comprehensive materials finishing - umexpert · 2.5 laser beam processing for surface ......
TRANSCRIPT
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COMPREMATERIALS
EDITOR
MSJ HDublin City Unive
VOLU
FINISH MACHINING AN
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IMTIAZ A CUniversity of Malaya,
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AMSTERDAM � BOSTON � HEILDELBERG
PARIS � SAN DIEGO � SAN FRANCISC
LONDON � NEW YORK � OXFORD
SINGAPORE � SYDNEY � TOKYO
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ElsevierThe Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB225 Wyman Street, Waltham MA 02451
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CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES
VOLUME 1 – Finish Machining and Net-Shape Forming
Conventional Finish Machining
1.1 Factors Affecting Surface Roughness in Finish
1.2 Effect of Cutting Variables on Boring ProcessKC Bala, and SS Lawal
1.3 Finish Machining of Hardened Steel SK C
1.4 Review of Gear Finishing Processes NK Ja
1.5 Robotic Polishing and Deburring Fengfen
1.6 Precision Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and PQinghua Zhang, Jian Wang, Qiao Xu, and Hui
Advances in Finish Machining
1.7 Techniques to Improve EDM Capabilities: Aand M Sayuti
1.8 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Types,Measurement SM Sapuan, KF Tamrin, Y NSNA Aziz
1.9 Effect of Electrical Discharge Energy on WhiteAAD Sarhan, and H Marashi
1.10 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide UsiImprove MRR, EWR, and Hole Quality MM Sayuti
1.11 Micromachining MY Ali and WNP Hung
1.12 Laser Machining Processes BS Yilbas
1.13 ELID Grinding and EDM for Finish Machinin
Finishing Process Using Net Forming
1.14 Laser Peening of Metallic Materials S Gen
SiI
ron,
o
rning MM Ratnam 1
Review SA Lawal, MB Ndaliman,26
udhury and S Chinchanikar 47
and AC Petare 93
eff Xi, Tianyan Chen, and Shuai Guo 121
t-Processing of Optical Glass Yaguo Li,154
view H Marashi, AAD Sarhan, I Maher,
velopment, Manufacturing Process, andman, YA El-Shekeil, MSA Hussin, and
203
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.15 Micro Plastic Part Filling Capabilities throughMicro Gear Shape M Azuddin, Z Taha, and
.16 Net-Shape Microfabrication Technique by MicMolding AA Abdullahi, N Nahar, M Azuddi
.17 Review of Miniature Gear Manufacturing N
OLUME 2 – Surface and Heat Treatment Processes
.1 Fundamentals of Heat Treating Metals and All
.2 Hardenability of Steel AK Bhargava and MK
T Saleh and R Bahar 364
Irizalp and N Saklakoglu 408
ulation and Experiment: A Case Study onChoudhury 441
etal Powder Injectionand IA Choudhury 466
Jain and SK Chaubey 504
s MK Banerjee 1
anerjee 50
1
1
1
V
2
2
er Thickness of WEDM Process I Maher,231
Microelectrode with High Aspect Ratio toourmand, AAD Sarhan, MY Noordin, and
267
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xii Contents of All Volumes
2.11 Thermal Treatment for Strengthening TitaniuNR Bandyopadhyay
2.12 Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys HM
2.13 Solutionizing and Age Hardening of Aluminu
2.14 Heat-Treating Copper and Nickel Alloys A
2.15 Cryogenic Treatment of Engineering Material
VOLUME 3 – Surface Coating Processes
3.1 Electroless Plating of Pd Binary and TernaryApplication in Hydrogen Separation AM
3.2 Tuning of the Microstructure and Surface TopCoatings SMA Shibli and R Manu
3.3 Surface Finish Coatings P Sahoo, SK Das,
3.4 Residual Stresses in Thermal Spray Coating
3.5 Laser Texturing of Materials and Surface Hyd
3.6 Surface Texture Properties of Co–Ni Alloys FoPlating J Vazquez-Arenas, I Romero-Ibarra,
3.7 HVOF Coating of Nickel Based Alloys: Surfac
3.8 Laser-Based 3D Printing and Surface Texturin
3.9 Hydrophobicity and Surface Finish A Ow
3.10 Atomizers and Finish Properties of Surface C
3.11 Gas Nitriding of H13 Tool Steel Used for ExtExperimental Investigation SS Akhtar, AFM
3.12 Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process F Ozturk, Z
3.13 Finishing and Post-Treatment of Thermal Spr
3.14 High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying and SurfaceN Bala
3.15 Electroless Plating as Surface Finishing in Ele
3.16 Hard Coatings on Cutting Tools and SurfaceC Kurbanoglu
3.17 Topological Evaluation of Surfaces in Relatio
288
Rashed and AKM Bazlur Rashid 337
Alloys G Quan, L Ren, and M Zhou 372
Bhargava and MK Banerjee 398
T Slatter and R Thornton 421
oys and Surface Characteristics forditi, ML Bosko, and LM Cornaglia 1
raphy of Hot-Dip Galvanized25
d J Paulo Davim 38
AFM Arif, KS Al-Athel, and J Mostaghimi 56
hobicity BS Yilbas 71
ed with Unipolar and BipolarLara, and FS Sosa-Rodríguez 86
nd Mechanical Characteristics BS Yilbas 96
A Selimis and M Farsari 111
, M Khaled, and BS Yilbas 137
tings R Ray and P Henshaw 149
sion Dies: Numerical andrif, and BS Yilbas 158
is, and S Kilic 178
Coatings MM Verdian 191
nish H Singh, M Kaur, and207
onic Packaging MA Azmah Hanim 220
230
o Surface Finish P Demircioglu 243
teel MMA Bepari 71
khzadeh and A Edrisy 107
s BS Yilbas 137
A Smalcerz 154
ent S Ismail, Q Ahsan, and171
neering Applications MK Banerjee 180
, CA Barbosa, and AR Machado 214
246
Alloys A Sinha, S Sanyal, and
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inish H Caliskan, P Panjan, and
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2.3 Carburizing: A Method of Case Hardening of
2.4 Surface Hardening by Gas Nitriding K Fa
2.5 Laser Beam Processing for Surface Modificatio
2.6 Surface Induction Hardening J Barglik and
2.7 Recent Advances in Mechanical Surface TreatmASMA Haseeb
2.8 Heat Treatment of Commercial Steels for Eng
2.9 Heat Treatment of Tool Steels RA Mesquit
2.10 Heat Treatment of Cast Irons I Chakrabar
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Contents of All Volumes xiii
3.18 Evaluation of Surface Finish Quality Using CP Demircioglu
3.19 Effect of Surface Roughness on Wetting Prop
3.20 Surface Preparation and Adhesion Tests of Co
3.21 Powder Metallurgical Processing of NiTi UsinJ Butler, AA Gandhi, and SAM Tofail
3.22 Spark Plasma Sintering of Lead-Free FerroelecK Kowal, E Ul-Haq, and SAM Tofail
3.23 Electrochemical Processing and Surface Finish
Index
puter Vision Techniques I Bogrekci and261
es H Mojiri and M Aliofkhazraei 276
ings M Jokar and M Aliofkhazraei 306
park Plasma Sintering K McNamara,336
c Ceramic Layers M Karimi-Jafari,347
NK Jain and S Pathak 358
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
Preface
Introduction to Finish Machining and Net-Shape For
VOLUME 1 – Finish Machining and Net-Shape Forming
Conventional Finish Machining
1.1 Factors Affecting Surface Roughness in Finish
1.2 Effect of Cutting Variables on Boring ProcessKC Bala, and SS Lawal
1.3 Finish Machining of Hardened Steel SK C
1.4 Review of Gear Finishing Processes NK Ja
1.5 Robotic Polishing and Deburring Fengfen
1.6 Precision Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and PQinghua Zhang, Jian Wang, Qiao Xu, and Hui
Advances in Finish Machining
1.7 Techniques to Improve EDM Capabilities: Aand M Sayuti
1.8 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Types,Measurement SM Sapuan, KF Tamrin, Y Nu
1.9 Effect of Electrical Discharge Energy on WhiteAAD Sarhan, and H Marashi
1.10 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Usito Improve MRR, EWR, and Hole QualityM Sayuti
1.11 Micromachining MY Ali and WNP Hung
1.12 Laser Machining Processes BS Yilbas
1.13 ELID Grinding and EDM for Finish Machinin
Finishing Process Using Net Forming
1.14 Laser Peening of Metallic Materials S Gen
1.15 Micro Plastic Part Filling Capabilities throughMicro Gear Shape M Azuddin, Z Taha, an
1.16 Net-Shape Microfabrication Technique by MiMolding AA Abdullahi, N Nahar, M Azudd
1.17 Review of Miniature Gear Manufacturing
xvii
ng xix
rning MM Ratnam 1
Review SA Lawal, MB Ndaliman,26
udhury and S Chinchanikar 47
and AC Petare 93
eff Xi, Tianyan Chen, and Shuai Guo 121
t-Processing of Optical Glass Yaguo Li,154
view H Marashi, AAD Sarhan, I Maher,171
velopment, Manufacturing Process, andan, YA El-Shekeil, MSA Hussin, and SNA Aziz 203
er Thickness of WEDM Process I Maher,231
Microelectrode with High Aspect RatioHourmand, AAD Sarhan, MY Noordin, and
267
322
344
T Saleh and R Bahar 364
p Irizalp and N Saklakoglu 408
mulation and Experiment: A Case Study onA Choudhury 441
metal Powder Injectionand IA Choudhury 466
K Jain and SK Chaubey 504
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PREFACE
Finish manufacturing processes are final stage processing technare ready for marketing and putting in service. Over recent ddeveloped by researchers and technologists. Some of these newand collectively in relation to application in specific areas. Thchanges to these processes, and the precision with which they cafragmentary, and this reference work provides a more connecte
Comprehensive Materials Finishing is the primary reference souin academia and industry. This reference work encompasses tcomprehensive work. Containing a combination of review articdevelopment activities in both industrial and academic dommanufacturing processes are advantageous for a broad range ofcosts, and practicability of implementation. A wide range of mcovered.
