs thatenable the computer tofunction, improve its
performance and access thefunctionality of thehardware. Systems softwaresole function is the control ofthe operation of thecomputer. You can think ofsystems software asproviding the foundation forapplications software.
Applications software is the term used for
programs that enablethe user to achievespecific objectives such as
create a document, use adatabase, produce aspreadsheet or design a
building.
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Operating System Software
The following is a list of some of the functions of the operating system:
Boot-up the computer. Control the hard drives: This includes such features as formatting and
defragmenting
disks as well as saving files to and retrieving files from disk. Control input devices such as keyboards, mice and scanners. Control output devices such as the video display and printer. Control the external ports: Ports are the external connections that enable
peripheraldevices to be connected to a computer. Common types of ports are serial,
parallel, USB and firewire. Of these the USB ports are the most important. Provide the functionality for computers to be linked in a network. Provide the foundation for application software to be launched. Enable application software to access and use the hardware.
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Some operating systems
Unix; Linux; Free BSD Windows 95; Windows 98; Windows Me,Windows NT4 Workstation / Server;
Windows 2000 Workstation / Server;Windows XP; Windows 2003 Server, VISTA,Windows 7
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Applications Software
some common software applications such as: wordprocessing, spreadsheet, database,
Web browsing, desktop publishing, accounting, etc.
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20Application Brand name function Word processor OpenOffice.org
WriterStarWriter,KWordMicrosoft WordLotus Ami ProCorelWordPerfect
Create, store, format and edit documents,letters andarticles. Word processors are used wherethe emphasis ison manipulation of text.
Spreadsheet SpreadsheetOpenOffice.orgCalcStarCalc,KSpreadMicrosoft ExcelQuattro ProLotus 123
Create financial statements, balancesheets, performstatistical and numerical analysis of data,make forecastsbased on numeric data. Spreadsheets areused where theemphasis is on arithmetic.
Presentation OpenOffice.orgImpressStarImpressKPresenterMicrosoftPowerPoint
Create slide shows, lectures, seminars andother types ofpresentation.Database Sybase, MySQL
Microsoft AccessStore and convert data into information.Databases areparticularly useful in working with largequantities ofdata.
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Application Brand name Function
Emailclient
Evolution, KMailMicrosoft
Outlook
Send, receive, store and organiseelectronic mail.
WebBrowser
Mozilla, NetscapeMicrosoft InternetExplorer
Surf the Internet and view web sites.
Desktoppublishing
DTP
MicrosoftPublisher
Page Maker
DTP is similar to word processing exceptthat there is
more emphasis on page layout and theintegration ofdiagrams.
Accounting GnuCashPastel Accounting
Store accounting information and producereports,statements and invoices.
WebDevelopment DreamweaverMicrosoftFrontPage
Create web sites that can be read by abrowser
GraphicsandImaging
The GIMPAdobe Photoshop
Create and manipulate graphics imagesand store imagesin a variety of formats.
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Graphical User Interface
Agraphical user interface or GUI is designed tosimplify the work of the user whether they areusing the operating system or an application package.The interface consists of a screen with a number of
icons or menus. Functions are executed by pointingand clicking with the mouse.
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Managing Information Systems
Information Systems (IS) have enormous strategic valueso when they are not working even for a short time, anorganization cannot function. Furthermore, the Life CycleCosts (acquisition, operation, security, and maintenance)
of these systems is considerable. Therefore, it is essentialto manage them properly. The planning, organizing,implementing, operating, and controlling of theinfrastructures and the organizations portfolio ofapplications must be done with great skill. The responsibility for the management of informationresources is divided between two organizational entities
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Cont
The information systems department (ISD), which is acorporate
entity the end users, who are scattered throughout theworld
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Fundamental Concepts
Database is a shared collection of related datawhich will be used to support the activities ofparticular organization. Database can be viewedas a repository of data that is defined once andthen is accessed by various users. A database hasthe following properties:
It is a representation of some aspect of the real world; orperhaps, a collection of data elements (facts) representingreal world information.
Database is logical coherent and internally consistent. Database is designed, built, and populated with data for a
specific purpose.
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Database Management System (DBMS)
Database Management System (DBMS) is acollection of programs that enable users tocreate, maintain database and control all theaccess to the database. The primary goal of the
DBMS is to provide an environment that isboth convenient and efficient for user toretrieve and store information.
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The components of a database system
Application program accesses the data stored in the database by sending requeststo the DBMS.
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File-based approach for banking system/Databaseapproach for banking system
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Classification of Database Systems
Based on the ways database is distributed we havecentralized or distributed system
1.Centralized database system : Data in this kindof system is stored at a single site.
2.Distributed database system: Actual databaseand DBMS software are distributed in various sitesconnected by a computer network.
