Comprehensive Science 1

Final Test Study Guide

Unit 2

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landforms

Lesson 1: Weathering

The break down of a rock material by physical and chemical processes is called weathering.

Physical weathering is the process where a rock is broken down into smaller pieces.

Chemical weathering is the breakdown of a rock by chemical reactions.

Lesson 1: Weathering

Agents of Physical

Weathering

Temperature (ice

wedging)

Pressure (exfoliation)

Plant and Animals

Water (abrasion)

Wind (abrasion)

Gravity (abrasion)

Lesson 1: Weathering

Chemical Weathering

Oxidation(rust)

Acid in ground water

(caves)

Acid in living things

(lichens)

Acid Precipitations

Lesson 2:Erosion and Deposition by Water

How does flowing water change Earth’s surface?

Erosion process by which sediments and other materials are moved from place to another.

Deposition process by which eroded material is dropped.

*A stream gradient, discharge, and load are the three main factors that controls what sediments a stream can carry.

Lesson 2:Erosion and Deposition by Water

Landforms caused by streams

Canyons and Valleys by Erosion

Floodplains by Deposition

* Floodplain are often very fertile because of the sediments that often contains nutrients.

Delta and Alluvial Fans by Deposition

Landforms caused by Ocean water

Costal landforms /Shortline / Beach are made by erosion and deposition product of waves and currents.

Lesson 3:Erosion and Deposition by Wind, Ice and Gravity

How can wind shape Earth?

Dunes-wind deposited sand.

Loess-thick deposits of windblown, fine grained sediments.

Desert Pavement- the result of the removal of fine sediment by wind. This process is call deflation.

Abraded Rock- grinding and wearing down of rock surfaces by other rock or sand(abrasion).

Lesson 3:Erosion and Deposition by Wind, Ice and GravityHow can ice shape Earth?

Glacier-large mass of moving ice that forms by the compacting of snow by natural forces.

Glacier drift- material carried and deposited by a glacier.

Alpine glaciers-glacier that form in the mountainous area. They flow down the sides of the mountains and create rugged landscapes creating a U-shaped valley.

Continental Glaciers- thick sheets of ice spread over large areas. They erode and remove features that existed before the ice appeared.

Lesson 3:Erosion and Deposition by Wind, Ice and GravityHow can gravity shape Earth?

Rockfall-loose rocks fall down a steep slope.

Landslide-rapid mass movement of material downslope.

Mudflow-rapid movement of a large mass of mud.

Creep-extreme slow movement of material downslope.

Lesson 4:Landforms of Florida

Florida does not have mountains.

Mountains are important sources of sediments.

Sediments from the Appalachian Mountains is continually being transported to areas including Florida.

Glaciers can be found near the Earth poles. When the ice sheet began to melt, the sea level goes up altering Florida’s shape and size.

Florida has rivers and approximately 30,000 lakes many of them are sinkhole lakes.

Unit 4: Energy, Motion, and Forces

Lesson 1: Kinetic and Potential Energy Energy is the ability to cause Change.

Potential Energy=store energy due to its position

Kinetic Energy=energy of motion

Mechanical Energy= Potential Energy +Kinetic Energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed.

The more mass or speed an object has, the more kinetic energy it has.

Gravitational potential energy is caused by the pull of Earth’s gravity.

All objects above the ground have gravitational potential energy

Objects can have both kinetic and potential energy at the same time

Lesson 2: Motion and Speed Motion is a change in position over time.

Distance can be measured as a straight line between two positions.

The standard unit of length for distance is the meter (m).

Speed is a measure of how far something moves in a given amount of time.

Equation speed = distance/time

s = d/t

Speed measures how quickly or slowly an object changes its position.

Average speed describes the speed over a stretch of time rather than at any exact moment in time.

Speed can be calculated by dividing the distance an object travels by the time it takes to cover the distance.

Velocity is a speed in a given direction. Velocity is a vector.

Vector=quantity that has both size and direction. A vector is represented by and arrow.

Lesson 3: Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. An object accelerates if its speed, direction, or both change. Average acceleration = (final velocity – starting velocity)/time

a = (v2 – v1)/t

Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared (m/s2). Acceleration refers to both increases and decreases in speed. A

change in direction is also acceleration. An increase in velocity is called positive acceleration. A decrease in velocity is called negative acceleration. An object traveling in a circular motion is always changing its

direction, and so it always experiences acceleration. Centripetal acceleration is acceleration in a circular motion.

Lesson 4: Forces Force is a pull or a push.

Newton's Law of Motion

First law:

An object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.

Second law:

The sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration vector a of the object: F = ma.

Third law:

When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.

Examples: an object on a table. When one object is motionless all the forces acting over it are balance, that means that all forces have the same strength.

Contact forces are forces that are exerted by contacting of two surfaces. Example force of friction.

Non-contact forces are forces that do not require any physical connection between the two objects involved. Non-contact forces can also be represented in vector fields. Gravitational force, magnetic force, electric forces are some examples for non-contact forces.

Lesson 5: Gravity and Motion

Gravity= force of attraction between two objects due to theirs mass.

The Law of Gravitational Force relates gravitational force, mass, and distance. Its states that all objects attract each other through gravitational force.

Gravitational force weakens as the distance between two masses increase.

Gravitational force is stronger when one ore more objects are more massive.

Unit 5: The Cell

Lesson 1: The Characteristics of the Cell A cell is the smallest functional and structural unit of all living organisms.