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surface coating processes. Surface treatment refers to properthe physical dimensions of the surface. Finish machining prosurface by various machining type processes to render improthe surface properties are improved by adding fine layer(s) of mlife of the surface being coated. Each primary surface finishingmany of the following relevant specific processes as follows:
Volume 1: Finish Machining and Net-Shape Forming: developmpolishing, burnishing, and deburring), fine grinding, free EDchemical honing (ECH), electrochemical discharge grinding ((ECT), micro-machining process, and high-speed machining.Volume 2: Surface and Heat Treatment Processes: This containshardening, tempering, austempering, martempering, carburizin(gas and plasma), salt bath (boriding, chromizing, cyaniding(induction, flame, laser, electron beam, and anodizing).Volume 3: Surface Coating Processes: Plating (electroplating,copper and tin, gold, silver and other precious metals, zinc aselective/brush plating, surface finish coatings, air spray paintin
Finishing processes are at the core of successful productionfinishing technologies and science as well as covering recentfinishing of products for applications in all areas of engineerinand control. The in-depth study of these finishing processes as pselection, design, and usage of materials, whether required in s
The initiations for this project began in 2014 and by JanuaChoudhury, and Shahjahan Mridha and we met with Gemma Tin Oxford to finalize the table of contents and plan the projectselect topics to be covered, invite authors, and review their mthe end of 2015. In 2016, authors returned their proof correctiomost in-depth reference ever published on materials finishingauthors, editors, and the team at Elsevier. I would like to thaessential reference for materials scientists and engineers. Eachexperts in their fields, whose knowledge and expertise have prdedication to making their volume an exhaustive and relevant reon behalf of myself and the volume editors, I would like to tsupport, cooperation, and good humor throughout this project –
es which are deployed to bring products to a stage where theydes, a number of finish manufacturing processes have beencesses have been documented and illustrated both individuallydvancement of tools of physics has resulted in considerablee applied. The reporting of these developments are sometimesnd thorough review of these processes.for researchers at different levels and stages in their career bothknowledge and understanding of many experts into a single,case studies, and research findings resulting from research ands, this reference work focuses on how some of these finishnologies. These include applicability, energy and technologicalrials such as ferrous, nonferrous, and polymeric materials are
g processes: surface treatment, finish machining processes, andof a material being modified without otherwise changinges involve a small layer of material being removed from thed surface characteristics. Surface coating processes are whererials with superior surface characteristics to improve the servicecess is presented in a separate volume, comprising chapters on
s in conventional finish machining processes (honing, lapping,laser finishing, electrical discharge grinding (EDG), electro-G), electrochemical grinding (ECG), electrochemical turning
ects of heat treatments, stress relieving, annealing, normalizing,(pack, liquid, gas, and post carburizing treatments), nitridingd carbonitriding), phase transformation of the outer surface
oys (bronze/brass and others), chromium, dense chromium,nickel, electroforming, electroless nickel, hot dip galvanizing,and chemical vapor deposition (CVD)).
marketable products and address recent progress in materialselopments in specific manufacturing processes involved withiomedical, environmental, health and safety, and monitoringnted in these volumes will assist scientists and engineers in thell- or large-scale uses across industries.2015, I had selected the volume editors – Bekir Yilbas, Imtiazalin, Joanne Williams, and Graham Nisbet at the Elsevier officeroughout 2015, the volume editors and I worked resolutely toscripts, eventually getting all content ready for production byand final files were produced. To create a work of this scale, theocesses and surface engineering, relies on a collaboration ofthe many dedicated authors, whose contributions will be anpter has been reviewed by one of the volume editors, leadingd invaluable. I am indebted to each volume editor and theirrce for the scientific community for many years to come. Finally,k Gemma Tomalin and Joanne Williams at Elsevier for theirm the first meeting in early 2015, to the publication mid-2016.
