comprehensive review of mcs capacity in the esa-io … · rfmo agreed actions, in the esa-io...

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MCSCAPACITY IN THE ESA-IO REGION

January 2012

REPORT/RAPPORT : SF/2012/14

EuropeanUnion

Funded by

Photo Per Eric Bergh

Implementation of a Regional Fisheries Stategy For The Eastern-Southern Africa And Indian Ocean Region

10th European Development FundAgreement No: RSO/FED/2009/021-330

“This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and can in no way be taken to the views of the European Union.”

Implementation of a Regional Fisheries StrategyFor The Eastern-Southern Africa and India Ocean Region

Programme pour la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie de pêche pour laregion Afrique orientale-australe et Océan indien

Comprehensive Review of MCS Capacity in the ESA-IO Region

SF/2012/14

This report has been prepared with the technical assistance ofLe présent rapport a été réalisé par l'assistance technique de

January 2012

EuropeanUnion

Funded by

Per Erik Bergh

Table of contents

I. Table of contents

I. Table of contents............................................................................................ 3II. List of tables - from Annexes.......................................................................... 5III. Listoffigures.................................................................................................. 5IV. List of acronyms............................................................................................. 60 Executivesummary......................................................................................... 101 RésuméExécutif............................................................................................. 122 Introduction................................................................................................... 14

2.1 IUUfishingandMCSintheESA-IOregion................................................................ 142.2 ESA-IOregion,SmartFishandMCS........................................................................... 152.3 Thereviewapproachandmethodology.................................................................... 16

3 Comoros........................................................................................................ 173.1 Fisheryoverview........................................................................................................ 173.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking..................................................................................... 173.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis......................................................................................... 18

4 Kenya............................................................................................................. 214.1 Fisheryoverview........................................................................................................ 214.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking..................................................................................... 214.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis......................................................................................... 22

5 Madagascar.................................................................................................... 265.1 Fisheryoverview........................................................................................................ 265.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking..................................................................................... 265.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis......................................................................................... 27

6 Mauritius....................................................................................................... 316.1 Fisheryoverview......................................................................................................... 316.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking..................................................................................... 316.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis......................................................................................... 32

7 Seychelles....................................................................................................... 367.1 Fisheryoverview........................................................................................................ 367.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking..................................................................................... 367.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis........................................................................................ 37

8 Somalia.......................................................................................................... 418.1 Fisheryoverview........................................................................................................ 418.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking..................................................................................... 418.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis......................................................................................... 42

9 TheUnitedRepublicofTanzania..................................................................... 449.1 Fisheryoverview........................................................................................................ 449.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking..................................................................................... 449.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis......................................................................................... 45

10 ProposedactionstoaddressidentifiedgapsinMCScapacity......................... 5010.1 Proposedactionsbycountrytoassistcountriesinovercoming MCSinstitutionalcapacitygaps................................................................................. 5010.2 Proposedactionsbycountrytoassistcountriesinovercoming MCShumancapacitygaps......................................................................................... 5610.3 Proposedactionsbycountrytoassistcountriesinovercoming MCSequipmentgaps................................................................................................ 58

11 Riskassessmentofcompliancelevels............................................................. 5911.1 Riskassessmentbycountryandfishery...................................................................... 59

11.2 Summaryofriskassessment...................................................................................... 6212 Regionalaspects............................................................................................. 64

12.1 Regionalcooperation................................................................................................. 6412.2 PotentialregionalpartnersfortheSmartFishprogramme......................................... 65

12.2.1 The Indian Ocean Commission (IOC)............................................................. 6512.2.2 The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Agency.................. 6512.2.3 The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)................................................... 6612.2.4 The Southern African Development Community (SADC)............................... 6612.2.5 Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO)................................................... 6612.2.6 Lake Tanganyika Authority (LTA)................................................................... 66

13 Recommendationsandroadmap.................................................................... 6713.1 MCShumancapacity.................................................................................................. 6813.2 Standardoperatingprocedures/improvedMCSsystems.......................................... 6913.3 MCSintelligenceandstrategicplanning.................................................................... 7013.4 Riskassessment......................................................................................................... 7113.5 MCSCo-managementsystems................................................................................... 7213.6 RegionalMCScooperation......................................................................................... 7313.7 MCSawarenesscampaigns........................................................................................ 7513.8 EquipmentforMCS.................................................................................................... 76

14 Annex1:Termsofreference........................................................................... 7815 Annex2:Peopleconsulted............................................................................. 8416 Annex3:Countryprofiles.............................................................................. 86

16.1 Comoros.................................................................................................................... 8616.2 Kenya......................................................................................................................... 8916.3 Madagascar................................................................................................................ 9316.4 Mauritius................................................................................................................... 9716.5 Seychelles.................................................................................................................. 10316.6 Somalia...................................................................................................................... 10816.7 TheUnitedRepublicofTanzania................................................................................ 111

17 Annex4:RegionalframeworkfortheSmartFishproject................................ 11618 Annex5:Workschedule................................................................................. 118

II. List of tables - from Annexes

Table1:FisheriesinComoros–summarydata....................................................... 86Table2:FisheriesintheComoros........................................................................... 87Table3:FisheriesinKenya–summarydata............................................................ 89Table4:FisheriesinKenya...................................................................................... 90Table5:MCSstaffKenyaJuly2011......................................................................... 92Table6:FisheriesinMadagascar–summarydata.................................................... 93Table7:FisheriesinMadagascar............................................................................. 94Table8:MCSdatacollectionandsharingMadagascar............................................ 95Table9:MCSoperationsintheshrimpandtunafisheriesofMadagascar............... 95Table10:MCSHRsupervisionandtrainingMadagascar........................................ 96Table11:MCSinstitutionalcapacityMadagascar.................................................... 96Table12:FisheriesinMauritius–summarydata...................................................... 97Table13:FisheriesinMauritius............................................................................... 98Table14:MCSdatacollectionandsharingMauritius............................................. 101Table15:MCSstaffMauritius2010........................................................................ 102Table17:FisheriesinSeychelles–summarydata.................................................... 103Table18:Fisherydata2010Seychelles.................................................................... 104Table19:MCSdatacollectionandsharingSeychelles............................................. 106Table20:MCSoperationsSeychelles....................................................................... 107Table21:MCSstaffSeychellesJuly2011............................................................... 107Table22:MCScareerdataSeychelles...................................................................... 107Table23:MCSHRsupervisionandtrainingSeychelles............................................ 107Table24:MCSinstitutionalcapacitySeychelles...................................................... 108Table25:FisheriesinSomalia–summarydata....................................................... 108Table26:FisheriesinSomaliland,2004.................................................................. 109Table27:MCS–coastguardsoperatingfromSomalia............................................ 111Table28:FisheriesinTanzania–summarydata...................................................... 111Table29:MCSdatacollectionandsharingTanzania.............................................. 114Table30:MCSoperationsTanzania........................................................................ 114Table31:MCSstaffTanzaniaJuly2011.................................................................. 114Table32:MCScareerdataTanzania........................................................................ 115Table33:MCSHRsupervisionandtrainingTanzania.............................................. 115Table34:MCSinstitutionalcapacityTanzania......................................................... 115Table35:RegionalcollaborationframeworkfortheSmartFishproject................... 116

SmartFish Programme Report SF/2012/146

IV. List of acronyms

Acronym Full nameACP Africa, Caribbean and PacificAIS Automatic Identification SystemALB AlbacoreAU African UnionBCC Benguela Current CommissionBMU Beach Management UnitCAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development ProgrammeCBP Capacity Building PlanCCAMLR Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living ResourcesCECAF Committee for the Eastern Central AtlanticCG Coast GuardCLS Collecte Localisation Satellities (France)CNA Capacity Needs AssessmentCOI Indian Ocean Commission (French)COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern AfricaCPCs Contracting Parties and Cooperating Non-Contracting Parties(IOTC)CSP Centre for Surveillance of Fisheries (Madagascar)DFID UK Department For International DevelopmentDFRP Directorate of Fisheries Resource Protection (Tanzania)DSFA Deep Sea Fishing Authority (Zanzibar, Tanzania)DWFN Distant Water Fishing NationEAC East African CommunityEC European CommissionEDF European Development FundEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneESA-IO Eastern South Africa – Indian OceanEU European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFINSS Fisheries Information and Statistical System (IOTC)FMC Fisheries Monitoring Centre FPA Fisheries Partnership AgreementGDP Gross Domestic ProductHACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control PointHP Horse PowerHRS HoursICCAT International Convention on the Conservation of Atlantic TunaIGAD The Intergovernmental Authority on DevelopmentINRAPE l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, la Pêche et l’Environnement (Comoros)IO Indian Ocean

SmartFish Programme Report SF/2012/14 7

IOC Indian Ocean CommissionIOC- PRSP IndianOcean Commission - Plan Régionale du surveillance de PècheIOC-EA Indian Ocean Commission – Eastern AfricaIOR Indian Ocean RegionIOTC Indian Ocean Tuna CommissionIOTC-OFCF Indian Ocean Tuna Commission - Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation of Japan.IPOA-IUU International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing (FAO)IRCS International Registered Call SignIRFS Integrated Regional Fisheries StrategyIUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (fishing)Km KilometreLME Large Marine EcosystemLTA Lake Tanganyika AuthorityLTFO Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Organization LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries OrganizationMCS Monitoring, Control and SurveillanceMOFD Ministry of Fisheries Development (Kenya)MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Marine Protected AreaMPA Mauritius Ports AuthorityMT Metric TonNCG National Coast GuardNEPAD The New Partnership for Africa's DevelopmentNFA National Fisheries AdministrationNFDS Nordenfjeldske Development Services ASNGO Non-Government OrganizationNPOA National Plan Of ActionNPOA-IUU National Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing (FAO)PMU Project Management UnitPSCU Port State Control UnitPSM Port State MeasuresPSMA Agreement on Port State Measures (FAO)PSMR IOTC Resolution 10/11 on Port State MeasuresPV Patrol VesselRAO Regional Authorizing OfficerRBO Regional BodiesREC Regional Economic CommunityRFMO Regional Fisheries Management OrganizationROP Regional Observer ProgrammeSADC Southern African Development CommunitySASSI Southern African Sustainable Seafood Initiative


SFA Seychelles Fishing AuthoritySIF Stop Illegal Fishing SIOFA South Indian Ocean Fisheries AgreementSODEPEC Statuts de la société de développement des pêches aux ComoresSOP Standing Operating ProcedureSWIOFC South West Indian Ocean Fisheries CommissionSWIOFP South West Indian Ocean Fisheries ProjectTAC Total Allowable CatchToR Terms of ReferenceUK United KingdomUN United NationsUNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaUNFSA United Nations Fish Stock Agreement (FAO)USD United States DollarVMS Vessel Monitoring System

Photo: Artisanaldow fishing outside Kalifi in Kenya (Photo P E Bergh)


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report has been prepared with the support of the European Union under the SmartFish programme in order to conduct a comprehensive review of the capacity to implement effective MCS on a national and regional level including RFMO agreed actions, in the ESA-IO region. It intends to determine areas to be updated, harmonized, and to identify barriers to implementation of effective MCS. The lead consultant for this study was Per Erik Bergh. Gratitude is given to the governments of Madagascar, the Seychelles and Tanzania for their cooperation and willingness to share information. Thanks are also given to the staff of NFDS Africa, Sandy Davies, Antonia Hjort, Mercy Mangena, Sinead Sheridan and Mark Ssemakula for their support and assistance.


EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is a severe global problem and one of the main obstructions to the achievement of sustainable fisheries that results in loss of revenue, jobs and livelihoods. The countries of the Southern and Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean Region (ESA-IO) are particularly hampered with IUU fishing and one of the limiting factors in overcoming IUU fishing is lack of adequate human and institutional capacity and equipment in the area of monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS).

The problem of IUU fishing has been acknowledged in various policy commitments that are in force in the region with pledges made to fight it. The SmartFish programme is an initiative set up to promote regional integration through practical implementation of sound fisheries initiatives. It has a strong component on MCS and within this area has undertaken this comprehensive review of the capacity required to implement effective MCS at a national and regional level in order to provide recommendations for how the SmartFish programme can assist in filling these gaps in MCS capacity.

The review focused on seven countries (Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius the Seychelles, Somalia and the United Republic of Tanzania) in order to analysis and benchmark the MCS capacity and to identify gaps - these countries were considered representative of the region in terms of fisheries systems and capacity levels (Chapters 2 to 8). The picture that emerged showed that by country Seychelles and Mauritius had the strongest capacity for MCS in the region, with Kenya, Madagascar, and the United Republic of Tanzania having partial to weak capacity and the Comoros and Somalia having the weakest capacity.

From the gap analysis proposed actions were suggested and compiled across all countries in order to meet the capacity gaps (Chapter 9), this contains 38 possible actions that are sorted into institutional and human capacity and equipment related actions. This table was presented at a regional validation workshop in late 2011, with representatives of all the seven countries, in order for countries to validate the findings and cross check them with other SmartFish and regional work being undertaken.

Following the workshop an indicative assessment of the current level of MCS compliance to regulations was made by each fishery for each country (Chapter 10) with the intention to assess if there were any key areas for focus in capacity building actions.The assessment indicated that from a combined perspective:

• the coastal and inland artisanal fisheries were in general more likely to be non-compliant when access or gear restrictions were in place, however in many these rules and regulations do not exist. This was generally associated to widely spread fisheries, and weak community engagement in the MCS of the fishery, which is a practical requirement when central government has limited means to oversee the highly dispersed fisheries;

• the coastal semi-industrial and industrial shrimp and mixed fisheries, that are usually locally fished in boats that come back to port or landing sites in the main towns of each country, appear to be the most compliant fisheries. In most cases these fisheries are better controlled and MCS staff are more familiar with the fishers, and fisheries, often monitoring landings, logbooks and placing observers on vessels;

• finally the industrial off shore tuna fisheries were generally more likely to be non-compliant as countries had limited capacity to oversee the fishers, to monitor the catches or to inspect the vessels and the requirement for strong regional and international cooperation and intelligence sharing are required.

Following the risk assessment, a review of regional initiatives and aspects is provided (Chapter 11) to provide insight into the partners and activities taking place in the region. It is recommended to work closely with some key partners (e.g. IOTC, SWIOFP, NEPAD Agency/PAF/SIF and ACP Fish II) to ensure that results are maximised and sustainable.


A roadmap is proposed for implementing these actions (Chapter 12) with priority actions indicated. All activities proposed are in support of the vision of the programme ‘to implement the regional fisheries strategy for the ESA-IO Region’ but the focus is on the MCS capacity needs identified and verified throughout this analysis across the three main types of fishery reviewed. The roadmap is separated into eight groups for implementation that are all considered vital:

• MCS human capacity- all fishery types and countries

• Standard operating procedures / improved MCS systems - all fishery types and countries

• MCS intelligence and strategic planning - priority in off-shore fisheries where regional/international cooperation is required

• Risk assessment - all fisheries and countries

• MCS Co-management systems - artisanal inland and coastal

• Regional MCS cooperation - priority in the semi-industrial and industrial but also important for lesson learning in artisanal

• MCS awareness campaigns - all fishery types and countries across a broad range of players

• Equipment for MCS - all fishery types and countries

Photo: Tuna longliner in port in Port Louis, Mauritius (Photo P E Bergh)


RÉSUMÉEXÉCUTIF

La pêche Illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (pêche INN) est un problème mondial majeuret l’un des principaux obstacles à la réalisation d’unepêche durable, occasionnant une perte de revenus, d’emplois et de moyens de subsistance. Les pays de l’Afrique Australe et Orientale et la région de l’Océan Indien (AAO-OI) sont particulièrement affectés par la pêche INN et l’un des obstacles majeurs pour surmonter la pêche INN est le manque de capacités humaines et institutionnelles et d’équipements adéquatsdans le domaine du suivi, contrôle et surveillance (SCS).

Le problème de la pêche INN a été reconnu à travers différents engagements stratégiques déjà en vigueur dans la régionet des engagements pris pour la combattre. Le Programme SmartFish est destinée à promouvoir l’intégration régionale par le biais d’initiatives visant a promouvoir la peche responsable. Le Programme met l’accent sur le SCS et c’est dans ce cadre qu’un examen approfondi des capacités nécessaires à la mise en œuvre un SCS efficace au niveau national et régionale été entre pris afin de guider les actions futures du Programme visant à combler les lacunes identifiées en matière de SCS.

L’examen s’est concentré sur sept pays (Comores, Kenya, Madagascar, Maurice, Seychelles, Somalie etTanzanie) - ces pays étant considérés comme représentatifs de la région en termes de systèmes de pêche et de potentiels (chapitres 2 à 8). L’analyse est jugée apte à servir de référence en matière de demoyens existants et de lacunes identifiées.L’image qui émerge a montré que, par pays, les Seychelles et Maurice avaient la plus forte capacité SCS de la région ; le Kenya, Madagascar, et la Tanzanie ayant une note variant de partiel à faible ; tandis que les Comores et la Somalie disposait d’un moindre potentiel.

Apres l’analyse comparative des lacunes, des mesures ont été suggérées et compilées pour chaque les pays afin de les aider à combler leurs lacune sen matière de capacités SCS (chapitre 9). Le rapport contient 38 actions possibles qui sontre groupées en termes de capacités institutionnelles et humaines et d’équipement. Ce tableau a été présenté lors d’un atelier régional de validation organisé fin 2011, avec des représentants dessept pays, afinque les ceux-ci puissent valider les résultats et les analyser en relation avec le support attendu de SmartFish et d’autres support attendu ou en cours.

Suite à l’atelier chaque pays a soumis par pêcheries une évaluation indicative du niveau actuel de conformité à la réglementation SCS (Chapitre 10) avec l’intention d’identifier les domaines clés sur lesquels se concentrer pour un meilleur renforcement des capacités. L’évaluation a démontré que globalement:

• les pêcheries artisanales côtières et continentales étaient en général plus susceptibles d’être non-conforme. Ceci même quand des restrictions concernant l’accèsoules engins de pêches sont en place, mais dans la majorité des casces réglementations n’existent même pas. Cette situation es tgénéralement associée à la taille des zones de pêche concernées, et un engagement communautaire trop faible pour le SCS - exigence fondamentale lorsque le gouvernement central dispose de moyens limités pour surveiller des pêcheries trop dispersées;

• les pêcheries côtière semi-industrielle et industrielle de crevettes et les pêcheries mixtes, qui sont généralement exploitées par des bateaux qui opèrent à partir des principaux ports de chaque pays, semblent être les pêcheries les plus conformes aux règlementations. Dans la plupart des cas, ces pêcheries sont mieux contrôlées et le personnel SCS est plus familier avec les pêcheurs et armateurs. Ce qui permetun suivi régulier des sorties en mer, des journaux de bord et l’embarquement d’observateurs sur les navires;

• En dernier lieu, les pêcheries de thon (industrielle, hors lagon) sont généralement plus susceptibles d’être non-conforme car les pays ne disposent que d’unecapacitélimitée de surveillance des pêches pour superviser les captures ou inspecter les navires. Une coopération régionale et internationale accrue ainsi que le partage d’informations ont primordiales.


Sur la base d’uneévaluation des risques, unexamen des initiatives régionales et des problèmes abordés est fourni (Chapitre 11) pour donner un aperçu des partenaires impliqués et des activités qui se déroulentdans la région. Il est recommandéaux partenaires clés (par exemple CTOI,SWIOFP, NEPAD / PAF / SIF et leprojet ACP Fish II) de travailler en étroite collaboration afin de sassurer que les résultats soient maximisés et durables.

Une feuille de route est proposée pour la mise en œuvre de ces actions (Chapitre 12) qui souligne les actions prioritaires. Toutes les activités proposées visent au succès de la vision du Programme SmartFish «à mettre en œuvre une stratégie régionale des pêches pour le région AAO-OI», maisl’accent est missur les besoins nécessaires pour atteindre une pleine capacité SCS comme identifiés et vérifiés par cette étude à travers la revue des trois principaux types de pêcheries. La feuille de route estprésentée en huit catégories pour la mise en œuvre de projets qui sont tous considérés comme essentiels:

• SCS capital humain- tous types de pêche et tous pays

• Procédures d’exploitation normaliséeset amélioration des systèmes SCS - tous types de pêche et tous pays

• Banque de donnéesSCS et planificationstratégique - priorité pour la pêche off-shore où la coopération régionale / internationale est nécessaire

• Évaluation des risques- toutes pêcheries et tous pays

• Cogestion des systèmes SCS – en eaux douces et côtières

• Coopération régionale SCS - priorité dans la zone semi-industrielle et industrielle, mais aussi importante pour tirer des leçons pour la zone artisanale

• Campagnes de sensibilisation SCS - tous types de pêche et tous pays pour un large éventail de parties prenantes

• Equipement pour SCS - tous types de pêcheettous pays.


2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 IUUfishingandMCSintheESA-IOregion

Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is a severe global problem and one of the main obstructions to the achievement of sustainable fisheries. Estimated with a financial value in the range of USD 10 to 20 billion per year , IUU fishing represents a major loss of revenue, jobs and livelihood in developing countries where dependency on fisheries is high. The countries of the Southern and Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean Region (ESA-IO) are particularly hampered with IUU fishing due to limited resources to enforce fisheries management measures, frail governance systems, limited human and institutional capacity and limited regional cooperation in addition to the complex geographical context of remote large lakes and large exclusive economic zones (EEZ).

This plague to the sustainable management of the ESA-IOC regions’ fishery resources has been acknowledged in various policy commitments that are in force in the region2 and pledges have been made to fight it. The rationale for the need to mitigate IUU fishing is based on,inter alia, the following facts:

• IUU fishing results in less fish to catch for the legal fishers• Illegal activities may also have less regard for the environment/habitats/bycatch/level of discards than the legal

activities, as they tend to operate under less scrutiny• These negative impacts, will in turn affect legal operations by damaging the underlying stocks and creating a biased

competitive environment • The global increase in demand for fish and fish products3 provides an incentive to increase the supply through

illegal activities• Since the illegal catch constitutes ‘uncontrolled’ overexploitation of fish it may be pushing the prices upwards due

to damage to stocks

Ultimately, diminishing supply, increasing demand, and increasing fuel costs because of having to go further to catch the fish all contribute to the negative spiral of increase in price and thus increasing incentives for IUU activities. Overcoming IUU4 fishing is therefore a key objective in the ESA-IO region and although the three components of IUU have somewhat different causes and may require slightly different solutions, in general, they all require establishing or strengthening the fisheries governance system in a way that provides incentives for compliance and improving fisheries monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS).

MCS is all about ensuring compliance to fishery management measures, with the core objective being to contribute towards good fishery management through ensuring that the required information is available to set the appropriate controls, and that these are monitored and complied with. In order to meet the objective of compliance to fishery management measures and have strong MCS systems to stop IUU fishing, there is a wide combination of options available. These include a range of components of hardware in varying degrees of sophistication, various capacity in human and institutional resources, a range of approaches to implementation ranging from military type enforcement to community driven compliance programmes and then finally to more choices of how to manage the MCS system and organisation.

1

1 MRAG 2005. Synthesis Report - Review of impacts of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on developing Countries. London: MRAG.2 E.g. the SADC Statement of Commitment 2008 and the IOC Statement of IUU Fishing in 2007.3 Theglobalconsumptionoffishhashitarecordhigh,reachinganaverageof17kgperperson,(UNSOFIAreport2010).

Introduction


2.2 ESA-IOregion,SmartFishandMCS

In March 2011, the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) initiated the implementation of the first phase of the SmartFish programme, which will run until September 2013. SmartFish has financing of 21 million euro provided by the European Union (EU) and includes the beneficiary countries of: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, DRC, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Mozambique, South Africa and France through the island of La Réunion are also participating although they are not beneficiary countries. The programme is implemented by the IOC in collaboration with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The programme aims to promote regional integration through practical implementation of sound fisheries initiatives, based on the principles of the IOC and EU fisheries and development policies, with the desired “end state” of the implementation of the programme being an integrated regional fisheries strategy (IRFS).

The desired “end state” of the implementation of the IRFS is a bold expectation that will require nothing less than a fully integrated and harmonised regional MCS system. This proposes a range of challenges to the region, as despite considerable development and implementation of MCS in the last few years in a number of countries and fisheries within the ESA-IO region, the success of these varies hugely in terms of scale, capacity and regional impact. Support from the EU, SADC and others have also strengthened the MCS capacity in several counties, including at the regional level. Unfortunately, these programmes have fallen short in fully sharing regional resources and implementing a truly regional MCS programme. In addition ‘capacity’ has often been viewed as ‘hardware’, while the human and institutional capacity required to identify the problem and implement the solution have regularly been overlooked. For that reason this review undertakes to investigate the human and institutional capacity required to arrive at the sought after and envisioned “end state” of an MCS system that will address IUU fishing in a comprehensive manner by;

• firstly, implementing harmonized system of fisheries data collection and dissemination on a national and regional level for transboundary stocks and especially where it concerns the collection of fisheries data to be submitted to Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs)

• secondly, it will require a system of data sharing on a regional level of relevant MCS data that can be used by a Regional MCS data and operational centre

• thirdly, the enhancement of human resources in the ESA-IO region to a dedicated fully trained, professional fisheries inspectorate

• fourthly, the development of a national and regional response to IUU fishing through, inter alia joint patrols operations at sea

2

4 IUUfishingcanbebroadlydefinedas:Illegalfishing:‘withoutpermission’and‘incontraventionoflawsandregulations’,Unreported(ormisreported)fishing:deficient/insufficientreportingtotherelevantauthorities(‘incontraventionoflawsandregulations’),Unregulatedfishing:fishinginareastowhichnospecificregulationsapplyandinamannerinconsistentwithStateresponsibilitiesunderinternationallaworbyavesselwhoseflagstateisnotboundbythoseregulationsbutisfishinginamanner

Figure 1: Map of the Western Indian Ocean


2.3 Thereviewapproachandmethodology

In order to move towards the “end state” presented above (Section 1.2) a comprehensive review of the capacity to implement effective MCS on a national and regional level in the ESA-IO region three complimentary studies have been undertaken of which this represents one. The other two studies cover governance and legal aspects relating to MCS – and for that reason this review focuses closely on institutional and human capacity and equipment to support these.

A step wise process was followed including the following steps:

1. A template was established for gathering information by country and fishery type 2. Field studies were carried out in Madagascar, the Seychelles and Tanzania to complete the template (Annexe 3)3. Desk-top studies5 were carried out for the Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius and Somalia to complete the template

(Annexe 3)4. A summary fishery overview including, description of water bodies (area of EEZ, Length of Coastline etc.), type

of fishery with definition and species, if foreign, no. fishers, destination of catch, importance of the fishery - value of Fisheries, contribution of fisheries to GDP, total fish harvested, food security, status of fisheries and management regime was prepared for each country (Chapters 2 to 8)

5. A benchmarking for MCS capacity was compiled for each country including; IUU controls and measures in place, institutional capacity including MCS Tools and resources, MCS operations and activities undertaken, human capacity, main IUU concerns by fishery(Chapters 2 to 8)

6. A gap analysis was prepared for each country by fishery type based on human and institutional capacity and equipment. Human capacity was assessed in terms of staff available, careers opportunities, experience and training to determine their efficiency etc. Institutional capacity was assessed based on the facilities available such as office space, availability of computers, internet, procedures and manuals as well as the institutional ability to plan, make decisions, strategize and interact with other agencies. The focus was only on the gaps that it may be possible for SmartFish to assist with solutions to overcoming. Gaps such as inadequate number of inspectors or inadequate pay scales are not included. The legal6 and governance7 aspects of MCS have only been included if they directly impact on the capacity to operationally implement MCS(Chapters 2 to 8)

7. A combined proposed actions table was completed by country for possible actions against each capacity gap (Chapter 9)

8. An indicative risk assessment of the current level of compliance by fishing sectors by country was prepared, based on capacity in MCS, this gave an indication of focal fisheries were the risk of not improving the compliance was greatest (Chapter 10)

9. An assessment of regional aspects is undertaken in Chapter 1110. Finally a roadmap is proposed for implementing the actions (Chapter 12)

Note is made that most of the countries covered by this assessment have complex fisheries with a shortage of data and information. This is valid within all sectors from artisanal to industrial as well as within both marine and freshwater fisheries. This not only underpinned the need for improving this but it did imply that at times, estimates were made to account for this lack of systematic data.

3

5 Desktopstudiesbaseduponpublicallyavailableinformation6 ThisincludesaspectssuchasallocationofpowerstoMCSstaff,powersofinspectionand/orapprehension,leveloffinesfordeterrence,trainingof

prosecutors,abilitytocallvesselstoport,toconfiscategearetc.7 This includes aspects such as decisionmaking processes, conflict of interest, corruption, engagement with foreign affairs and international

negotiations etc.

Comoros


3 COMOROS

3.1 Fisheryoverview

The Comoros has an EEZ of 162,993 km2 with a coastline of 427 km, and is comprised of three volcanic islands, each of which is surrounded by reefs, supporting a rich marine biodiversity. The fisheries include: • A small open access artisanal fishery that uses small boats ranging from 6.3 m to 9 m made of fibreglass, which

are motorized and non-bridged with engine power up to 40HP. Their number has been estimated at 1,500, as well as a more traditional fishery operated by the use of non-motorized outrigger canoes. Their number has been estimated at 3,5008.

• The inland fishery on Comoros is made up of a very small open access freshwater shrimp fishery in rivers and streams found on Anjouan and Moheli.

• An industrial tuna fishery, targeted by 70 EU tuna vessels.

Coastal communities in the Comoros rely heavily on marine resources for both their economic and subsistence livelihoods; the catch is estimated to be around 162,000 tonnes per year, with an estimated value of 14.7 million USD,contributing 8.4% to GDP. Additionally 4,850 tonnes of tuna are permitted in the EU agreement. Unfortunately, fish is a commodity that is too expensive for the poorest people in times of low production, but also in times of high production due to lack of storage facilities and marketing. The sector provides about 8,500 jobs for fishermen and 24,000 indirect jobs. Increased fishing activity has caused a growing pressure on marine resources, leading to declining catches and increased environmental degradation. The overall development and management of fisheries is shared between the national and island authorities, however, the actual implementation of management strategies are largely undertaken by local fishing associations. The national fisheries policy and legislation are fairly modern.