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Centralized Database System
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Distributed Database System
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Benefits of Database Approach
1. To control Data Redundancyo In the Database approach, ideally each data item is stored in only oneplace in the databaseo However, in some case redundancy is still exists to improving systemperformance, but such redundancy is controlled and kept to minimum
2 Data Sharingo The integration of the whole data in an organization leads to the ability toproduce more information from a given amount of data3 Enforcing Integrity Constraintso DBMSs should provide capabilities to define and enforce certainconstraints such as data type, data uniqueness.4 Restricting Unauthorized Accesso Not all users of the system have the same accessing privileges.o DBMSs should provide a security subsystem to create and control the useraccounts.
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Information Networks
A set of computers connected together so that they cancommunicate is called a computer network. This involvesinstalling network cards in each computer. Eachcomputer is then connected through cabling to a centraldevice called a hub. Operating systems contain
components that are dedicated to the task of enablingcomputers to communicate over a network. This softwaremakes use of special rules of communication calledprotocols. There are many different types of protocolsused for a variety of purposes. The most commonly usedprotocol for establishing and maintaining communication
across a network is called TCP/IP or TransmissionControl Protocol / Internet Protocol.
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Telecommunications Network Model
A telecommunications network is any arrangementwhere Asender transmits a message
To a receiver
Over a channel Consisting of some sort ofmedium
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Telecommunications NetworkComponents
Terminals Any input/output device that uses networks
to transmit or receive data
Telecommunications processors Devices that support data transmission, reception
Telecommunications channels Media over which data are transmitted, received
Computers All sizes and types
T l i i N k
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Telecommunications NetworkComponents
Telecommunications control software Controls telecommunications activities
Manages the functions of telecommunications networks
Includes network management programs of allkinds Telecommunications monitors (mainframes)
Network operating systems (network servers)
Web browsers (microcomputers)
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Network Component Alternatives
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Types of Communications Networks
Primary types of communications networks Wide Area
Local Area Virtual Private
Client/Server
Peer-to-peer
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
Telecommunication network that covers a largegeographic area
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Local Area Network (LAN)
Connectscomputers
within alimited
physical area,such as anoffice,classroom, or
building
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Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
Used to establish secure intranets and extranets The Internet is the main backbone network
Relies on network firewalls, encryption, andother security features to build a pipe through the Internet
Creates a private network without the highcost of a separate proprietary connection
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Virtual Private Network
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Client/Server Networks
Clients End user personal computers or networked computers
Servers Used to manage the networks
Processing Shared between the clients and servers
Sometimes called a two-tier architecture
Larger computer systems are being replaced with
multiple client/server networks
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Client/Server Network
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Network Computing
Networks are the central computing resource of theorganization Thin clients provide a browser-based user interface for
processing applets
Thin clients include Network computers
Net PCs
Other low-cost network devices orinformation appliances
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Network Computing
Application and database servers provide The operating system
Application software
Applets
Databases Database management software
Sometimes called a three-tier client/servermodel because it consists of
Thin clients Application servers
Database servers
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Network Computing
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
Central Server Architecture P2P file-sharing software connects all PCs
to a central server
When a PC requests a file, the server searchesall active peers on the network
The server sends the requesting PC a list oflinks to all active peers who have the file
Clicking a link connects the two PCs and automaticallytransfers the file to therequesting PC
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
Pure Peer-to-Peer Architecture No central directory or server
File-sharing software connects one PC toanother online user
When you request a file, the software searches every onlineuser and sends you a list of active file names
Clicking a link automatically transfers the file from thatusers hard drive to yours
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Central Server Peer-to-Peer Networks
Advantages Can better protect the integrity and security
of the content and users of the network
Disadvantages Directory server can be slowed or overwhelmed by too many
users or technical problems
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Peer-to-Peer Network Diagrams
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Digital and Analog Signals
Analog or digital refers to the method used toconvert information into an electrical signal Analog: an electrical current is generated that
is proportional to the quantity being observed
Digital: the quantity being observed is expressed as anumber Analog: if the temperature is 83 degrees, a measuring device
would generate 8.3 volts
Digital: a measurement of 83 degrees would be displayed as
the number 83
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53Telecommunications Media
Twisted-Pair Wire Ordinary telephone wire Copper wire is twisted
into pairsCoaxial Cable
Sturdy copper oraluminum wire wrappedwith spacers to insulateand protect it
Fiber-Optic Cable
One or more hair-thinfilaments of glassfiber wrapped in aprotective jacket
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The Problem of The Last Mile
Network providers use fiber optic cable as acommunications backbone Houses connected to the backbone are wired