MSJ HashmiEditor-in-Chief
Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
iqependrchleatea
This work details the three foremost and distinct types of finish
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1.10 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Using Microelectrode with HighAspect Ratio to Improve MRR, EWR, and Hole QualityM Hourmand, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaAAD Sarhan, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Assiut University, Assiut, EgyptMY Noordin, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MalaysiaM Sayuti, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
r 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1.10.1 Introduction 2681.10.2 Material Removal Processes 2681.10.2.1 Conventional Process 2681.10.2.2 Nonconventional Process 2681.10.2.3 Hybridized Process 2701.10.3 EDM and Micro-EDM Processes 2701.10.3.1 Electrical Discharge Machining 2701.10.3.2 Sparking and Gap Phenomena in EDM 2711.10.3.3 Function and Types of Micro-EDM Process 2721.10.3.4 Pulse Generators/Power Supply 2741.10.3.4.1 Transistor-type pulse generator 2741.10.3.4.2 RC-type pulse generator 2741.10.3.4.3 Pulse waveform and discharge energy 2751.10.3.5 Electrode Material for EDM 2761.10.3.5.1 Copper 2761.10.3.5.2 Copper tungsten 2761.10.3.5.3 Graphite 2761.10.3.5.4 Brass 2771.10.3.5.5 Copper graphite 2771.10.3.5.6 Zinc alloys 2771.10.3.5.7 Silver tungsten 2771.10.3.5.8 Tungsten 2771.10.3.5.9 Tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) 2771.10.3.6 Electrode Material for Micro-EDM 2771.10.3.7 Dielectric Medium in EDM 2781.10.3.7.1 Mineral oil 2781.10.3.7.2 Kerosene 2781.10.3.7.3 Mineral seal 2781.10.3.7.4 Transformer oil 2781.10.3.7.5 Water-based dielectrics 2781.10.3.7.6 Powder-mixed EDM 2781.10.3.7.7 Dry EDM 2791.10.4 EDM and Micro-EDM Process Parameters 2791.10.4.1 EDM Performance Measure (Machining Characteristics) 2801.10.4.1.1 MRR 2801.10.4.1.2 EWR 2801.10.4.1.3 Surface roughness 2801.10.4.2 Micro-EDM Performance Measure (Machining Characteristics) 2801.10.4.2.1 MRR 2801.10.4.2.2 EWR 2801.10.4.2.3 Overcut 2811.10.4.2.4 Surface integrity 2821.10.4.3 Various Fabrication Processes of Microelectrode 2821.10.4.3.1 WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.1 Radial-feed WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.2 TF-WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.2.1 Principle of TF-WEDG 2831.10.4.3.1.2.2 Analysis of TF-WEDG 2841.10.4.3.1.3 Twin-wire EDM system 2851.10.4.3.1.4 Fabrication of microelectrode for batch production by WEDM 286
Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Volume 1 doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09155-4 267
1.10.4.3.1.5 Compliant microelectrode arrays were fabricated by WEDM 2861.10.4.3.1.6 Fabrication of series-pattern micro-disk electrode 2881.10.4.3.2 Rotating sacrificial disk 2901.10.4.3.3 Stationary BEDG 2901.10.4.3.4 MBEDG 2911.10.4.3.5 Micro-turning process 2921.10.4.3.6 EDM of micro-rods by self-drilled holes 2931.10.4.3.7 Reverse EDM 2941.10.4.3.8 Hybrid process 2941.10.4.3.8.1 Micro-turning–micro-EDM hybrid machining process 2941.10.4.3.8.2 Self-drilled holes–TF-WEDG hybrid machining process 2961.10.4.3.8.3 Continuous machining process of array micro-holes 2971.10.4.3.8.4 LIGA–micro-EDM hybrid machining process 2981.10.5 Prospective on Process Selection 3001.10.6 Methodology 3031.10.6.1 Experimental Setup 3031.10.6.2 Micro-EDM of WC–Co 3041.10.7 Results and Discussions 3051.10.7.1 Analysis of Results on Micro-EDM of WC–Co 3051.10.7.1.1 Overcut 3051.10.7.1.2 MRR and EWR 3061.10.7.1.3 Surface roughness 3111.10.7.1.4 Micro-crack 3121.10.7.1.5 Material migration 3141.10.8 Conclusions 318Acknowledgment 318References 318
1.10.1 Introduction
According to the CRIP committee of physical and chemicalprocesses, micro-machining is considered as one of the mostfundamental technologies to manufacture and miniaturizeproducts and parts with a dimension between 1 and 999 mm.1
Miniaturized products and parts are mainly used in bio-technology, information technology, environmental, medicalindustries, electric devices, miniaturized machines, and so on.2,3
With the recent advancements in Microelectro Mechanical Sys-tem, micro-machining is being more and more popular day-by-day.4 A lot of studies have already been done about thefabrication of functional micro-structure and component.4,5
Basically, micromachining has been classified into threeprocesses including conventional material removal processes,non-conventional material removal processes, and hybridizedprocesses.
1.10.2 Material Removal Processes
1.10.2.1 Conventional Process
Mechanical force and energy are required for conventionalmaterial removal processes where shear force removes thematerial. Shear refers to simple machining process by physicalcontact between material and cutting tools.6,7 Traditionalmaterial removal processes such as micro-turning, micro-milling, micro-drilling, and grinding use a single-point dia-mond cutter or very fine-grit-sized grinding wheels to producemachine parts. They can be used for machining of the most of
the materials; for example, ferrous and non-ferrous metals,semiconductors, and plastics. The products with any shapesuch as flat surfaces, arbitral curvature, long shaft, and so oncan be fabricated by conventional material removal pro-cesses.8,9 Figure 1 presents the experimental setup for micro-turning, micro-milling, and micro-grinding.10–13
1.10.2.2 Nonconventional Process
In the nonconventional process, other sources of energy suchas light energy, spark energy, vibration energy, electrolysisenergy, energy beams (laser beam, electron beam, or ionbeams), mechanical energy (based on erosion mechanism),etc., are used to remove the material.7,14–16 Techniques basedon energy beams (beam-based micromachining) or solidcutting tools (tool-based micromachining) can be used formicro-machining. There are some constraints due to poorcontrol of 3D structures, low material removal rate (MRR) andlow aspect ratio in the beam-based micro-machining by usingthe laser beam, ion beams, or electron beam. Furthermore,special facilities are required for these processes and themaximum achievable thickness is relatively small.15,16 Also,due to its quasi-three-dimensional structure, there are somelimitations in using photolithography on silicon substratesincludes its low aspect ratio and limitation of the workmaterial. High aspect ratio of three-dimensional submicronstructures by very high form accuracy can be produced deep X-ray lithography using synchrotron radiation beam (LIGA)process and focused-ion beam machining process. While thespecial facilities are required for these processes and the
268 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Using Microelectrode with High Aspect Ratio
Figure 1 (a) Micro-turning setup,10 (b) Close view of the micro-milling experimental setup,11 (c) Micro-grinding system setup.12,13
Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Using Microelectrode with High Aspect Ratio 269
1.10.8 Conclusions
This work describes EDM and micro-EDM comprehensivelyand compares the types of pulse generators, electrodes andmethods for calculating MRR, EWR, overcut, and surfaceroughness for these methods. Various fabrication and mea-surement processes of microelectrode are explained as well.Moreover, this research work was carried out to characterizethe effects of micro-EDM drilling of WC–16%Co with a CuWmicroelectrode by using EDM machine. The results show that:
• Various machining conditions produced different amountsof overcut.
• ANOVA analysis illustrated that MRR increased withamplifying current, rotating speed and capacitor, anddecreasing voltage and pulse-ON time. The current andcapacitor were the most significant factors, but the effect ofthe capacitor was greater than current. It can be concludedthat the capacitor had the greatest impact on improvingMRR. Moreover, EWR increased by increasing current andpulse-ON time and decreasing pulse-OFF time. The effect ofpulse-ON time on EWR was more prominent than otherparameters.
• It was found there were direct relationships between thesurface finish of micro-holes, burr-like recast layer at thetop surfaces and MRR. It can be concluded that surfaceroughness enhanced and the amount of burr-like recastlayer at the top surfaces decreased with decreasing current,rotating speed and capacitor, and increasing voltage andpulse-ON time. The current and capacitor were the mostsignificant factors; however, the effect of the capacitor wasgreater than current.
• Pulse-OFF time and rotating speed had no effect on theamount of micro-cracks due to the insignificant effect onelectrical discharge energy. On the other hand, the electricaldischarge energy depends on the voltage, current, pulse-ONtime, and capacitor. It can be concluded that amount of themicro-cracks decrease with increasing voltage and decreas-ing current, pulse-ON time and capacitor. The voltage,current, pulse-ON time, and capacitor were significant fac-tors contributing to the amount of micro-cracks. However,the effects of voltage, current, and capacitor were strongerthan pulse-ON time.
• Al was added to the recast layer at the wall of the micro-holes, and because aluminum powder was used in thedielectric, aluminum migrated to the machined surface andrecast layer. The amount of C and O in the recast layerincreased because oil-based dielectric was used. As a result,it is suggested to use powder that is more similar in termsof elemental composition to the workpiece in dielectric.Finally, various machining conditions produced differentamounts of overcut.
• In conclusion, EDM can be used confidently for producingmicro-holes.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the University ofMalaya for providing the necessary facilities and resources forthis research. This research was funded by the University ofMalaya Research Grant (UMRG) Program No. RP039B-15AETand Postgraduate Research Grant (PPP) Program No. PG027-2015A.
See also: 1.7 Techniques to Improve EDM Capabilities: A Review
References
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2. Goda, J.; Mitsui, K. Development of an Integrated Apparatus of Micro-EDMand Micro-CMM. Measurement 2013, 46, 552–562.
3. Rahman, M.; Asad, A.; Masaki, T.; Saleh, T.; Wong, Y.; Senthil Kumar, A. AMultiprocess Machine Tool for Compound Micromachining. Int. J. Mach. ToolManu. 2010, 50, 344–356.
4. Asad, A.; Masaki, T.; Rahman, M.; Lim, H.; Wong, Y. Tool-Based Micro-Machining. J. Mater. Process. Tech. 2007, 192, 204–211.
5. Lim, H.; Wong, Y.; Rahman, M.; Lee, M. E. A Study on the Machining ofHigh-Aspect Ratio Micro-Structures Using Micro-EDM. J. Mater. Process.Tech. 2003, 140, 318–325.