3.2 MCScapacitybenchmarking

A pilot project of the Indian Ocean Commission has installed a VMS system in the Comoros which is not functioning due to technical difficulties. The VMS was intended to monitor the tuna fleet. The islands’ ports are undeveloped and only small vessels can approach the existing quays in Moroni on Grande Comore. However, one deep-water facility functions in Anjouan.

Even though destructive fishing methods (i.e., dynamite and poisons) are prohibited, it still continues and has been recognized as a major threat to the biodiversity in the Comoros, along with over-fishing and illegal marine turtle takes. Some villages have also banned the use of fishing nets, traps, and underwater spear-guns, but these methods are also continuously used.

The industrial fisheries are not inspected due to limited resources and capacity. Poaching as well as breach of the artisanal zone is reported by fishers and coastal communities.

4

8 Ministry of Fisheries


3.3 MCScapacitygapanalysis

Capacity component Traditional fishery

Artisanal fishery

Industrial tuna fishery

Comments

Institutional capacity License /access control system in place and operational

no no yesA FPA with the European Union in force

Logbook or other catch document system in place and functioning

no no noCatch reporting part of FPA but information not utilised for management purposes

NPOA IUU developed and implemented

no no no No NPOA IUU

PSM in operational procedures in place and implemented

x x noThe islands' ports are undeveloped but a challenge is seen with new port to be developed in medium-term

Market / transport /export monitoring systems in place and operational

partially partially no

The marketing chain is relatively new, and very short, with little in between. Unsure if any MCS verification is done to identify IUU

Adequate SOPs in place for operational work

no no no No MCS organisation – no SOP

Cross checking system in place and functioning to verify catch and landing data

no no no Could be strengthened

MCS risk assessment undertaken and incorporated into MCS planning

no no no

MCS risk assessment can be undertaken by external assistance. Regular risk assessment appears pre-mature at present stage

MCS intelligence information used to investigate crime and utilised in MCS planning

no no no

Co-management system for MCS in place and operational


Management of fisheries is shared between the national and an island authority; however, the actual implementation of management strategies is largely undertaken by local fishing associations.

Capacity to strategically plan MCS operations in place

no no no

Awareness activities in place on the negative impacts of IUU fishing

partially partially noMoheli Marine Park is the first marine protected area in Comoros established in 2001.

Adequate exchange of MCS information domestically

no no no Very limited MCS capacity

Comoros


MCS interagency cooperation operational

no partially noA small coastguard exists, but limited resources reduce ability to perform fisheries MCS operations off shore.

Regional MCS cooperation in place and functioning

partially partially partially IOTC, SWIOFP, IOC-PRSP

Ability to implement regional MCS obligations

no no no Very limited MCS capacity

Regional sharing of patrol platforms in place

no no yesPotentially through IOC-PRSP MCS programme

Capable and able to interact in international debate on MCS and IUU fishing

no no no

Human capacity Adequately trained MCS inspectors

no no noCannot carry out"at sea" MCS activities

Adequate trained MCS observers

no no no Very limited

Adequate trained MCS managers

no no no

The overall development and management of fisheries is shared between the national and an island authority. Very limited capacity

Adequately trained MCS VMS/satellite operators

no no noVMS provided and installed but not functional due to severe technical problems.

Adequate trained fishers /industry to participate in co-management


The actual implementation of management strategies is largely undertaken by local fishing associations. Very limited training and cooperation

Adequate aware fisheries managers of MCS issues

no no noLimited focus on fisheries management creates very low awareness in relation to IUU threats

Adequate work descriptions available

no no noNo job descriptions exist for MCS personnel

Code of conduct in place no no no Not developedEquipment

Access to adequate patrol vessels

no no noNo off-shore PV capacity available. Coastguard operates two US built 26 feet Defenders

Access to adequate patrol planes

no no no No airtime available for MCS

Access to adequate helicopters

no no noNo helicopters available for fisheries patrol or inspection

Access to adequate vehicles (motorbikes, bikes or 4x4)

no no noVery limited equipment exist for MCS purposes


VMS system installed and working

no no noCLS VMS installed but not operational due to severe technical difficulties

Access to adequate satellite imagery

no no no

Adequate inspection kits available

no no no Inspection equipment is lacking

Adequate equipment available for observers

no no noNo observer programme implemented

Adequate uniforms for MCS staff

no no no

ID cards for MCS staff no no noNo ID card available for MCS personnel

Adequate computers for MCS activities

partially partially partially Limited computer availability

Adequate internet access yes yes yes Limited availability

Kenya


4 KENYA4.1 Fisheryoverview

Kenya has an EEZ of about 230,000 km2 and a coastline of 640 km. Its main fisheries include:

• Inland small-scale/artisanal fisheries (riverine and lake-based).Fish harvested from inland sources account for 85.4% (2010)9 of Kenya’s total production, predominantly from Kenya’s 6% share of Lake Victoria. Much of the Lake Victoria catch is exported (e.g. Nile perch fillets) though by-products are generally consumed locally or regionally in the lake area. There arelicense systems in place for specific key fisheries.

• A licensed artisanal marine fishery of about 4,800 mostly un-motorised boats, taking place on the reefs or in creeks and shallow inshore waters and providing for the local market.

• A licensed semi-industrial shrimp fishery (ranging between 5 and 20 vessels), taking place where the rivers flow into the sea.

• A licensed industrial offshore fishery, conducted by foreign fishing vessels, primarily targeting tuna and tuna-like species. In some cases the catch is landed in Kenya and shipped overseas, or landed in other nations.

The Kenya fisheries sector contributed 0.5% of GDP in 2006. Although there is revenue from licensing fees from foreign vessels of about USD 400,000 annually, income from fisheries overall is fairly low. However, locally and particularly along the coast as well as in the Lake Victoria region, fisheries are very important contributors to both household income and food security, as well as to the local economy (e.g. the Lake Victoria area). There is said to be little room for expansion in most of the fisheries apart from the industrial offshore fishery. Though in the latter, there is little monitoring hence little is actually known about the status of these stocks. The Ministry of Fisheries Development (MOFD) is responsible for the administration and management of Kenyan fisheries whereas the Kenyan Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) carries out research to support management.


With regard to the marine fisheries (coastal as well as offshore), there has so far been little monitoring and control, due to the strong focus on inland fisheries (primarily the Lake Victoria fisheries). Foreign flagged vessels are required to give fourteen days’ notice before landing and submit application papers in advance. Furthermore, standard operating procedures have been developed at port to address EU regulations; however they do not have legal force as currently, there is no legal basis for compliance, or tools to support this. There are currently 2 MCS officers working on port inspections in Mombasa, and only one of these carries out inspections. In Lake Victoria, Beach Management Units (BMUs) have been employed to manage the fishery. BMUs are a co-management system with a role in monitoring and controlling practices such as overfishing, environmental damage, cross border conflicts and illegal or damaging gear. They also carry out registration of boat owners and fishers. However, overall in the Kenya fisheries sector, though there is some monitoring of activities, there is little surveillance and control.

For the inland sector use of illegal gear (undersized mesh size) is common as well as catches of juvenile fish. Poaching is also a problem in remote areas. Along the Kenya coast, fishermen have overexploited most of the reef fish in almost every location. The only locations left with small populations of reef fish are the marine parks which are very small in area. These marine parks are in addition poached regularly. There is aunregulated “ringnet” (purse seine) fishery for small pelagic species with an increasing number of vessels operating within this fishery. The off-shore tuna fishery is not monitored or controlled giving many IUU vessels the opportunity to explore Kenyan waters. 1

9 Ministry of Fisheries, Kenya



Capacity component

Inland small-scale/artisanal fishery

Coastal artisanal fishery

Semi-industrial shrimp fishery

Industrial offshore fishery

Comments

Institutional capacity

License /access control system in place and operational

partially partially yes yes


no no yes yes


no no no noMarine – DraftLake Victoria - Draft


no no no no

Not developed in accordance with the IOTC PSMR - but• Issuance of licenses for

coming into port and landing fish

• 14 day notification to port state before coming into port.


partially (Lake

Victoria)partially partially no

Partial for export to EU including Import export permits for Nile Perch


no no no no

Limited formal directions. Needs to be developed and implemented. There is a SOP developed for Lake Victoria, by LVFO


partially no no noNo system in place within the marine sector


no no no no Not developed

Kenya



no no no no Needs to be developed


partially partially partially partiallyCo-management system implemented although weak on MCS


no no no no Training needed


no no no no

A wider awareness required to facilitate better understanding of IUU issues among fisheries personnel and decision makers


no no no noInternal communication is very limited and constrained.


no no no noInteragency cooperation is very limited


no no no noVery limited information sharing.


no no no no

Policy and legal framework needs to be updated and adjusted in light of regional and international obligations obligations


no no no

Ad-hoc cooperation within marine MCS has in the past been conducted with South Africa


partially no partially no

Very limited institutional and human MCS capacity limits interaction on a regional and international level

Human capacity


Adequately trained MCS inspectors

partially partially partially partially

Capacity among MCS personnel seems to be limited although with a potential. No training identified. There are currently 2 officers working on port inspections in Coast, and only one of these carries out inspections.

Adequately trained MCS observers

no no no no

Two marine inspectors trained, but only one available which undermines monitoring and enforcement of Mombasa as a port receiving foreign fishing vessels

Adequately trained MCS managers

partially no no no

Institutional and human capacity to undertake MCS within the marine sector is very limited.


x x x partially

VMS implemented but onlypartly working due to technical difficulties. Information not utilised to improve MCS decisions and priorities


partially no no no None in coastal region



Awareness in relation to potential IUU problems low and limited capacity to argue the situation to supervisors


yes yes yes yesAvailable but can be more specific in terms of responsibilities

Code of conduct in place

no no no no

Kenya


Equipment


yes yes yes noNo patrol vessels available for fisheries inspections offshore


no no no noNot available for fisheries patrol


no no no noNo helicopters available for fisheries patrol or inspections


partially partially partially partiallyMore vehicles and fuel required


x x partially partiallyLimited usage to improve management decisions


no no no no No satellite imagery available


no no no no None


x x x xNo observer programme developed


no no no no

ID cards for MCS staff no no no noAdequate computers for MCS activities

partially partially partially partiallyLimited availability of computers

Adequate internet access

partially no no partiallyLimited availability of internet in the districts

Photo: Fishing canoes in Kalifi, Kenya (Photo P E Bergh)


5 MADAGASCAR

5.1 Fisheryoverview

Madagascar has an EEZ of 1,140,000 km2 with a coastline of 5,580 km, making it one of the largest in the ESA-IO region. The fisheries include; • a large open access traditional fishery operated on foot or by non-motorised craft, by an estimated 70,000 fishers

and 28,000 pirogues targeting mixed inshore and reef species for local consumption; • a small licensed artisanal fishery operated by seven motorised boats of less than 50 horsepower also catching

mixed species including sardines,lobster, prawn, octopus and shrimp for export; • an licensed industrial fishery compromising foreign vessels targeting tuna (67 long-liners and 35 purse-seiners) and

30 nationally operated, foreign owned shrimp vessels all catching for export; and • an open access subsistence inland fishery targeting tilapia and catfish for local consumption.

Fisheries are highly important to Madagascar, the catch is estimated to be around 150,000 tonnes per year,(although very little data is collected) with an estimated value of 160 million USD,contributing 8% to GDP, providing an essential element in national food and nutritional security (95% of catch is for local consumption) and providingthe main source of foreign income and employment to almost 200,000. The status of the stocks are uncertain but the reef and shrimp fisheries are considered over-exploited (with a steady increase of substance fishers into the fishery due to increased poverty). The Ministry of Fisheries is responsible for fisheries management. Fisheries policy and legislation is fairly modern (post 1990’s) and it relies primarily on a criminal enforcement system supported by an administrative penalty scheme, however, management effort focuses on the tuna and shrimp fishery.


The traditional and artisanal fisheries are open access (with exception of a few high value fisheries such as sea cucumber and octopus), with no licence or registration requirements but technical controls exist for closed areas, gear types, illegal species. For the industrial fleets licences are required and technical controls including gear restrictions and closed areas exist.

MCS activities are the responsibility of the Centre for Surveillance of Fisheries in Antananarivo, with a satellite station in Mahajanga. The Centre utilises an operation room with VMS on industrial shrimp and tuna vessels, two offshore patrol vessels (280 active days in 2010) a coastal patrol vessel (150 active days in 2010), a set of zodiacs for inshore patrols and 4x4 vehicles for coastal patrols. The Centre has acceptable infrastructure and facilities to carry out current MCS operations, with office space, computers and internet available in the main offices and adequate fuel for the MCS platforms. Equipment, including uniforms for inspection staff is also adequate. Financially, the Centre and MCS operations are almost entirely funded through income from the FPA with the EU for tuna (1,000,000 Euro) and additional support from the IOC MCS programme. Good MCS inter-agency cooperation with maritime safety and the coastguard exist as well as with the industry associations, although cooperation with other sectors of the Ministry is limited.

The Centre plans and conducts surveillance operations at sea, land and air including analyse of compliance data for strategic planning, the NPOA-IUU has been drafted but not approved and consequently not implemented. License lists are maintained for industrial vessels and all foreign vessels calling one of the five main ports in Madagascar are inspected. Industrial vessels complete logbooks that are cross checked with observer data, entry and exit reports. Transport declarations and transhipment reports are also obligatory and are collected routinely.

The MCS workforce consist of 130 people, 21 inspectors, 23 observers, 100 staff crewing the patrol vessels and seven VMS and operations room operators. Salaries are acceptable (inspectors earn 350 euro/month and observers earn


Madagascar

20 euro/day), but there is no career structure, and limited opportunity for training beyond on-the-job initial training conducted by senior inspectors.

For the traditional and artisanal fishers the main IUU fishing issues related to the use of illegal gear, fishing in closed areas and fishing of protected species, especially high value species. The industrial shrimp fishery, where effective deterrence is provided by the patrol vessels (66,55% of licensed vessels inspected in 2010), VMS, patrol planes, port inspections, observers and a robust licensing and logbook system, has limited poaching or illegal activities. However, the foreign tuna fleet, with limited port inspections and limited patrolling activities within the EEZ, leave poaching by the unlicensed fleet and transhipment at sea by the licensed fleet as areas of assumed IUU activity.


Capacity component Traditional fishery

Artisanal fishery

Industrial shrimp fishery


Comments



no no yes yesTraditional fishery - requires frame survey and a management plan


no no yes yesTraditional fishery requires catch assessment system - pilot project


partially partially partially partiallyDeveloped but not implemented. MCS development plan needed


x x partially partially

Inspections undertaken but improvements to system and procedures required to comply with the IOTC PSMR


no no no no

Some transport documentation monitored but a more holistic system needs to be developed


no no partially partiallyIn place for industrial fisheries but require improvements


no no partially partially Could be strengthened


no no no no

Compliance statistics collected and publicised on internet. Could relatively easily be transformed to a risk assessment tool



no no no no


no no partially partially

Officially no co-management but likely that some NGO or civil society initiatives may take place in the traditional - requires investigation, also shrimp fishery has potential for greater engagement with fishers


no no partially partiallyUnderway for industrial fisheries but in a non-structured manner


no no no no Awareness initiatives needed


no no no noNo this is considered weak and of high priority



Cooperation with maritime safety and the coastguard exist but cooperation would benefit from procedures and clearer framework


no no yes yes

IOC –(PRSP) programme (mainly shrimp and tuna). IOTC (tuna) limited to reporting and information sharing , SADC for general MCS, SWIOFC for observer programme


x x partially partiallyTo some degree but requires strengthening for IOTC resolutions and SADC POF


x x partially partiallyThis does occur under IOC-PSPRcooperation but could be strengthened


partially partially partially partiallyThis is happening, particularly through FAO but could be strengthened

Human capacity



Generally educated and capable but specific training in general MCS, port inspections, investigation procedures etc. required


Madagascar


x x partially partiallyTraining to collect MCS data required



Generally educated and capable but specific training in general MCS planning and coordination, strategic planning, MCS in artisanal context, risk assessment etc. required


x x partially partially Needs strengthening


no no no no


no no no noMinistry generally unaware outside of the MCS division


no no no no

Code of conduct in place no no no no

Equipment


no no yes yes

2 patrol vessels available for industrial tuna and 1 patrol vessel available for industrial shrimp fishery


x x no noNo dedicated airtime available


x x no noNo helicopter available for fisheries patrol. Could be useful for arrests


no no yes yesVery little resources available for traditional and artisanal fisheries


x x yes yesVMS operational and monitored


x x no no No satellite images available



Inspection kits available for industrial fisheries (PV) although needs additional items such as cameras with GPS etc.


x x partially partiallyImproved tool-kit for observers needed


yes yes yes yes Operational MCS personnel uniformed


ID cards for MCS staff no no no noNo ID cards produced for fisheries inspectors

Adequate computers for MCS activities


Computers available in main offices but could be upgraded for more strategic work as well as in satellite stations

Adequate internet access yes yes yes yes Internet available in HQ but limited in satellite offices

Photo: The patrol vessel Atsantsa in Madagascar (Photo: Gilles Hosch)

Mauritius


6 MAURITIUS6.1 Fisheryoverview

Mauritius has an EEZ of 1, 900, 000 km2 with a coastline of 276 km, which includes the coasts of the islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues, St Brandon, Agalega, Tromelin and Chagos Archipelago. The fisheries include:• A licensed industrial tuna fishery dominated by foreign vessels fishing around 7,000 MT within the Mauritius EEZ

per year.• A licensed semi-industrial chilled fish fishery mainly involving foreign fleets has developed over the last decade

targeting the demersal fish resources of the smaller banks in the North of Mauritius and for fresh/chilled pelagic fishes such as tuna and dorado. Mauritius is an important fish transshipment base in the South-West Indian Ocean, with regard to tuna catch.

• A licensed artisanal fishery with 61 fish landing stations along the coast of Mauritius. The gear used includes basket traps, hook-and-line, harpoons, and large nets and gillnets. These fishers have boats of 8 to 25 hp, mainly powered by outboard motors.

The total fish harvested annually in Mauritius is estimated to be about 7, 829tonnesin 2010 Fisheries contributes about USD 622 million, representing 1.3% to the GDP (2010). The fisheries sector contributes to national food and nutritional security as all of the artisanal fish and the banks fisheries are consumed by the local market. It also provides a source of foreign exchange through the issuing of foreign licence fees and exports to the EU. The fisheries sector also employs roughly 14, 000 people either directly or indirectly.10 The status of the stocks is such that some resources are over-exploited, and there is a serious concern regarding preservation of the reef ecosystem. The Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues is responsible for fisheries management. The fisheries policy and legislation is modern (some of the major acts came into effect after 2005, all of them are post 1990’s) and it relies on The Fisheries Protection Service and the National Coast Guard to enforce the provisions of the Fisheries and Marine Resources Act.


The Fisheries and Marine Resources Act of 2007 provides for licensing of local and foreign boats and vessels; and local boats or vessels are also required to be registered prior to the issue of fishing licenses.

The MCS system in Mauritius involves the Fisheries Management Division and the Fisheries Protection Service, National Coast Guard (NCG), Mauritius Port Authority and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology. All licensed boats and vessels are required to be VMS compliant and may be requested to carry observers. The VMS can monitor the vessels through satellite-based tracking systems and after processing, these data are transmitted to and stored in the database of the Fisheries Monitoring Centre at the Albion Fisheries Research Centre. The Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues has adequate land based infrastructure and facilities needed to carry out MCS operations: with office space, computers and internet available, as well as satisfactory transport. The Ministry lack any serious patrol vessel capacity although recent regional cooperation with IOC MCS project has contributed to an improvement. 3 Dornier aircrafts provide adequate air patrol.

The surveillance of the maritime zones of Mauritius is under the purview of the NCG which uses three aircrafts to monitor the EEZ, with another currently waiting for delivery from India. The Fisheries Protection Service mainly controls illegal fishing in the lagoons but also participates in joint surveillance activities in the maritime zones with the NCG besides assisting in the implementation of port state measures in the port of Port Louis. Mauritius has only one port of entry at Port Louis (as defined under the Ports Act). All foreign fishing vessels calling to Mauritius are inspected upon arrival and during offloading. The MCS workforce consist of 286 people including 11 Fisheries officers, 2 Customs officers, 2 Health inspectors, 2 immigration officers and 264 Fisheries Protection Service officers (mostly checking landing sites and recreational fishing around the island).

1

10 Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues, Mauritius


The sports fishery involves local recreational fishermen and tourists. A system of data collection in the sector to get better estimates of catches has been put in place since 2004. The eight clubs/organizations involved directly in this activity have been requested to submit daily catch statistics and boat characteristics on a monthly basis.

The major IUU activities in Mauritius are poaching by unlicensed foreign vessels and illegal trans-shipment of tuna catches at sea.


Capacity component Artisanal fishery

Semi-Industrial fishery

Industrial fishery

Comments

Institutional capacity License /access control system in place and operational

yes yes yes


partially yes yesReporting in artisanal fisheries voluntary through associations


yes yes yes Developed and incorporated


x yes yesDeveloped, but need updating to comply with IOTC PSMR


x yes yes


x yes yesSOP’s exist but need revision to include regional agreements as well as international standards


no yes yes


no no no


no no no

Mauritius



yes yes yes

The Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Custom and Excise Department and Immigration all contribute the services of their employees to the Monitoring Control and Surveillance of fisheries in Mauritius.


yes yes partially


partially no no


yes yes yes

Very good co-operations with Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Custom and Excise Department and Immigration


yes yes yes

Fisheries Management Division and the Fisheries Protection Service, National Coast Guard, Mauritius Port Authority and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology


Yes Yes partiallyGod, but can be improved, especially outside IOC. Information exchange needs to improve


x partially partiallyTo some degree but requires strengthening for IOTC resolutions


x x partially Sharing maritime patrol planes


yes yes yes

Human capacity


yes yes partially

Capacity among MCS personnel seems to be good although more training is needed – particularly within strategic MCS planning and risk assessment


yes yes yesLimited In-house training conducted. Unsure if an observer programme is in place


yes yes partially



x yes yes

There are plans to upgrade the VMS Centre at Albion, where there have been technical difficulties in VMS start-up.


yes yes yes


yes yes partially


yes yes yesJob descriptions exist but can benefit from more details

Code of conduct in place no no no Not developedEquipmentAccess to adequate patrol vessels

yes no no no adequate PV for high seas use


x yes yes3 capable maritime patrol planes available


x no no Could be useful for arrests


yes x x


x yes yes


no no no


yes yes yes


x yes yes


yes yes yes

ID cards for MCS staff yes yes yesAdequate computers for MCS activities

yes yes yes

Adequate internet access yes yes yes


Photo: Tuna landing in Port Lois, Mauritius (Photo P E Bergh)


7 SEYCHELLES7.1 Fisheryoverview

Seychelles has a large EEZ of 1,288, 643 km², with a relatively short coastline of 491 km. Its fisheries primarily consist of:• an industrial fishery of foreign-owned vessels, either long liners (50 in 2010) or purse-seiners (38 in 2010), focusing

on tuna and tuna-like species (catching for export). A Fisheries Partnership Agreement between Seychelles and the EU allows access for EU vessels to this fishery but other countries also have fisheries agreements with Seychelles to access this fishery.

• a small semi-industrial fishery of locally-owned longline vessels (15 in 2010) targeting tuna and tuna-like species.• an artisanal fishery (458 vessels in 2010) targeting trevally, red snapper, jobfish, emperors, bonito, groupers, rabbit

fish, mackerel, octopus, sea cucumber, spiny lobster, sharks and crabs for the local market as well as the tourism industry.

The fisheries sector contributed 3.3 % of the GDP in 2004 and local consumption is extremely high: 61.0 kg/year (2003). 5,600 people are employed by the sector, of which 1,750 are full time fishermen and the rest are involved in the marketing, processing and sale of fish and fish products with a total of fish production value of USD 212 million (2003). The tuna fishery is managed regionally through IOTC.Overcapacity in the artisanal fishery appears to have caused overexploitation in some areas. The sustainable management of marine resources in Seychelles is the responsibility of the Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA) as stipulated in the Fisheries Act 2001.


Generally, the Seychellois fisheries are managed through licensing of vessels. However, it is only in the industrial fishery that effort controls are applied through entry limitation. The artisanal fishery is open access and excess fishing effort, especially in inshore areas, has led to localized over-exploitation.

MCS is the responsibility of the MCS section of the Fisheries Management Division of the SFA, which is in charge of ensuring compliance with the provisions of the Fisheries Act (2001) and Regulations. The Fishery Monitoring Centre (FMC) monitors the movement of licensed fishing vessels and foreign vessels flying the Seychellois flag through the use of a functioning satellite dependent vessel monitoring system (VMS) (since 2002). Other activities the FMC performs include the processing of catch report data, the authorization for the landing of catch outside Seychelles’ waters, and ensuring that the licensing unit maintains an updated register of licensed local and foreign fishing vessels. Seven enforcement officers (inspectors) carry out the daily enforcement of the national laws; inspecting vessels for compliance and perform patrols within either national or regional areas alongside the National Coastguard who provide the patrol equipment together with a leased fisheries patrol vessel.

SFA has good infrastructure with good facilities conducive to carrying out MCS operations. Office space is adequate, computers and internet is available, transport and fuel not considered a limiting factor. Inspectors are uniformed and the offices are placed ideally in the harbour very close to the fishing industry where landings, transhipments and processing takes place.

The MCS department of SFA consist of 22 people. Seven are dedicated inspectors, 5 observers are employed for the industrial tuna fishery, 5 officers are working in the FMC, 2 officers deal with licensing and 3 officers work with the VMS. Fisheries inspectors are divided into three ranks with a sliding salary scale within each rank pending on years’ experience as well as performance. Promotion is based upon a performance assessment as well as evaluation of education and experience. Training is a priority for SFA and basic courses are provided ad-hoc in relation to law, VMS operations as well as inspection procedures.

The main IUU activities in the artisanal fishery are fishing during closed season and use of unlicensed fishing gear. There is also potential illegal fishing by foreign unlicensed vessels in the tuna fishery including transhipment at sea; under-

Seychelles


reporting by licensed fishing vessels; and non-compliance by Seychelles flagged foreign vessels.


Capacity component

Artisanal fishery

Semi-industrial mixed species fishery

Semi-industrial local tuna fishery

Industrial foreign tuna fishery

Comments



yes yes yes yesControl of registration of vessels and issuing licenses


no yes yes yes

Port inspection to verify catches, verification of logbooks, inspection of VMS data, catch validation for export


partially partially partially partiallyAdvanced draft covering all fisheries developed awaiting approval


x x x partiallyNeeds to be updated to

comply with IOTC PSMR


yes yes partially partiallyCatch validation for export


no no no partially

SoP exist but need revision to include regional agreements as well as international standards


no partially partially partiallyCatch verification is in an early stage and needs strengthening


no no no no

Not implemented. Limited human capacity to perform risk assessment to MCS operations



yes yes yes yes

Limited human capacity to perform fisheries intelligence work. Training needed


no partially partially partially

More in the form of consultations than co-management. Needs to be strengthen



Capacity is partly present but can improve – links to strategic planning and risk analysis


no no no partially

Media aware of importance of the tuna fishery and potential impact of IUU fishing. Other fisheries are under estimated


yes yes yes yesInternal communication is good


yes yes yes yesInteragency cooperation is good


x x x partiallyLimited information-sharing outside of IOTC


x x x partially


x x x yesplanes and MCS officers participating in IOC regional patrols


yes yes yes yes

Human capacity


yes yes yes partially

In-house courses arranged ad hoc. Capacity among MCS personnel seems good although more training is needed in catch control and verification

Seychelles


Adequately trained MCS observers

x x x no

In-house courses arranged ad hoc. Observers to imitate their work in 2012

Adequately trained MCS managers

yes yes yes yes


x Yes Yes YesIn-house courses arranged ad hoc

Adequately trained fishers /industry to participate in co-management


SFA do engage with associations and interest groups but not on a regular basis and seldom to get feed-back on management practises and new law/policy





Job descriptions exist but can benefit from more details in relation to allocated responsibilities


yes yes yes yesCode of ethics developed and implemented

EquipmentAccess to adequate patrol vessels

yes yes yes partiallyPiracy taking priority in terms of PV operations


no no no no


no no no no


yes yes yes yes


partially yes yes yes

A vessel monitoring system (VMS) is implemented and operational for all motorised fishing vessels (about 50 of the artisanal fleets still awaiting units to be installed).



no no no no


yes yes yes yes


x x x xObserver programme to be implemented in 2012


yes yes yes yes Uniforms exist.

ID cards for MCS staff yes yes yes yesAdequate computers for MCS activities

yes yes yes yes Computers available


yes yes yes yes Internet available

Photo: Artisanal fishing outside Victoria, Seychelles (Photo S Davies)

Somalia


8 SOMALIA8.1 Fisheryoverview

Somalia has the longest coastline in Africa, measuring 3,330km and an EEZ of 830,389km2.The fisheries include: • A small artisanal fishery operates 450-500 small vessels on a permanent basis. Traditionally these fishermen use

gillnets, hooks for large fish and sharks, hand lines, seine nets and traps and produces up to 6000 Mt annually (2004).

• A growing industrial fishery sector, mostly composed of foreign vessels harvesting 13,000Mt annually (2004). There are several limiting factors which prevent the growth of this industry, such as the lack of a cooling chain and storage facilities.

The fishing industry contributes 2% of the GDP (1990), and was valued at USD 33,929,143 in2005. Following droughts in the 1970s, nomadic tribes and many people living inland were re-located to coastal areas to encourage the use of marine fisheries as a food resource. Consequently this led to an increased trend in fish production and consumption. Currently though, less than 1% of the Somali people are involved in the fisheries sector, and most of these are involved in small-scale or subsistence fishing. Somalia’s waters are rich in commercial marine species including: tuna, mackerel, mullet, shrimp, lobster, crab and sharks. Its largest export markets consist of its neighbours, including Djibouti, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. It is believed that many international vessels have been engaged in dumping toxic and nuclear waste in Somali waters in the 1990s. This resulted in radiation sickness within the population and reports of shoals of dead fish found at sea and washed up on beaches.


