Fuerte, Jayrone James R. BSMDT-1A 14-3052-975

1. What is DatabaseOften abbreviatedDB,a database is basically a collection of information organized in such a way that a computerprogramcan quicklyselectdesired pieces ofdata. You can think of a database as an electronic filing system.Traditional databases are organized byfields,records, andfiles. A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and telephone number.An alternative concept in database design is known asHypertext. In a Hypertext database, anyobject, whether it be a piece oftext, a picture, or a film, can belinked to any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are not designed for numerical analysis.Toaccessinformation from a database, you need adatabase management system (DBMS). This is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database.(2)Increasingly, the termdatabaseis used as shorthand fordatabase management system.There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from smallsystemsthatrunonpersonal computersto huge systems that run onmainframes.

2. What is Records(1) Indatabase management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed offields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes afile. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields: a name field, an address field, and a phone number field.In relational database management systems, records are calledtuples.(2) Someprogramming languagesallow you to define a specialdata structurecalled a record. Generally, a record is a combination of otherdataobjects. For example, a record might contain threeintegers, afloating-point number, and acharacter string.

3. What is the difference of records and databaseA Database is more an abstract concept for information, it doesn't talk about its structure & how it will be stored or how storage device will be implemented. It is organized. We can think of it as an electronic filing system. While a Record is basic structure/unit of a file (hardware concept) & it deals with the structure of storage (like link list, table or stack). Records are distinguished from arrays by the fact that their number of fields is typically fixed, each field has a name, and that each field may have a different type

4. What are the different types of databases1.0 Relational DatabasesThis is the most common of all the different types of databases. In this, the data in a relational database is stored in various data tables. Each table has a key field which is used to connect it to other tables. Hence all the tables are related to each other through several key fields. These databases are extensively used in various industries and will be the one you are most likely to come across when working in IT.Examples of relational databases are Oracle, Sybase and Microsoft SQL Server and they are often key parts of theprocess of software development. Hence you should ensure you include any work required on the database as part of your project whencreating a project planandestimating project costs.2.0 Operational DatabasesIn its day to day operation, an organisation generates a huge amount of data. Think of things such as inventory management, purchases, transactions and financials. All this data is collected in a database which is often known by several names such as operational/ production database, subject-area database (SADB) or transaction databases.An operational database is usually hugely important to Organisations as they include the customer database, personal database and inventory database ie the details of how much of a product the company has as well as information on the customers who buy them. The data stored in operational databases can be changed and manipulated depending on what the company requires.3.0 Database WarehousesOrganisations are required to keep all relevant data for several years. In the UK it can be as long as 6 years. This data is also an important source of information for analysing and comparing the current year data with that of the past years which also makes it easier to determine key trends taking place. All this data from previous years are stored in a database warehouse. Since the data stored has gone through all kinds of screening, editing and integration it does not need any further editing or alteration.With this database ensure that thesoftware requirements specification (SRS)is formally approved as part of theproject quality plan.4.0 Distributed DatabasesMany organisations have several office locations, manufacturing plants, regional offices, branch offices and a head office at different geographic locations. Each of these work groups may have their own database which together will form the main database of the company. This is known as a distributed database.5.0 End-User DatabasesThere is a variety of data available at the workstation of all the end users of any organisation. Each workstation is like a small database in itself which includes data in spreadsheets, presentations, word files, note pads and downloaded files. All such small databases form a different type of database called the end-user database.6.0 External DatabaseThere is a sea of information available outside world which is required by an organisation. They are privately-owned data for which one can have conditional and limited access for a fortune. This data is meant for commercial usage. All such databases outside the organisation which are of use and limited access are together called external database.7.0 Hypermedia DatabaseMost websites have various interconnected multimedia pages which might include text, video clips, audio clips, photographs and graphics. These all need to be stored and called from somewhere when the webpage if created. All of them together form the hypermedia database.Please note that if you are creating such a database from scratch to be generous when creating a project plan, detailed when defining the business requirements documentation (BRD) and meticulous in your project cost controls. I have seen too many projects where the creation of one of these databases has caused scope creep and an out of control budget for a project.8.0 Navigational DatabaseNavigational database has all the items which are references from other objects. In this, one has to navigate from one reference to other or one object to other. It might be using modern systems like XPath. One of its applications is the air flight management systems.9.0 In-Memory DatabaseAn in-memory databases stores data in a computers main memory instead of using a disk-based storage system. It is faster and more reliable than that in a disk. They find their application in telecommunications network equipments.10.0 Document-Oriented DatabaseA document oriented database is a different type of database which is used in applications which are document oriented. The data is stored in the form of text records instead of being stored in a data table as usually happens.11.0 Real-Time DatabaseA real-time database handles data which constantly keep on changing. An example of this is a stock market database where the value of shares change every minute and need to be updated in the real-time database. This type of database is also used in medical and scientific analysis, banking, accounting, process control, reservation systems etc. Essentially anything which requires access to fast moving and constantly changing information.Assume that this will require much more time than a normal relational database when it comes to the software testing life cycle, as these are much more complicated to efficiently test within normal timeframes.12.0 Analytical DatabaseAn analytical database is used to store information from different types of databases such as selected operational databases and external databases. Other names given to analytical databases are information databases, management databases or multi-dimensional databases. The data stored in an analytical database is used by the management for analysis purposes, hence the name. The data in an analytical database cannot be changed or manipulated.5. What are the different database