6. Masuzawa, T. State of the Art of Micromachining. CIRP Ann.-Manuf. Techn.2000, 49, 473–488.
7. Weller, E. J. Nontraditional Machining Process ; Society of ManufacturingEngineers: Dearborn, MI, 1984.
Figure 85 Percentage of elements.
318 Micro-EDM Drilling of Tungsten Carbide Using Microelectrode with High Aspect Ratio
8. Lu, Z.; Yoneyama, T. Micro Cutting in the Micro Lathe Turning System. Int. J.Mach. Tool Manu. 1999, 39, 1171–1183.
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Index
Note
This index is in letter-by-letter order, whereby hyphens and spaces within index headings are ignored in the alphabetization, and it
is arranged in set-out style, with a maximum of three levels of heading.
Cross-reference terms in italics are general cross-references, or refer to subentry terms within the main entry (the main entry is not
repeated to save space).
Location references refer to the volume number, in bold, followed by the page number.
Major discussion of a subject is indicated by bold page numbers; page numbers suffixed by ‘F’ and ‘T’ refer to figures and tables,
respectively.
A
AA see Aluminum Association (AA)
AA sample see artificially aged (AA) sample
AA6061 alloy 2:357
ab initio methods 3:86
ABAQUS 1:354, 3:100–101, 3:101, 3:162,
3:163–164, 3:164
Abbe Criterion 3:244–245
abrasion 1:77
resistance 3:156
abrasion resistant high-alloy white irons
2:276–279
heat treatment
of high-chromium white irons
2:280–281
of nickel–chromium white irons
2:277–279
abrasive belt grinding 3:194
abrasive flow machining (AFM) 1:98, 1:116F
advantages 1:115–116
applications 1:116–117
gear finishing by 1:115
limitations 1:116
machines 1:113
components of 1:113–115
parameters of 1:115
types 1:112
one-way AFM 1:112, 1:114F
orbital AFM process 1:113, 1:115F
two-way AFM 1:112–113, 1:114F
working principle of 1:112
abrasive fluidized bed (AFB) 3:216
abrasive jet machine (AJM) 1:178–180
abrasive material 1:98–99
abrasive waterjet machining system
1:157–158
abrasive-assisted wire 1:249, 1:249F
ABS 1:443–444
AC see alternating current (AC)
acceptance test on fasteners 2:307
AC-HVAF see assisted combustion high
velocity air fuel (AC-HVAF)
acoustic emission (AE) 1:6
acrylate photopolymers 3:118, 3:118–119
active compliance toolhead 1:134, 1:139,
1:140F, 1:144
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) models 1:198, 1:233–234,
1:253–258, 1:254T
ANFIS-based model 1:233
development 1:253–258
results and discussion 1:258–259
electrical parameters effect on WLT
1:259
wire electrode parameters effect on WLT
1:260–262
workpiece parameters effect on WLT
1:262
verification 1:258
adding and altering methods 3:256–257T
additive agents 3:376
additive manufacturing (AM) 3:111
stereolithography (SLA) 3:111–112
selective laser sintering (SLS) 3:112
additive process for miniature gear
manufacturing 1:511–513
die casting 1:514
injection compression molding (ICM)
1:518–519
lithography, electroforming and molding
1:521–522
metal injection molding (MIM) 1:516–518
micro-powder injection molding (m-PIM)
1:519–521
powder metallurgy (P/M) process
1:511–513
adhesion 1:65–66, 1:77, 3:306–307, 3:311
disruption 3:306–307
physical and chemical reasons 3:307F
resistance 3:306–307
adhesion strength of coating 3:51–52
adhesion testing for coatings 3:51–52
ADI see austempered ductile iron (ADI)
advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) 2:180,
3:185, 3:185F, 3:186F, 3:187F
AE see acoustic emission (AE); algorithm
effort (AE); assisting electrode (AE)
aerated liquid atomization 3:152
aerospace materials 2:424
AF1410 steel
heat treatment 2:185–186, 2:185F
high-temperature of AerMet 100 steel
2:187F
microstructures of AerMet 100 steel 2:186F
AFB see abrasive fluidized bed (AFB)
AFM see abrasive flow machining (AFM);
atomic force microscope (AFM);
atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Ag electroless process 3:7
AG40L Sodick electrical discharge machine
1:302F
age hardening 2:9, 2:353–354
age-hardening treatment 2:32–34
aging 2:181–182, 2:185–186, 2:204, 2:207,
2:353–356, 2:373–374, 2:374–375,
2:377–378, 2:377F, 2:378F, 2:388,
2:389
artificial 2:356–357, 2:357F
determination 2:388–389
factors affecting 2:390
composition of alloy 2:390
plastic deformation 2:390
solutionizing treatment system 2:390
ultrasonic 2:390
natural 2:354–356, 2:355F, 2:356F
operation 2:390
parameters 2:389, 2:389F
pre-conditions and property requirements
2:388
quality control 2:389–390
key points of operation 2:390
properties of aluminum alloys 2:390
stress aging 2:389
temperature 2:389, 2:390
time 2:389
treatment
effect 2:328–333
processes 2:387–388
AGMA standard see American Gear
Manufacturers Association (AGMA)
standard
AHSS see advanced high-strength steels
(AHSS)
air assist atomizer 3:152, 3:152F
air blast atomizer 3:152
air cylinder pressure control modeling
1:137
air patenting 2:22
air plasma spray (APS) 3:214
YSZ coatings 3:198
381
air spindle speed control modeling
1:137–138
aircraft coatings 3:150
air-hardening, medium-alloy cold-work tool
steels 2:217–218T, 2:219–221T
AISI see American Iron and Steel Institute
(AISI)
AISI 304 steel 1:352
AISI 1050 carbon steel 1:233–234, 1:251T,
1:252, 1:261F
AISI 4140 steel 2:188, 2:189F
AISI D2 tool steel 2:427
AISI H13 tool steel 3:159–160, 3:164,
3:166–167, 3:170–171, 3:175–176,
3:176
AISI tool steels, chemical composition of
2:217–218T
AJM see abrasive jet machine (AJM)
Al–4Cu alloy 2:378–380, 2:379F
algorithm effort (AE) 1:87
alkali niobates 3:353, 3:354–355
alkaline soak cleaning 3:222
Al–Li alloy system 2:358
alloy carbides 2:228
alloy steels 2:11
carburization of see carburization of alloy
steels
for gear manufacturing 1:97
alloy(s) 2:357, 3:368, 3:369T
5456-H39 2:338–339
composition 2:266, 2:306, 2:390,
3:86–87, 3:86
layers 3:25–26
alloying
effects on annealing soaking time
2:251–252, 2:252T
elements effect on hardenability 2:65–66,
2:65F, 2:66F, 2:67T
system of Ti alloys 2:290
a stabilizers 2:290
b stabilizers 2:290
neutral elements 2:290
alloying elements 2:11, 2:11–12
classification 2:11–12
effect of 2:12–15
individual alloying elements in
summarized form 2:14–15
on TTT and CCT curves 2:15–20
on eutectoid temperature of steel 2:13F
on hardness of steel 2:12F
all-purpose aluminum alloys 2:374, 2:374F
a alloys see a-Ti alloysalpha brass, stress corrosion cracking in
2:408F
a phase 2:290
formation of equilibrium 2:306
wires 1:243, 1:243F
a stabilizers 2:290
alpha–beta aluminum bronzes 2:409–410
a/b alloys see a/b-Ti alloysa/b-Ti alloys 1:243–244, 2:291–292
heat treatment 2:301–305
annealing 2:305
change of microstructures during
thermochemical process 2:305F
decomposition of metastable b 2:306
normalizing 2:305
quenching 2:305–306
tempering 2:306
thermal treatment effect 2:306
a-Case 2:125–126
a-Ti alloys 2:290–291
see also b-Ti alloysfully a-Ti alloys 2:290–291
maximum stress and steady-state stress
2:297F
near a-Ti alloys 2:291
alternating current (AC) 3:361–362
alternative rate cooling 2:387
alumina 1:4, 1:12–13, 3:72, 3:74,
3:307–308, 3:371
tiles 3:72–73, 3:78–81
cross-section laser-treated workpiece
3:80F
laser-treated surfaces 3:79F
microhardness at work piece 3:81T
optical photograph 3:78F
x-ray diffractogram 3:80F