Somalia represents a special case as it is still undergoing a period of restructuring and rehabilitationafter the 1991 civil war. From 1991-2000 there was no working government. The country is split into several autonomous regions, the largest of which include Somaliland and Puntland. These operate under separate semi-autonomous governments. Other regions operate under Transitional Federal Institutions set up in 2000. As a result, there is no unified effort to monitor or control events in Somalian waters. Much of the previous infrastructure and control measures for monitoring waters were destroyed in the war.

Somaliland, an unrecognised sovereign state, has a 600 person strong coastguard patrolling the 530km stretch along the Red Sea. They receive a USD 200,000 annual budget from the transitional government and operate from 2 9-metre boats which can be fitted with machine guns. They rely and operate mainly based on tip-offs and community reports.Somalia’s fisheries sector lacks basic infrastructure and equipment such as jetties. There is also widespread lack of training and research. These factors are compounded by the lack of a countrywide regulatory framework.

IUU fishing in Somalia is thought to be carried out on a large scale, primarily due to complete lack of reporting/monitoring caused by the lack of an established state. For many years the civil unrest led to disruptions of coastal security and monitoring methods. This increased the threat to local fisheries from IUU fishing, which was carried out with impunity. According to the High Seas Task Force (HSTF) in 2009, there weremore than800 distant water fishing vessels (DWFV) from over 17 nations carry out IUU fishing annually in Somali waters. DWFV are estimated to catch fish from Somalia waters that have an estimated value of more than USD 450 million annually.



Capacity component Artisanal fishery

Industrial fishery

Comments

Institutional capacityLicense /access control system in place and operational

x yes 36 Egyptian vessels were licensed in 2004


no no


no no


no no


partially no

Artisanal fishermen have formed an informal cooperative to take fish to neighbouring markets in Djibouti. No domestic industrial fishery, so anything caught is usually no landed in Somalia.


no no


no no


no no


no no


no no


no no


yes yes


no partiallyInformal arrangements and community tip offs to coastguard in Somaliland.


no no

Limited coastguard operations taking place near shore but coordination not known – could be an internal imitative to secure funds through corrupt practises


no no


no no

Somalia



no no


no no

Human capacity Adequately trained MCS inspectors

no no

Adequate trained MCS observers no noAdequate trained MCS managers no noAdequately trained MCS VMS/satellite operators

no no


no no


no no


no no

Code of conduct in place no noEquipmentAccess to adequate patrol vessels no noAccess to adequate patrol planes no noAccess to adequate helicopters no noAccess to adequate vehicles (motorbikes, bikes or 4x4)

no no


no no


no no

Adequate inspection kits available no noAdequate equipment available for observers

no no

Adequate uniforms for MCS staff no noID cards for MCS staff no noAdequate computers for MCS activities

no no

Adequate internet access no no


9 THEUNITEDREPUBLICOFTANZANIA9.1 Fisheryoverview

Tanzania has an EEZ of 223, 000 km2 and a coastline of 1, 424 km, including islands. The fisheries sector includes:• A large open access artisanal fishery based around the islands of Pemba, Mafia and Zanzibar catches 90% of the

total marine catch, targeting a diverse species range including: snapper, shrimp and lobster.• On the main land coast a small, open access smallscale fishery operates from local beaches.• The inland fishery area is 526,880 km² and represents between 80%-90% of the total reported catch. This is

mainly artisanal with most fishing taking place in lakes, rivers and dams. 132,458Mt are caught in Lake Victoria (2004).This is a licensed fishery and main target species are tilapia and catfish.

• A small licensed industrial fishery catching 10% of the overall catch in marine areas, this includes a small fleet of Tanzanian trawlers targeting shrimp. Foreign fleets target tuna and other migratory species.

Fisheries in Tanzania contribute 1.3% of the national GDP (2010), providing 347, 165.9 Mt, of which 52, 683 Mt is from the marine sector (2010). Estimates of full-time coastal marine fishers are 36, 321, operating with 7664 small craft. Lake Victoria fishery also has significant numbers of fishers. Fish is a popular food in Tanzania; most fish is sold and consumed locally, while processed Nile perch is all exported. Fisheries in Tanzania were worth USD 138,120,145.1 in year (2006) and grew to USD 187,427,053.5 in the year (2010).11 For the low income segments of the population, fish is the major animal protein, because of the price of some of the cheaper fish products. In areas lying along major lakes and rivers, fish assumes an even more predominant food security role for local inhabitants.

The health of the fisheries ecosystem has suffered over the past decades due to heavy fishing, pollution, coral mining and shell collection activities. Dynamite fishing results in severe reef damage in the marine environment. Trawling for shrimps and purse seining for sardines expanded rapidly in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is estimated that by the mid-1990s, the shrimp fishery was producing in the range of 1,000 to 1,300 tonnes annually is currently under industrial moratorium due to over-exploitation.

The Lake Victoria fishery is under a number of environmental and ecological threats. The introduction of exotic fish species, such as the Nile perch, has altered the freshwater ecosystem of the lake, driving several hundred species of native cichlids to extinction or near extinction. Lake Victoria basin is one of the most densely populated rural areas in the world- many factories discharge their waste directly into the lake and its influent rivers. Urban areas also discharge raw sewage into the lake. This eutrophication has a huge role in sustaining the invasive water hyacinth, which depletes oxygen stores in the lake, suffocating fish populations and damaging local economies through the formation of thick mats of vegetation which cause difficulties to transportation, fishing, hydroelectric power generation and drinking water supply.


The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development in Tanzania carries out MCS operations through the Directorate of Fisheries Resource Protection (DFRP). A similar authority of the Revolutionary government of Zanzibar deals with fisheries within the jurisdiction of the islands. The Deep Sea Fishing Authority (DSFA) based in Zanzibar is responsible for all MCS activities towards the pelagic (mainly tuna) fishery. The efforts of the Fisheries Division are focused on inland fisheries due to the importance of this sector for the ocean region most activities focus on the territorial waters up to 12 nm offshore. Fisheries management jurisdiction is split between the mainland and Zanzibar. In Zanzibar, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Natural Resources cover the fisheries sector. Freshwater and near coastal MCS has 26 patrol vessels available for operational use. Cars, including 4x4 vehicles are available. The DSFA operates a small monitoring centre with an operational VMS. There are no means available to conduct any at-sea inspections or investigations.1 Management is oriented towards the reduction of fishing efforts both in industrial and artisanal sectors. Professional

11 Ministry of Fisheries

The United Republic of Tanzania


fishers’ organisations are quite strong, including the Trawler Operators Association and the Fish Processing Association. It is mandatory to have a license, but everybody is allowed access, from both the artisanal and the medium fishery.

The Lake Victoria fishing communities are organized through the formation of Beach Management Units (BMUs). These are based on a co-management approach, bringing together everyone involved in fisheries – boat owners, boat crew, traders, processors, boat builders and repairers, net repairers and others – to work with government and other stakeholders in managing fisheries resources and improving the livelihoods of the community members.

MCS is carried out by 175 people. 45 are dedicated inspectors, 50 observers for the inland and coastal fishery, and 82 people in administrative roles. Office space, computer and internet are adequate in Dar es Salam, but limited in the districts. Transport and fuel is severely limited and inspectors and observers do not have uniforms.

The main IUU fishing problems in Tanzania include dynamite fishing, coral mining along the coast, and incursions of non-licensed Asian and European tuna fleets into the Tanzanian EEZ. In the inland fisheries, the use of illegal gear and unlicensed border hopping’ represent perennial problems.


Capacity component

Artisanal fishery

Small-scale fishery

Inland fishery

Industrial fishery

Comments

Institutional capacityLicense /access control system in place and operational

x x yes yes On lake Victoria


x x yes yesBMU collect data on Lake Victoria


no no no noNot finalised – early draft developed


no no no noNot developed (very few foreign vessels calling port in Dar es Salam)


partially no no no

Very limited knowledge exists in relation to this fishery in terms of catches, fishing patterns or trade. In addition, one should expect a potential high number of unlicensed vessels operations within the Tanzanian EEZ as well as significant amounts of unreported fish being transhipped at sea from both licensed as well as unlicensed vessels.


partially partially partially partially Limited



no no no no

Little or no ability to verify catches (verification of catch certificates is a result of accepting reported figures rather than actually control catch on-board against reported catch


no no no no

Very limited institutional capacity to conduct MCS operations taking the magnitude and number of participants within the different fisheries


yes yes partially no

Recent arrests and observations indicate that a significant unlicensed fishery is taking place within the EEZ of Tanzania. It is impossible to give any estimate of the magnitude of such a fleet. In inland fisheries resources to enforce management measures are. Political interference and conflict of interest was also reported by fishermen’s associations.


no no yes partially


no no partially no


no no no no


no no no no


no no no noInteragency cooperation is limited


x x partially no

Internal communication appeared to be adequate although the cooperation between the DSFA and the ministry can improve


x x no no


no no no noGood engagement and cooperation with SADC





Insufficient with regards to regional IUU sharing and cooperation with IOTC and SWOIFC

Human capacity


partially partially partially no

Capacity among MCS seems to be limited although with potential. The MCS department is understaffed. A MCS resource to control this fishery is far from adequate and law enforcement appears to be impossible even close to the larger city centres such as Dar Es Salam. Too few fisheries inspectors.Limited human capacity to perform fisheries intelligence work as well as apply risk assessment to MCS operations


no no no no No observer programme




x x x partially


no no yes no


partially partially partially no


yes yes yes no


yes yes yes no

EquipmentAccess to adequate patrol vessels

yes yes yes no


no no no no

The marine industrial fleet operates far away from the coast and represent a challenge in terms of MCS. The DSFA monitors the fleet with a VMS, but has no means in terms of sea and air patrol



no no no no


no no no x


x x x yes


no no no no


no no no no


no no no no


no no no no

ID cards for MCS staff yes yes yes noAdequate computers for MCS activities

no no no partiallyLimited computers available outside of the capital


no no no partially


Photo: Octopus being prepared in the fish market, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania (Photo P E Bergh)


10PROPOSEDACTIONSTOADDRESSIDENTIFIEDGAPSINMCS

CAPACITY

The

follo

win

g se

ctio

ns m

atch

the

gaps

in c

apac

ity id

entifi

ed in

Cha

pter

8 to

pos

sible

act

ions

that

the

Smar

tFish

pro

gram

me

may

be

able

to a

ssist

with

. Th

ese

are

alloc

ated

to th

e co

untri

es th

at h

ave

a co

mbi

natio

n of

the

capa

city

need

yet

also

the

capa

city

to b

e ab

le to

par

ticip

ate

in th

e in

terv

entio

n.

10.1ProposedactionsbycountrytoassistcountriesinovercomingMCSinstitutionalcapacitygaps

No

Cap

acit

y co

mp

on

ent

Poss

ible

act

ion

th

at S

mar

tFis

h c

ou

ld s

up

po

rt if

gap

s id

enti

fied

1.1

Lice

nse

syst

em in

pl

ace

and

oper

atio

nal

Prep

are

a lis

t of a

utho

rised

ves

sels

inclu

ding

; ves

sel d

ata

(IMO

num

ber,

hors

e po

wer

, ow

ner,

agen

t et

c.),

hist

orica

l co

mpl

iance

and

lice

nsin

g in

form

atio

n.

This

shou

ld b

e ab

le to

be

linke

d to

oth

er c

ompl

iance

, ins

pect

ion,

obs

erve

r and

ve

ssel

mov

emen

t inf

orm

atio

n if

avail

able

. Th

is in

form

atio

n sh

ould

be

avail

able

to

fish

erie

s st

aff b

oth

natio

nally

and

regi

onall

y

xx

xx

x

Con

duct

a fr

ame

surv

ey fo

r arti

sana

l/sm

all s

cale

and

fish

er/c

raft

list

xx

xx

1.2

Logb

ook

or o

ther

ca

tch

docu

men

t sy

stem

in p

lace

and

func

tioni

ng

Dev

elop

a ca

tch

asse

ssm

ent s

yste

m fo

r arti

sana

l/sm

all sc

ale to

impl

emen

t ca

tch

mon

itorin

gx

xx

x

Dev

elop

or

adju

st lo

gboo

ks fo

r fis

herie

s, p

rint a

nd tr

ain in

spec

tors

and

ob

serv

ers

in u

sex

xx

xx

xx

1.3

NPO

A IU

U d

evel

oped

an

d im

plem

ente

d As

sist i

n pr

oces

s of d

evel

opin

g th

e N

POA-

IUU

inclu

ding

train

ing

for t

he

use

of it

in n

atio

nal p

lanni

ngx

xx

x

1.4

PSM

in o

pera

tiona

l pr

oced

ures

in p

lace

and

impl

emen

ted

Assis

t co

untri

es w

ith t

he im

plem

enta

tion

of t

he P

SMA

and

the

IOTC

PS

MR

thro

ugh

impl

emen

ting

capa

city

need

s as

sess

men

tsx

xx

x

Assis

t co

untri

es w

ith t

he im

plem

enta

tion

of t

he P

SMA

and

the

IOTC

PS

MR

thro

ugh

deve

lopm

ent o

f cap

acity

bui

ldin

g pl

ans

xx

xx

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t nat

iona

l tra

inin

g in

PSM

xx

xx

x

Comoros

Madagascar

Mauritius

Seychelles

Somalia

Tanzania

Kenya



1.5

Mar

ket /

tran

spor

t /ex

-po

rt m

onito

ring

syst

ems

in p

lace

and

oper

atio

nal

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a

syst

em fo

r th

e co

llect

ion

and

use

of in

tellig

ence

in

form

atio

n fro

m

mar

kets

, pr

oces

sers

, fis

h m

onge

rs

and

expo

rters

fo

r m

onito

ring

com

plian

ce

xx

xx

x

1.6

Adeq

uate

SO

Ps in

plac

e fo

r ope

ratio

nal w

ork

Dev

elop

men

t of p

roce

dure

s m

anua

l and

SO

P’s

on a

gen

eral

basis

reg

iona

lly

that

can

be

adju

sted

by

the

resp

ectiv

e co

untri

es t

o in

clude

loca

l con

ditio

ns.

Mus

t in

clude

por

t in

spec

tions

, air

pat

rol,

at-s

ea i

nspe

ctio

n, i

nspe

ctio

n of

m

arke

ts a

nd p

roce

sser

s, p

roce

dure

s fo

r arr

est,

confi

scat

ion

etc.

xx

xx

xx

x

1.7

Cro

ss c

heck

ing

syst

em in

pl

ace

and

func

tioni

ng to

ve

rify

catc

h an

d lan

ding

da

ta

Assis

t cou

ntrie

s to

deve

lop

a cr

oss-

chec

king

and

verifi

catio

n sy

stem

for l

andi

ng

data

or r

efine

and

impr

ove

the

syst

em th

ey h

ave

xx

xx

1.8

MC

S ris

k as

sess

men

t un

derta

ken

and

inco

rpo-

rate

d in

to M

CS

plan

ning

Dev

elop

a sim

ple

and

robu

st an

alytic

al m

odel

for r

isk as

sess

men

t with

in fis

herie

s M

CS

that

can

be

appl

ied

by fi

sher

ies

offic

ials

in th

e re

spec

tive

coun

tries

, thi

s sh

ould

inclu

de a

gui

delin

e on

use

of r

isk a

naly

sis in

MC

S fo

cusin

g on

opt

ions

to

impl

emen

t suc

h an

app

roac

h in

dat

a po

or fi

sher

ies

xx

xx

xx

Dev

elop

men

t of

tra

inin

g co

urse

on

impl

emen

tatio

n of

risk

ana

lysis

in M

CS

plan

ning

and

pro

vide

a re

gion

al w

orks

hop

/ tra

inin

g co

urse

on

risk

asse

ssm

ent

to tr

ain a

nd a

dapt

the

mod

el fo

r eac

h co

untry

xx

xx

xx

x

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

a p

ilot

proj

ect

whe

re a

ssist

ance

and

gui

danc

e is

give

n to

th

ree

coun

tries

in t

erm

s of

inte

grat

ing

MC

S ris

k as

sess

men

t in

to t

heir

MC

S pl

anni

ng

xx

x

1.9

MC

S in

tellig

ence

info

r-m

atio

n us

ed to

inve

sti-

gate

crim

e an

d ut

ilised

in

MC

S pl

anni

ng

Dev

elop

a t

rain

ing

cour

se o

n us

e of

inte

lligen

ce in

form

atio

n fo

llow

ed b

y a

train

ing c

ours

e an

d w

orks

hop

on h

ow to

use

this

info

rmat

ion

in M

CS

oper

atio

nsx

xx

x

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

a p

ilot

proj

ect

whe

re a

ssist

ance

and

gui

danc

e is

give

n to

th

ree

coun

tries

in t

erm

s of

util

ising

MC

S in

tellig

ence

info

rmat

ion

into

the

ir M

CS

oper

atio

ns in

cludi

ng t

he c

ost

of a

cces

s to

pub

lic in

form

atio

n so

urce

s m

ust b

e co

vere

d by

the

prog

ram

me

(e.g

. AIS

etc

.)

xx

x

Inve

stig

ate

the

issue

of p

iracy

and

IUU

fish

ing

in th

e IO

regi

on, p

repa

re a

n in

-de

pth

repo

rt on

this

analy

sing

the

relat

ions

bet

wee

n fis

herie

s an

d pi

racy

x

xx

x


1.10

Co-

man

agem

ent

syst

em fo

r MC

S in

pl

ace

and

oper

atio

nal

Dev

elop

thr

ee c

ase

stud

ies

to s

how

case

sel

f-mon

itorin

g in

itiat

ives

by

indu

stry

(e.g

. the

Hoo

k and

Lin

e in

itiat

ive

in th

e Se

yche

lles,

fish

prod

ucer

s as

socia

tion

in T

anza

nia

and

shrim

p fis

herie

s as

socia

tion

in M

adag

asca

r)x

x

Dev

elop

men

t of

aw

aren

ess

mat

erial

(po

ster

s an

d fly

ers)

and

eth

ical

beha

viou

r gui

delin

es (c

ode

of c

ondu

ct) f

or th

e di

ffere

nt le

vels

of fi

sher

ies

pers

onne

l and

fish

ers

xx

xx

x

Supp

ort

a nu

mbe

r of

na

tiona

l co

-man

agem

ent

initi

ativ

es

in

self

com

plian

ce a

ctiv

ities

by

prov

idin

g eq

uipm

ent

and

deve

lopi

ng s

yste

ms

for

repo

rting

of n

on-c

ompl

iance

in th

e in

dust

rial a

nd a

rtisa

nal s

ecto

r to

th

e go

vern

men

t age

ncy

xx

xx

1.11

Cap

acity

to

stra

tegi

cally

plan

MC

S op

erat

ions

in p

lace

Dev

elop

a t

rain

ing

cour

se o

n M

CS

stra

tegi

c pl

anni

ng f

ollo

wed

by

a tra

inin

g co

urse

and

wor

ksho

p on

how

ada

pt th

is fo

r cou

ntry

situ

atio

ns

xx

xx

xx

x

1.12

Awar

enes

s ac

tiviti

es in

pl

ace

on th

e ne

gativ

e im

pact

s of

IUU

fish

ing

Dev

elop

men

t of

info

rmat

ion

and

awar

enes

s m

ater

ialin

rel

atio

n to

the

im

pact

s of IU

U fis

hing

finan

cially

, soc

io e

cono

mica

lly an

d en

viro

nmen

tally

. In

form

atio

n m

ust f

ocus

on

IUU

cas

es a

nd p

rofil

es, fl

ag o

f con

veni

ence

, po

rts o

f con

veni

ence

, dr

iver

s of

IU

U a

s w

ell a

s iss

ues

and

solu

tions

. Be

st p

ract

ises

and

less

ons

lear

ned

are

also

impo

rtant

exp

erie

nces

to

prom

ote.

xx

xx

xx

x

Dev

elop

men

t of

in

form

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess

mat

erial

to

vi

suali

ze

prog

ram

me

achi

evem

ents

and

out

puts

xx

xx

xx

x

1.13

Adeq

uate

exc

hang

e of

MC

S in

form

atio

n do

mes

ticall

y

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t im

prov

ed re

porti

ng a

nd in

form

atio

n ex

chan

ge

syst

ems

in s

ome

coun

tries

xx

xx

1.14

MC

S in

tera

genc

y co

oper

atio

n op

erat

iona

l

Dev

elop

a c

ase

stud

ies

to s

how

cas

e ef

fect

ive

inte

r-ag

ency

coo

pera

tion

x

Supp

ort a

num

ber

of n

atio

nal i

nter

-age

ncy

initi

ativ

es b

y de

velo

ping

or

supp

ortin

g sy

stem

s fo

r coo

pera

tion

betw

een

gove

rnm

ent a

genc

ies

and

othe

r play

ers

xx

x



1.15

Regi

onal

MC

S co

oper

atio

n in

plac

e an

d fu

nctio

ning

Assis

t IO

TC to

dev

elop

an

appr

opria

te in

form

atio

n sy

stem

focu

sed

on

MC

S in

form

atio

n ex

chan

ge i

n ac

cord

ance

with

rel

evan

t re

solu

tions

. Th

is sy

stem

cou

ld l

ater

be

exte

nded

to

also

inclu

de t

he p

lanne

d SA

DC

MC

S ce

ntre

in M

ozam

biqu

e an

d sh

ould

inclu

de a

n ap

prop

riate

co

mm

unica

tion

stra

tegy

for

IOTC

to e

nsur

e re

leva

nt s

take

hold

ers

are

reac

hed

and

kept

info

rmed

abo

ut p

rogr

ess

and

requ

irem

ents

xx

xx

x

Supp

ort a

pot

entia

l IO

TC V

MS

mon

itorin

g ce

ntre

inclu

ding

sup

port

to

the

IOTC

pro

ject

“m

onito

r at

-sea

tra

nshi

pmen

ts”

in o

rder

to

quan

tify

the

exte

nt o

f ille

gal t

rans

hipm

ents

tak

ing

plac

e in

the

Wes

tern

Ind

ian

Oce

an

xx

xx

x

Dev

elop

reg

iona

l in

form

atio

n m

ater

ial (

e.g.

cas

e st

udie

s an

d br

iefs)

ba

sed

upon

nat

iona

l exp

erie

nces

am

ong

prog

ram

me

partn

ers

relat

ed

to e

xam

ples

of

good

pra

ctise

. T

his

mat

erial

can

the

n be

use

d by

re

leva

nt r

egio

nal

orga

nisa

tions

suc

h as

NEP

AD,

IOTC

, SA

DC

, IO

C

and

CO

MES

A an

d be

dist

ribut

ed a

mon

g m

embe

r st

ates

to

incr

ease

aw

aren

ess

of b

enefi

ts o

f suc

h pr

actis

es

xx

xx

x

Inve

stig

ate

the

optio

ns fo

r an

Afric

an c

ertifi

catio

n to

cre

ate

an a

ltern

ativ

e to

MSC

bas

ed u

pon

need

s and

requ

irem

ents

with

in A

frica

. Th

e pr

ojec

t m

ust a

lso in

clude

ele

men

ts o

f sel

f-mon

itorin

g, st

anda

rds a

nd n

egot

iatio

n as

sista

nce

to r

each

mar

kets

pre

sent

ly u

sing

MSC

as

a re

fere

nce

poin

t. Th

e H

ook

and

Line

initi

ativ

e in

the

Seyc

helle

s an

d SA

SSI i

n So

uth

Afric

a m

ay p

rovi

de u

sefu

l inf

orm

atio

n in

this

rega

rd.

xx

xx

x


1.16

Abilit

y to

impl

emen

t re

gion

al M

CS

oblig

atio

ns

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t re

gion

al ve

ssel

list

s in

coo

pera

tion

with

the

IO

TC

and

nego

tiate

a re

gion

al co

mpl

iance

reco

rd w

here

any

infri

ngem

ents

repo

rted

are

reco

rded

. Su

ch a

list

sho

uld

not h

ave

any

othe

r pu

rpos

e th

an p

rovi

ding

in

form

atio

n to

rel

evan

t st

ates

in r

elat

ion

to p

oten

tial I

UU

ves

sels

oper

atin

g w

ithin

thei

r EEZ

. Su

ch a

list

will

requ

ire IO

TC c

omm

issio

n ap

prov

al an

d a

first

st

ep w

ould

be

to a

ssist

rele

vant

cou

ntrie

s in

writ

ing

and

tabl

ing

such

a p

ropo

sal

befo

re n

ext y

ear’s

com

miss

ion

mee

ting

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t re

gion

al ve

ssel

list

s in

coo

pera

tion

with

the

IO

TC

and

nego

tiate

a re

gion

al co

mpl

iance

reco

rd w

here

any

infri

ngem

ents

repo

rted

are

reco

rded

. Su

ch a

list

sho

uld

not h

ave

any

othe

r pu

rpos

e th

an p

rovi

ding

in

form

atio

n to

rel

evan

t st

ates

in r

elat

ion

to p

oten

tial I

UU

ves

sels

oper

atin

g w

ithin

thei

r EEZ

. Su

ch a

list

will

requ

ire IO

TC c

omm

issio

n ap

prov

al an

d a

first

st

ep w

ould

be

to a

ssist

rele

vant

cou

ntrie

s in

writ

ing

and

tabl

ing

such

a p

ropo

sal

befo

re n

ext y

ear’s

com

miss

ion

mee

ting

xx

xx

x

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a s

erie

s of

tech

nica

l wor

ksho

ps to

det

erm

ine

the

re-

gion

al in

form

atio

n re

quire

men

ts in

ter

ms

of V

MS

and

com

plian

ce d

ata.

Th

e fin

al w

orks

hop

shou

ld a

im t

o in

clude

dec

ision

mak

ers

in o

rder

to

facil

itate

a

decis

ion

to sh

are

data

bet

wee

n pr

ogra

mm

e co

untri

es.

This

is th

e st

artin

g po

int

for t

he d

evel

opm

ent o

f an

info

rmat

ion

syst

em th

at c

an se

rve

the

MC

S re

quire

-m

ents

in a

regi

onal

cont

ext

xx

xx

xx

Dev

elop

a p

ilot

proj

ect

with

SAD

C (

due

to t

he g

ood

stan

ding

of t

he S

ADC

Po

F) to

dev

elop

reg

iona

l sta

ndar

ds fo

r lic

ensin

g of

fish

ing

vess

els,

inclu

ding

es-

tabl

ishm

ent o

f reg

iona

l reg

ister

of a

utho

rised

fish

ing

vess

els.

Thi

s de

velo

pmen

t sh

ould

be

cond

ucte

d in

coo

pera

tion

with

the

SAD

C M

CS

cent

re a

s ap

pro-

priat

e an

d w

ill in

clude

wor

ksho

ps a

nd w

orkin

g gr

oup

mee

tings

to

agre

e th

e co

nten

t of s

uch

docu

men

ts.

xx

xx

Impl

emen

t a

proj

ect

to a

sses

s th

e st

atus

of I

POA-

IUU

in a

sel

ecte

d nu

mbe

r of

cou

ntrie

s as

wel

l as

dete

rmin

e ho

w th

ey a

re u

sed

and

cont

ribut

e to

bet

ter

MC

S op

erat

ions

. In

add

ition

, alte

rnat

ive

way

s of

pre

sent

ing

the

findi

ngs

of th

e N

POA-

IUU

shou

ld b

e ex

plor

ed in

ord

er to

mak

e th

e do

cum

ent m

ore

usef

ul in

pl

anni

ng a

nd im

plem

enta

tion

of M

CS

oper

atio

ns.

xx

xx

x



1.17

Regi

onal

shar

ing

of p

atro

l pl

atfo

rms

in p

lace

Dev

elop

and

im

plem

ent

a re

gion

al co

oper

atio

n pr

ogra

mm

e w

here

MC

S pl

atfo

rms c

an b

e sh

ared

as w

ell a

s on-

the-

job

train

ing

can

be g

iven

. Th

e pr

ojec

t m

ust

facil

itate

plan

ning

as

wel

l as

finan

ce d

irect

cos

ts r

elat

ed t

o th

e in

itiat

ive

(e.g

. ch

arte

r co

sts

of p

atro

l ves

sels,

cha

rter

cost

of a

irplan

es).

Thi

s in

itiat

ive

shou

ld i

nclu

de p

re-p

atro

l pl

anni

ng i

nclu

ding

use

of

inte

lligen

ce i

nfor

mat

ion,

VM

S in

form

atio

n (fr

om c

ount

ries w

ith o

pera

tiona

l VM

S), u

se o

f IU

U lis

ts, u

se o

f re

sear

ch d

ata

in te

rms

of fl

eet m

ovem

ents

, AIS

dat

a et

c. to

max

imum

pra

ctica

l tra

inin

g ex

perie

nce.

xx

xx

xx

1.18

Cap

able

and

abl

e to

in

tera

ct in

inte

rnat

iona

l de

bate

on

MC

S an

d IU

U fi

shin

g

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a re

gion

al tra

inin

g co

urse

on

nego

tiatin

g in

inte

rnat

iona

l fo

r a a

imin

g at

DW

FN a

cces

s ag

reem

ents

xx

xx

xx


10.2ProposedactionsbycountrytoassistcountriesinovercomingMCShumancapacitygaps

No

Cap

acit

y co

mp

o-

nen

tPo

ssib

le a

ctio

n t

hat

Sm

artF

ish

co

uld

su

pp

ort

if g

aps

iden

tifi

ed

2.1

Adeq

uate

ly tr

ained

MC

S in

spec

tors

Dev

elop

men

t and

del

iver

y of

regi

onal

and

natio

nal M

CS

train

ing

– to

cov

er

both

bas

ic an

d ad

vanc

ed M

CS

oper

atio

ns fo

r in

land,

arti

sana

l, sm

all s

cale

an

d in

dust

rial fi

sher

ies

of r

elev

ance

for

the

reg

ion.