with twisted pair
Users dont benefit from the faster, better technology
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Wireless Technologies
Terrestrial Microwave Earthbound microwave systems transmit
high-speed radio signals Follows a line-of-sight path between relay systems
spaced about 30 miles apart
Communications Satellites Serve as relay stations Use microwave radio signals Earth stations beam signals to the satellites Not suitable for interactive, real-time processing
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Wireless Technologies
Cellular and PCS Telephone and Pager Systems Geographic areas are divided into cells Each cell has a low-power transmitter or radio relay
antenna Computers and other communications processors
coordinate and control the transmissions to and
from mobile usersWireless LANS
Uses wireless radio-wave technology toconnect PCs within an office or a building
Can be high-frequency, similar to digital
cellular, or low frequency (spread spectrum)
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Wireless TechnologiesBluetooth
Short-range wireless technology Connects PCs to devices, such as a printer Fairly low cost to implement
Other Wireless Systems Cellular phones Mobile radio PDAs
Telecommunications networks now play vital and pervasiveroles inWeb-enabled e-business processes
Electronic commerce Enterprise collaboration Other applications that support business operations,
management, and strategic objectives
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The Wireless Web
Wireless Internet access is growing as Web-enabledinformation appliances proliferate Smart telephones, pagers, PDAs
All are very thin clients in wireless networks
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Telecommunications Processors
Modems The most common type of communications processor
Converts a digital signal to an analog frequency that can betransmitted over phone lines, then back into a digital signal
Modulation and demodulation
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Inter-Network Processors
Switch makes connections betweentelecommunications circuits in a network
Router intelligent communications processorthat interconnects networks based on different
protocolsHub a port-switching communications processor
Gateway connects networks with differentcommunications architectures
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INTERNET INTRANET EXTRANET
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The internet is thecollection of all computersacross the world which can
access each otherin some way. The linksbetween computers mightinclude telephone, fiber opticcable,radio, microwave or satellite.Today tens of millions of
computers are able to accesseach other. The Internet hasno central organization whichcontrols its use. Because theInternet knows no borders,many governments have triedto control the flow of
information across theInternet. However,communications technology isso varied and so widespreadthat this is a near impossible
task.
An intranet is similar to theInternet in operation.However, it is limited to anorganization.
Users may browse computerswithin an intranet using abrowser but will usually not beable to access the widerInternet. In the same way,outsiders will not be able toaccess the
intranet of an organization. Anintranet can be thought of as aprivate Internet.
An extranet is anextension of aorganization's intranet toinclude outside users. Inanextranet, outsideorganizations or individualsare allowed access to certainparts of theintranet. This access is usuallycontrolled by means ofpasswords and access rights.Theserestrict which users can accessthe extranet and what they cando once they have access.The purpose of the extranet isto facilitate businesstransactions with otherorganizations.
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The Internet Revolution
The Internet has become a global informationsuperhighway Millions of smaller, private networks operating independent
of, or in harmony with, each other
10 servers in 1991 to over 46 million today
Sustained growth in excess of 1 million servers per month
No central computer system
No governing body
Based on common standards
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Internet Service Providers
ISP A company that specializes in providing easy access to the
Internet
For a monthly fee, provides software, user name, password,and Internet access
ISPs themselves are connected to one anotherthrough network access points One ISP can easily connect to another to obtain addresses of
websites or user nodes
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65Internet Applications
Most popular Internet applications and uses E-mail
Instant messaging
Browsing the Web
Newsgroups Chat rooms
Publish opinions, subject matter, creative work
Buy and sell
Downloading (data, software, reports, pictures, music,videos)
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Business Use of the Internet
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67Business Value of the Internet
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68The Role of Intranets
Many companies have sophisticated and widespreadintranets, offering Detailed data retrieval
Collaboration
Personalized customer profiles Links to the Internet
Intranets use Internet technologies Web browsers and servers
TCP/IP network protocols HTML publishing and databases
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Intranets
Intranets are protected by Passwords
Encryption
Firewalls
Customers, suppliers, and other business partners canaccess an intranet via extranet links
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Business Value of Intranets
Intranets support Communications and collaboration
Business operations and management
Web publishing
Intranet portal management
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Intranets as Information Portals
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72Extranets
Network links that use Internet technologies toconnect the intranet of a business to the intranetsof another
Virtual Private Networks Direct private network links, or private secure Internet links
between companies
Unsecured Extranet Link between a company and others via the Internet, relying
on encryption of sensitive data and firewall securitysystems
C i i
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Extranet Connectivity
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74Business Value of Extranets
Web browser technology makes customer and supplieraccess to intranets easier and faster
Another way to build and strengthen strategicrelationships
Enables and improves collaboration between abusiness, customers, and partners
Facilitates online, interactive product development andmarketing
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THANK
YOU