aluminum 1:281, 2:14–15, 2:337
for gear manufacturing 1:97
heat treatment techniques
digital modeling 2:391
new short T6 heat treatment 2:390–391
novel multi-stage solutionizing
2:392–393
thermo-mechanical treatment
2:391–392
thermo-mechanical treatment for
non-ferrous alloy 2:392, 2:392F
water–air spray cooling 2:391, 2:391F
aluminum alloys 2:337, 2:340–341, 2:373,
2:390
see also Co–Ni alloys
7050–T7451 aluminum alloy 2:173
designation system 2:337–338, 2:338T
heat treatment 2:341–347, 2:373
aluminum matrix composites
2:395–396, 2:396F
multi-heat treatment on aluminum
2:393–395
novel techniques 2:390–391
purpose and principles 2:374
tempers nomenclature 2:382
inspection and quality assurance
2:368–369
processes of aging treatment 2:387–388
progress in heat treatment 2:390–391
properties
composition of alloy 2:390
plastic deformation 2:390
solutionizing treatment system 2:390
temperature of aging 2:390
ultrasonic 2:390
technological characteristics of solution
treatment 2:383–384
temper designations 2:338–340
Aluminum Association (AA) 2:337–338
aluminum bronzes, heat treatment of
2:409–410
aluminum casting die 2:244
aluminum castings 3:42
aluminum extrusion die 3:158
aluminum nitride 2:93, 2:108–109, 2:113
aluminum oxide see alumina
aluminum/PMMA mold 1:448F
aluminum–brass wire 1:240, 1:240F
aluminum–phosphate 3:199–200
AM see additive manufacturing (AM)
American Gear Manufacturers Association
(AGMA) standard 1:507
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
2:61–62, 2:215
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) 2:337–338
ANSI 35.1 standard 2:338
ammonia dissociation 2:114
amorphous polysaccharide 1:205
analysis of variance (ANOVA) 1:13–14,
1:29, 1:182–183, 1:306–308
analysis 1:19, 1:21, 1:22
for EWR 1:308T
for MRR 1:307T
ANFIS models see adaptive neuro-fuzzy
inference system (ANFIS) models
animal fiber 1:208
ANN see artificial neural network (ANN)
annealing 2:2, 2:9, 2:20, 2:181, 2:188,
2:190, 2:281, 2:305, 2:368,
2:368T
annealing soaking time, alloying effects on
2:251–252, 2:252T
diffusion 2:24
of ductile irons 2:262, 2:266T
full 2:20
of gray irons 2:251
effects of alloying on annealing soaking
time 2:251–252
types of annealing 2:251
homogenization 2:24
incomplete 2:22
intercritical 2:22–23, 2:23
isothermal 2:20–22
patenting 2:21–22
recrystallization 2:24–27
spheroidizing 2:23–24
subcritical 2:27
treatments 2:300–301
anode 3:361
anodic coatings 3:199
anodizing 3:42
anomalous behavior 3:86, 3:86–87, 3:88,
3:89
ANOVA see analysis of variance (ANOVA)
ANSI see American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)
ANSYS CFX flow model 1:450–451, 1:452,
1:457, 1:457–458
Ansys package 2:167
anti-galling 3:323
antiphase boundary (APB) strengthening
2:418–419
APB strengthening see antiphase boundary
(APB) strengthening
applied Wilhelmy plate methodology
3:279F
APS see air plasma spray (APS)
aqueous solutions 2:54, 3:199–200
arc spray coatings 3:43
382 Index
arc spraying (AS) 3:207
aromatics-based binder system 1:476
array micro-holes, continuous machining
process of 1:296–298
Arruda–Boyce constitutive model
1:147–148, 1:148
ARs see aspect ratios (ARs)
artificial aging 2:356–357, 2:357F
artificial neural network (ANN) 1:20, 1:195,
1:484
artificially aged (AA) sample 2:356
AS see arc spraying (AS)
‘as hot-rolled’ sample 1:18–19
asbestos 1:209
as-cast matrix 2:260
aspect ratios (ARs) 1:173
asperities see local maxima
as-quenched castings 2:264
assisted combustion high velocity air fuel
(AC-HVAF) 3:212–213
assisting electrode (AE) 1:334
as-sprayed coating 3:192
as-sprayed surface finish 3:213
automobile industry 3:213
power generation industry 3:213
surface roughness of bondcoats in TBCs
3:213–215
ASTM A681-94 Standard 2:215
ASTM C1327-99 standard 3:74
ASTM D3359-09e2 3:155–156
ASTM D7027-05 standard 3:75
atomic force microscope (AFM) 3:142,
3:144–145
micrographs 3:142–143
surface topography 3:142–143
texture profile micrographs 3:143–144
atomic force microscopy (AFM) 1:421, 3:87,
3:90–94, 3:91F
surface topography 1:424F, 3:244, 3:245F,
3:247, 3:247F, 3:261–262,
3:282–283, 3:288
atomic hydrogen mechanism 3:223
atomization 3:150–151
aerated liquid 3:152
centrifugal 3:152
ultrasonic 3:153
atomizers
droplet formation and fate 3:150
basic mechanism 3:150
coating formation on the surface 3:151
formation of droplets 3:150–151
spray air contact 3:151
and finishing properties 3:153–156
types and requirements of 3:151–153
atoms, diffusion of 2:400
austempered ductile iron (ADI) 2:264
austempering 2:44–45, 2:253–254,
2:266–267
of ductile irons 2:264–266
metallurgical variables on properties of
ADI 2:264–266
two-step austempering heat treatment
2:268–269
of gray iron 2:253–255, 2:254F, 2:255F
case studies 2:255, 2:255F
heat treatment 3:198
austenite 2:4–5, 2:92–93, 3:336
characteristic features of 2:92–93
effect of austenite composition 2:93
excessive retained 2:93
effect on properties 2:93
major cause 2:93–94
reducing retained 2:94
austenite grain size 2:93, 2:94, 2:95F, 2:96F,
2:97, 2:97F, 2:234F
austenite stabilizer 2:5
austenitic grain growth 2:9F
austenitic graphitic irons 2:269–271
case studies on 2:272–273
effects of composition 2:270–271
heat treatment 2:271
austenitic stainless steel 2:200–204
austenitization 2:10–11, 2:10F, 2:154,
2:154F, 2:156, 2:162, 2:185, 2:192,
2:193, 2:195, 2:196, 2:200, 2:205,
2:224–226, 2:233, 2:266
austenitizing temperature 2:10, 2:63–64
austenitizing time 2:50, 2:63–64, 2:252
Australian Gear standard 1:507
autoclave moulding 1:220
automobile industry 3:213
auxiliary equipment and application 1:474T
auxiliary mode 1:41
average method 1:132, 1:132T, 1:133
average roughness 1:15
avian fiber 1:208
axial stiffness 1:147
axial/conventional rotary gear shaving
1:107, 1:107F
Axioplan 2 imaging optical microscope
3:160
axisymmetric 2D model 1:195
axisymmetric 3D thermo-physical model
1:195–196
AZ91 alloy 3:311–312, 3:313F
AZ91D magnesium 3:320
B
bainite formation, in steels 2:42–43
mechanism of 2:42–43
bainite reaction curve 2:15
bainitic heat treatment of malleable irons
2:258
bainitic transformation 2:7–8
bake hardening 2:209, 2:210–211
ball burnish machining (BEDM) 1:398,
1:399F
barium strontium titanate (BST) 3:354
barium titanate (BT) 3:352–353, 3:353,
3:353–354
barreling 1:355
barrier coating 3:27
batch hot-dip galvanizing processes
3:181–183, 3:182F
batch production mode of mass micro-
holes 1:286F
Battenfeld Microsystem 50 1:443
BCC see body centered cubic (BCC)
bcc crystal structure see body-centered cubic
(bcc) crystal structure
BD see bore deviation (BD)
BE/PM see blended elemental powder
metallurgy (BE/PM)
bearing steel 2:196–197, 2:197F, 2:197T
comparison of ELID performance with
finishing processes for 1:379F
cylindrical ELID I grinding, for 1:378F
effect of finishing operation on 1:378T
BEDG see block electrical discharge grinding
(BEDG)
BEDM see ball burnish machining (BEDM)
benzoic acid 3:286
Bertsch system 3:113–114, 3:114
beryllium bronzes, heat treatment of
2:410–413
beryllium–copper alloys 2:415
b alloys see b-Ti alloysb phase 2:290
separation 2:306
beta phase wires 1:243–244
cross-section of wire 1:244F
different processing steps 1:245F
wires with different coating thickness