Tr

ainin

g sh

ould

be

deve

lope

d fo

r MC

S pr

ofes

siona

ls to

incr

ease

aw

aren

ess a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

w

ithin

the

fishe

ries

man

agem

ent o

rgan

isatio

n

xx

xx

xx

x

Dev

elop

men

t of a

reg

iona

l gui

delin

e on

bes

t pra

ctise

in te

rms

of fi

sher

ies

insp

ecto

rs’ c

aree

r pa

th a

nd r

ank

syst

em t

o ac

hiev

e hi

gher

effi

cienc

y an

d im

prov

ed m

otiv

atio

n am

ong

this

cate

gory

of p

erso

nnel

xx

xx

xx

x

2.2

Adeq

uate

train

ed M

CS

obse

rver

sD

evel

opm

ent o

f a r

egio

nal g

uide

line

on b

est p

ract

ise in

term

s of

fish

erie

s ob

serv

ers'

care

er p

ath

and

rank

sys

tem

to

achi

eve

high

er e

fficie

ncy

and

impr

oved

mot

ivat

ion

amon

g th

is ca

tego

ry o

f per

sonn

el.

xx

xx

xx

x

Dev

elop

men

t and

del

iver

y of

regi

onal

and

natio

nal t

rain

ing

– to

cov

er b

oth

basic

and

adv

ance

d ob

serv

er d

utie

s fo

r in

dust

rial fi

sher

ies

of r

elev

ance

for

the

regi

on.

xx

xx

xx

Dev

elop

men

t an

d de

liver

y of

a r

egio

nal

train

ing

in h

ow t

o es

tabl

ish

obse

rver

and

sam

plin

g pr

ogra

mm

es fo

r ind

ustri

al fis

herie

s of r

elev

ance

for

the

regi

on.

xx

xx

xx

Supp

ort

to t

he d

evel

opm

ent

of p

ilot

proj

ects

to

esta

blish

or

impr

ove

com

plian

ce o

bser

ver p

rogr

amm

es o

n se

lect

ed fi

sher

ies

xx

xx

2.3

Adeq

uate

train

ed M

CS

man

ager

sD

evel

opm

ent a

nd d

eliv

ery

of re

gion

al M

CS

train

ing

for M

CS

man

ager

s to

in

crea

se a

war

enes

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing

the

impo

rtanc

e of

MC

S.x

xx

xx

2.4

Adeq

uate

ly tr

ained

MC

S VM

S/sa

tellit

e op

erat

ors

Supp

ort f

or s

pecifi

c co

untry

adv

ice in

cludi

ng s

uppo

rt fro

m a

n AI

S ex

pert

that

can

gui

de a

nd t

rain

MC

S of

ficer

s in

inf

orm

atio

n ga

ther

ing,

the

se

pers

onne

l will

be tr

ained

und

er 2

.1

xx

xx

x

2.5

Adeq

uate

train

ed fi

sher

s /in

dust

ry t

o pa

rticip

ate

in c

o-m

anag

emen

t

Dev

elop

men

t of

aw

aren

ess

mat

erial

(po

ster

s, fl

yers

and

sho

rt m

ovie

(D

VD))

and

ethi

cal b

ehav

iour

gui

delin

es (c

ode

of c

ondu

ct) f

or th

e fis

hing

in

dust

ry (f

or a

rtisa

nal fi

sher

ies

unde

rtake

n in

1.1

0)

xx

xx

Comoros

Madagascar

Mauritius

Seychelles

Somalia

Tanzania

Kenya



2.6

Adeq

uate

aw

are

fishe

ries

man

ager

s of

MC

S iss

ues

Dev

elop

men

t and

del

iver

y of

regi

onal

MC

S tra

inin

g fo

r fis

herie

s man

ager

s to

incr

ease

aw

aren

ess

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g th

e im

porta

nce

of M

CS

with

in

the

fishe

ries

man

agem

ent o

rgan

isatio

n (to

link

to 2

.3)

xx

xx

x

2.7

Adeq

uate

wor

k de

scrip

-tio

ns a

vaila

ble

Dev

elop

men

t of a

reg

iona

l gui

delin

e on

opt

ions

for

best

pra

ctise

in te

rms

of jo

b de

scrip

tions

for

fishe

ries

MC

S pe

rson

nel t

his

can

then

be

adap

ted

for n

atio

nal s

ituat

ions

xx

xx

xx

2.8

Cod

e of

con

duct

in p

lace

Dev

elop

men

t of a

reg

iona

l gui

delin

e on

opt

ions

for

best

pra

ctise

in te

rms

of c

ode

of c

ondu

ct fo

r fis

herie

s M

CS

pers

onne

l thi

s ca

n th

en b

e ad

apte

d fo

r eac

h na

tiona

l situ

atio

n

xx

xx

xx

x


10.3ProposedactionsbycountrytoassistcountriesinovercomingMCSequipmentgaps

No

Cap

acit

y co

mp

o-

nen

tPo

ssib

le a

ctio

n t

hat

Sm

artF

ish

co

uld

su

pp

ort

if g

aps

iden

-ti

fied

3.1

Acce

ss to

ade

quat

e pa

trol

vess

els

Link

ed to

1.1

7 fo

r reg

iona

l sha

ring

of la

rger

plat

form

s.x

xx

xx

x

3.2

Acce

ss to

ade

quat

e pa

trol

plan

esPr

ovisi

on o

f res

ourc

es fo

r cha

rterin

g of

plan

es to

ass

ess M

CS

com

plian

ce si

tuat

ion

in s

elec

ted

fishe

ries

xx

xx

xx

3.3

Acce

ss to

ade

quat

e he

li-co

pter

sN

o ac

tion

envi

sage

d

3.4

Acce

ss to

ade

quat

e ve

hi-

cles

(mot

orbi

kes,

bike

s or

4x

4)

No

actio

n en

visa

ged

3.5

VMS

syst

em in

stall

ed a

nd

wor

king

Com

preh

ensiv

e an

alysis

of

tech

nica

l st

atus

of

VMS

with

in t

he p

rogr

amm

e co

untri

es w

ith f

ocus

on

stat

us o

f VM

S, c

ontri

butio

n to

war

ds i

mpr

oved

MC

S,

vess

els

mon

itore

d an

d us

e of

VM

S in

form

atio

n.

xx

xx

xx

Inve

stig

atio

n in

to d

iffere

nt o

ptio

ns fo

r a re

gion

al VM

S co

ncep

t whe

re c

ount

ries c

an

“buy

” a sh

are

to o

btain

VM

S in

form

atio

n in

relat

ion

to th

e In

dian

oce

an.

Addi

tiona

l fu

nctio

nalit

y m

ay i

nclu

de n

atio

nal

VMS

in a

dditi

on t

o in

clude

sm

aller

flee

ts a

s ap

prop

riate

to s

erve

nat

iona

l man

agem

ent c

onsid

erat

ions

xx

xx

xx

3.6

Acce

ss to

ade

quat

e sa

tellit

e im

ager

yPr

ovisi

on o

f acc

ess

to s

atel

lite

imag

ery

in c

onne

ctio

n to

2.4

xx

x

3.7

Adeq

uate

insp

ectio

n kit

s av

ailab

le

Prov

ide

all o

ffice

s an

d co

-man

agem

ent b

odie

s re

spon

sible

for

MC

S w

ith s

ever

al ap

prop

riate

ins

pect

ion

kits

whi

ch s

houl

d in

clude

net

gau

che,

wei

ghts

, di

gita

l ca

mer

a et

c.

xx

x

3.8

Adeq

uate

equ

ipm

ent a

vail-

able

for o

bser

vers

Prov

ide

obse

rver

equ

ipm

ent

as r

equi

red

(mea

surin

g bo

ard,

net

gau

ge,

bask

ets,

su

rviv

al eq

uipm

ent e

tc.)

xx

x

3.9

Adeq

uate

uni

form

s fo

r M

CS

staf

f Al

l MC

S st

aff t

o be

pro

vide

d w

ith a

bas

ic un

iform

(T-s

hirt

and

cap

in it

s sim

ples

t fo

rm) w

here

this

is no

t in

plac

ex

xx

x

3.10

ID c

ards

for M

CS

staf

f Su

ppor

t cou

ntrie

s to

dev

elop

a s

yste

m to

issu

e ID

car

ds to

MC

S pe

rson

nel

xx

xx

3.11

Adeq

uate

com

pute

rs fo

r M

CS

activ

ities

Pr

ovid

e co

mpu

ters

to s

uppo

rt M

CS

oper

atio

nsx

xx

xx

3.12

Adeq

uate

inte

rnet

acc

ess

Prov

ide

stan

dalo

ne in

tern

et a

cces

s to

2 c

ompu

ters

in e

ach

coun

tryx

xx

xx

Comoros

Madagascar

Mauritius

Seychelles

Somalia

Tanzania

Kenya

Risk Assessment Of Compliance Levels


11RISKASSESSMENTOFCOMPLIANCELEVELS

11.1 Riskassessmentbycountryandfishery

The previous chapters have provided an inventory of MCS capacity and capacity gaps for each main fishery type within each country and then provided suggestions for capacity building and associated interventions to assist in overcoming these capacity gaps. As there are a large number of proposed actions a risk assessment was prepared for each fishery in each country. Generally, compliance in fisheries is linked to a range of influences and factors that include level of enforcement, awareness, and legitimacy of the fishery policy and management process that is strongly linked to the level of participation in decision making in the sector.

For the assessment the same fishery groups (e.g. industrial tuna, coastal artisanal) were used as in the previous analysis (Chapters 2 to 8). The assessment was based on an estimate of compliance to the regulations relevant to each fishery by country. The estimate took into account the controls on access to the fishery, the management measures in place, the MCS capacity (as previously described) and the equipment available for MCS operations. The probability that an infraction or non-compliant act would take place was made in a qualitative manner and then translated into a numerical category (to allow easy comparison) on a scale from one to five, with x indicating not applicable (generally due to no legislative system or an open access fishery with no controls in place):

1. Rare - Will only take place in an extraordinary situation 2. Unlikely - Could take place occasionally 3. Possible - Might take place occasionally4. Likely - Will take place frequently 5. Almost certain - It is generally expected to take place

The table below provides the basic information used and the category allocated:1

Fishery Access Management measures

MCS capacity Equipment and capacity

Compliance indicator

Traditional fishery Open access x • Very limited number of people allocated to MCS.

• Fisheries Authority recently established and under development

• Very limited MCS equipment and hardware available

• Low awareness of how consequences of IUU fishing

• No seagoing patrol vessels or planes

• Partly working VMS

• Limited MCS equipment and hardware available to conduct inspections

x

Artisanal fishery Open access12

x x


Restricted access

• License• TAC• Catch

reporting• By-catch

reporting• Gear

restrictions• VMS

5

12 Certainhighvaluefisherieshaverestrictionse.g.seacucumberwhichisunderamoratoriumin2011.

Co

un

tryC

om

oro

s


Fishery Access Management measures

MCS capacity Equipment and capacity

Compliance indicator

Inland small scale/ artisanal fishery

Restricted access

• License• Closed

season Lake Victoria and Lake Naivasha

• Gear restrictions

• Very limited number of fisheries staff allocated to MCS.

• Fisheries Ministry recently established and under development

• Low awareness of the impact of IUU fishing

• BMU’s established for inland fisheries

• Establishment of Marine Parks to protect pockets of reef systems

• Poor port state controls in Mombasa


• Partly working VMS


4

Coastal artisanal fishery

Restricted access

• License• Gear

restrictions5

Semi-industrial shrimp fishery

Restricted access


season• Gear

restrictions

3

Industrial off-shore tuna fishery

Restricted access

• License• Gear

restrictions• Catch

reporting• VMS

4

Traditional fishery Open access 13

x • Good human capacity focusing on industrial tuna and shrimp fisheries

• Very limited capacity to interact with the artisanal fishery

• Limited institutional capacity and political will to deal with IUU fishing in artisanal fishery

x

Artisanal fishery Restricted access


season and areas

• Gear restrictions

5

Industrial shrimp fishery

Restricted access


season• Gear

restrictions• TAD • VMS• Limited

landing sites

2


Restricted access

• License• Gear

restrictions• By-catch

limitations• Transhipment

restrictions• VMS

3

Co

un

tryK

enya

Mad

agascar

13 Certainsmallhighvaluesfisheriesarerestrictedaccesssuchasseacucumberandoctopus.

Risk Assessment Of Compliance Levels




season• Gear

restrictions• Minimum

size• By-catch

restrictions• Restricted

landing sites

• Good human capacity

• Limited number of inspectors compared to fisheries and port responsibilities

• Need to develop a better PSM regime

• No seagoing patrol vessels

• Good air surveillance capacity (3 dedicated aircrafts)

• 3 smaller near coast patrol vessels

• Functional VMS• Generally

well equipped for vessel inspections

3

Semi-Industrial fishery

Restricted access

• License• Gear

restrictions• By-catch

restrictions• Quota restrictions• Restricted

landing sites

3

Industrial fishery Restricted access

• License• Gear

restrictions• Reporting

requirements• Transhipment

restrictions

4


• License• Gear

restrictions• Closed

season14

• Good human capacity • Limited number of inspectors compared to fisheries and port responsibilities• Need to develop a better PSM regime

• Seagoing patrol vessels avail-able but focus on piracy• Limited air surveillance capacity• Functional VMS• Generally well equipped for vessel inspections

4

Semi-industrial mixed species fishery

Restricted access

• License• Gear

restrictions• Quota

limitations• VMS

3

Semi-industrial local tuna fishery

Restricted access

• License• Gear

restrictions• Quote

limitations• VMS

3

Industrial foreign tuna fishery

Restricted access

• License• Gear


requirements• VMS

4

Mau

ritius

14 Sea cucumber and lobster

Seychelles


Artisanal fishery Open access x • Weak human capacity

• Weak governance structure

• Very limited equipment available for MCS

x

Industrial fishery Restricted access

• License

5

Artisanal fishery Open access x • Very limited number of MCS staff available taking the magnitude of the fisheries into consideration.

• Low awareness of the impact of IUU fishing

• BMU’s established for inland fisheries


• Operational VMS


• 26 coastal and inland patrol vessels available

x

Small scale fishery Open access x x

Inland fishery Licensed15 • License• Gear

restrictions• Closed

season

4


Restricted access

• License• Gear


requirements

5

11.2 Summaryofriskassessment

The range of risks of non-compliance in the fisheries varied from unlikely to almost certain across the fisheries.

The coastal semi-industrial and industrial shrimp fisheries of Kenya and Madagascar appear to be the most compliant fisheries with less chance of infractions. In a similar way, the locally fished mixed fisheries of Seychelles and Mauritius were classified as ‘possible’ for non-compliance, while the Somali situation was ‘almost certain’ the rules are violated.

The coastal artisanal fisheries in Kenya and Madagascar were considered very non-compliant, with Seychelles and Mauritius more compliant. This provides opportunities for lesson learning and exchange across the countries, and joint training would provide good opportunities for this. Overall the coastal artisanal fisheries are a challenge for MCS and generally require more participatory systems of management in order to create incentives and knowledge for compliance.

Inland fisheries (for Kenya and Tanzania) were both categorised as ‘likely’ for non-compliance and these would benefit from more attention on MCS.

Finally, the industrial tuna fishery, that is important for all countries was classified from ‘possible’ in Madagascar and Seychelles to ‘almost certain’ in Comoros and Tanzania. As a mainly foreign fishery, this is an important area for regional cooperation on filling the capacity gaps and would benefit from exchange and lesson learning across the region.

Som

aliaTan

zania

15 Tilapiaandcatfish


Photo: Landing of red snapper in Victoria, Seychelles (Photo P E Bergh)


12REGIONALASPECTS12.1 Regionalcooperation

In respect to MCS and capacity in the ESA-IO region there are many reasons to consider regional approaches, cooperation’s and joint actions, some of these are:

• fish stocks and fishers, fishing operations and fisheries trade are either by nature or by impact trans-boundary and therefore national fisheries policies and MCS strategies are stronger if formulated in coherence to neighbouring country or regional realities, approaches or polices;

• regional agreements and obligations, including RFMO agreed actions, provide a framework for cooperation among countries in facing the challenges of tackling IUU fishing and developing MCS approaches that can benefit each other;

• when tackling capacity issues, and during capacity building activities much can be gained from a regional approach, and where possible joint actions that create an opportunity for building networks and partnerships and in many cases it has been seen that cooperative efforts can motivate countries to increase their individual efforts; and

• limited resources, especially of large MCS equipment such as planes and vessels, and the shortage of trained staff in many countries, combined with large EEZs meansthat to protect against IUU fishing in the off-shore fishing grounds requires strong regional cooperation and sharing of resources.

However, even with many good reasons for regional cooperation there are also many challenges. Over the last years, several efforts have been undertaken to overcome these challenges and open up the opportunity for regional collaboration. Examples include: the EU funded SADC MCS project that ended some years ago but that developed regional plans, and actions including joint patrols in the countries of the SADC. This was followed by the Stop Illegal Fishing Working Group of the NEPAD Agency a working group that guided the process of the SADC Statement of Commitment on IUU fishing (2008) and is now active in the region in guiding collaboration and policy formulation in across Africa. The Regional Component six of the SWIOFP project, which is also geared towards regionalisation of MCS activities, as is the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (SWIOFC). Similarly, the ACPFISH II project has a range of sub-projects that intend to assist countries in the region with implementation of their national plans of action (NPOAs) and updating their legal framework.

The efforts are generally focused around;

• policy development that aims to not only integrate international best practice into regional commitments, but to also raise awareness and commitment at a high political level to the issues around IUU fishing and the impacts on the region;

• strategic planning that sets the frameworks for cooperation and interventions;

• strengthening networks and information sharing that ensure the institutional capacity for cooperation;

• capacity building that provides the basic human capacity to enable cooperation; and

• practical interventions that both build capacity and implement deterrent style MCS operations.

In addition to projects, the regional inter-governmental organisations of relevance to the region are listed in the table below and a short explanation of each organisation can be found in Annex 4. Many of these organisations have the potential to contribute towards better MCS solutions both in a regional and a national context with financial and technical assistance and cooperation with the SmartFish programme.

Regional Aspects


Country IGAD IOC IOTC SWIOFC LVFO LTFO SADC COMESA EAC NEPAD

Burundi X X X XComoros X X X X XDjibouti X X XDR Congo X X XEritrea X X X XEthiopia X X XKenya X X X X X X X XMadagascar X X X X X XMalawi X X XMauritius X X X X X XRwanda X X X XSeychelles X X X X X XSomalia X Observer XSudan X X X XSwaziland X X XTanzania X X X X X X XUganda X X X X X XZambia X X XZimbabwe X X X

12.2 PotentialregionalpartnersfortheSmartFishprogramme

It will be valuable for SmartFish to build up good communication with inter-governmentals and their associated projects in order to strengthen networks, and to build synergies and coherence in respect to capacity building activities.

12.2.1 TheIndianOceanCommission(IOC)

IOC is the implementer of the SmartFish programme. It has five Member States: The Comoros, France (on behalf of La Réunion), Madagascar, Mauritius and the Seychelles. IOC has a strong focus on fisheries and the awareness of IUU fishing is apparent in the Seychelles Declaration of January 2007 of the IOC Fisheries Ministers to combat IUU Fishing. In addition to the SmartFish programme, the IOC-PRSP programme dedicated to fisheries surveillance has been active since 2007 but is soon to be finalised.

12.2.2 TheNewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment(NEPAD)Agency

NEPAD has been building capacity within fisheries for some years to support the implementation of Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). The main fisheries component under NEPAD Agency is the Partnership for African Fisheries (PAF) with working groups within governance, trade, aquaculture and Stop Illegal Fishing. NEPAD is the implementing agency of the African Union and has a large political and professional network in relation to fisheries. NEPAD also work with the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and can consequently facilitate cooperation between them. NEPAD mainly work with higher level pan-African policy and governance issues. SmartFish has opportunities to co-operate with SIF in relation to case studies on MCS, as these would be valuable to share best practice and to develop a coherent voice in relation to capacity needs in MCS.


12.2.3 TheIndianOceanTunaCommission(IOTC)

The IOTC is a dedicated Regional Fisheries Management Organisation focusing on large pelagic migratory species in the Indian Ocean (both EEZ and high seas). The organisation is ideal to cooperate with SmartFish in relation to the large commercial tuna fishery in the Western Indian Ocean and to cooperate with the IOTC compliance committee.

12.2.4 TheSouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity(SADC)

SADC has a long experience of cooperation in fisheries. Following the recent (2008) SADC Statement of Commitment to stop IUU fishing, that provided further elaboration of the principles set out in the SADC Protocol on Fisheries, the SADC countries have agreed to promote the creation of a Regional Monitoring Control and Surveillance (MCS) Centre as a priority action. This centre, once established may provide a suitable partner in terms of project implementation, but in the mean time the SmartFish programme may be able to work with the SADC countries to develop further the steps required to put this centre in place.

12.2.5 LakeVictoriaFisheriesOrganisation(LVFO)

LVFO gathers Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda as a result of the need to managethe fisheries resources of Lake Victoria in a coordinated manner. The Organisation is an institution of the East African Community (EAC). The organisation is engaging in activities to stop IUU fishing and has developed a MCS strategy as well as management plans for the main fisheries

12.2.6 LakeTanganyikaAuthority(LTA)

LTA gathers the four lake basin States of Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Tanzania and Zambia. It is executed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and aims to ensure the protection and conservation of the biological diversity and sustainable use of the natural resources of Lake Tanganyika and its basin. LTA has a strategic component related to sustainable fisheries and acknowledges the need to control IUU fishing.

Photo: Fish auction at the fish market in Dar es Salam, Tanzania (Photo P E Bergh)

Recommendations And Roadmap


13RECOMMENDATIONSANDROADMAPThe vision of the SmartFish programme is to implement the regional fisheries strategy for the ESA-IO Region. An implemented strategy means that change has to take place – both within governance, policy, legal framework and work routines among fisheries staff. This will require a phased approach to the “end state” of the project output to ensure that this change is achieved. All activities proposed are in support of the vision of the programme but focus on the MCS capacity needs identified and verified throughout this analysis. The following project priorities are recommended to ensure that MCS capacity in the region is updated and harmonised. Although only seven countries were evaluated, these are considered to be representative enough to show work actions relevant for the whole region. It is also recommended to implement the road map for MCS capacity in partnership with regional institutions and other MCS projectsunderway in order to maximise outcomes. The roadmap is separated into eight sections for ease of implementation and actions that are considered the highest priority are marked in black and those of a more middle priority are marked in grey - although note is made that all are considered important.


13.1MCShumancapacity

MC

S h

um

an c

apac

ity

Co

mK

enM

adM

auSe

ySo

mTa

nTy

pe

of

inte

rven

tio

ns

that

may

be

req

uir

ed

(lik

ely

no

t al

l in

an

y o

ne

case

)

Prio

rity

1D

evel

opm

ent

and

deliv

ery

of

regi

onal

and

natio

nal M

CS

train

ing

– to

cov

er b

oth

basic

and

ad

vanc

ed M

CS

oper

atio

ns f

or i

nlan

d, a

rtisa

nal,

small

scale

and

indu

stria

l fish

erie

s of r

elev

ance

for

the

regi

on.

xx

xx

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

Nat

iona

l - E

quip

men

t N

atio

nal -

Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

2D

evel

opm

ent

and

deliv

ery

of

regi

onal

MC

S tra

inin

g fo

r MC

S m

anag

ers t

o in

crea

se a

war

enes

s an

d un

ders

tand

ing

the

impo

rtanc

e of

MC

S w

ithin

th

e fis

herie

s m

anag

emen

t org

anisa

tion

xx

xx

x

Regi

onal

- Tra

inin

gRe

gion

al - M

anua

ls/pr

oced

ures

3D

evel

opm

ent

and

deliv

ery

of

regi

onal

and

natio

nal

train

ing

– to

co

ver

both

ba

sic

and

adva

nced

obs

erve

r du

ties

for

indu

stria

l fish

erie

s of

rele

vanc

e fo

r the

regi

on.

xx

xx

xx

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

Nat

iona

l - E

quip

men

t N

atio

nal -

Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

4As

sist

coun

tries

with

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

PS

MA

and

the

IOTC

PSM

R th

roug

h im

plem

entin

g ca

pacit

y ne

eds

asse

ssm

ents

and

capa

city

build

ing

plan

s

xx

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

g

5D

evel

opm

ent

and

deliv

ery

of a

reg

iona

l tra

inin

g in

ho

w

to

esta

blish

ob

serv

er

and

sam

plin

g pr

ogra

mm

es fo

r in

dust

rial fi

sher

ies

of r

elev

ance

fo

r the

regi

on.

xx

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

pro-

cedu

res

6D

evel

opm

ent o

f a r

egio

nal g

uide

line

on o

ptio

ns

for

best

pra

ctise

in

term

s of

job

des

crip

tions

, ca

reer

pat

hs,

and

code

of

cond

uctfo

r fis

herie

s M

CS

pers

onne

l thi

s can

then

be

adap

ted

for e

ach

natio

nal s

ituat

ion

xx

xx

xx

x

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

pro-

cedu

res

7D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent n

atio

nal t

rain

ing

in P

SMx

xx

xx

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing



13.2Standardoperatingprocedures/improvedMCSsystems

Stan

dar

d o

per

atin

g p

roce

du

res

/ im

pro

ved

M

CS

syst

ems

Co

mK

enM

adM

auSe

ySo

mTa

n

Typ

e o

f in

terv

enti

on

s th

at m

ay b

e re

qu

ired

(l

ikel

y n

ot

all i

n a

ny

on

e ca

se)

Prio

rity

1D

evel

opm

ent

of p

roce

dure

s m

anua

l an

d SO

P’s

on

a ge

nera

l ba

sis r

egio

nally

tha

t ca

n be

adj

uste

d by

the

re

spec

tive

coun

tries

to

inclu

de lo

cal c

ondi

tions

. M

ust

inclu

de p

ort

insp

ectio

ns,

air p

atro

l, at

-sea

ins

pect

ion,

in

spec

tion

of m

arke

ts a

nd p

roce

sser

s, p

roce

dure

s fo

r ar

rest

, con

fisca

tion

etc.

xx

xx

xx

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

Nat

iona

l - M

anua

ls/pr

oced

ures

Re

gion

al - W

orks

hop/

mee

ting

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

2As

sist

coun

tries

to

de

velo

p a

cros

s-ch

eckin

g an

d ve

rifica

tion

syst

em fo

r lan

ding

dat

a or

refin

e an

d im

prov

e th

e sy

stem

they

hav

ex

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g N

atio

nal -

Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

3Pr

epar

e a

list o

f aut

horis

ed v

esse

ls in

cludi

ng; v

esse

l dat

a (IM

O n

umbe

r, ho

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pow

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wne

r, ag

ent e

tc.),

hist

orica

l co

mpl

iance

an

d lic

ensin

g in

form

atio

n.

Th

is sh

ould

be

abl

e to

be

linke

d to

oth

er c

ompl

iance

, in

spec

tion,

ob

serv

er a

nd v

esse

l mov

emen

t inf

orm

atio

n if

avail

able

. Th

is in

form

atio

n sh

ould

be

avail

able

to fi

sher

ies s

taff

both

na

tiona

lly a

nd re

gion

ally

xx

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g

4D

evel

op a

cas

e st

udie

s to

sho

w c

ase

effe

ctiv

e in

ter-

agen

cy c

oope

ratio

n x

Regi

onal

- Stu

dy /d

rafti

ng

Regi

onal

- Equ

ipm

ent/s

uppl

ies

5Su

ppor

t to

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f pilo

t pro

ject

s to

esta

blish

or

im

prov

e co

mpl

iance

in

obse

rver

pro

gram

mes

on

sele

cted

fish

erie

sx

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

gN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g N

atio

nal -

Equ

ipm

ent

Nat

iona

l - M

anua

ls/pr

oce-

dure

s

6D

evel

op o

r ad

just

logb

ooks

for

fishe

ries,

prin

t and

train

in

spec

tors

and

obs

erve

rs in

use

xx

xx

xN

atio

nal -

TA

supp

ort

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

Nat

iona

l - E

quip

men

t

7Su

ppor

t a

num

ber

of n

atio

nal

inte

r-ag

ency

ini

tiativ

es

by d

evel

opin

g or

sup

porti

ng s

yste

ms

for

coop

erat

ion

betw

een

gove

rnm

ent a

genc

ies

and

othe

r play

ers

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

gN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g N

atio

nal -

Man

uals/

proc

e-du

res


13.3MCSintelligenceandstrategicplanning

MC

S In

telli

gen

ce a

nd

Str

ateg

ic P

lan

nin

gC

om

Ken

Mad

Mau

Sey

Som

Tan

Typ

e o

f in

terv

enti

on

s th

at m

ay b

e re

qu

ired

(l

ikel

y n

ot

all i

n a

ny

on

e ca

se)

Prio

rity

1D

evel

op a

tra

inin

g co

urse

on

MC

S st

rate

gic

plan

ning

fo

llow

ed b

y a

train

ing

cour

se a

nd w

orks

hop

on h

ow

to a

dapt

thi

s fo

r co

untry

situ

atio

ns in

cludi

ng t

he u

se o

f in

tellig

ence

info

rmat

ion

xx

xx

xx

x

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

g

2As

sist i

n pr

oces

s of

dev

elop

ing

the

NPO

A-IU

U in

cludi

ng

train

ing

for t

he u

se o

f it i

n na

tiona

l plan

ning

x

xx

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Stu

dy/d

rafti

ng

Nat

iona

l - W

orks

hop/

mee

ting

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

3In

vest

igat

e th

e iss

ue o

f pira

cy a

nd IU

U fi

shin

g in

the

IO

regi

on, p

repa

re a

n in

-dep

th r

epor

t on

thi

s an

alysin

g th

e re

latio

ns b

etw

een

fishe

ries

and

pira

cy

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- Stu

dy /d

rafti

ng

4D

evel

op

and

impl

emen

t im

prov

ed

repo

rting

an

d in

form

atio

n ex

chan

ge s

yste

ms

xx

xx

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

Nat

iona

l - E

quip

men

t N

atio

nal -

Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

5Im

plem

enta

tion

of a

pilo

t pr

ojec

t w

here

ass

istan

ce a

nd

guid

ance

is g

iven

to

thre

e co

untri

es in

ter

ms

of u

tilisi

ng

MC

S in

tellig

ence

info

rmat

ion

into

the

ir M

CS

oper

atio

ns

inclu

ding

the

cost

of a

cces

s to

pub

lic in

form

atio

n so

urce

s m

ust b

e co

vere

d by

the

prog

ram

me

(e.g

. AIS

etc

.)