An organism is any living thing that carries out its own life processes.

The cell theory lists three basic characteristics of all cells and organisms.

All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

The cell is the basic unit of all organisms.

All cells come from existing cells

Organisms made up of just one cell are called unicellular organisms.

Organisms made up of more than one cell are called multicellular organisms.

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that contain DNA in a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and ribosomes.

Animals, plants, protists, and fungi are eukaryotes.

Lesson 2:Chemistry of life All cells (and all matter) are made up of atoms and molecules.

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance.

The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element is called an atom.

Organisms use nutrients for energy and as building materials.

What are some important molecules in cells?

A lipid is a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties. Lipids store energy in cells.

Carbohydrates are molecules that include sugars, starches, and fiber. Cells use carbohydrates for energy and energy storage.

Nucleic acids are molecules that carry information in cells. DNA is a nucleic acid that carries information that cells need to make other molecules

What are phospholipids?

Lesson 2:Chemistry of life

• A lipid that contains phosphorus is called a phospholipid.

• The head of a phospholipid is attracted to water. The tail repels water.

• A double-layer cell membrane, made of phospholipids, regulates molecules entering and leaving a cell.

Why is water important?

• Water moves through a cell membrane by osmosis.

• Water moves into and out of a cell, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

• Too little water causes cells to shrink.

• Too much water causes cells to burst.

Lesson 3: Cell Structure and Function

Lesson 4:Levels of Cellular Organization

Lesson 5:Homeostasis and Cell ProcessesCells and whole organisms must work to maintain homeostasis in a constantly changing environment.

Cell processes to maintain homeostasis:

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Cell Division

Exchange of Material

Lesson 5:Homeostasis and Cell Processes• Plants, algae, and some bacteria make their own food from the

sun by photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and water are converted to sugar and oxygen in the chloroplasts.

• Plants and animals use oxygen during cellular respiration to produce energy from food. Sugars and oxygen are converted to water, carbon dioxide, and energy during respiration.

• Photosynthesis and respiration are linked because each one depends on the products of the other.

• Mitosis is cell division that forms two new nuclei that are identical to each other.

• Cell membranes are semipermeable, allowing only certain particles to move into or out of the cell.

• The movement of materials across a cell membrane without the use of energy is called passive transport.

• Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations.

• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

• The movement of materials across a cell membrane using energy is called active transport.

• Exocytosis is a process in which particles are enclosed in a vesicle in a cell and released from the cell.

• Endocytosis is a process in which cells use energy to surround and enclose a particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell.

Lesson 5:Homeostasis and Cell Processes

Lesson 6: Classification of Living Things Scientists classify living things based on characteristics that living

things share.

Taxonomy is the science of describing, classifying, and naming living things.

Physical and chemical characteristics can indicate that two organisms are similar or related.

Scientists also study how organisms develop from an egg to an adult to determine if organisms are related.

Scientists use genetic material to look for mutations and genetic similarities.

Carolus Linnaeus simplified classification with a two-part scientific name.

Scientists use an eight-level classification system.

Lesson 6: Classification of Living Things

Lesson 6: Classification of Living Things A domain represents the largest differences among organisms in classification. The three

domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

• Domain Bacteria is made up of prokaryotes that typically have a cell wall and reproduce by cell division.

• Domain Archaea is made up of prokaryotes that differ from bacteria in their genetics and in the makeup of their cell walls.

• Domain Eukarya is made up of all eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

• Plants, animals, protists, and fungi in the Domain Eukarya can be single-celled or multicellular.

Kingdoms

• Kingdom Animalia contains multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, are typically able to move around, and have specialized sense organs.

• Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular organisms that have cell walls, cannot move around, and make their own food.

• Kingdom Protista are single-celled or simple multicellular organisms such as algae, protozoans, and slime molds.

• Kingdom Fungi are single-celled or multicellular organisms that get energy by absorbing materials and have cells with cell walls but no chloroplasts.

A genus includes similar species.

A species is a group of organisms that are very closely related. Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Lesson 6: Classification of Living Things

Branching diagrams are often used in classification.

• A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows relationships among species.

A Dichotomous Key is a method for determining the identity of something (like the name of a butterfly, a plant, a lichen, or a rock) by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the item. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".

Unit 7: Human Body Systems

Unit 8: Immunity, Disease, and Disorders

Lesson 1: Immune System

The Immune System it defends you against pathogens such as parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses.

The skin provides external protection (defences) against pathogens that may enter the body. Hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands can help protect the body.

Internal Defences

• A macrophage is a white blood cell that destroys pathogens by engulfing and digesting them. Macrophages help start the immune response to antigens. An antigen is a substance that stimulates a response by the immune system. An antibody is a specialized protein that binds to a specific antigen to tag it for destruction.

• T cells can coordinate the body’s immune response and attack infected cells. Helper T cells activate killer T cells, which attack infected body cells.

• B cells, once activated by helper T cells, make antibodies that attach to specific antigens.

Immunity is the ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease. Immunity can be passed from mother to fetus, from being infected with a disease, or from being vaccinated.

A vaccination is a substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to produce immunity.

An immune system response to a harmless or common substance is called an allergy.

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells divide at an uncontrollable rate. The immune system may not be able to stop the cells from growing.

An immune deficiency disorder occurs when the immune system fails to develop properly or becomes weakened.

An autoimmune disease is a disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells

Lesson 1 The Immune System

Lesson 2: Infectious Disease