1:245F
X and D types of wire electrodes 1:244F
b stabilizers 2:290
o phase 2:290
beta–gamma phases 1:243–244
b-quenching 2:35
b-Ti alloys 2:292
see also a-Ti alloyscomposition, category, transus
temperature, source, and year of
introduction 2:314T
heat treatment 2:311–317
deformation in aþ b-phase field
2:317–321
deformation in b-phase field 2:313–317
deformation parameters 2:316T
grain coarsening in b-phase field 2:321F
sequence of events during restoration
process 2:320F
SMAs 2:321–322
variation in b-transus temperature
2:313F
pseudo-binary b-isomorphous phase
diagram 2:292F
stabilizers 2:293F
steady-state stress 2:296F
b-transus temperature 2:312
(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 3:355–356
(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-BaTiO3 (BNT-BT) 3:355
bicomponent injection 1:467
‘billet’ 1:524
binary NiTi
fabrication of 3:340–342
spark plasma sintering of 3:340–342
biodegradability 1:204
biomedical microdevices 3:121
biomimetics 3:294
bipolar pulse 3:361–362
blackheart malleable iron 2:257
blended elemental powder metallurgy
(BE/PM) 2:304
blistering, in surface coatings 3:154
blob analyses 3:273F, 3:274
Index 383
block electrical discharge grinding (BEDG)
1:282
BMC see bulk moulding compound (BMC)
BNT-BT see (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-BaTiO3
(BNT-BT)
body centered cubic (BCC) 2:5
body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure
2:112, 2:290
Boltzmann constant 1:147–148
bonnet polishing 1:160
bore 1:26
bore deviation (BD) 1:39
boring process 1:26, 1:41–42
application in building of tunnel 1:39–41
boring bar 1:26–27, 1:27
dynamic properties 1:34T
with passive damper and accelerometer
1:30F
cast iron boring machining operation
1:32T
cutting force measured at Smart Tool 1:38F
disk cutters 1:43F
dynamic simulation 1:34F
experimental and simulated cutting force
values 1:36F
experimental conditions 1:30T, 1:31T
experimental results 1:30T, 1:31T
internal turning operation 1:27
model parameters 1:37T
monitoring variables 1:37T
operations 1:26, 1:27–39, 1:27F, 1:43–44
surface roughness with passive damper
1:40T
test trails 1:29T
boron hardenability effect 2:67–69, 2:68F
bound-abrasive CMP 1:162
bound-abrasive polishing 1:162
Bragg’s law 1:415
braiding 1:218
brass 1:277
heat treatment of 2:406–408
wire 1:239–240, 1:240F
electrode 1:257T, 1:259, 1:260F, 1:261F
Brinell hardness number (HB) 1:131–132
Brinell test model 1:131–132
brines 2:54
British Standards Institute (BSI) standard
1:507
bronzes, heat treatment of 2:408–409
aluminum bronzes 2:409–410
beryllium bronzes 2:410–413
silicon bronze 2:413–414
tin bronzes 2:409
BSI standard see British Standards Institute
(BSI) standard
BST see barium strontium titanate (BST)
BT see barium titanate (BT)
BUE see builtup formation (BUE)
BUEHLER Wirtz Vickers test apparatus
3:160
buffing process 3:194
builtup formation (BUE) 1:1, 1:11–12,
3:230, 3:237
bulk micromachining 1:329–330
bulk moulding compound (BMC) 1:219
burnishing 3:194, 3:308
burr 1:139–140
geometry 1:141T
reduction 1:144F
C
CA see contact angle (CA)
Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2 see hydroxyapatite
(HAp)
CACO technique see continuous ant colony
optimization (CACO) technique
CAD see computer aided design (CAD)
cadmium coatings 3:49
CAE applications see computer aided
engineering (CAE) applications
CAH see contact angle hysteresis (CAH)
calcium stearate 3:285
CAM see coverage area map (CAM)
capacitor 1:274, 1:279
capillary rheometer 1:477
capsule free-HIP (CF-HIP) 3:339
carbide tools 3:230–231
carbon 2:265, 2:269, 2:271
content hardenability effect 2:64–65,
2:64F
content in matrix 2:248–249
carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF-PEEK)
3:200
carbon nano tubes (CNTs) 3:49
carbon steels 2:222
carburization, methods of 2:73–74
gas carburization 2:78
advantages 2:79
atmospheric conditions for 2:78–79
carbon potential 2:79
carburizing process 2:78
carburizing reactions 2:78
carrier gases 2:79
disadvantages 2:79
safety measures for 2:79–80
liquid carburization 2:76–77
advantages 2:77
carburizing process, high temperature
baths 2:77
carburizing process, low temperature
baths 2:76–77
disadvantages 2:77
safety precautions 2:77–78
plasma carburizing 2:80–81
advantages 2:81
carburizing process 2:80–81
control of carbon supply and case depth
2:81
solid/pack carburization 2:73–74
advantages 2:75–76
carburizing process 2:73–74
chemical reactions 2:74
decarburization 2:74–75
disadvantages 2:76
vacuum carburizing 2:80
advantages 2:80
carburizing process 2:80
control of carbon supply and case depth
2:80
disadvantages 2:80
carburization, problems during 2:102–103
cracking and exfoliation 2:104
prevention 2:104
distortion 2:103–104
drastic quenching 2:104
high temperature hardening 2:104
rehardening 2:104
release of internal stresses 2:104
uneven heating 2:104
grinding cracks 2:105
prevention 2:105
insufficient case depth 2:103
prevention 2:103
low hardness 2:103
decarburization 2:103
higher case depth 2:103
retained austenite 2:103
nonuniform carburizing 2:103
prevention 2:103
soft spots 2:104
prevention 2:104
sooting 2:103
prevention 2:103
uneven case depth 2:103
prevention 2:103
carburization, theory of 2:81–82
controlling factors of carburization
2:82–85
flow of carbon from the supply source
2:85–86
flow of carbon in iron 2:82–85
equilibrium state for chemical reaction
2:82
Fick’s laws of diffusion 2:81–82
carburization of alloy steels 2:94
austenitic stainless steel, low temperature
carburization of 2:98–99
activation 2:99–100
carburizing atmosphere 2:101
microstructure of low temperature
carburized layer 2:101
processing temperature ranges
2:100–101
low alloy steels 2:94
chromium–nickel steel 2:94
molybdenum–nickel steel 2:94–96
microalloyed steels 2:96–98
niobium-microalloyed steel 2:98
vanadium-microalloyed steel 2:97–98
tool steels, carburization of 2:101–102
cold working tool steel 2:102
hot working tool steel 2:101–102
mold steel 2:102
shock resisting tool steel 2:102
carburized components, processing
sequence for 2:105
carburized steels, microstructures of
2:90–91
austenite 2:92–93
characteristic features of 2:92–93
effect of austenite composition 2:93
excessive retained 2:93
reducing retained austenite 2:94
martensite 2:90–91
formation 2:90–91
morphologies 2:91–92
384 Index
tempering, effect of 2:92
transition carbides, role of 2:92
carburizing 2:73, 2:73F, 2:204
diffusion of carbon in iron during 2:84F
heat treatment after carburizing and
properties of carburized parts
2:86–87
direct quench technique 2:89
double hardening 2:87–89
heat treatment of gas-carburized steels
2:90
quenchants for carburized steels
2:89–90
single hardening with core refinement
2:87, 2:88F
single hardening without core
refinement 2:87, 2:87F
subzero treatment 2:90
packing of workpieces in a box for 2:73F
carburizing agent 2:79
Carreau model 1:492
Carreau viscosity model 1:445
Carreau–Yasuda viscosity model 1:445–446
Case see diffusion zone
case depth
insufficient 2:103
prevention 2:103
uneven 2:103
prevention 2:103
Cassie state 3:278
Cassie–Baxter states 3:139–140, 3:146–147
Cassie-impregnated state 3:141
cast alloys 2:340–341, 2:341T, 2:342T,
2:344–345T, 2:368