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

gN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g N

atio

nal -

Equ

ipm

ent

6D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent

a sy

stem

for

the

colle

ctio

n an

d us

e of

inte

lligen

ce in

form

atio

n fro

m m

arke

ts, p

roce

sser

s,

fish

mon

gers

and

exp

orte

rs fo

r mon

itorin

g co

mpl

iance

xx

xx

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Stu

dy/d

rafti

ng

Nat

iona

l - W

orks

hop/

mee

ting

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

7Su

ppor

t for

spec

ific

coun

try a

dvice

inclu

ding

supp

ort f

rom

an

AIS

exp

ert

that

can

gui

de a

nd t

rain

MC

S of

ficer

s in

in

form

atio

n ga

ther

ing.

xx

xx

xN

atio

nal -

TA

supp

ort

Nat

iona

l - E

quip

men

t

8Im

plem

ent a

pro

ject

to a

sses

s the

stat

us o

f NPO

A-IU

U in

a

sele

cted

num

ber o

f cou

ntrie

s as w

ell a

s det

erm

ine

how

th

ey a

re u

sed

and

cont

ribut

e to

bet

ter

MC

S op

erat

ions

. In

add

ition

, alte

rnat

ive

way

s of

pre

sent

ing

the

findi

ngs

of

the

NPO

A-IU

U sh

ould

be

expl

ored

in o

rder

to m

ake

the

docu

men

t mor

e us

eful

in p

lanni

ng a

nd im

plem

enta

tion

of

MC

S op

erat

ions

.

xx

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - S

tudy

/dra

fting

Re

gion

al - S

tudy

/dra

fting



13.4Riskassessment

Ris

k A

sses

smen

tC

om

Ken

Mad

Mau

Sey

Som

Tan

Typ

e o

f in

terv

enti

on

s th

at m

ay b

e re

qu

ired

(l

ikel

y n

ot

all i

n a

ny

on

e ca

se)

Prio

rity

1D

evel

op a

sim

ple

and

robu

st a

naly

tical

mod

el fo

r ris

k as

sess

men

t with

in fi

sher

ies

MC

S th

at c

an b

e ap

plie

d by

fish

erie

s of

ficial

s in

the

res

pect

ive

coun

tries

, th

is sh

ould

inclu

de a

gui

delin

e on

use

of r

isk a

naly

sis in

M

CS

focu

sing

on o

ptio

ns t

o im

plem

ent

such

an

appr

oach

in d

ata

poor

fish

erie

s

xx

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- Stu

dy /d

rafti

ng

2D

evel

opm

ent

of t

rain

ing

cour

se o

n im

plem

enta

tion

of ri

sk a

naly

sis in

MC

S pl

anni

ng a

nd p

rovi

de a

regi

onal

wor

ksho

p / t

rain

ing

cour

se o

n ris

k as

sess

men

t to

train

an

d ad

apt t

he m

odel

for e

ach

coun

try

xx

xx

xx

x

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

g

3Im

plem

enta

tion

of a

pilo

t pr

ojec

t w

here

ass

istan

ce

and

guid

ance

is

give

n to

thr

ee c

ount

ries

in t

erm

s of

int

egra

ting

MC

S ris

k as

sess

men

t in

to t

heir

MC

S pl

anni

ng

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

gN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g


13.5MCSCo-managementsystems

MC

S In

telli

gen

ce a

nd

Str

ateg

ic P

lan

nin

gC

om

Ken

Mad

Mau

Sey

Som

Tan

Typ

e o

f in

terv

enti

on

s th

at m

ay b

e re

qu

ired

(l

ikel

y n

ot

all i

n a

ny

on

e ca

se)

Prio

rity

1Su

ppor

t a n

umbe

r of

nat

iona

l co-

man

agem

ent i

nitia

tives

in

sel

f com

plian

ce a

ctiv

ities

by

prov

idin

g eq

uipm

ent

and

deve

lopi

ng

syst

ems

for

repo

rting

of

no

n-co

mpl

iance

in

the

indu

stria

l and

arti

sana

l sec

tor

to t

he g

over

nmen

t ag

ency

xx

xx

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

gN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g N

atio

nal -

Equ

ipm

ent

Nat

iona

l - M

anua

ls/pr

oced

ures

2C

ondu

ct a

fra

me

surv

ey f

or a

rtisa

nal/s

mall

sca

le a

nd

fishe

r/cr

aft l

istx

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Stu

dy/d

rafti

ngN

atio

nal -

Tra

inin

g N

atio

nal -

Equ

ipm

ent

3D

evel

op a

cat

ch a

sses

smen

t sy

stem

for

arti

sana

l/sm

all

scale

to im

plem

ent c

atch

mon

itorin

gx

xx

x

Nat

iona

l - T

A su

ppor

tN

atio

nal -

Stu

dy/d

rafti

ng

Nat

iona

l - T

rain

ing

Nat

iona

l - E

quip

men

t

4D

evel

op t

hree

cas

e st

udie

s to

sho

wca

se s

elf-m

onito

ring

initi

ativ

esby

indu

stry

(e.

g. th

e H

ook

and

Line

Initi

ativ

e in

th

e Se

yche

lles,

fish

pro

duce

rs a

ssoc

iatio

n in

Tan

zani

a an

d sh

rimp

fishe

ries

asso

ciatio

n in

Mad

agas

car)

xx

x

Regi

onal

- Stu

dy /d

rafti

ng

Regi

onal

- Equ

ipm

ent/s

uppl

ies

5Pr

ovid

e all

offi

ces a

nd c

o-m

anag

emen

t bod

ies r

espo

nsib

le

for

MC

S w

ith s

ever

al ap

prop

riate

insp

ectio

n kit

s w

hich

sh

ould

inclu

de n

et g

auch

e, w

eigh

ts, d

igita

l cam

era

etc.

x

xx

Nat

iona

l - E

quip

men

t



13.6RegionalMCScooperation

MC

S In

telli

gen

ce a

nd

Str

ateg

ic P

lan

nin

gC

om

Ken

Mad

Mau

Sey

Som

Tan

Typ

e o

f in

terv

enti

on

s th

at m

ay b

e re

qu

ired

(l

ikel

y n

ot

all i

n a

ny

on

e ca

se)

Prio

rity

1D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent a

regi

onal

train

ing

cour

se o

n ne

gotia

ting

in in

tern

atio

nal f

ora

aimin

g at

DW

FN a

cces

s ag

reem

ents

xx

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

Regi

onal

- Tra

inin

g

2C

ompr

ehen

sive

analy

sis o

f tec

hnica

l sta

tus

of V

MS

with

in

the

prog

ram

me

coun

tries

with

focu

s on

sta

tus

of V

MS,

co

ntrib

utio

n to

war

ds im

prov

ed M

CS,

ves

sels

mon

itore

d an

d us

e of

VM

S in

form

atio

n.

xx

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- Stu

dy /d

rafti

ng

3As

sist

IOTC

to

de

velo

p an

ap

prop

riate

in

form

atio

n sy

stem

fo

cuse

d on

M

CS

info

rmat

ion

exch

ange

in

ac

cord

ance

with

rel

evan

t res

olut

ions

. Th

is sy

stem

cou

ld

later

be

exte

nded

to a

lso in

clude

the

plan

ned

SAD

C M

CS

cent

re in

Moz

ambi

que

and

shou

ld in

clude

an

appr

opria

te

com

mun

icatio

n st

rate

gy f

or I

OTC

to

ensu

re r

elev

ant

stak

ehol

ders

ar

e re

ache

d an

d ke

pt

info

rmed

ab

out

prog

ress

and

requ

irem

ents

xx

xx

x

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

gRe

gion

al - T

rain

ing

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

Regi

onal

- Equ

ipm

ent/s

uppl

ies

4D

evel

op

and

impl

emen

t re

gion

al ve

ssel

lis

ts

in

coop

erat

ion

with

the

IO

TC a

nd n

egot

iate

a re

gion

al co

mpl

iance

reco

rd w

here

any

infri

ngem

ents

repo

rted

are

reco

rded

. Su

ch a

list

sho

uld

not h

ave

any

othe

r pu

rpos

e th

an p

rovi

ding

info

rmat

ion

to re

leva

nt s

tate

s in

relat

ion

to

pote

ntial

IUU

ves

sels

oper

atin

g w

ithin

thei

r EE

Z.

Such

a

list w

ill re

quire

IOTC

com

miss

ion

appr

oval

and

a fir

st st

ep

wou

ld b

e to

ass

ist re

leva

nt c

ount

ries i

n w

ritin

g an

d ta

blin

g su

ch a

pro

posa

l bef

ore

next

yea

r’s c

omm

issio

n m

eetin

g

xx

xx

x

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Tra

inin

g Re

gion

al - W

orks

hop/

mee

ting

Regi

onal

- Man

uals/

proc

edur

es

Regi

onal

- Equ

ipm

ent/s

uppl

ies

5D

evel

op

and

impl

emen

t a

regi

onal

coop

erat

ion

prog

ram

me

whe

re M

CS

plat

form

s ca

n be

sha

red

as w

ell

as o

n-th

e-jo

b tra

inin

g ca

n be

giv

en.

The

pro

ject

mus

t fa

cilita

te p

lanni

ng a

s w

ell a

s fin

ance

dire

ct c

osts

rel

ated

to

the

initi

ativ

e (e

.g.

char

ter

cost

s of

pat

rol v

esse

ls, c

harte

r co

st o

f air

plan

es).

Thi

s in

itiat

ive

shou

ld i

nclu

de p

re-

patro

l plan

ning

inclu

ding

use

of i

ntel

ligen

ce in

form

atio

n,

VMS

info

rmat

ion

(from

cou

ntrie

s w

ith o

pera

tiona

l VM

S),

use

of I

UU

list

s, u

se o

f re

sear

ch d

ata

in t

erm

s of

flee

t m

ovem

ents

, AIS

dat

a et

c. t

o m

axim

um p

ract

ical t

rain

ing

expe

rienc

e.

xx

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Tra

inin

g Re

gion

al - E

quip

men

t/sup

plie

s


6Su

ppor

t a

pote

ntial

IO

TC

VMS

mon

itorin

g ce

ntre

in

cludi

ng s

uppo

rt to

the

IO

TC p

roje

ct “

mon

itor

at-s

ea

trans

hipm

ents

” in

ord

er t

o qu

antif

y th

e ex

tent

of

illega

l tra

nshi

pmen

ts ta

king

plac

e in

the

Wes

tern

Indi

an O

cean

xx

xx

x

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Tra

inin

gRe

gion

al - M

anua

ls/pr

oce-

dure

s Re

gion

al - E

quip

men

t/sup

plie

s

7In

vest

igat

e th

e op

tions

fo

r an

Af

rican

ce

rtific

atio

nto

crea

te a

n alt

erna

tive

to M

SC b

ased

upo

n ne

eds

and

requ

irem

ents

with

in A

frica

. Th

e pr

ojec

t mus

t also

inclu

de

nego

tiatio

n as

sista

nce

to r

each

mar

kets

pre

sent

ly u

sing

MSC

as

a re

fere

nce

poin

t

xx

xx

xRe

gion

al - S

tudy

/dra

fting

Re

gion

al - W

orks

hop/

mee

ting

8D

evel

op a

pilo

t pr

ojec

t w

ith S

ADC

(du

e to

the

goo

d st

andi

ng o

f the

SAD

C P

oF) t

o de

velo

p re

gion

al st

anda

rds

for

licen

sing

of fi

shin

g ve

ssel

s, i

nclu

ding

est

ablis

hmen

t of

reg

iona

l re

gist

er o

f au

thor

ised

fishi

ng v

esse

ls. T

his

deve

lopm

ent

shou

ld b

e co

nduc

ted

in c

oope

ratio

n w

ith

the

SAD

C M

CS

cent

re a

s ap

prop

riate

and

will

inclu

de

wor

ksho

ps a

nd w

orkin

g gr

oup

mee

tings

to

agre

e th

e co

nten

t of s

uch

docu

men

ts.

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Tra

inin

g Re

gion

al - E

quip

men

t/sup

plie

s

9In

vest

igat

ion

into

diffe

rent

opt

ions

for

a r

egio

nal

VMS

conc

ept w

here

cou

ntrie

s can

“buy

” a sh

are

to o

btain

VM

S in

form

atio

n in

rel

atio

n to

the

Ind

ian o

cean

. A

dditi

onal

func

tiona

lity

may

inc

lude

nat

iona

l VM

S in

add

ition

to

inclu

de s

mall

er fl

eets

as

appr

opria

te t

o se

rve

natio

nal

man

agem

ent c

onsid

erat

ions

xx

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- Stu

dy /d

rafti

ng

10D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent a

ser

ies

of te

chni

cal w

orks

hops

to

det

erm

ine

the

regi

onal

info

rmat

ion

requ

irem

ents

in

term

s of

VM

S an

d co

mpl

iance

dat

a. T

he fi

nal w

orks

hop

shou

ld a

im to

inclu

de d

ecisi

on m

aker

s in

orde

r to

facil

itate

a

decis

ion

to s

hare

dat

a be

twee

n pr

ogra

mm

e co

untri

es.

This

is th

e st

artin

g po

int

for

the

deve

lopm

ent

of a

n in

form

atio

n sy

stem

that

can

ser

ve th

e M

CS

requ

irem

ents

in

a re

gion

al co

ntex

t

xx

xx

xx

Regi

onal

- TA

supp

ort

Regi

onal

- Wor

ksho

p/m

eetin

gRe

gion

al - M

anua

ls/pr

oce-

dure

s



13.7MCSawarenesscampaigns

Aw

aren

ess

cam

pai

gn

s C

om

Ken

Mad

Mau

Sey

Som

Tan

Typ

e o

f in

terv

enti

on

s th

at m

ay b

e re

qu

ired

(l

ikel

y n

ot

all i

n a

ny

on

e ca

se)

Prio

rity

1D

evel

opm

ent o

f inf

orm

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess

mat

erial

in

relat

ion

to th

e im

pact

s of IU

U fis

hing

finan

cially

, soc

io

econ

omica

lly a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tally

. In

form

atio

n m

ust

focu

s on

IUU

cas

es a

nd p

rofil

es, fl

ag o

f con

veni

ence

, po

rts o

f con

veni

ence

, driv

ers

of IU

U a

s w

ell a

s iss

ues

and

solu

tions

. Be

st p

ract

ises

and

less

ons

lear

ned

are

also

impo

rtant

exp

erie

nces

to p

rom

ote

xx

xx

xx

x

Nat

iona

lRe

gion

alPu

blic

relat

ions

and

co

mm

unica

tion

2D

evel

opm

ent o

f inf

orm

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess

mat

erial

to

visu

alize

pro

gram

me

achi

evem

ents

and

out

puts

xx

xx

xx

x

Nat

iona

lRe

gion

alPu

blic

Relat

ions

and

co

mm

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ANNEX


14ANNEX1:TERMSOFREFERENCEAssignment Name Comprehensive review the Capacity to implement effective MCS on a national and regional

level including RFMO agreed actions, in the ESA-IO region, to determine areas to be up-dated; harmonized; and identify barriers implementation of effective MCS.

Mission Schedule Number

Output 3.M.1.1

Coordinator Marcel Kroese, Coordinator of Module 3.M.3Technical Verifier PMUBackground to assignment

MCS is a collection of activities with the intent to support fisheries management. MCS takes place primarily within a legal and policy framework. In brief, MCS strives to detect, deter and prevent IUU fishing from taking place, monitors the activity of the resource users and controls/verifies the actions for resource users. To enable MCS actions, a range of tools is deployed which range from technologically advanced solutions such as vessel monitoring systems (VMS), to deployment of observers, to simple robust hardware such as a net gauge to measure the mesh size of nets. Increasingly more attention is paid the unregulated and unreported components of the fisheries as international measures are implemented. Thus aspects such as catch reporting and accuracy of data, as well as converting unregulated fisheries, in many cases artisanal fisheries, to a regulated framework, are gaining increasing importance. The development and implementation of MCS has considerably advanced in the last few years in a number of countries in the ESA-IO region. Despite most countries having implemented MCS for domestic fisheries, these vary hugely in terms of scale, capacity and regional impact. Support from the EU, SADC and others have strengthened the MCS capacity in several counties, including at the regional level. Unfortunately, these programmes have fallen short in fully sharing regional resources and implementing a truly regional MCS programme. In addition “Capacity” should not only be viewed as “hardware”, but also the “capacity” to identify the problem: IUU fishing in all its guises.The desired “end state” of the Implementation of the Regional Fisheries Strategy (IRFS) is a bold expectation that will require nothing less than the fully integrated and harmonised regional MCS system. This envisioned MCS system will address IUU fishing in a comprehensive manner by firstly: implementing harmonized system of fisheries data collection and dissemination on a national and regional level for transboundary stocks and especially where it concerns the collection of fisheries data to be submitted to RFMOs. Secondly, it will require a system of data sharing on a regional level of relevant MCS data that can be used by a Regional MCS Data and Operational centre (RMDOC). Thirdly, the enhancement of human resources in the ESA-IO region to a dedicated fully trained, professional fisheries inspectorate. Fourthly, the development of a national and regional response to IUU fishing through, inter alia joint patrols operations at sea. There are currently several projects on parallel paths to the IRFS. Some of these include the Regional Component 6 of the SWIOFP project, which is also geared towards regionalisation of MCS activities, as indeed is the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (SWIOFC). Similarly, the ACPFISH II project share many objectives of the IRFS, and will assist countries in the region with implementation of their national plans of action (NPOAs) and updating their framework legislation.

Annex 1: Terms Of Reference


Implementation of the MCS componentIn order to understand theposition of this project in the MCS component, a brief outline of the MCS component is provided.Part 1- Assessment and analysesThe implementation of the MCS component of the IRFS will take place in several parts designed to give maximum use of the available time. Part 1 is the analyses and assessment. The first set of activities to be undertaken will be “gaps analysis”, since duplication of components undertaken by other programs is to be avoided. Instead our focus will be on harmonizing with these programs and seeking to implement the recommendations the other programs, thereby avoiding duplications and maximising complementarities. Part 2 - Implementation and strengthening national and regional capacity Regional coordination and Joint patrols With the envisioned expansion of the joint patrol concept in the greater ESA-IO region, the existing multilateral requirement for harmonised action has already forged contact on an operational and political level between countries. It is planned that through cooperation and expansion of the IOC MCS Regional Joint Patrol Project to include the ESA-IO region, as well as other eligible countries, additional multilateral joint patrols in the region will be harmonized and undertaken. Information technology and data It is also noted that traditionally MCS operation to combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fisheries in the ESA-IO region has focussed mainly on industrial fisheries. However, the region has not progressed to more comprehensive regional measures such as a harmonisation of licensing requirements. This has been a significant step in other RFMO and regions with common dependence on transboundary resources, to initiate common regional standards for licensing vessels and sharing information. In addition, the focus on industrial fisheries may be a risk to the sustainability of regional resources as artisanal fisheries may well reach similar, or larger total landings as larger fleets. These small scale fisheries will also be included on the overall MCS approach, in particular to address the Unregulated and Unreported component of IUU fishing. Close collaboration with SWIOFP, SWIOFC and SADC will be forged to address the issue. Risk management procedures will also be investigated to determine if counties are indeed responding to the correct risks to their fisheries. Fisheries data lies at the heart of any successful development and management strategy. In particular it relates to the methodology used by individual countries in their collation and reporting to FAO and the IOTC. It will be a task of the IRFS strategy to ensure that the FAO data are fully compatible and harmonised. Ultimately the “Unreported” component of fisheries data are a fundamental part of the actions to combat IUU fishing and it is the intention to enable countries to compile such date to ultimately enable forensic accounting investigations. Similarly, the use of VMS systems relates to both MCS and IUU fishing. While a number of countries have established their own VMS facilities, only SADC countries have signed a protocol on data exchange, however it has not been implemented due to technical difficulties and the low number of countries with fully functioning VMS systems.. Such a system of data sharing on a regional level of relevant MCS data that can be used by a Regional MCS Data and Operational centre (RMDOC), which has greatly added value to the data in other regions and assisted in decreasing IUU fishing. Training and capacity building The enhancement of human resources in the ESA-IO region to a dedicated fully trained, professional fisheries inspectorate is a very large part of the vision of MCS in the region. Therefore considerable time will be spent in providing the training mechanisms and methodology and operational training to the regions fisheries inspectorate to enable them to implement existing international, RFMO and national legal obligations. Specific regional


priorities such as the implementation of the Port State Agreement will receive dedicated attention. Note: The countries of the ESA-IO region comprise Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, DR Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Issues to be addressed This intervention is required to addressed a comprehensive Capacity review to 1. enable the “end state” MCs to function within a legal framework. So that: 2. implementing harmonized system of fisheries data collection and dissemination on a

national and regional level for transboundary stocks and especially where it concerns the collection of fisheries data to be submitted to RFMOs is implemented.

3. a system of data sharing (including , inter alia VMS) on a regional level of relevant MCS data that can be used by a Regional MCS Data and Operational centre (RMDOC) is adopted

4. the enhancement of human resources in the ESA-IO region to a dedicated fully trained, effective fisheries inspectorate is undertaken.

5. the development of a national and regional response to IUU fishing through, inter alia joint patrols operations at sea is operationalized.

Activities of the Consultant

The expert shall perform the following task in order to address the issues above:

Comprehensive review and provision of recommendations on the institutional capacity and the Human and infrastructure resources capacity (including IT resources and connectivity) as they pertain to MCS ability to combat IUU fishing and RFMO agreed actions. In addition, discuss in the capacity assessment these issues (below) that may have a direct influence on IUU in the region include and should be evaluated: • Limited knowledge of the scale of IUU activities in the region • Limited regional assets and capacity • Extensive size of areas requiring surveillance and significant dispersal of fleets • Limited, and in many cases non-existent coordinated systems for MCS regionally, or

even bilaterally in targeted areas facilitating joint deployment or ‘pooling’ of means • Absence of any directed body to regionally oversee MCS activities and information

exchange

The review will be of the following countries: Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Somalia and The United Republic of Tanzania in ESA-IO region, and will be based on a desk study and an in-country investigation for Tanzania, Madagascar and Seychelles. Specifically the review will consist of the following parts:

Part 1. An indicative assessment of the current level of compliance in the fishing sectors (artisanal, semi-industrial, industrial, DWFN, FPA, local licensed foreign vessels) with national law and with regional RFMO requirements of the ESA-IO countries. The indicative assessment is to encompass freshwater and marine sectors where applicable. The consultant will determine a “Capacity Benchmark” for the MCS actions. (see attached spread sheet as a guide).

Part 2. The specific areas in terms of capacity [refer to the desired “end state”] to be updated and harmonized/compatible [referring specifically to Section: Issues to be addressed] and identify capacity barriers to implementation of effective MCS to :1. improving compliance levels in ESA-IO region, with national law and the provisions of

RFBs. [are the challenges to improving compliance with national laws and the conservation measures of RBO as a result of operational issues or loopholes in the law? If the latter – please elaborate] identifying which areas of legislation should be harmonised



to improve effectiveness in terms of domestic legislation ( for example the criminal procedures act or similar and the fisheries operational limitations such as confiscation of large volumes of fish, foreign nationals etc.)

2. the legal capacity/ability to undertake MCS in countries, including prosecution processes (including administrative penalties) for offenders

3. implementation of effective national and regional MCS actions (where effective MCS actions are defined as inter alia, a list of authorised fishing vessels, VMS, observers on board vessels, powers of inspection and/or apprehension, ability to investigate crime, exchange of information domestically and with other (neighbouring) enforcement agencies

4. implementation by countries of the provisions of their IUU fishing (NPOA-IUU) plan/s (ie, specifically in terms of the NPOAs, determine what, if any, legal barriers there are to implementation of NPOAs.

5. existing fisheries laws of the country that are barriers to implementing an effective fisheries inspectorate, for example the appointment, powers and duties of officers and inspectors.

6. the provision for a Fisheries Inspector career path in national laws (It may be necessary to consult human resources and labour laws).

7. implementing the existing provisions of the IOTC Port State Measure resolutions and FAO PSM Agreement provisions

8. the adoption of a Risk analysis methodology in order to support for a diversified and centrally planned set of MCS tasks including more effective targeting of fishing vessels at sea and in port. [The consultant has to determine if there are any provisions in the current (fisheries) legislation that will hinder a central planned, and risked based approach to MCS – for example, that the local governor is in charge of the fisheries management and surveillance falls under him/her. Or, that the law requires the Fisheries officers can only monitor/control industrial fisheries - such type of situations.]

9. participating in the “IOC” MCS Regional Plan for the South West Indian Ocean”.10. developing and implementing existing provisions of IOTC regulations related to MCS

and combating IUU fishing in addition to those mentioned in Number 8. 11. establishing a compatible data collection system and processing and sharing such

information with other national organisations, neighbouring countries and RFMOs. [This section not only refers to data for scientific purposes, for example completing daily logbooks, trip reports etc, which is enforced by an inspectorate, but also MCS data such as a list and/ or register of fishing licenses, a register of fishing vessels, permits and licenses, the information collected in terms of the PSMA. It should be determined if such data are collect, stored electronically (how and on what systems) if such data are accessible in a transparent manner, alternatively, elaborate whom has access to the data.

12. establishing a compatible reporting systems for tuna fishery statistics to the IOTC on tuna fisheries in the ESA-IO regions

13. Specifically, the implementing a national VMS and sharing the data VMS Data regionally [NOTE to consultant – this activity does not imply that such as system is promoted – merely that if it should be implemented – what the capacity challenges, if any, ito hardware, software and management would be to implement it.]

14. strengthening other central MCS functions prescribed by the IOTC (for example the List of authorised vessels, contributing data to the Regional list of vessels ).

15. pooling and sharing operational MCS information on a bilateral basis of all potentially relevant data types including VMS specifically related to confidentiality.

16. sharing data to enable the development and operationalization of a Regional MCS Data and Operations Centre (RMDOC) (emphasis here is on the regional nature of the sharing, where it may be shared with a wider audience than the specific regional economic grouping, such as SADC and with the members of an RFB, such as IOTC)


17. adoption of common ESA-IO regional standards for licensing of fishing vessels, including establishing a regional register of authorised fishing vessels,

18. effective procedures for arrest, confiscation seizures and disposal of evidences, including for example large volumes of product seized from local of foreign vessels. Do counties, MCS authorities, have the ability (and legislative back-up) to undertake such large scale apprehensions? Use the Experience of Tanzania as a reference case.

19. identify which additional “non-compliance data” may be relevant.

Part 3. Plan and conduct a 2-3 day workshop in Mauritius with stake holders on the findings the Draft report of the Capacity needs assessment, and steer the Workshop to come up with a draft Roadmap on how to improve the capacity in the countries assessed ( both for the countries where desktop studies were undertaken and countries visited.). The consultant will prepare the agenda and presentations, other workshop material for breakout groups (if required)

Part 4. Contribute data/information/analyses for Chapter 2 and 3 of the “Comprehensive review of progress made to improve Governance of the Marine Fisheries sector in the ESA-IO region and the identification of Priority areas for actions of regional significance that could be undertaken by the IRFS program in relation to key principles of good governance.”

Expected outputs The Expert shall produce a report demonstrating the work done, namely:A. The experts shall produce one report detailing their activities, the specific capacity

(where capacity is used in its widest possible scope) barriers to the achieving the desired end state of MCS in the regions, along with specific recommendation on how to address each of the 19 specific areas of evaluation identified above

B. Recommend what immediate actions could be undertaken per country to address the issues in the interim period should the legal and/ or policy frameworks need to be amended

C. Prepare TORs for proposed specific assistance to the countries in the regions that require further assistance county to obtain the desired end state.

D. Workshop proceeding and Draft Roadmap to improve MCS Capacity in the region. The report (in English) to be produced using MS Word (and other MS Office software if necessary) and be available in hard copy and electronic form, both in Word (and other MS Office Programmes as appropriate) and all the elements together in single file pdf format. All training materials and questionnaires should form part of the report.

Format of each report MS Word Styles for IRFS Programme Reports and Technical Papers

StructureTitle pages in model format as per other Programme ReportsTable of contents, to three levels ( ex. 1.1.1)List of annexesTables of tables, figures and picturesAbbreviations and acronymsExecutive Summary (1 page)IntroductionMain body of report divided into different sections as appropriate, normally Context, Methodology, Performance in relation to TOR, and Discussion (up to 20 pages)Conclusions and recommendations Annex 1 Terms of reference (if appropriate)Annex 2 Schedule and people met (with contacts)Annex 3 Aide Memoire (max. one page on execution of mission, findings, conclusions, and recommendations in bullet points)Any other annex(es) as appropriate



Report to be reviewed by

PMU /PMC

Duration Action – MCS Expert Working days

Preparation and briefing by Skype 1

Program methodology development 3

Travel to countries in the region , briefing with PS and / or Prosecutor and / or EC Delegation in country Visits to MCS and legal institutions

20

Debriefing to TAT 1

Travel to Home port 1

Report writing 10

Report editing and debriefing 2

Planning of Work Shop in Mauritius 3

Presentation of Work Shop in Mauritius + 2 travel days to be completed on, or before 11 August 2011

7

Total 48

Total input days working days 48

Start date 4th July 2011

Completion dates for Reports and fee payment schedule

Draft report 5th August 2011

Comments from PCM 20th August 2011

Final report 30th August or earlier days, after reception of comments by TAT, including comments of authorities and the Work-shop.

50% on submission of First Draft Report50 % on completion of Workshop and Submission of Final Report

Experience and qualifi-cation

MCS Capacity review Qualifications and skills: Qualifications and skills: University degree in a related field and Professional Rank in enforcement agency (Coast Guard; Fisheries Department, Police, Military) fluency in English and working knowledge of the other language; knowledge of French would be an attribute.

General professional experience: significant experience in the enforcement of fisheries, Senior working experience with governments in the fisheries management and/or enforcement policy, strategy and operations (ten years); experience in working in ACP countries.

Specific professional experience: MCS, Operational MCS procedures, Port State Measures Agreement, UNCLOS, Capacity building and assessment, Legal and administrative actions of enforcement.

Locations and travel STE based in xx: 2 x travel Home Base - MRU – Home Base1 x MRU -Seychelles- Tanzania - Madagascar – MRU up to 26 nights per diem (15 nights in Mission and 11 in Mauritius).