Hierarchical DBMSA DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships among data in the database are established in such a way that one data item is present as the subordinate of another one or a sub unit. Here subordinate means that items have "parent-child" relationships among them. Direct relationships exist between any two records that are stored consecutively. The data structure "tree" is followed by the DBMS to structure the database. No backward movement is possible/allowed in the hierarchical database.The hierarchical data model was developed by IBM in 1968 and introduced in information management systems. This model is like a structure of a tree with the records forming the nodes. It is also known as h-dbms. Network DBMSA DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if the relationships among data in the database are of type many-to-many. The relationships among many-to-many appears in the form of a network. Thus the structure of a network database is extremely complicated because of these many-to-many relationships in which one record can be used as a key of the entire database. A network database is structured in the form of a graph that is also a data structure. Though the structure of such a DBMS is highly complicated however it has two basic elements i.e. records and sets to designate many-to-many relationships. Mainly high-level languages such as Pascal, C++, COBOL and FORTRAN etc. were used to implement the records and set structures. Relational DBMSA DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or RDBMS if the database relationships are treated in the form of a table. There are three keys on relational DBMS: relation, domain and attributes. A network means it contains a fundamental constructs sets or records sets contains one to many relationship, records contains fields statical table that is composed of rows and columns is used to organize the database and its structure and is actually a two dimension array in the computer memory. A number of RDBMSs are available, some popular examples are Oracle, Sybase, Ingress, Informix, Microsoft SQL Server, and Microsoft Access. hierarchical Object-oriented DBMSAble to handle many new data types, including graphics, photographs, audio, and video, object-oriented databases represent a significant advance over their other database cousins. Hierarchical and network databases are all designed to handle structured data; that is, data that fits nicely into fields, rows, and columns. They are useful for handling small snippets of information such as names, addresses, zip codes, product numbers, and any kind of statistic or number you can think of. On the other hand, an object-oriented database can be used to store data from a variety of media sources, such as photographs and text, and produce work, as output, in a multimedia format.Object-oriented databases use small, reusable chunks of software called objects. The objects themselves are stored in the object-oriented database. Each object consists of two elements: 1) a piece of data (e.g., sound, video, text, or graphics), and 2) the instructions, or software programs called methods, for what to do with the data. Part two of this definition requires a little more explanation. The instructions contained within the object are used to do something with the data in the object. For example, test scores would be within the object as would the instructions for calculating average test score.Object-oriented databases have two disadvantages. First, they are more costly to develop. Second, most organizations are reluctant to abandon or convert from those databases that they have already invested money in developing and implementing. However, the benefits to object-oriented databases are compelling. The ability to mix and match reusable objects provides incredible multimedia capability. Healthcare organizations, for example, can store, track, and recall CAT scans, X-rays, electrocardiograms and many other forms of crucial data.