heat treatment scheme 2:358–363, 2:363T,
2:364F, 2:365–366T
cast and forged aluminum alloy parts,
tempers for 2:383, 2:385T
cast irons 2:436–437, 2:247
see also gray irons; malleable irons
for gear manufacturing 1:97
heat treatment 2:248
matrix structures 2:248T
types 2:247–248
cast magnesium alloys 2:36
cast steel, for gear manufacturing 1:97
castability 2:270
casting methods 3:337
casting route 2:289
Castro Macosko viscosity function 1:445
cathode
gear 3:373–374, 3:373F, 3:374F
sputtering 2:114
cathodic coatings 3:199
Cauchy–Green deformation tensor
1:147–148
caul plate 1:219
CBN see cubic boron nitride (CBN)
cBN–TiN-coated carbide tools 1:63
CCD array see Charge–Coupled Device
(CCD) array
CCD method see central composite design
(CCD) method
CCGA see cooperative coevolutionary
genetic algorithm (CCGA)
CCR see critical cooling rate (CCR)
CCT see continuous cooling transformation
(CCT)
CCT see cooling transformation (CCT)
CCT diagram see classical time temperature
cooling (CCT) diagram
CD’s injection mold 2:223F
cellulose 1:205, 1:205F
cemented carbides 1:55
centering collar 1:150F
central composite design (CCD) method
1:225
centrifugal atomization 3:152
ceramic coatings 3:43, 3:49
ceramic injection molding (CIM) 1:467
ceramic matrix composites (CMC) 1:173,
1:212
ceramic(s) 2:442, 3:14
coatings 3:196
composite tools 1:8
ELID grinding for 1:370–373
fibers 1:209
tool materials 1:55–56
cermets 1:55, 2:449, 3:347
CFD see computational fluid dynamics
(CFD)
CF-HIP see capsule free-HIP (CF-HIP)
CF-PEEK see carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK
(CF-PEEK)
Charge–Coupled Device (CCD) array 1:296,
3:245–246
chatter vibration 1:5
chemical and textural analyses 3:87–88
chemical bed deposition 3:294F
chemical etching 3:308
material removal by 3:59
chemical mechanical polishing (CMP)
1:159–160, 1:365
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 1:12–13,
1:328, 3:39, 3:41, 3:44T, 3:121,
3:141, 3:199, 3:200, 3:210, 3:230,
3:231
CVD-SiC film 1:378F
nitride coatings 2:132
process 3:232
chip formation 1:60–61
chip load 1:323
chipping, in surface coatings 3:154
chopped fibers 1:213
chopper gun 1:220
chromate 3:313–320
conversion coating, substrate, coating
contents 3:321–322T
non-chromic coatings, substrate, coating
contents 3:324T
chromate coatings 3:42
chromated zinc 3:313–320
chromium 2:13–14, 2:13F, 2:14,
2:124–125, 2:271, 2:277–278, 3:184
carbides 1:65
chromium–molybdenum steel 2:192
chromium coppers 2:414
chromium hot work tool steels 2:217–218T
chromium nitride 2:116
chromium plating electrolytes 3:48
chromium–nickel steel, carburization of
2:94
CIM see ceramic injection molding (CIM)
CIP process see cold isostatic pressing (CIP)
process
classical time temperature cooling (CCT)
diagram 2:155
c-LBM see cover plate laser beam machining
(c-LBM)
cleaning system 3:372
closed die forging 1:525
CLSM see confocal laser scanning
microscopy (CLSM)
CMC see ceramic matrix composites (CMC)
CMM see computational micro-mechanics
(CMM)
C-Mold software 1:472–473
CMP see chemical mechanical polishing
(CMP)
CNC see computer numerical control
(CNC)
CNTs see carbon nano tubes (CNTs)
CO2 laser 2:138, 3:74
Co-alloys 3:195
coarse powder (INV1) feedstock 1:476,
1:476F
coated carbide
inserts 1:10
tools 1:48, 1:50, 1:56, 1:59
coated EDM wires 1:240–241
double-layer-coated wires 1:241, 1:242F
multilayer-coated wires 1:241–243,
1:242F, 1:243F
single-layer-coated wires 1:240–241,
1:241F
coated wire electrode 1:259–260, 1:260F,
1:261F
coating as a method of surface finishing
3:45–46
miscellaneous surface finish applications
3:49
biomedical applications 3:50
conformal coatings 3:49–50
electrical and magnetic properties 3:50
hydrophobic coatings 3:49
optical coatings 3:50
rough coatings 3:50
thermal coatings 3:50
surface finishing facets of coating 3:46
barrier protection 3:47
cathodic protection 3:47–48
generating smooth and lubricious
surface 3:49
improving esthetic appeal 3:46
protection against corrosion 3:46–47
resistance to wear 3:48–49
coating for surface finish applications,
selection of 3:54
coating methods
advantages and limitations for 3:44T
coating morphology and metallurgical
changes 3:101–102
single layer coating 3:101–102
two layer coatings 3:102–103
coating parameters and process
optimization, influence of 3:50–51
coating processes, types of 3:39–40
conversion coatings 3:42
Index 385
coating processes, types of (continued)
anodizing 3:42
chromate coatings 3:42
phosphate coatings 3:42
diffusion coatings 3:42
electrochemical techniques 3:40
electrodeposition 3:40
electroless coatings 3:40–41
galvanizing 3:41
powder coatings 3:41–42
thermal spraying 3:42–43
electric arc spray 3:43
flame spray 3:43
high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) 3:43
plasma spray 3:43
vapor depositions 3:41
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3:41
physical vapor deposition (PVD) 3:41
plasma enhanced CVD technique 3:41
coating structures, existing design of
3:43–45
duplex coatings 3:45
graded coatings 3:45
multicomponent coatings 3:45
multilayered coatings 3:45
sandwich coatings 3:45
single-layer coatings 3:45
superlattice coatings 3:45
coating thickness 3:51
coating(s) 3:178, 3:188, 3:208–209, 3:235,
3:323
see also thermal barrier coatings (TBCs);
thermal spray coating(s)
coating-diffusion method 3:8
conversion 3:311–320, 3:314–319T
deposition process 3:57
electro deposition 3:330–332
element 3:178
hot-dip galvanized 3:184
metallic 3:183
polyurethane 3:325–327, 3:327T
sample’s surface preparation 3:307
sol–gel 3:327–330, 3:329T
surface 3:178
system 3:328F
technology 1:56
thickness 3:181
cobalt 2:14, 2:206
cobalt-bonded tungsten carbides 2:449–451
cocoa fiber composites 1:225, 1:225T
cocoa pod husk (CPH) 1:204
fiber 1:224–225
coconut oil 1:2
coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 3:57
coherence scanning interferometry (CSI)
3:246, 3:246F
coherency strains 2:381
coil coatings 3:150
coir fiber-reinforced composite 1:212
cold chamber die casting process 1:514
cold compression moldings 1:219
cold forming 2:405
cold isostatic pressing (CIP) process 1:512
cold rolling effect 2:326–328
cold spraying (CS) 3:207
cold work tool steels 2:216, 2:222F
cold working tool steel, carburization of
2:102
cold-worked (CW) samples 2:327, 2:328F,
2:329
colloid accumulation and layer method
3:293
colloidal gels 3:328
colloidal micro- and nano-particles 3:141
Colocasia esculenta 3:295F
combination technology 1:54–55
combined control system 1:138–139
combustibility 1:204
commercial purity titanium (CP Ti) 2:131,
2:290, 2:291, 2:294F
grade 2 flow curves 2:293–294, 2:295F,
2:299F
heat treatment in 2:292–293
Co–Mo interaction lends 2:207
compact manufacturing system 1:53–54
comparative evaluation 1:117
compliant microelectrode array fabrication
1:286–288
composite solid–liquid–air interface
3:296–297
composite(s) 1:206–207, 1:207
advantages and merits 1:207–208
membranes 3:14
compound layer 1:48, 1:49, 1:72–74,
2:120–121
compression ratio (CR) 1:470
compressive principal stress 1:134
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) 1:490
computational micro-mechanics (CMM)
3:66
computed tomography (CT) 3:261–262
X-ray based 3:262