Requested:Project Team LeaderDate

Approved : Programme Manager, for IOC : IRFS – Officer In Charge Date:


15ANNEX2:PEOPLECONSULTEDSeychellesJude Talma MCS Manager SFA [email protected] Tirant Managing Director ocean Fisheries

Co. [email protected]

RoddyAllisop FMC Administrator, SFA [email protected] Perreau, Processing Officer, SFA [email protected] Naiken Sr. Enforcement Officer, SFA [email protected] Racombo CEO, SFA [email protected] Dingwall Chair FBOA [email protected] Hoarau FBOA [email protected] Domingue Compliance Coordinator, IOTC [email protected] Bentley managing Director Sea Harvest [email protected] Gerry Fisheries Scientist, SFA [email protected] Lesperance Processing Officer, SFA [email protected] Licensing Administrator, SFA [email protected] Socrate Fisheries Administrator, SFA [email protected] Weber Oceana Fisheries Co. Ltd. -Ramsamy Pillay FBOA -

TanzaniaHosea GonzaMbilinyi Director Fisheries Development

[email protected]

FatmaSotbo Assistant Director - Fisheries Resource Development

[email protected]

M.R. Mlolwa Assistant Director of Fisheries – Fisheries Protection???

[email protected]

G.E. Kalilkela Assistant Director of Fisheries – Fish quality???

[email protected]

UpendoHemidu Assistant Director of Fisheries - Infrastructure

[email protected]

Julius Mairi Focal Point Smart Fish project / Tanzania

[email protected]

Flora C. Luhanga MACEMP (WB project) [email protected] MACEMP (WB project) [email protected] Managing Director, Bahari Bounty [email protected]. Ntima Fisheries officer – Dar -J. Osandi Fisheries officer - Dar -M. Saleh G-FICOME Fishermen group -

M. Kalumnamuzi Fishermen group - Dar -A.BwanaogoKimiamashu Kiwawafe Fishermen group -

Annex 2: People Consulted


Geoffrey Frank Nanyaro Director General, Deep Sea Fishing Authority

[email protected]

Damian Boniface Chando Compliance officer, Deep Sea Fishing Authority

[email protected]

MussaAboudJumbe Director, Department of Fisheries Marine Resources - Zanzibar

[email protected]

MadagascarGeorges Rafomanana SecrétaireGénéral, MPRH [email protected] Rabearintsoa DirecteurGénéral, MPRH [email protected] H. Razafindrajery Directeur de la pêche et des

ressources halieutiques, [email protected]

HarimandimbyRasolonjatovo Chef du Centre de surveillance des pêches, MPRH

[email protected]

JosephineRazafindrazak Chef service technique, CSP/MPRH -SamuelineRanaivoson Directrice de la gestion des

ressources halieutiques, MPRH-

Ninina H. Andriambalotiana Chef service Statistiques -HantanirineRasoamananjira Chef service pêche continentale,

MPRH-

TantelyAndriamabla Chef service pêche maritime, MPRH -VololoniaineRasamoeli Chef, Service gestion pêche

thonière, MPRH-

Nirina H. Andriambalotiana Chef service valorization&commercialization, MPRH

-

AndrianirinaRalison Secrétaire Général, GAPCM [email protected] Avocat à la cour, spécialiste questions

pê[email protected]

MauritiusDominique Greboval Project manager, Smartfish [email protected] Kroese MCS Officer, Smartfish [email protected] Nicolas, Technical Coordinator IOC MCS

[email protected]

Jay PrakashLuchmun Scientific Officer, Ministry of Fisheries and Agro Industries, Mauritius

Mahmud RafikHossenBacu Senior Technical OfficerTianaRanndriambola Chief of MCS, MadagascarDave Japp Consultant Governance (Kenya) – [email protected] Fisheries Protection OfficerDenis Reiss, Attaché EU Delegation Mauritius [email protected] Le Mentec CROSS (MCS) Réunion, Deputy-

[email protected]


16ANNEX3:COUNTRYPROFILES16.1 Comoros Summary of fisheries in the Comoros16

Table1:FisheriesinComoros–summarydata17 Country Summary

Principle Fisheries Law

The following legal frameworks govern the fisheries sector:• Loi n° 95-009/AF portant création, organisation et fonctionnement

de l’Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, la Pêche et l’Environnement (INRAPE).

• Loi nº 82-015 relative à l’activité des navires de pêche étrangers dans les zones maritimes comoriennes.

• Loi nº 82-005 relative à la délimitation des zones maritimes de la République Fédérale Islamique des Comores.

• Loi nº 81-24 portant statuts de la société de développement des pêches aux Comores “SODEPEC”.

• UN Fish Stocks Agreement (1995)• UN Law of the Sea Convention

Value of Fisheries (2005) USD 14,700,000Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (2006)

8.4%

Area of EEZ 161, 993 km2

Length of Coastline 427 kmMonitoring, Control and Surveillance Tools

2 small Defenders Coastguard vessels

Port State Control Measures in Place noneNPOA: IUU Fishing noneTotal Fish Harvested (2004) 162,000 MtRegional Fisheries Co-operation WIOMSA, SWIOFC, SIOFA, ASCLME, IOTC, IOC, COMESA

Marine FisheriesThe Comoros is situated at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in between Madagascar and Mozambique. The country comprises the three volcanic islands of Ngazidja, Ndzouani, and Mwali, each of which is surrounded by patch and fringing reefs supporting a rich marine biodiversity.

Coastal communities in the Comoros rely heavily on marine resources for both economic and subsistence livelihoods, and tropical small-scale fisheries represent the main source of revenue and protein for a substantial portion of the global population.18

The “good” fishing period, lasts from December to March, the weather during this time, the rainy season, is dominated by the wind from the northeast. This is when tuna and large pelagic fish can be found off the coast of the Comoros. The dry season is influenced by the south-easterly wind making waves, and slowing the fishing.

16 ProjectGlobal:Comoros(http://bycatch.nicholas.duke.edu/Countries/Comoros)17 Ministry of Fisheries Development18 MelissaHauzer:EffectivenessofLocalGovernanceofArtisanalFisheriesManagement,Ngazidjaisland,Comoros

Annex 3: Country Profiles


Inland FisheriesThere is no river flowing on Grande Comore, and there is a very small fishery of freshwater shrimp on Anjouan and Moheli. Due to erosion and deforestation linked to the distillation of ylang-ylang, out of the 50 small streams that can be found on Anjouan, only ten streams have running water all year round.

Types of FisheriesA semi-industrial fishery does exist in the Comoros at national level. Fishing is entirely artisanal and carried out by both men and women; it is characterized by the use of small boats ranging from 6.3 m to 9m, made of fibreglass, motorized and non-bridged with engine power not exceeding 40HP. 19 Their number was estimated at 1500. Fishing techniques that are practiced are hand-lines and trolling. In general, apart from the practice of traditional fisheries, the technical level of fishing is limited and relatively low.

Traditional fishing is characterized by the use of non-motorized outrigger canoes. Their number was estimated at 3,500, and the fishing technique that is the most practiced is the demersal hand-line.

Table 2: Fisheries in the Comoros20

Fishery Production (Mt)Average Annual Capture (Marine Fish) - 2000 13,200Average Annual Capture (Molluscs and crustaceans) - 1997 20

Health of FisheriesComoros is one of the poorest nations in the world, which make fisheries susceptible to illegal takes and unsustainable fishing methods and growing pressures on marine resources have left many fishing communities faced with declining catches and increased environmental degradation. Traditionally, overexploitation of fishing resources was forbidden and fishermen were only allowed to fish in waters adjacent to their own village. However, outside pressure has changed fishing methods that may have increased fishing activity. Even though destructive fishing methods (i.e., dynamite and poisons) are prohibited, it still continues and was recognized as a major threat to the biodiversity in the Comoros, along with over-fishing and illegal marine turtle takes. Some villages have also banned the use of fishing nets, traps, and underwater spear-guns, but these methods are also continued.21

Fisheries Economic DataFishing has an important role to play in that it is an important food source in a country where 40% of its population is in poverty and needs food. This role is particularly more important when one takes into account that most of the meat is imported.

Unfortunately, fish is a commodity that is too expensive for the poorest people in times of low production (where the price increases), but also in times of high production due to lack of storage facilities and marketing. The marketing chain is relatively new, and is linked to the introduction of motors on canoes in 1985. In all cases, the marketing chain is very short, with little in between. The recent development of fisheries has created many jobs, both in terms of production and in marketing. It has created an estimated 8500 jobs for fishermen and 24,000 indirect jobs in the fishing industry.22

19 Ministry of Fisheries20 Ibid21 ProjectGlobal:Comoros(http://bycatch.nicholas.duke.edu/Countries/Comoros)22 FAOFisheryandAquacultureCountryprofile:Comoros


The only shipyards found in the Comoros are those that have been recently established. Grande Comoros has two sites where fishing canoes made of fibreglass are produced, ranging from 18 to 23 feet; and Anjouan also has two sites with the potential to produce up to 60 boats a year, employing 20 people. There are only a few suppliers of imported fishing material such as fishing gears and engines, and most of these suppliers settled in Grande Comore, creating less than a dozen jobs. Most jobs have been created by the marketing of fish and fish related products, however this market remains traditional and any transformation is almost absent.

Fisheries PortsThe islands’ ports are undeveloped, although one deep-water facility functions in Anjouan. Only small vessels can approach the existing quays in Moroni on Grande Comore, despite improvements. Most long-distance, ocean-going ships must lie offshore and be unloaded by smaller boats; during the cyclone season, this procedure is dangerous, and ships are reluctant to call at the island. As a result, most freight is sent first to Mombasa, Kenya or the French island of Reunion and transhipped from there.23 There are two other smaller ports, the Port of Mutsamudu and the Port of Fomboni. EU has however granted 300 million Euro in the recent FPA to develop a new deep-sea pelagic port in the Comoros.

Fisheries ManagementThe overall development and management of fisheries is shared between the national and an island authority, however, the actual implementation of management strategies is largely undertaken by local fishing associations. These associations play a pivotal role in collectively managing fisheries in their own communities.24

The government and the World Conservation Union collaborated on the Conservation of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Project to address improving conservation management. One of the results of the project was the establishment of the Moheli Marine Park as the first marine protected area in Comoros in 2001. The government and representatives from local communities manage the areas within the park, which include sea turtle nesting beaches, humpback whale breeding grounds, dugong refuges, and seabird breeding sites. The marine park allows fishermen to fish while prohibiting the use of spear guns and certain nets, but certain areas of the park are closed to all forms of exploitation.25

The industrial tuna fishery is a licensing regime where no further controls are applied. This fishery provides foreign currency through agreements such as with the EU (the new protocol, which will cover EU fishing activities until the end of 2013, allows 70 tuna vessels – to fish for tuna in the Comoros EEZ. The annual reference tonnage is 4,850 tonnes. EU provided the Comoros with Euro 2.7 million between 2005 and 2009. In the new agreement port infrastructure in the Comoros has been supported with Euro 300,000).

MCS in the ComorosFisheries are monitored in the context of a pilot project of the Indian Ocean Commission, financed by the 9th FED.Monitoring activities must be complemented by “at sea” monitoring activities, which Comoros cannot ensure at the moment.26 The main concerns for the fishing industry are the lack of equipment, especially outboard motor boats, low market prices, and low fishermen security. Therefore, it is unlikely that the fishing industry is shifting significantly to industrial fisheries.27

23 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5236.htm24 Marine Protected Areas Research Group (http://mparg.wordpress.com/home/projects/)25 ProjectGlobal:Comoros(http://bycatch.nicholas.duke.edu/Countries/Comoros26 Summary of DTIS (2008) concerning Commodity Development27 ProjectGlobal:Comoros(http://bycatch.nicholas.duke.edu/Countries/Comoros



16.2 Kenya

Summary of fisheries in Kenya

Table3:FisheriesinKenya–summarydata28

Country Summary


Fisheries and licensing are governed by the following:• Fisheries Act (Cap 378), 1989 revised 1999• Maritimes Zones Act, 1989• Fisheries Regulations, 1991• National oceans and fisheries policy, 2008• Kenya Fisheries Management and Development Bill 2011

Value of Fisheries (2011) USD 152,251,488Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (2006)

0.5%

Area of EEZ 230,000 km2

Length of Coastline 640kmMonitoring, Control and Surveillance Tools

Limited (only 2 Officers available for marine inspections)

Port State Control Measures in Place • Issuance of permitsfor coming into port and landing fish• 14 day notification to port state before coming into port.

NPOA: IUU Fishing Not in place, partially developedTotal Fish Harvested (2006) 159,776 MtRegional Fisheries Co-operation IGAD, IOTC, SWIOFC, LVFO, LTFO, COMESA, EAC, NEPAD

Marine FisheriesKenya’s rich marine inshore fishing grounds, such as Malindi Bank and Lamu Archipelago, support a large network of artisanal fishermen who operate approximately 4,800 mostly un-motorised boats and produce 8406 Mt fish; 6% of annual production(2010)29. Over the last 20 years this catch has fluctuated by between 4,000-1,000 Mt. The entire coastline is fringed with a coral reef which runs parallel with the shoreline. Most of the inshore fishing is carried out on the reef or in creeks and shallow inshore waters.

54,000 ha of Kenya’s coastline are lined with mangrove and swamp habitats. This is enriched by outflow from two main river systems which flow into the Indian Ocean throughout the year and feed into a productive shrimp fishery of around 200 Mt annually. Semi industrial Shrimp trawling is carried out in the area between the two rivers Tana and Sabaki in the Malindi-Ungwana Bay area, as well as artisanal fishing. The number of trawlers fishing in this area has ranged over the years from 5-20.

Offshore waters are mainly exploited by foreign fishing vessels from distant water fishing nations (DWFN). Here they catch tuna, (especially migratory species such as yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye), billfish and pelagic sharks. In some cases these catches are landed in Kenya and shipped overseas, or taken back and landed in other nations.

Inland FisheriesInland fisheries encapsulate an area of 10,500-11,500km2, dependant on rainfall. Fish harvested form inland sources account for 85.4% (2010)30 of Kenya’s total production. This comes predominantly fromKenya’s 6% share of Lake

28 Ministry of Fisheries Development29 Ministry of Fisheries30 Ministry of Fisheries


Victoria which is also Kenya’s largest source of freshwater. On Lake Victoria, there are 44,263 fishers operating 15,280 fishing crafts. Other notable sources of fresh water include Lake Turkana, Naivasha, Baringo,Jipe, Knayaboli, Kenyatta, Tana River dams and Tana Delta. These areas are fished by small scale fishermen using planked canoes with dhow-rigged sails. Gear kits are variable and consist of gill nets, long lines, beach seines, mosquito nets, hook and line and mono filaments.

AquacultureAquaculture contributes to 8.6% (2010)31 of the total annual fish production. Industry practices are semi-intensive and intensive growing mainly Tilapine species, often in polyculture with African catfish to prevent over breeding. Dams and other methods of harvesting and housing fish varies from earthen pods, small hand-dug ponds to floating cages in rivers, dams and lakes with little management. This often results on the yield being highly dependent on the carrying capacity of the natural environment, physical qualities of the water and abundance of food resources. Semi-intensive systems have been effective in producing Nile Tilapia which in total is around 70% of the total aquaculture yield. Rainbow trout is intensively farmed and produced for the tourist market, being sold to hotels which cater towards the tourist industry. This is highly unusual and there are few operations which employ this system in the country. Approximately 12, 153Mt are harvested by 4,742 fish farmers owning 7,477 ponds.

In recent years there has been an increased government input into aquaculture industry as the potential for income generation, food securityand poverty alleviation is realised. This has resulted in an improvement ingovernment constructed aquaculture facilities which serve as research and training centres as well as providing fingerlings to farmers.

Table4:FisheriesinKenya32 Fishery Number of fishers Production (Mt) Foreign/National No. port calls

(2010)

Marine inshore fisheries

4,800 8403 (2010) National n.a.

Offshore fisheries - - Foreign 50Inland freshwater fishery (2010)

47,445 120, 192 National n.a.

Aquaculture (2010) 4,742 12, 153 National n.a.

Health of FisheriesFishing on Lake Naivasha was halted for two years after fish biomass had been noticed to be decreasing in the period 2002-2006 as fishing effort was increasing, resulting in an overall lower catch. The effect this was having on the ecosystem led local stakeholders to halt all fishing activities and carry out research to support recruitment. Fishing resumed, but at a limited effort of 43 boats. Under similar circumstances, Lake Baringo was also closed for two years to allow fish population levels to increase.

Commercial shrimp trawling began in Kenya in the late 1970s. Over the years the highest annual catch has been around 400 Mt. The use of trawling in inshore waters is highly damaging and results in high levels of by-catch. Catches are thought to contain about 13.7% shrimp, 14.4% commercial catch and around 70% by-catch. Most of the by-catch is discarded at sea and often included, juvenile fish, sharks, rays, turtles, small sized fish and crustaceans. There is no formal policy in regard to by-catch. The government demandsthe sale of by-catch as food to meet the national food requirement.

31 Ministry of Fisheries32 Ministry of Fisheries Development



A combination of salt extraction operations and lack of a cutting plan has led to the degradation of mangroves, however in 1991 the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) implemented a programme to re-plant deforested areas. There are 6 national parks and reserves along the Kenyan coastline located at: Kiunge, Malindi, Watamu, Mombasa, Kisite and Mpungutuni.

Fisheries Economic DataFisheries contribute a total of 0.5% to the GDP and are in total worth USD 152,251,488. Although there is a gain of revenue from licensing fees from foreign vessels of USD 400,000 annually, income from fisheries overall is low. There is some effort to increase the value and productivity of aquaculture as a means of expanding fisheries income generation and food securityand supporting poverty alleviation.

Fisheries PortsMombasa is the main sea port, others are: Lamu, Malindi, Kilifi, Mtwapa, Kiunga, Shimoni, Funzi and Vanga. These are all managed by the Kenyan port authority. Artisanal fishing is carried out along the coast.

Fisheries ManagementThe Ministry of fisheries development (MOFD) is responsible for the administration and management of Kenyan fisheries and fishing. It is in charge of the exploration, management, development and conservation of marine and freshwater fisheries. As well as this, the Kenyan Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) is empowered to carry out research in Marine and freshwater fisheries, aquatic biology, aquaculture and associated studies. It is operated semi-autonomously under the government. The MOFD is divided into 4 directorates: Marine and Coastal Fisheries, Inland and Riverine Fisheries, Aquaculture, Quality Assurance and Marketing.

Beach Management Units (BMUs) have been constitutedto help manage local inshore fisheries. BMUs are a governmental co-management initiative community based programme, which empowers stakeholders to become stewards of the fishing resources available to the local community. They are largely charged with running and decision-making processes within the groups. Because participants are sourced from and based within the local community, there is a high level of compliance. This system also provides a management framework for managing shared regional resources such as Lake Victoria. BMUs have a role in monitoring and controlling practices such as environmental damage, cross border conflicts and illegal or damaging gear. They also carry out registration of boat owners and fishers and implement by-laws. This allows them to manage fisheries effectively by implementing effective MCS and information sharing. BMUs play a wider community role through training and advocating for fishers rights. On a large scale, they have little capacity to fight IUU fishing.

In 2000 the Kenya Competent Authority (CA) came into force, is currently operating under the Fisheries (safety of fish, fish products and fish feed) Regulations, 2007. This inspects and ensures the safety of fish and fisheries products sold within Kenya and for export to the EU market. Training is based on food safety assurances and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). Inspections are undertaken by 39gazetted fish inspectors. They are responsible for inspecting fish production areas, fish handling operations and certification. Training and sponsorship for this was provided for and sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), under requirement from the EU before export to this block market was permitted.

MCS in KenyaMost fisheries and all marine fisheries in Kenya have restricted access with a range of management measures in force. Inland fisheries are mostly licensed although less valuable species were described as open access. There are also several management measures in force for the inland fisheries.

Although there is some cooperation with regional states, there is little monitoring of marine fisheries. Knowledge of current laws and procedures of IUU fishing and port state obligations are generally non-existent amongst port officials. In part, due to the strong focus on inland fisheries, little has been done to strengthen and implement MCS tools and capability in the marine sector. Currently there is littlecommunication between relevant departments, agencies, port states and flag states. Kenya has operated without a comprehensive fisheries policy since the 1960s.


The implementation of the Ocean and Fisheries policy (which replaces the 1989 Act) has identified clear goals to ensure the sustainability of fish production. The policy along with the MOFD 2008-2012 strategic plan states that government will intensify efforts for those vessels flying the Kenya flag to at all times adhere to international laws and management regulations. Both the policy and the strategy undertake to create a new institutional framework with the establishment of the Kenya Oceans and Fisheries Council. This will help establish clear boundaries and ensure compliance of MCSstrategies, considering regional and international agreements and obligations as well as national laws. The strategic plan is structured to work with the policy in supporting these reforms. The strategy recognises the inadequate infrastructure and human capacity currently in place and aims to institute policy and legal reform. Current regulations, such as the fisheries act, are outdated, providing no provisions in existing law that would allow Port State Management regulations (PSMR). The Fisheries Bill(2010)which contains elaborate directives for observers and provisions for preparing MCS regulations. Although it is noted that the government has been following a strong path on this matter, it is essential that the current system is upgraded rigorously. This is likely to be a long term process and will become operational within the next 2-3 years.

Standard operating procedures have been developed at port to address E.U. regulations; however they do not have legal force. This undermines the actions of port officers. In addition, they do not meet the requirements of the PSMR. Currently, there is no legal basis for compliance, or tools to support this. There are no Port State Measures: regulation of VMS, appointment of authorised officer or observers. Officers currently have very little power and there are no requirements for masters of vessels to obey and assist MCS personnel in carrying out their duties. No single infarctions were recorded in the period 2009-2010, indicating that systems are largely dysfunctional and ineffective. For example, licensing of foreign fishing vesselshandled in the Fisheries department in Nairobi and information is not forwarded onto port officials in Mombasa. Foreign flagged vessels (FFV) are required to give fourteen days’ notice before landing and the submission of application papers in advance. The number of foreign vessels has decreased steadily from 93 in 2007 to 34 in 2009 and 20in 2010. This is due to of the rise of piracy. There is little information available for FFVs that entered the port of Mombasa.

MCS human capacityThe lack of MCS staff and the inadequacy of their training has been recognised in the development of both the policy and the strategy. There are currently only fisheries 2 officers working on port inspections in Mombasa, and only one of these carries out inspections. There has been a recent focus to improve capacity of control measures in inland waters, but efforts have not been replicated for marine fisheries and port state control measures. Under the Fisheries Act (1989), officers including: fisheries officers, police officers above the rank of inspector, officer of the Kenyan Navy, or a person appointed by the minister of the MOF may act under purpose for this act.

It is also necessary to train legal personnel in fisheries law. Currently there is very little understanding amongst officials of international and regional agreements and laws and policy regarding fisheries, including assessment of IUU fishing. ,

Table5:MCSstaffKenyaJuly201133 Number of inspectors Number of observers Other MCS staff

2 0 0

33 MinistryofFisheriesDevelopment–OnlyMarinefisheries



16.3 Madagascar

Summary of fisheries in Madagascar

Table6:FisheriesinMadagascar–summarydataCountry Summary


The following legal frameworks govern the fisheries sector:• 2010 ArreteMinisteriel No 34.031/2010 Consel Consultatif National pour la

Gestion des Pecheries• Ordonnance n°93-022 du 4 mai 1993, portant réglementation de la pêche et

de l’aquaculture• Décret n° 94-112 du 18 février 1994, portant organisation générale des activités

de pêche maritime• écret n° 2007-957 du 31 octobre 2007, portant définition des conditions

d’exercice de la pêche des crevettes côtières.• Fishery Policy of 2000

Value of Fisheries (2005) USD 160 million

Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (2006) 8%

Area of EEZ 1,140,000 km2

Length of Coastline 5,580 km

Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Tools

2 high seas patrol vessels, 1 coastal patrol vessel, chartered surveillance airplane, VMS, zodiacs and 4x4 vehicles

Port State Control Measures in Place Advance notification and port inspections

NPOA: IUU Fishing Advanced draft

Total Fish Harvested (2005) 142,000 tonnes

Regional Fisheries Co-operation SWIOFC, IOTC, IOC, SADC, COMESA

Marine FisheriesMadagascar has a large EEZ of 1,140,000 km2. On the east coast of the country, fishing is restricted mainly to the coastal lagoons, while in the north-west, sardines and tuna are caught. Others species caught include lobster, prawn, octopus and shrimp.

Inland FisheriesA small inland fishery exists in lakes, rivers and dams. The estimated production is 13,000 Mt per year and consists mostly of tilapia and catfish. The fishery operates with open access and is an important food source for the inland populations.

Types of FisheriesThe marine fisheries sector is structured in three main segments: traditional fisheries, artisanal fisheries and industrial fisheries. Traditional fishing is done on foot, in a dugout canoe or by other non-motorised method, while artisanal fishing is characterised by the use of motorised boats using engines of not more than 50 horsepower. The Industrial fisheries, include tuna and shrimp where tuna is operated exclusively by foreign fleets that rarely visit the ports of Madagascar (with the exception of purse-seiners), and the shrimp is exclusively exploited by national companies (mostly foreign-owned) and fishing vessels flying the national flag.


Table7:FisheriesinMadagascar34Fishery Number (2010) Production 2009

(Mt)Foreign/National No port calls

(2010)

Traditional fishery 70,000 fishers + 150.00035 National n.a.

Artisanal fishery 7 vessels 218 National n.a.

Industrial shrimp fishery 30 vessels 3,985 National (foreign owned vessels)

n.a.

Industrial tuna fishery 67 long-liners 12, 153 National n.a.

35 purse seiners 12,658 Foreign 37

Health of FisheriesThe country’s coral reefs have undergone bleaching, possibly caused by an increase in the water temperature. In the southern-most areas of the south-west of Madagascar, the traditional reef fisheries are considered over-exploited and critically in need of effective management. The status of the shrimp fishery is unknown, but there are strong indications of overexploitation due to reduced catch trends and increased effort. The traditional sector also catches shrimp, although no catch estimates have been made, and this is considered the main reason for the increased pressure. The status of the offshore fisheries, including tuna, is not known.

Fisheries Economic DataThe value of the fisheries in Madagascar is estimated to be in the vicinity of USD 160 million. Traditional fishermen, numbering 70,000 (in 2011), produced 95% of the fish catch for the local market. They contribute to a significant enrichment of the population’s diet. These fishermen use a variety of non-motorised vessels, including sails or oars. Nonetheless, traditional fishing is mostly an activity practised on foot by fishermen having a very limited range of action. Fishing techniques are varied, and include the use of nets, canoes, baited boxes, tulles gathered by hand and harpooning, with or without diving.

Fishing also offers interesting opportunities for the production of lucrative export resources - and the industrial and artisanal fleet’s catch is destined for the export market. In 2001, the production of fish and aquaculture was the main source of foreign currency for the national economy. Employment is also relatively high with estimates that the fishing industry employed 193,370 people (including aquaculture) in 200636.

In terms of economic importance (related to foreign exchange earnings export of fish products) the shrimp industry represented about 67% in 2007, while the tuna through export of canned goods represented 9%.

Fisheries PortsThe most important ports in Madagascar are Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina, and Toliara. The traditional fishery operates along the entire coast.

Fisheries ManagementThe Ministry of Fisheries (MOF) is responsible for fisheries management. While the fisheries legislation of Madagascar relies primarily on a criminal enforcement system, it also provides for an administrative penalty scheme designed to improve the enforcement of regulations.

MCS in MadagascarSince 1999, enforcement and surveillance are the responsibility of the Centre for Surveillance of Fisheries (CSP) that operates under the authority of the Minister. The Centre is equipped with a control centre in Antananarivo, and satellite stations in Mahajanga and Antsiranana. The Centre is logistically and financially well equipped to carry out

34 PersComms Ministry of Fisheries35 Unknownproductionandnumberoffishersonlyestimate

36 FAO



its mission in relation to the shrimp and tuna fisheries but lacks capacity to interact with the traditional and artisanal fisheries. The CSP has two offshore patrol vessels (Atsantsa and Tendromaso), a coastal patrol (Telonify), a set of zodiacs for inshore and lagoon patrols and 4x4 vehicles for coastal patrols. The Centre has a VMS system installed on all industrial fishing vessels (tuna and shrimp as well as “deep fish”). The Centre is conducting surveillance operations at sea and within ports in a planned way. Status reports can be found on its website (http://www.minpeche.gov.mg/csp).The CSP record and analyse compliance data in order to evaluate the effectiveness of their MCS operations. A scientific observer programme covers a large part of the shrimp fishery and occasionally vessels within the tuna fishery; they only monitor catches and collect scientific data (no enforcement role).

Table8:MCSdatacollectionandsharingMadagascar37MCS data collected

Collected by whom

How data is collected

How data is stored

Data sharing

Log booksEntry/exitPort inspection reportsLicense listsVMS dataObserver reportsTransport declarationsTranshipment reports

CSP staff operatorsInspectorsIOTCIOCIndustry

Separate computer system within CSP

Ministry of FisheriesPublic domainIOTC (limited)FAO (limited)

The main concerns of IUU fishing are the level of non-compliance with the present law and regulations38 including use of illegal gear, fishing in closed areas, fishing of protected species, etc. by the traditional fishers and artisanal fleet. These forms of illegal fishing are especially related to species of high commercial value, such as sea cucumbers, lobsters, octopus and shrimp. No license or registration is presently required within the traditional and artisanal fisheries.

The deterrence provided by the patrol vessels, VMS and planes in relation to unlicensed fisheries in the Malagasy EEZ is considered to be effective for the shrimp fishery. The existence of illegal or unlicensed fishing in the shrimp fishery is considered unlikely due to tight access control, port inspections, and a robust licensing and logbook system. However, controls of the tuna, traditional and artisanal fisheries are not considered effective due to the large size of the EEZ, limited control and enforcement opportunities and limited information sharing with neighbouring states.

Table9:MCSoperationsintheshrimpandtunafisheriesofMadagascar39

Before fishing While fishing During landing Post landingPort inspections 280 days of dedicated

fisheries sea patrol in EEZ and 150 days of sea patrol along the coast in 2010 (66,55% of licensed vessels inspected once)

All foreign vessels calling port in Madagascar are inspected

Control of transport dec-larations

Control of wholesale fish mongers

Allocations of licences Aerial patrol Verification of VMS data versus logbook

Entry and exit reports VMSLogbooks and observer reports

37 Perscomms CSP38 See separate report on laws and regulations39 Perscomms CSP


MCS human capacityThe MCS division consist of 130 people. 21 are dedicated inspectors, 23 observers are employed for the industrial fishery, 38staff are crewing the patrol vessels and 7 people are operating the CSP office in Antsiranana (including VMS operators).Although the numbers of MCS staff are quite high, these personnel are mostly dedicated to the industrial fisheries and mainly the tuna and shrimp sector. Therefore if Madagascar is to move towards adequate control of the traditional and artisanal sector, a quite dramatic increase in the number of MCS officers would be required. In addition, the fisheries officers do not have a systematic human resource development plan in place which reduces motivation and effectiveness.

