computer bbasics

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By:-SANDEEP MATHUR

Asst professor

Sunday, April 29, 2012Computer Fundamentals


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A Computer is a device that allows you to inputdata, process data quickly and efficiently,receive outputs and store data.

Thus a computer consists of one or more input

devices, output devices, store devices andprocessing unit.

C - commonlyO - oriented

M - machineP - particularlyU - usedT - for trade

E -education-



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Speed - The speed of a computer is incrediblyfaster than what man can possibly record orcalculate normally.Storage - A computer system can store a largeamount of data in a systematic manner.Accuracy and Reliability - Inspite of high speed,the computers are quite accurate and reliable intheir calculations. the accuracy of operation of acomputer is always 100%.

Automatic - Once the process has been initiated,computer is quite capable of functioningautomatically. it does not require a prompt from

an operator at each stage of the process.



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Diligence/Endurance - Is capable of operating atexactly the same level of speed and accuracyeven if it has to carry out the most voluminousand complex operations for a long period of

time.Scientific Approach - The entire approach tosolving problems is highly scientific, objectiveand sequentially carried out, leaving no room for

emotional & subjective evaluations made byman.Versatility - The wide use of computers in somany areas in day-to-day life is an ampleevidence of its versatility.



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Speed Accuracy

Storage Capacity

Consistency/Diligence



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Can not think it self Task to be describe in detail

Can not learn form experience

Wrong information provided result alsowrong



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Computers need to receive data and instruction in order tosolve any problem. Therefore we need to input the data andinstructions into the computers. The input unit consists ofone or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the mostcommonly used input device. Other commonly used input

devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc.All the input devices perform the following functions.

Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.

Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.

Supply the converted data to the computer system for further

processing.



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All calculations are performed in the ArithmeticLogic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It also doescomparison and takes decision. The ALU canperform basic operations such as addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and doeslogic operations viz, >,


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The output unit of a computer provides theinformation and results of a computation tooutside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit(VDU) are the commonly used output devices.

Other commonly used output devices arefloppy disk drive, hard disk drive, andmagnetic tape drive.



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The storage unit of the computer holds dataand instructions that are entered through theinput unit, before they are processed. Itpreserves the intermediate and final results

before these are sent to the output devices. Italso saves the data for the later use. Thevarious storage devices of a computer systemare divided into two categories.



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First Generation (1940-1956) Use of vacuum tubes

Big & Clumsy High Electricity

Consumption

Programming in MechanicalLanguage

Larger AC were needed

Lot of electricity failureoccurred


Continue


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Second Generation(1956-1963) Transistors were used Core Memory was

developed Faster than First Generation

computers First Operating System was

developed Programming was in

Machine Language &Aseembly Language


Continue


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Second Generation(1956-1963)

Magnetic tapes & discswere used

Computers became smallerin size than the FirstGeneration computers

Computers consumed lessheat & consumed lesselectricity


Continued


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Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated circuits

developed

Power consumption waslow

SSI & MSI Technology wasused

High level languages wereused



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Fourth Generation (1971 onwards) LSI & VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

Technology used

Development of Portable Computers

RAID Technology of data storage

Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation

Computers started in use for Data Communication

Different types of memories with very highaccessing speed & storage capacity



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Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond) Used in parallel processing

Used superconductors

Used in speech recognition

Used in intelligent robots

Used in artificial intelligence



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Collect Date, Information Convert Into machine language

Send to CPU

E.g.1. Keyboard2. Mouse

3. Scanner

4. Mic



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1. Alphabetic keys a-z2. Numeric keys 0-93. Alpha Numeric Keys !-)4. Navigation Keys Arrows, End, Home

Page Up, Page Dn5. Functional Keys F1-F126. Combination Keys Shift, Alt, Ctrl7. Toggle Keys Num Lock, Scroll

Lock, Caps Lock8. Special Keys



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Receive from CPU Convert into Human Language

Send to User

E.g..1. Monitor2. Printer

3. Speaker



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Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse

Wireless Mouse



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CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor

LCD (Liquid crystal Display) Monitor



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SVGA (Super Video Graphic Array) 800 X 600 Pixels

15 Monitor

XGA (Extended Graphic Array) 1,024 X 768 Pixels

17 To 19

SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array) 1,280 X 1,034 Pixels

19 To 21

UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array) 1,600 X 1,200 Pixels Above 21



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Impact Printer (printing with hammering) Daze wheel printer

Chain Printer

Non Impact Printer (printing withouthammering) Ink-Jet Printer

Laser Printer



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CPU

CU (Control Unit)ALU (Arithmetic &

Logical Unit)MU (Memory Unit)



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Memory Type as per

Flexibility Period Preference

ROM (ReadOnly Memory)

Non-Removable

Permanent -

RAM (RandomAccess Memory Non-RemovableTemporary Primary

Hard Disk Non-Removable

Permanent Secondary

Floppy Disk Removable Permanent SecondaryCompact Disk(CD)

Removable Permanent Secondary

Pen Drive Removable Permanent Secondary


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0/1 1 Bit

4 Bit 1 Nibble

8 Bit 1 Byte

1 Character 1 Byte 1 Space 1 Byte

1 Enter/Paragraph 2 Byte

Computer Fundamentals

Continue


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1024 Byte 1 Kilo Byte (KB)

1024 KB 1 Mega Byte (MB)

1024 MB 1 Giga Byte (GB) 1024 GB 1 Terabyte (TB)


Continued


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RAM 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB

Hard Disk 2 GB, 10 GB, 20 GB, 40 GB,

80 GB, 160 GB, 320 GB,Floppy 1.44 MB

CD 700 MB

DVD 4.7 GB

Pen Drive 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB



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System Software Operating System

Utility

Disk Cleanup

Disk Defragmenter

Uninstaller

Antivirus

Device Driver

Application Software



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DOS Windows

B/W Screen Color Screen

CUI (Character UserInterface)

GUI (Graphical UserInterface)

Single Tasking Multiple Tasking

Single User Multiple User



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