Salaries are considered to be low but at an acceptable level with inspectors earning about 350 euro/month and observers earning 20 euro/day. Training for staff of the Centre has been limited and ad-hoc, due to lack of financial resources and expertise, but some on-the-job training does take place for new staff conducted by more experienced fisheries officers. In addition, the EU supported project within the IOC provides some on-the-job training during regional patrols for fisheries inspectors.

Table10:MCSHRsupervisionandtrainingMadagascarNational training Other training Performance

monitoringCareer scheme Promotion

criteriaOn-the-job training of new staff

EU projects Some No Not known

MCS institutional capacityThe Centre has acceptable infrastructure with adequate facilities to carry out the MCS operations that they currently focus on, although options to expand (in terms of new staff) are limited. Office space, computers and internet are available in main offices and are adequate for the work that is currently undertaken including; coordinating at sea operations of the tuna and shrimp fisheries, monitoring VMS, collecting and entering vessel and compliance data and other requirements of a coordination centre for operational management. Transport and fuel for the MCS platforms has not been a problem so far due to earmarked foreign funds available for this purpose.

Table11:MCSinstitutionalcapacityMadagascarType of fisheries management institution

Main branches

Availability of resources Cooperation with other Min-istries/ Agencies

Cooperation with NGO’s, civil society, interest groups

Ministry of Fisheries

AdministrationResearchMCS

Office space – goodInternet – availableComputers – availableUniforms - yesInspection equipment (Net gauge, camera, weight, fish measuring board)Transport adequateAir and sea patrol – limited but satisfactory in context of the situation in Madagascar

Good – mainly Maritime Safety, navy and Coastguard

Industry associations – good

NGO’s less clear

Financially, the Centre and the MCS operations are currently almost entirely funded by the contributions from the EU Fisheries Partnership Agreement (for tuna at 1,000,000 Euro) with additional support from the IOC MCS programme. The national contribution to MCS is minor and would not cover much more than basic salaries (44,000 Euro per year).



16.4 Mauritius

Summary of fisheries in Mauritius

Table12:FisheriesinMauritius–summarydata40Country Summary


The following legal frameworks govern the fisheries sector:• The Fisheries and Marine Resources Act 2007 (No. 20 of 2007)• Merchant Shipping Act 2007 (No. 26 of 2007):• Consumer Protection (Control of Imports) Regulations 1999 (G.N. No. 135 of

1999)• Fisheries and Marine Resources (Vessel Monitoring System) Regulations 2005

(G.N. No. 87 of 2005).• UN Law of the Sea Convention • FAO Compliance Agreement from 1993 • UN Fish Stocks Agreement from 1995 • Maritime Zones Act 2005 (Act No. 2 of 2005), 28 February 2005 • Maritime Zones (Baselines and Delineating Lines) Regulations 2005 (G. N. No.

126 of 2005)• Maritime Zones (Fishing Licences) Regulations 1978

Value of Fisheries (2004) USD 622million

Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (2010) 1.3%

Area of EEZ 1,900,000 km2

Length of Coastline 276 Km

Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Tools

VMS at the FMC and at AFRC. 3 Sea going patrol vessels, several small near-coastal patrol and inception vessels, 2 Dornier aircrafts.

Port State Control Measures in Place Monitor activities of fishing vessels and facilitates administrative and operational clearances in respect of landings, fish transhipment, import/export of fish and fish products, sanitary control, health certification, customs and immigration clearances.

NPOA: IUU Fishing Active

Total Fish Harvested (2009) 7,829 tonnes

Regional Fisheries Co-operation WIOMSA, SWIOFC, ASCLME, IOTC, IOC, COMESA, CCAMLR, SIOFA, SADC

Marine FisheriesMauritius’ Exclusive Economic Zone extends from the coasts of the islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues, St Brandon (CargadosCarajos Shoals), Agalega, Tromelin and Chagos Archipelago. The EEZ has a reasonable stock of both pelagic and demersal species. Fisheries resources exploited include the island-based artisanal fisheries, the offshore demersal fishery off the banks of the Mascarene Plateau and the Chagos Archipelago, and the tuna fishery in the Western Indian Ocean.

Fresh fish is landed along the coast of Mauritius by the artisanal fishermen, and the main species caught are the lethrinids, scarids, sigannids and mullets. Major sources of frozen fish for the Mauritius market are the shallow banks located on the Mascarene Plateau, Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Albatross banks.

Inland FisheriesThe major inland fishery in Mauritius is freshwater aquaculture, and commercial aquaculture consists of the production of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachiumrosenbergii), red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and marine red drum fish (Scyanopsocellatus).

40 MinistryofFisheriesandRodrigues:NationalPlanofActiontoPrevent,DeterandEliminateIllegalUnreportedandUnregulatedFishing 2010


Types of FisheriesMauritius has a combination of industrial, semi industrial and artisanal fisheries. The tuna fishery is Mauritius’s most industrialized.

The industrial fishery operates mainly on the banks of St Brandon, Nazareth, Saya de Malha and the Chagos area, found 250 to 1200 nautical miles to the north of Mauritius, producing frozen fish. The main species targeted are demersal fishes mainly Lethrinids. The freezer mother ships equipped with 10-20 fiberglass dories carry around 55 fishers and operates on the banks for six to eight weeks per fishing campaign. Mauritius is an important fish transshipment base in the South-West Indian Ocean. The tuna fishery is the major industrial fishery of Mauritius and exploits the tuna resources in the South West Indian Ocean.

A semi industrial chilled fish fishery has developed over the last decade targeting the demersal fish resources of the smaller banks in the North of Mauritius and for fresh/chilled pelagic fishes such as tunas, dorado’s etc. The Government of Mauritius has set up a Fishermen Investment Trust (FIT) as part of the democratization of access to the fishery resources of Mauritius to the fisher’s community at large. Such a policy is to lead to increased access to capital and support services in favor of fishers and at the same time assist in the expansion of small scale operators to fishing zones not previously accessible to them.

The artisanal fishery sector is managed through licenses and close seasons for the net fishery. The fishermen are relatively well organized in interest groups and associations. They fish inside the lagoon and in the vicinity of the outer reef, land their fresh fish along the coast of Mauritius at 61 fish landing stations. The gear used includes basket traps, hook-and-line, harpoons, and large nets and gillnets. These fishers have boats of 8 to 25 Hp, mainly powered by outboard motors. There are also some fishers that use oars and sails or wooden poles. Recreational fishing activities for tourists are becoming more and more important for the local economy.

In an attempt to reduce fishing effort in the overexploited lagoon, fishers are being encouraged to catch large pelagic fish around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) moored around the island. The FADs are currently being maintained and renewed by the government so as to encourage lagoon fishermen to venture into the outer reef fisheries. Government is providing incentives and appropriate training to fishermen willing to operate around FADs.

Table13:FisheriesinMauritiusFishery Number of Vessels Number of registered

fishermenProduction 2010 (Mt)

Coastal Fishery 1500 boats 7m 900

Artisanal fishery 2000 1400

Banks Fishery 9 mother vessels (each with roughly 15 dories)

250 3000 - 4000

Semi-Industrial (chilled + pelagic)

20 225

Health of FisheriesSome resources are over-exploited, and there is a serious concern regarding preservation of the reef ecosystem. There is competition between fishermen and fishing companies and potential conflicts persist on the main island due to demographic pressure, sand quarrying, tourism, the textile and sugar industries, and a cane culture, all of which have harmful effects on the lagoon ecosystems.42


42 Stopillegalfishingcountryprofile:Mauritius(www.stopillegalfishing.com)



Fisheries contribute significantly to the economic development of Mauritius and fisheries related activities such as import and export of fish and fish products, processing, transshipment, warehousing and handling, repairs and dry-docking of fishing vessels contribute to the activities of the Seafood Hub sector.

Fisheries Economic DataFish is an important food source and the per capita consumption of fish was 21.7kg in 2010. It accounts for one percent of GDP and employs roughly 14, 000 people directly or indirectly. Local production does not cover market needs; however it provides employment and returns for inhabitants of coastal regions, and yielded around USD 337 million in export earnings in 2010. The value of imports in 2010 amounted to USD 260 million, so the balance of trade in the fisheries sector is positive.43

All of the artisanal fish, which is consumed fresh, and all of the banks fisheries are consumed by the local market, while the catches from the industrial fisheries are exported to the EU. About 250Mt of chilled fish is landed by the semi-industrial chilled-fish fishery. The fish is retailed from chilling cabinets or iced. The catch from the banks fishery is stored in cold stores ashore for distribution to retail outlets in urban areas and villages equipped with frozen storage facilities. Salted fish is produced in St. Brandon for shipment to Mauritius.

The sector also generates revenue for the national budget in the form of foreign licence fees, import permit licence fees and sale of produce. In 2010 a total of 51,653 Mt of tuna and tuna-like species was transshipped at Port Louis by tuna fishing vessels and carriers which affected 535and 65calls respectively. The volume of fish transshipped by carriers amounted to 12,034 Mt, and a total of 264 fishing vessels reported to the Fisheries Monitoring Centre (FMC) which comprised 29local and 208foreign vessels.44

Fisheries PortsThe Mauritius Ports Authority (MPA), set up under the Ports Act of 1998, manages the port. Fish are handled in terminals I and II and it is in terminal II that the Mauritius Freeport is located. It is a duty-free logistics, distribution and marketing hub for the region. Logistics and warehousing facilities are readily available for the transshipment, consolidation, storage and minor processing of goods. These are supported by good air links to Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Port Louis has become the leading port for Asian tuna longliners in the Western Indian Ocean.

Trans-shipment constitutes a very important related activity in the tuna fishery. In 2009, a total of 23,829 Mt of tuna and tuna-like species were transshipped at Port Louis by longliners. Most of the trans-shipped product consisted of albacore tuna.

A Port State Control Unit, based in the port, has been in operation since June 2004 and is dedicated exclusively to the seafood industry. Officers from different departments namely the Fisheries Division comprising the Fisheries Management Division and the Fisheries Protection Service, Customs Department, Veterinary Services, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life and Passport and Immigration Office work in close collaboration and under the same roof.

The specific services provided by the port state control unit are as follows:a) Issue of landing permits and monitoring of fishing vessels calling at Port Louis; b) Monitoring of transshipment; c) Monitoring of the quality of fish and fish products; d) Inspection of fish and fish products by the Veterinary and Health Services; and e) Issue of clearances by the Customs Department and the Passport and Immigration Office. f) Issue of export authorization and health certificates.

43 Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues44 Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues


Fisheries ManagementFor the highly migratory tuna, fishing agreements are in place the Seychelles (on a reciprocity basis) and Japan for fishing within the Mauritian EEZ. All foreign vessels need to have a licence to fish in Mauritian waters. Local investment and joint ventures are also encouraged in tuna fisheries.

The fishing effort in the traditional sector needs to be substantially reduced to ensure sustainability of the resources. Consequently, fishers are being trained to participate in the offshore fisheries, to enable them to seek employment opportunities on foreign fishing vessels fishing in the EEZ under licence in the long-line and purse seine fisheries. Some 1,000 fishers may need to be trained to meet the requirements of the industry in the next decade.

A local boat or vessel needs a fishing licence to fish within Mauritian waters, or on the continental shelf, in any fishery on the high seas and in the fishing zone of a foreign state. The Fisheries Protection Service and the National Coast Guard enforce the provisions of the Fisheries and Marine Resources Act.

Catch quotas for the banks fisheries have been imposed since 1994; and the number of vessels operating on the smaller banks is limited through a licensing system. The Fisheries Protection Service, with a staff of approximately 264 officers, is responsible for the enforcement of all fisheries laws and regulations.

A Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) is in place on all licensed vessels. The Ministry of Agro-Industries and Fisheries has recently negotiated a protocol for the satellite monitoring of EU vessels fishing in the EEZ.

MCS in MauritiusThe Fisheries and Marine Resources Act provides for, among others, licensing of local and foreign boats and vessels; and can refuse to license a boat or vessel if either does not comply with the requirements of a regional fisheries management organization to which Mauritius is a party or has not complied with the measures adopted by that organization. Local boats or vessels are also required to be registered prior to the issue of fishing licenses.

The MCS system in Mauritius involves the Fisheries Management Division and the Fisheries Protection Service of the Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues, National Coast Guard (NCG), Mauritius Port Authority and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Central Informatics System Division).The surveillance of the maritime zones of Mauritius is under the purview of the National Coast Guard. The Fisheries Protection Service controls illegal fishing in the lagoon mainly but also participates in joint surveillance activities in the maritime zones with the NCG besides assisting in the implementation of port state measures in the port.

The master or agent of any foreign fishing vessel or his agent must notify the Permanent Secretary at least 72 hours before entry into port and inform him of the purpose of its call into port, submit to him a copy of the vessel or boat authorization to fish and information on vessel or characteristics and on the quantity of fish on board.

Mauritius has only one port of entry at Port Louis as defined under the Ports Act. All foreign fishing vessels calling to Mauritius (including those that are not licensed to fish) are inspected upon arrival and during offloading. The forms used to record information are similar to that required under the IOTC PSMR, but need updating.

Vessel Monitoring SystemThe Permanent Secretary keeps a record of all local and foreign fishing boats or vessels above 12m in length overall for which licences have been issued, and all licensed boats and vessels are required to be VMS compliant and may be requested to carry observers. All local fishing boats and vessels including carrier vessels and foreign licensed fishing boats and vessels have to abide by the VMS regulations under which they have to transmit VMS information every two hours to the FMC. Most of the vessels transmit VMS data directly to the FMC at AFRC while some transmit through their flag state FMCs.

The VMS can monitor the vessels through satellite-based tracking systems. The satellites send data to the Land Earth Station (LES) at predetermined regular intervals. After processing, these data are transmitted to and stored in the



database of the FMC at the AFRC. The network connected to the server comprises five workstations, out of which three are located at the FMC and the remaining two are placed at the National Coast Guard (NCG) Headquarters (Port Louis) and the NCG Maritime Air Squadron at the Sir SeewoosagurRamgoolam airport at Plaisance.45 There are plans to upgrade the VMS Centre at Albion, where there have been technical difficulties in VMS in recent year.

Monitoring of the different fisheriesAll landings and transhipments of catches at the port are subjected to inspection by a team of trained fisheries inspectors. With regards to the coastal fishery, a team of enumerators covering 61 fish landing stations around the island collects catch and effort data of the artisanal fishery. Computer software, MAUCAS, (Mauritius Catch Assessment Survey), is used for data entry and processing. The fish landing stations are grouped in three strata and every week 5 stations are randomly selected from these strata and five enumerators are posted on each site to collect catch and effort data. These data are collected during selected hours on six days per week.

The banks located from 250 to 1,200 nautical miles to the north of Mauritius are exploited by Mauritian fishing vessels. On the arrival of each fishing vessel at Port Louis, the skipper has to submit logbook and landing data to AFRC. Length frequency data are also collected during the landing of the catch. A licensing system was introduced in 1992 to manage the fishing activities on the banks. The licenses are valid for one year. Furthermore, a quota system based on a Total Allowance Catch (TAC) is implemented since 1994.

Since 1995, licenses are issued to foreign longliners (mostly Asian) to operate in Mauritian waters. The majority of these vessels transship their catch at Port Louis. There were two longliners of GRT 577 and 597 respectively, operating under the Mauritian flag in 2007. They fished in the Mauritian EEZ and high seas, catching 669 Mt of tuna and related species.

Fish aggregating devices (FADs) were introduced in 1985 to facilitate fishing for pelagic resources in the outer-reef waters of Mauritius and Rodrigues. The catch is composed of tuna, dolphin fishes, billfishes and sharks. Recently a data collection system has been put in place to collect data on the fishery and improve estimates of catches. In this context enumerators are posted at landing sites to collect catch and effort data on a daily basis from fishermen fishing around FADs.

The sports fishery involves local recreational fishermen and tourists. A system of data collection in the sector to get better estimates of catches has been put in place since 2004. The eight clubs/organizations involved directly in this activity have been requested to submit daily catch statistics and boat characteristics on a monthly basis. In this respect, data collection forms have been designed and distributed to the concerned organizations.

Table14:MCSdatacollectionandsharingMauritius46

MCS data collected Collected by whom How data is collected Data sharingLog booksEntry/exitPort inspection reportsLicense listsVMS dataObserver reportsTransport declarationsTranshipment reports

FMC InspectorsIOTCIOC

Ministry of Fisheries and RodriguesDocumentation Unit/Ma-rine Information CentreIOTC (limited)FAO (limited)




Limited fisheries statistics and information for the offshore fishery are provided by The Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues within their annual report, and by the IOTC, FAO, and INFOSA and by various projects such as the IOC–MCS programme. There is also limited MCS capacity for offshore inspections due to seagoing patrol vessel capacity. There is however three aircraft available that regularly provide vessel information from the EEZ. In 2013, Mauritius will take delivery of another sea going patrol vessel currently under construction in India. In addition there has been cooperation under the IOC Joint Surveillance Programme involving twenty-five missions within the relevant EEZ’s.47

The major IUU activity in Mauritius is potential poaching from unlicensed foreign vessels and illegal trans-shipment of tuna catches at sea in order to hide where the fish has been caught.

MCS human capacityThe Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Custom and Excise Department and Immigration all contribute the services of their employees to the Monitoring Control and Surveillance of fisheries in Mauritius.

Table15:MCSstaffMauritius201048Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues

Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security

Ministry of Health and Quality of Life

Custom and Excise Department

Passport and Immigrations Officer

The Fisheries Protection Service

11 officers 4 Officers and 1 Consultant

2 Health Inspectors

2 Officers 2 Officers 264 officers

More effort needs to be applied with respect to monitoring, control and surveillance of tuna resources to combat IUU fishing. The right balance must be struck between actual physical fisheries surveillance at sea and other means of monitoring and control of the fisheries through measures such as port inspection and VMS monitoring. Adequate resources would thus be needed by the Fisheries Division and the NCG to combat IUU fishing effectively.

MCS institutional capacityResponsibility for fisheries matters in Mauritius lies with the Ministry of Agro-Industry and Fisheries. Its Fisheries Division is responsible for research and collection of statistics, and has assumed responsibility for management and policy advice, as well as development of near-shore and offshore fisheries and aquaculture. The Ministry of Fisheries and Rodrigues has adequate infrastructure and facilities needed to carry out MCS operations.

Table16:InstitutionalCapacityMauritiusType of fisheries management institution

Main branches Availability of resources

Cooperation with other Ministries/agencies

Cooperation with RFMO, RFB etc.


Ministry of Fisher-ies and Rodrigues


Internet-available Computers-availableTransport – satis-factoryAir and sea patrol - satisfactory

Very good co-operations with Ministry of Agro Industry and Food Security, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Custom and Excise Department and Immigration

IOTCIOCSADCUNCLOSSWIOFCSIOFA

Limited

47 Legal and Capacity assessment of Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Tanzania and Kenya of readiness to implement the IOTC Port State Measures Resolution 10/11 (June 2011)




49 FAOYearbook2008(ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/CD_yearbook_2008/root/capture/a4.pdf)

16.5 Seychelles

Summary of fisheries in the Seychelles

Table17:FisheriesinSeychelles–summarydataCountry Summary

Principle fisheries Law Fisheries Act (2001) & RegulationsFish production (value) USD 212 million (2003)Contribution of fisheries to GDP (year)

3.3 % (2004)

Area of EEZ 1,288, 643 km²Length of coastline 491 kmFish production (volume) 69,178 Mt (2008)Fish consumption per capita 61.0 kg/year (2003)Port state control measures in place Inspection of fishing vessels upon port call, prior port entry notification, EEZ

entry / exit notification NPOA-IUU Fishing in place YesMonitoring, Control and Surveillance Tools

Patrol vessel - 4 Seychelles coast guards / 1 Private owned

Aerial surveillance 2 Twin Otter / Air wing SPDF -VMSVessel Monitoring System (VMS) In place since 2002 and operationalRegional Fisheries Co-operation PRSP – IOC, IOTC, SIOFA, SADC and SWIOFC

Marine FisheriesIndustrial fisheries are entirely executed by a fleet of foreign owned vessels licensed (although a few of the vessels flying a Seychelles flag) to fish in the Seychelles EEZ, comprising of long liners (Japanese, Taiwanese and South Koreans) and purse seiners (French and Spanish), the numbers of vessels licensed to fish in and around the EEZ has increased steadily over the last 15 years but recently dropped due to the Somalia piracy situation in the Indian ocean.

Both fisheries targets Tuna or tuna like species, however there are 12 locally owned vessels involved in the semi-industrial fishery using long line methods targeting tuna species, swordfish and similar.

The artisanal (coastal) fishery which ensures food security on local markets, and satisfying demands from the tourism industry, has remained constant over the last 20 years with landings typically ranging between 4,000 and 5,000 Mt annually. The Seychelles has over 400 licensed coastal vessels mainly in-board powered vessels (whalers), out-board powered vessels (lekonomi, mini mahe) ranging from 8ft – 20ft long and non-motored vessels (pirogue, canoes). These vessels are engaged in trap fishing, net fishing, hand line and drop line fishing on the main plateau. In general the artisanal sector targets; trevally, red snapper, jobfish, emperors, bonito, groupers, rabbit fish, mackerel, octopus, sea

cucumber, spinny lobster, sharks and crabs. In 2008 the national production volume was 69,178 Mt49.


Table18:Fisherydata2010SeychellesSpecies Gear type Vessel type Total

Number of vessel

Foreign vessels

Total Catch (Mt)

Financial Value

Social Value and food security

Tuna Purse Seiner Industrial 38 27 250,00050 High LowLong line Industrial 50 45 High Low

Mixed species near shore species (Red snapper)

Long Liner Semi Indus-trial

12 0 Medium High

Mixed reef species

Hook and Line

Artisanal 458 0 Low High

Inland FisheriesThe availability of freshwater being a limiting factor on land makes this sector negligible. As a result, marine-based aquaculture, i.e. mariculture has become increasingly important. Three projects have been implemented; however one Prawn Farm was closed in 2009. There are currently two active mariculture projects in Seychelles, which are located on Praslin. These are the Pearl Oyster Farm and the Giant Clam Farm. A MaricultureMaster Plan (code of practice and regulations) is also being prepared for the different fish species.51

Fisheries ManagementThe sustainable management of marine resources in Seychelles is the responsibility of the Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA) as stipulated in the Fisheries Act 2001. The SFA is therefore responsible for the preparation, implementation and review of management plans for the long-term sustainability and optimal utilization of marine resources. Monthly meetings are held with the Boat Owners Association. Management decisions are based on the economic viability, sustainability or conservations of stocks. The Fisheries Act makes provision for the management, conservation and protection of fisheries and marine resources.

Fisheries Management is guided by the ‘Inshore Fisheries Management Strategy’ prepared in 1998. Licensing of vessels is by far the most used regulatory measure for nearly all fisheries. The precautionary approach is frequently adopted to ensure the sustainability of resources as the baseline data on the status of many of the stocks is lacking. SFA is gradually adopting a more consultative approach to fisheries management, and the fisheries industry is represented by members of the Seychelles Chamber of Commerce and Industry.52

There are no fisheries management measures for the tuna and billfish fisheries in Seychelles, with the exception of closures for shallow water (<200m) to industrial fisheries. In terms of enforcement measures, SFA is also responsible for MCS activities, which are applied in port, at sea and by air. There are no bans on fishing in the EEZ directly related to tuna and billfish. However, many gears that are destructive to bottom habitats, e.g. trawls, are banned.

The annual budget for SFA in 2011 was 23 million SCR. In addition EU funds from the FPA agreement contribute with 2, 6 million EUR (2011 – 2013). The MCS section is allocated close to 1 million EUR for their activities. The Japanese government assists with all infrastructure development, facilities and gears,

50 Estimate by SFA51 Ministry of Fisheries52 Ministry of Fisheries



Health of FisheriesMost fisheries are managed by the licensing of participating vessels. However, it is only in the industrial fisheries, the lobster fishery and the recent sea cucumber fishery that effort controls are applied through license limitation. Most artisanal fisheries remain open access and excess fishing effort, especially in inshore areas, has led to localized over-exploitation. Government efforts to redistribute effort to the lightly exploited offshore grounds have not met with much success and there is a need to reassess the management regimes for most artisanal fisheries. The present piracy situation complicates this situation further as a very limited protected area has been established by the Coastguard, further increasing pressure close to the coastline in a very confined area.

Fisheries Economic DataThe fisheries sector is a significant source of foreign exchange. In 2003 it was estimated that the fishing industry in the Seychelles contributed around 3.3% of the Agricultural GDP. In that same year the Seychelles exported 76,457 Mt of fish and fish products and imported 87,174 Mt. There are three main fish processing factories, of which two are principally processing fresh, (chilled on ice) whole fish and fillets for both local market and exportation largely onto the European markets. The third large factory is the Indian Ocean Tuna canning factory which processes approximately 350 tons of tuna a day, mostly for export. This sector is also important as a source of animal protein and it is estimated that per capita consumption of fish is around 61 kg/year (2003). Fisheries employs around 5,600 people of which 1,750 are full time fishermen and others involved in the marketing, processing and sale of fish and fish products with a total of fish production value of around USD 212 million (2003). Fisheries output from the tuna industry are classified as industrial activities. In reality, the contribution to fisheries should be

Access agreementsSeychelles has a current FPA with the EU53. The agreement in force between 2005 and 2011 providing for access to the EEZ by EU purse-seine fleets targeting tuna and tuna-like species. The average annual value of the agreement (license fees and financial compensation) was USD 5, 27 million (averages: 2006-2008), plus the amount for any excess catch i.e. any catch above 62, 000 Mt. There is also a fleet of Seychelles-flagged Spanish owned purse-seiners, with which Seychelles arranges private licenses with vessel owners. A few purse-seine vessels flagged by Iran, Mayotte and Thailand also have current or recent access through private licenses.

Seychelles also has current access agreements with Japan and Taiwan, for freezer longline fleets. The Japanese agreement comprises two parts, the principal agreement concerning terms and conditions of access, and the second providing Goods and Services to Seychelles. In terms of Taiwan, the agreement is between the Government of Seychelles (GoS) and the Taiwan Deep Sea Tuna Boat-owners and Exporters Association, and the latest version came into force in 2008. It provides for licensing arrangements for a maximum of 120 longline vessels. However, the present piracy situation in the Indian Ocean has reduced the presence of Japanese and Taiwanese vessels dramatically (no known vessels operating in 2011) while the European fleet seem to continue as with business as usual (although with armed protection in many cases).

MCS in the SeychellesMCS is the responsibility of the MCS section of the Fisheries Management Division of the SFA. It has the responsibility of ensuring compliance to the provisions of the Fisheries Act (2001) and Regulations, which is currently under review (a new fisheries bill to be presented to the Parliament in 2011). The purpose of this review is to better reflect the recommendations set by the international and regional mandatory bodies, in order to improve detection, deterrence and elimination of IUU fishing in the EEZ of the Seychelles.

The Fishery Monitoring Centre (FMC) monitors the movement of licensed fishing vessels and foreign vessels flying the Seychelles flag through the use of a functioning satellite dependent vessel monitoring system (VMS) since 2002. Other activities the FMC performs include the processing of catch report data, the authorization for the landing of catch outside Seychelles’ waters, and ensuring that the licensing unit maintains an updated register of licensed local and

53 NoinformationrelatedtothenewprotocolavailableonEUwebsitehttp://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/international/agreements/index_en.htm


foreign fishing vessels. Seven enforcement officers (inspectors) carry out the daily enforcement of the national laws; inspecting vessels for compliance and perform patrols within either national or regional areas alongside the National Coastguard who provide the patrol platforms together with a leased fisheries patrol vessel. The system works well and can be described as a very good cooperation although the piracy situation is presently taking away considerable focus from fisheries MCS operations.

A vessel monitoring system (VMS) is implemented and operational for all motorised fishing vessels (about 50 of the artisanal fleets still awaiting units to be installed). VMS data are available for scientific, MCS and safety purposes (the safety aspect seen as vital to protect the fleet against piracy) and there are mechanisms to link those data with logbook data. Also, VMS is used to enforce the restricted zones that apply to the industrial fleets. For the fisheries and species in question, there are no decision rules or reference points in use. VMS data has become more important as a safety feature in recent years due to the piracy situation and the industry is very eager to install the equipment for this reason. This represents an opportunity in terms of achieving consent from the whole fishing fleet to install VMS on board their vessels.

Declared catches are lightly validated by inspections of landings and transhipment. IUU fishing is identified and monitored through a range of MCS activities, including control of registration of vessels and issuing licenses, port inspection to verify catches, verification of logbooks, inspection of VMS data, catch validation for export etc. It should however be noted that only 7 field inspectors has limited time available to conduct all of these duties and this lack of capacity obviously influences to what detail an inspection can be conducted.

Seychelles interacts with other countries on IUU through: • (Indian Ocean Commission) Regional Surveillance Project,• Data exchange, through regional projects and bilateral relationships• Harmonisation of Port State Measures under the IOC project and IOTC• Control of transhipment at sea which is combined with IOTC observer programme• Establishment of the SADC MCS coordination centre

Table19:MCSdatacollectionandsharingSeychellesMCS data collected

Collected by whom


How data is stored

Data sharing

• Log books• Entry/exit• Catch certificates• Innocent passage• Port inspection

reports• Harbour logs• License lists• VMS data

SFA MCS section operatorsInspectorsIOTCIOCIndustry

Fisheries database system

National researchIOTC (limited)FAO (limited)

No data available in public domain although now barriers for a publically available MCS related information system were identified.The main IUU activities amongst the artisanal fishermen are fishing for regulated species during closed season and use of unlicensed fishing gear. There is also potential illegal fishing by foreign unlicensed vessels in the tuna fishery including transhipment at sea and under-reporting by licensed fishing vessels. The presence of the NAUFOR Navies over the past 3 years has deterred illegal activity54. However, monitoring of fishing activities is difficult due to the huge area of the EEZ. It is therefore suspected that considerable IUU fishing activities are taking place (also confirmed by the fishing industry which observes many unlicensed vessels while at sea).

54 Ministry of Fisheriestm



Table20:MCSoperationsSeychellesBefore fishing While fishing During landing Post landing

Compliance inspection of all national vessels before start of fishing season

50 days of dedicated fisheries sea patrol (25-30 vessels inspected annually (mainly industrial and semi-industrial tuna vessels)

Verification of catch certifi-cates and log books.

Control of export data

Compliance inspection of selected foreign vessels before start of fishing season

Aerial patrol Verification of VMS data versus logbook

Control of processing data

VMS

MCS human capacityThe MCS department of SFA consist of 22 people. 7 are dedicated inspectors, 5 observers are employed for the industrial tuna fishery (scientific purpose only), 5 officers are working in the FMC, 2 officers deals with licensing and 3 officers operates the VMS.

Table21:MCSstaffSeychellesJuly2011Number of inspector Number of observers55 Other MCS staff

7 5 1056

The human resource situation indicates too few MCS officers available taking the magnitude and numbers of vessels involved in the different fisheries in the Seychelles.

Fisheries inspectors are divided into three ranks with a sliding salary scale within each rank pending on years’ experience as well as performance. Promotion is based upon a performance assessment as well as evaluation of education and experience.

Table22:MCScareerdataSeychellesInspector ranks Low rank salary/month Ranks Observer Salary/month

3 7500 SCR 1 4000 SCR

Training is a priority for SFA and basic courses are provided ad-hoc in relation to law, VMS operations as well as inspection procedures. The provision of training does appear to be dependent on the priorities set by the MCS department rather than a reoccurring activity or HR development plan.

Table23:MCSHRsupervisionandtrainingSeychellesNational training Other training Performance

monitoringCareer scheme Promotion criteria

VMSLawInspection proce-dures

IOTCEU projects

Yes Yes Performance assess-ment

55 Tobeimplementedendof2011–industrialtunafisheryonly56 FMC, VMS and licensing


MCS institutional capacitySFA has good infrastructure with good facilities conducive to carrying out MCS operations. Office space is adequate, computers and internet is available, transport and fuel not considered a limiting factor, inspectors are uniformed and the offices are placed ideally in the harbour very close to the fishing industry where landings, transhipments and processing takes place.

Table24:MCSinstitutionalcapacitySeychellesType of fisheries management institution

Main branches

Availability of resources




Ministry of Investment, natural resources and Industry

Seychelles Fishing Authority


• Office space – good• Internet – good• Computers –

sufficient• Uniforms - yes• Inspection

equipment - good• Transport adequate• Air and sea patrol

satisfactory

Very good – mainly Maritime Safety and Coast-guard

IOTCIOCSWIOFCSWIOFPCOMESASADC

Industry associations – moderate

Vessel agents - moderate

16.6 Somalia

Summary of fisheries in Somalia57

Table25:FisheriesinSomalia–summarydata58 Country Summary

Principle fisheries Law

• Pre 1991 Laws governing maritime and fishing issues include:o The Maritime Codeo Territorial Sea and Ports Lawo Somaliland fisheries Law

Value of Fisheries (2005) USD 33,929143Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (1990)

2%

Area of EEZ 830, 389km2Length of Coastline 3,330kmMonitoring, Control and Surveillance Tools

-

Port State Control Measures in Place -NPOA: IUU Fishing -Total Fish Harvested (2006) 29,800 MtRegional Fisheries Co-operation IOFC, NEPAD

Marine FisheriesSomalia is split into several autonomous regions the largest of which include Somaliland and Puntland. Other regions

55 Tobeimplementedendof2011–industrialtunafisheryonly56 FMC, VMS and licensing



operate under Transitional Federal Institutions set up in 2000. Both Somaliland and Puntland function under a semi-autonomous government. Somalia’s waters are rich in various commercial marine species including: Tuna, Mackerel, Mullet, Shrimp, Lobster, Crab and sharks. Its largest export markets come from its neighbours including Djibouti, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Although 55% of the population live within 100 km of the coastline, fishing is not traditionally practised and has only become a common practise in recent times.

Types of FisheriesIn Somaliland less than 1% of the population are engaged in artisanal fishing. This is partly due to the lack of usable coastal roads, usable infrastructure and the lack of a historical and cultural interest and reliance on fish as a food source. Artisanal fisheries operate 450-500 small vessels on a permanent basis. Two-thirds of these are motorised, and one third are canoes. The size of these vessels ranges from 6-8.5m and is a limiting factor that can prevent fishermen fishing in certain seasons of the year in high winds. Traditionally these fishermen use gillnets, hooks for large fish and sharks, hand lines, seine nets and traps. Fresh fish are harvested from several areas along the coast. Fishermen have created a market in Djibouti and sell their fish based on informal arrangements. On a daily basis, 7 boats travel to Djibouti city carrying 500kilos of fish to sell. In addition to this 30-35 fishermen market prawns to this area, resulting in the total amount of fish exported to Djibouti as around 2,000-3,000 kilos daily. Artisan fisheries around Berbera and Karin supply local towns through local fish companies, accounting for a yearly 900Mt market.

The Las Qorey tuna cannery is the largest single market available to artisanal fishers. The plant began operations in 2001 and employs more than half the fishermen and boats in the Sanaag area. During fishing season, the plant processes more than 16Mt of tuna a day, mostly for sale to the local market.

Industrial fishing is a growing industry and it is mostly foreign vessels that exploit this resource. Industrial fishing vessels use larger inboard motors and operate from formal harbours. The Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal development issues licenses to foreign vessels, generally Egyptian in this region. The ministry employs 36 fishing inspectors and generates income from royalties. In 2004, there were 36 Egyptian vessels fishing off the coast of Adwal. The narrowness of the continental shelf and coralline coastline limits the amount of trawling that can be carried out. Before the arrival of the Egyptian boats, the artisanal fisheries accounted for 80% of the total industry. Now they harvest approximately double that of the artisanal fisheries. There are several limiting factors which prevent the growth of this industry, such as the lack of a cooling chain and storage facilities. There is huge potential for the fisheries industry to expand to Ethiopia and the surrounding Gulf States; however this is limited due to the lack of infrastructure.

Table26:FisheriesinSomaliland,200459

Fishery Production (Mt) Foreign/National Area

Artisanal fishery 6,030 National Loado/ZeilaLas QureyBerbera/Kerin

Industrial fishery 12,960 Foreign (Mostly Egyptian) Offshore Adwal

Health of FisheriesIt is believed that many international vessels engaged in dumping toxic and nuclear waste in Somalian waters in the period after the collapse of the government. This claim was strengthened when empty toxic waste barrels were washed onto Somalian shores after being stirred up in the 2004 Asian Tsunami hit Somalian waters. There have also been reports of shoals of dead fish found at sea and washed up onto beaches. Many health workers have reported higher incidences of previously unseen illnesses in local populations, such as unexplained haemorrhaging, mouth ulcers, malformed babies- all of which are symptoms of radiation sickness. Fisheries Economic DataTraditionally Somalians have largely relied on agro-pastoral systems and livestock as a means of food production.

59 http://www.somalilandlaw.com/sl_fisheries_feasibility_report.pdf


Following the 1974 and 1976 droughts, nomadic tribes and many people living inland were re-located to coastal areas to encourage the use of marine fisheries as a food resource. Consequently this led to an increased trend in fish production and consumption. Despite its large coastline and EEZ, Somalian people remain amongst the lowest consumers of fish and fish products in Africa. Currently less than 1% of Somilians are involved in the fisheries sector, and most of these are involved in small-scale or subsistence fishing.

Fisheries PortsThe main landing sites are: Kismaayo, Mogadishu, Merka, Brava, Eil, Bangal, Bolimog, Las Korey, Berbera and Bosasso

Fisheries ManagementSomalia is still undergoing a period of restructuring and rehabilitationafter the 1991 civil war. From 1991-2000 there was no working government. The Transitional Federal Institutions comprising of the Transitional Federal Charter, Transitional Federal Parliament and the Transitional Federal Government were implemented in 2004 and began to reform legislature and infrastructure. The Transitional institutions aim to outline a 5 year mandate leading towards the establishment of a new constitution and transition to a representative government after election. National elections will be held in 2012. Many regions of Somalia operate on a semi-autonomous, independent regime from the rest of Somalia. There are also on-going factional and tribal supremacy wars. As a result, there is no unified effort to monitor or control events in Somalian waters. Much of the previous infrastructure and control measures for monitoring waters, such as national coastguard and port authorities were lost and not re-formed after the war. This led to local fishers defending their territorial waters from FFVs themselves, escalating to the current situation of international piracy.

Currently Somaliland, the region to the north east neighbouring Djibouti, is taking the lead in restructuring its fisheries industry. Somaliland, an unrecognised sovereign state, has a 600 person strong coastguard. The coast consists of the 530km stretch along the Red Sea. They receive a USD 200,000 annual budget from the transitional government and operate from 2 9-metre boats which can be fitted with machine guns. Although ill-equipped, it has captured 87 pirates since 2007, arrested illegal fishermen and detained smugglers. They rely and operate mainly based on tip-offs and community reports.

Somalia’s fisheries sector lacks basic infrastructure and equipment such as jetties. There is also widespread lack of training and research. These factors are compounded by the lack of a countrywide regulatory framework.

MCS in SomaliaWith the lack of central governing body, IUU fishing in Somalia is thought to be carried out on a huge scale and is completely unreported. For many years the civil unrest led to disruptions of coastal security and monitoring methods. This increased the threat to local fisheries from IUU fishing, which was carried out with impunity. It is believed that up to 850 distant water fishing vessels (DWFV) from over 17 nations carry out IUU fishing annually in Somalian waters60. These activities led to the rise in piracy as a means of protecting local fishing grounds, which itself became out of control. Pirates now not only target fishing vessels, but actively target commercial and recreational vessels from all flag states specifically with the intention of collection rewards for people or goods held hostage.

MCS could be much stronger in Somalia. However, due to the weak political control over such affairs there are high levels of corruption within vessel licensing and illicit parties facilitated by dubious licensing agents. MCS activities are carried out on a small scale by local coastguards. These activities are focused around pursuing pirates. Pirates are convicted under various countries jurisdiction, for example Flag states of vessels which they attack.

60 http://www.illegal-fishing.info/uploads/Hassan.pdf



Table27:MCS–coastguardsoperatingfromSomalia61Operating Area Number of Coastguards Number of boats

Somaliland (2011) 600 • Two 9m motorised boats• Several other smaller boats

Puntland (2003) 300 -

MCS Human and institutional capacityCurrently Somalia lacks robust human and institutional capabilities. There is no legal or policy framework which would support and enforce MCS activities to act against and prevent IUU fishing. There is also no technical or practical expertise within country to hold up and enact any potential fisheries regulations which may come into place in the future. Currently the situation regarding both IUU fishing and other exploitation of marine resources as well as piracy in Somalia is under no control from the transitional institutions currently in place in Somalia or any other force or authority which may bring them under control in a sustainable and effective manner.

16.7 TheUnitedRepublicofTanzania

Summary of fisheries in The United Republic of Tanzania

Table28:FisheriesinTanzania–summarydataCountry SummaryPrinciple Fisheries Law Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003; Fisheries Regulations, 2009 G.N. No. 308Value of Fisheries (2002) USD 187,427,053.5Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (2003)

1.3%

Area of freshwater 137, 500 km²Length of Coastline 1,424 km (mainland only)Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Tools

Fishery control officers, inland and inshore patrol vessels, VMS, Fisheries Legislations

Port State Control Measures in Place Yes, but very limitedNPOA: IUU Fishing Not yet finalisedTotal Fish Harvested (2005) 347, 156.9 tons, including approximately 50,000 tons of marine fishRegional Fisheries Co-operation ASCLME, IOTC, SADC, SWIOFC, WB, SWIOFP, IOC, LVFO, EAC, FAO,

ACP Fish II, Lake Tanganyika Authority (LTA), Lake Victoria Basin Commis-sion (LVBC)

In Tanzania, there is a marine subsector, which includes both industrial and small-scale fisheries, and an inland subsector, which is mainly artisanal (with an industrial export oriented processing industry for valuable species).

61 http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/04/ap-piracy-somaliland-coast-guard-040411/ http://www.idaratmaritime.com/wordpress/?p=14


Marine FisheriesThe marine coast of Tanzania has a narrow, sharply falling shelf. Marine fishing activity is generally concentrated inshore and around the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia. Artisanal fishers produce about 90% of the marine fish catch in Tanzania. Only 10% is caught by the industrial fishing fleet62. Small scale fishers work from shores of local beaches, but most fishing operations for both the artisanal and industrial marine coastal fishery are based out of Dar-es-Salaam on the central coast, the Lindi-Mtwara area on the south coast, the Tanga-Pangani area on the north coast, and Zanzibar Town. The marine catch is composed of a great diversity of species, including: Emperors/scavengers, carangids, Mackerel, octopus, rabbit fish, parrot fish etc.

Shrimp fishery is currently banned due to over exploitation of the resource. Tuna and other related highly migratory species are fished on a seasonal basis by foreign fleets, as is the case throughout the western Indian Ocean.63

Inland Fisheries64

The country is well resourced with freshwater fish and inland fisheries account for between 80% and 90% of the total reported catch. The inland subsector is mainly artisanal with fishing taking place in lakes, rivers and dams, with 243, 564.4 Mt being caught in Lake Victoria in 201065. The other two major lakes are Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa and the minor lakes with significant fisheries are Rukwa, Babati and Manyara. Significant fisheries (mainly tilapia and catfish species) also take place in the main dams (which are manmade): Mtera and NyumbayaMungu. Nile perch (Latesniloticus) and Dagaa (Rastrineobolaargentea) from Lake Victoria, sardines from Lake Tanganyika (Stolothrissatanganicae and Limnothrissamiodon), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) are the main species caught in the inland sector.

Health of FisheriesHeavy fishing, coral mining and shell collection activities, coupled with pollution over the past several decades, have all contributed to the degradation of ecosystem health and productivity along the inshore zone, which is an important area for the artisanal fishers. There are also reports of severe reef damage along the coast, due to dynamite fishing, which still occurs in large numbers.

The shrimp fishery, which used to be the leading earner in the marine sector, is believed to be over-exploited, and presently under an industrial moratorium.

With regard to the Lake Victoria fisheries66, a number of environmental/ecological issues pose a threat. Firstly, the introduction of exotic fish species such as the Nile perch has altered the freshwater ecosystem of the lake, driving several hundred species of native cichlids to extinctionor near extinction. Secondly, the Lake Victoria basin is one of the most densely populated rural areas in the world – with many factories discharging their waste consequently ends into the lake and its influent rivers and urban areas also discharging raw sewage into the lake.67 This contributes to eutrophication which in turn contributes to sustaining the invasive water hyacinth – this plant suffocates the lake, diminishes the fish reservoir, and hurts the local economies through forming thick mats of vegetation, causing difficulties to transportation, fishing, hydroelectric power generation and drinking water supply.

Fisheries Economic DataFisheries in Tanzania are worth between approximately USD 138,120,145.1 in year (2006) to 187,427,053.5 year (2010). Frame Survey (2010) showed that the number of full time fishers was 36,321, operating with some 7,664

62 http://www.asclme.org/tanzania.html63 Ministry of Fisheries64 ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TZ.pdf65 MinistryofLivestockandFisheriesDevelopment66 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria67 MinistryofLivestockandFisheriesDevelopment



small craft (2010).68 Lake Victoria fishery also has significant numbers of fishers.Fish is an immensely important and popular food in Tanzania, and most of the national marine catch is absorbed by the domestic market, whereas the majority of the Nile perch catch is exported. Fishing activities are a vital part of community life in over half of the country’s regions.

The sector accounts for an estimated 30% of Tanzania’s supply of animal protein. For the lowest income segments of the population, fish is generally the major animal protein consumed, because of the price of some of the cheaper fish products, and in particular of dried Dagaa, in relation to meat and poultry. In areas lying along major lakes and rivers, fish assumes an even more predominant food security role for local inhabitants.

Trawling for shrimps and purse seining for sardines expanded rapidly in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as moves towards structural adjustment and economic liberalisation came into effect. It is estimated that by the mid-1990s, the shrimp fishery (based primarily around the Rufiji Delta, some 200 kilometres south of Dar-es-Salaam, and in areas around Bagamoyo, about 100 kilometres to the north) was producing in the range of 1,000 to 1,300 tonnes annually. This fishery is today over exploited and only artisanal licenses are granted access to this fishery.

Fisheries PortsSmall scale fishers work from shores of local beaches, but most fishing operations for both the artisanal and industrial marine coastal fishery are based out of Dar-es-Salaam on the central coast, the Lindi-Mtwara area on the south coast, the Tanga-Pangani area on the north coast and Zanzibar.

Management MeasuresDue to the importance of the inland sector, the majority of the efforts of the Fisheries Division are focused on inland sector activities. Furthermore, one particular aspect of the fisheries management is the split jurisdiction between the Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba). In Zanzibar, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Natural Resources cover the fisheries sector. This fishery is far better managed – assumed to be driven by the incentives from the tourism sector.

Management is oriented towards the reduction of fishing efforts both in industrial and artisanal sectors. Environmentally unfriendly fishing methods (e.g. beach seines and dynamite) are prohibited, but law enforcement is difficult to achieve within the resources presently allocated to MCS. Protected areas have been established, as have marine reserves and private parks. Processing facilities for marine products are relatively limited; there are a few onshore processing plants in Dar-es-Salaam (shrimp and octopus), and a processing barge is anchored close to Mafia Island. The last company active in Zanzibar collapsed a few years back.

Professional fishers’ organisations are quite strong, including the Trawler Operators Association and the Fish Processing Association. Registration with an association is mandatory for the issuance of a fishing license.

With regard to the fisheries in Lake Victoria69, the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO) was formed through a convention signed in 1994 by the East African Community Partner States of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, resulting from the need to manage the fisheries resources of Lake Victoria in a coordinated manner. The lake’s fishing communities are organized through the formation of legally empowered Beach Management Units (BMUs). These are not formally part of the LVFO structure yet but will eventually become formally integrated. They are the foundation of fisheries co-management, bringing together everyone involved in fisheries at a beach – boat owners, boat crew, traders, processors, boat builders and repairers, net repairers and others – to work with government and other stakeholders in managing fisheries resources and improving the livelihoods of the community members.

MCS in TanzaniaThe Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development in Tanzania carries out MCS operations through the Directorate

68 MinistryofLivestockandFisheriesDevelopment69 http://www.lvfo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1


of Fisheries Resource Protection for fresh water fisheries and marine artisanal and small-scale fisheries. A similar authority deals with marine small-scale and artisanal fisheries within the jurisdiction of the islands (Zanzibar, Pemba). The Deep Sea Fishing Authority (DSFA) based in Zanzibar is responsible for all management and MCS activities towards the large pelagic (mainly tuna) fishery.

Freshwater and near coastal MCS has 26 patrol vessels available although very limited resources are available for operational use. Cars and 4x4 vehicles are available but also restrained from use by lack of financial resources. The DSFA operates a small monitoring centre with an operational VMS. There are although no means available to conduct any at-sea inspections or investigations.

Tanzania interacts with other countries on IUU through:• IOTC• SWIOFP• SADC• Regional projects (e.g. WB MACEMP, LTA-PRODAP, ACP Fish II, SMARTFISH)

Table29:MCSdatacollectionandsharingTanzaniaMCS data collected

Collected by whom


How data is stored

Data sharing

• Log books if available

• License lists

Fisheries officers and BMU observers

When issuing licenses, registry of vessels through frame surveys

Computer based as well as hard copy

Through meetings, workshops and upon request

Very little data is available in the public domain although now major obstacles were identified to develop a more transparent information system.

IUU fishing is seen to be a problem in both Tanzania’s marine and inland fisheries. On the marine side, dynamite fishing and coral mining create problems in the small scale fisheries, while documented incursions of non-licensed Asian and European tuna fleets into the Tanzanian EEZ have been reported in the past (no apparent reason while these activities would stop or be reduced). In the inland fisheries, the use of illegal gear and unlicensed border hopping’ represent perennial problems.

Table30:MCSoperationsTanzaniaBefore fishing While fishing During landing Post landing

Marine: DSFA considers pre-fishing inspection – not implemented today.Coastal: Certain license conditions applyInland: Certain license conditions apply

Marine: VMS monitoring of licensed fleetCoastal: sea patrol con-ducted to verify gearInland: Lake patrols con-ducted to verify gear

Coastal: Check of licenses, size of fish and gearInland: Check of licenses and size of fish

Coastal: Landing figures checked against sales notes, species etc.Inland: Landing figures checked against sales notes, species etc.

MCS human capacityThe MCS is carried out by 175 people. 45 are dedicated inspectors, 50 observers are employed for the inland and coastal fishery, and 82 people administrate and support the organisation.

Table31:MCSstaffTanzaniaJuly201170Fishery Number of inspector Number of observers71 Other MCS staff

Marine 6 0 0

Coastal 28 38 14

Inland 9 12 12



The human resource situation indicates too few MCS officers’ available taking the magnitude and numbers of fishers and vessels involved in the different fisheries in Tanzania.

Fisheries inspectors are given a career path in accordance to the government scheme of services. Further information in relation to ranks and potential promotion was not available. Promotion is based upon a performance assessment as well as evaluation of education and experience.

Table32:MCScareerdataTanzaniaInspector ranks Low rank salary/

monthRanks Observer Salary/month

Unknown Not available 1 Not available

Training is a priority for the Directorate of Fisheries Resource Protection and identified as a major weakness needing future attention.

Table33:MCSHRsupervisionandtrainingTanzaniaNational training Other training Performance

monitoringCareer scheme Promotion criteria

No training con-ducted

Within higher learn-ing institutions within Tanzania and abroad

Yes Yes – according to scheme of service

Performance, education and

MCS institutional capacityThe Directorate of Fisheries Resource Protection has very limited resources and infrastructure to carry out adequate MCS operations. Office space is adequate in the Dar Es Salam, but limited in the districts. Computers and internet is available in Dar Es Salam but again limited outside of the Capital. Transport and fuel is considered a major limiting factor, inspectors and observers do not have a uniform.

Table34:MCSinstitutionalcapacityTanzaniaType of fisheries management institution

Main branches

Availability of resources




Ministry of Fisheries

Directorate of Fisheries Resource Protection

DSFA

Zanzibar

Office space – limitedInternet – limitedComputers – limitedUniforms - noInspection equipment -

limitedTransport – inadequateSea-patrol - limitedAir patrol – not available

Poor – mainly with police, navy and com-munities

IOTCSWIOFCSWIOFPCOMESASADC

Industry associations – poor

Vessel agents – poor

WWF, Sea Sense, UWAWADA

70 MoF July 201171 Tobeimplementedendof2011–industrialtunafisheryonly


17ANNEX4:REGIONALFRAMEWORKFOR THESMARTFISHPROJECTTable35:RegionalcollaborationframeworkfortheSmartFishprojectOrganisation Shortdescription

IOC - Indian Ocean Commission A regional, inter-governmental organization formed in 1984 that joins Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Reunion together to encourage coop-eration and to promote sustainable development of its members that share the same geographical position, history, and culture.

IOTC - Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

An inter-governmental organisation mandated to manage tuna and tuna-like species in the Indian Ocean and adjacent seas. Its objective is to promote coop-eration among its members with a view to ensuring, through appropriate man-agement, the conservation and optimum utilization of stocks and encouraging sustainable development of fisheries based on such stocks.

SWIOFC - Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission

A regional fishery body whose objective is to promote the sustainable utilization of the living marine resources of the specified region, by the providing advice on the management and development of these resources, without prejudice to the sovereign rights of coastal States and to address common problems of fisheries management and development faced by the Members of the Commission.

LVFO - Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization

Formed in 1994, it is an organization under the EAC whose duty is to coordinate, and manage the fisheries resources in Lake Victoria to optimise socio-economic benefits from the basin for the three Partner States.

LTFO - Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Organization

This is a regional programme under the Lake Tanganyika Authority (LTA) whose objective is the implementation of the Framework Fisheries Management Plan. This would encourage sustainable fisheries development, protection of the aquatic environment and the maintenance of a diverse ecosystem; thus securing Lake Tanganyika’s role as a pillar of food security in the region.

SADC - Southern African Development Community

An inter-governmental organization whose aim is to promote sustainable and equitable economic growth and socio-economic development, improved stand-ards of living and quality of life, freedom, peace and security, in the hope of helping the region emerge as a competitive and effective player in international relations and the global economy.

COMESA - Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

Established in 1993, this is an organization whose member states have agreed to co-operate in developing their natural and human resources for the good of all their people. Its main focus is on the formation of a large economic and trading unit that is capable of overcoming some of the barriers that are faced by individual states through inter-state co-operation, harmonisation of policies and integration of programmes among the member states.

IGAD – Intergovernmental Authority on Development

Created in 1996 to supersede IGADD, this organization was established to as-sist and complement the efforts of member states to achieve food security and environmental protection, promotion and maintenance of peace and security, as well as economic cooperation and integration.

EAC – East African Community A regional intergovernmental organisation whose vision is to create a prosper-ous, competitive, secure, stable and politically united East Africa by widening economic, political, social and cultural integration. This is done through increased competitiveness; value added production, trade and investment, in order to im-prove the quality of life of the East African people.

Annex 4: Regional Framework For The Smartfish Project


NEPAD - The New Partnership for Africa's Development

This is a program of the AU, and is a plan that has been conceived and developed by African leaders as way of redeveloping the continent. Its aim is to pursue new priorities and approaches to political and socio-economic transformation by ad-dressing poverty and underdevelopment. The priorities of NEPAD are establish-ing the conditions for sustainable development, policy reforms and increased investment.


18ANNEX5:WORKSCHEDULEDate Place Activity

06/07 Gaborone, Botswana Projectmethodology development07/07 Gaborone, Botswana Project methodology development08/07 Gaborone, Botswana Project methodology development09/07 Travel to Mauritius Desk study, Travel10/07 QuatreBornes, Mauritius Meeting with consultants11/07 QuatreBornes, Mauritius Briefing/inception activities, meeting IOC12/07 QuatreBornes, Mauritius Meeting MCS off. Seychelles, Travel to Seychelles13/07 Victoria, Seychelles Introductory meeting SFA, Fishing port14/07 Victoria, Seychelles Meetings SFA, Sea Harvest, Oceana Fish, FBOA, 15/07 Victoria, Seychelles Meetings SFA, IOTC16/07 Dar Es Salaam Travel from Seychelles to Tanzania, documentation analysis17/07 Dar Es Salaam Documentation analysis, report writing18/07 Dar es Salaam Meetings Fisheries Dept, MACEMP project19/07 Dar es Salaam Meetings Fisheries Dept, Bahari industry, Fish association Dar20/07 Dar es Salaam Meetings in Zanzibar: DSFA, Fisheries department21/07 Antananarivo Travel from Tanzania to Madagascar, documentation analysis22/07 Antananarivo Meetings at Min of Fisheries : Directorates, MCS center, PS23/07 Antananarivo Documentation analysis, report writing24/07 Antananarivo Documentation analysis, report writing25/07 Antananarivo Meetings GAPCM, MCS center, Legal specialist26/07 Antananarivo Wrap-up meeting between consultants, report writing27/07 Travel to Mauritius Travel to Mauritius, report writing28/07 Mauritius Debriefing29/07 Botswana Travel to Botswana (home base) 01/08 Botswana Report writing (15 days)22/09 Botswana Preparation of sub-regional workshop 23/09 Botswana Preparation of sub-regional workshop 24/09 Travel to Mauritius Desk study, Travel25/09 Mauritius Preparation of PowerPoint26/09 Mauritius Preparation of PowerPoint, briefing with SmartFish team27/09 Mauritius Workshop 28/09 Mauritius Workshop 29/09 Mauritius Workshop 30/09 Travel to Botswana Travel

LISTOFPUBLICATIONS–LISTEDESPUBLICATIONSSmartFish Programme

1. Report of the Inception / Focal Point Meeting of the SmartFish Programme – Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 15th-16th June 2011. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/01. August/Août 2011. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (55 pages).

2. Report of the First Steering Committee Meeting of the SmartFish Programme – Flic en Flac, Mauritius,17th June 2011. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/02. August/Août 2011. SmartFish Programme Indian Ocean Commission (51 pages).

3. RapportdelaréuniondeprésentationduprogrammeSmartFishauxpointsfocaux–FlicenFlac,IleMaurice,15-16 juin 2011. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/03. August/Août 2011. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (55 pages).

4. Eco-CertificationfortheTunaIndustry,TechnicalAssistanceforImplementationofaRegionalFisheriesStrategyforESA-IO (IRFS). REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2011/04. May 2011. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (40 pages).

5. RegionalMarketAssessment(SupplyandDemand). REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/05. March/Mars 2012. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (264 pages).

6. Trade Assessment Study. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/06. March/Mars 2012. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (120 pages).

7. GouvernancedesPêchesMaritimesdansl’Ouestdel’OcéanIndien. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/07. June/Juin 2012. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (101 pages).

8. Value Chain Assessment of the Artisanal Fisheries – Mauritius. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/08. June/Juin 2012. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (85 pages).

9. Kenya Fisheries Governance. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/09. June/Juin 2012. SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (36 pages).

10. TrainingNeedsAnalysis–QualityandHygiene: REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/10. June/Juin 2012.SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (95 pages).

11. AReviewofSomalia’s&(Semi-AutonomousRegions)FisheriesLegislationandManagement. REPORT RAPPORT: SF/2012/11. June/Juin 2012 SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (49).

12. AssessmentofIUUActivitiesOnLakeVictoria. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/12. June/Juin 2012 SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (130 pages).

13. ReviewOfTheLegalFrameworkfortheESA-IORegion. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/13. June/Juin 2012 SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (149 pages).

14. Comprehensive capacity review to implement effective MCS in the ESA-IO Region. REPORT/RAPPORT: SF/2012/14. June/Juin 2012 SmartFish Programme. Indian Ocean Commission (101 pages).

Indian Ocean Commission – SmartFish ProgramBlue Tower, 5th �oor, Institute Road - Ebène, MauritiusTél: (+230) 402 6100 Fax: (+230) 465 7933

comprehensive review of mcs capacity in the esa-io … · rfmo agreed actions, in the esa-io...

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