computer aided design (CAD) 3:111,
3:111–112
computer aided engineering (CAE)
applications 1:490
computer modeling applications 1:490F
computer numerical control (CNC) 1:27,
1:51
controllable component 1:232
machine 1:527–529
computer simulation and molded part
quality enhancement 1:490–491
computer vision (CV) 3:263, 3:263F
basics of image acquisition for 3:263–266
basics of image processing and analysis for
3:267
surface evaluation methods with 3:265F,
3:267–273
2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
3:271–273
2D Wavelet Transform (WT) 3:273
blob analyses 3:274
edge enhancement and detection
3:274
line scanning 3:273
morphological evaluations 3:274
speckle infusion 3:273–274
confined ablation 1:409, 1:409–410, 1:410F,
1:411, 1:413F
confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
3:244–245, 3:245
confocal microscopes, working principles of
3:246F
confocal microscopy 3:244–245
conformal coatings 3:49–50
Co–Ni alloys 3:86
see also aluminum alloys
atomic force microscopy (AFM) 3:90–94
chemical and textural analyses 3:87–88
Co–Ni plating 3:86
electrochemical plating 3:88–89, 3:89F,
3:89T
incorporation of adatoms and adions 3:87
mass transfer effects 3:87
plating 3:87
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3:90–94
X-ray diffraction (XRD) 3:89–90
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
3:89–90
conical gears, finishing of 1:111
by grinding 1:111
form or non-generative gear grinding
1:111
generative gear grinding 1:111
by lapping 1:111–112
connecting rod hot forging die 2:243–244,
2:243F
constant-pressure method 1:104
contact angle (CA) 3:138, 3:278F, 3:282
analysis of 3:295
composite solid–liquid–air interface
3:296–297
effect of edge and variation of surface
slope 3:297–298
flat surface 3:295
and corrosion resistance 3:282
effect of surface area on 3:295–296
hysteresis 3:278–279, 3:297–298
measurement 3:279–280
contact angle hysteresis (CAH) 3:140
contact area 1:121–122, 1:122–124
Contact Area Map 1:124, 1:125
contact area-based path planning 1:121–122
contact area 1:122–124
contact mechanics 1:121–122
continuous polishing path 1:124–126
coverage area map (CAM) 1:124
polishing path planning 1:126–129
step-over size 1:126
contact force 1:140–141
contact mechanics 1:121–122
contact stress modeling 1:134–135
contact stress-based control 1:133–134
air cylinder pressure control modeling
1:137
air spindle speed control modeling
1:137–138
combined control system 1:138–139
contact stress modeling 1:134–135
friction torque modeling 1:135–136
polishing parameter planning 1:136–137
pressure tracking control 1:139
robotic deburring control 1:139–143
robotic polishing/deburring system 1:134
contact surface measurement techniques
3:243
386 Index
atomic force microscopy 3:244, 3:247F
portable handheld surface finish
instrument 3:243, 3:244F
stylus profilometer (SP) 3:243–244,
3:244F
continual induction hardening
computation of 2:164F
numerical model for analysis of 2:165,
2:166F
software 2:166F
continuous ant colony optimization
(CACO) technique 1:198
continuous cooling transformation (CCT)
2:255, 2:304, 2:304F
curve 2:224
of steels 2:227F
diagram 2:11
continuous hot-dip galvanizing processes
3:181–183, 3:182F
continuous phase plate (CPP) 1:164
continuous polishing path 1:124–126
continuous surfaces 1:71
control block diagram 1:134F
closed-loop tool length 1:142F
close loop pressure tracking 1:140F
controlled thermal expansion 2:270
convective stage see liquid cooling stage
conventional grinding 3:193–194
conventional lap grinding 1:385F
conventional loose-abrasive grinding
1:154–157
conventional machining processes
3:365–366
conventional material removal process
1:268
conventional metallurgy process
2:216–218
conventional processes 3:359
conventional sintering (CS) 3:338–339,
3:347, 3:348F
SPS advantages 3:349
conversion coatings 3:42, 3:311–320
see also polyurethane (PU) coating
anodizing 3:313–320
chromate 3:313–320
chromate coatings 3:42
hexavalent and trivalent chromes
comparison 3:322–323
hexavalent non-chromic coatings 3:320
phosphate coatings 3:42
phosphating 3:323–325
replacement schedule 3:320
type, substrate, coating contents
3:314–319T
weight reduction curve 3:323F
cooling
quenching medium 2:386
rate 2:386–387, 2:387F
techniques 1:80–83, 2:387, 2:387F
temperature range 2:387
cooling transformation (CCT) 2:195
cooperative coevolutionary genetic
algorithm (CCGA) 1:43
copolycondensation 1:217
co-powder injection molding (2C-PIM)
1:467
copper 1:4, 1:173, 1:186, 1:276, 2:265,
2:271, 3:3, 3:7–8
graphite 1:277
wire 1:238–239, 1:240F
copper, heat treatment of 2:405–408
brasses, heat treatment of 2:406–408
bronzes, heat treatment of 2:408–409
aluminum bronzes 2:409–410
beryllium bronzes 2:410–413
silicon bronze 2:413–414
tin bronzes 2:409
chromium coppers 2:414
copper-base shape memory alloys
2:415–416
copper–chromium–zirconium alloys
2:415
copper–nickel–silicon–chromium alloy
2:415
cupronickels 2:414
zirconium–copper alloys 2:414–415
copper and copper alloys 2:398–400,
2:399–400
annealing 2:401–405
homogenization 2:400–401
stress relieving treatment 2:405
copper oxide 1:4
copper tungsten 1:392–393, 1:393
copper–beryllium alloys 2:410–411, 2:412
copper–tungsten 1:276
copper–zinc alloy wire electrodes 1:232
copper–zinc phase diagram 2:405F
core refinement
single hardening with 2:87, 2:88F
single hardening without 2:87, 2:87F
corrosion 3:25, 3:32
corrosion properties, laser peening
1:427–429
-like electrochemical techniques 3:53
measurement of 3:52–54
protection against 3:46–47
barrier protection 3:47
cathodic protection 3:47–48
resistance 1:410, 1:427–429, 2:270, 3:27,
3:282
coating 3:194
effect of gas nitriding on wear and 2:131
high silicon irons heat treatment
2:273–276
testing of coating 3:109
tests 3:99
of zinc 3:48F
counter measures 1:42–43
coupling 1:209
cover die 1:514
cover plate laser beam machining (c-LBM)
1:268–270
coverage area map (CAM) 1:124, 1:125F,
1:126F
CP Ti see commercial purity titanium
(CP Ti)
CPH see cocoa pod husk (CPH)
CPP see continuous phase plate (CPP)
CQ see cryo-quenching (CQ)
CR see compression ratio (CR)
cracked die, microstructure in 2:240F
cracking, in surface coatings 3:154
cracking and exfoliation 2:104
prevention 2:104
cracking in laser polishing 1:166
cratering, in surface coatings 3:154
crawling, in surface coatings 3:154
critical cooling rate (CCR) 2:3–4
critical diameter 2:56–57, 2:57F
evaluation 2:59, 2:59F
critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) 2:328
cross ‘þ ’ micro channel, experiments and
simulation for 1:455–456
cross viscosity model 1:445, 1:492
cross-exponential Macosko viscosity model
1:445–446
cross-linked polymers 1:217
crowding 1:126
CRSS see critical resolved shear stress
(CRSS)
cryogenic machining 1:80–83
cryogenic treatment (CTs) 2:279, 2:285,
2:422, 2:422–423, 2:424–425,
2:425–426
cryogenic processing
of ferrous alloys 2:426–427
of nonferrous alloys 2:445–447
industrial context 2:423–424
cryogenic processing industry
2:423–424
current uses of CT process 2:424
future of CT and applications 2:424
optimizing CT process 2:426
technology 2:425
traditional heat treatment 2:422
cryonics 2:422
cryo-quenching (CQ) 2:425
CryoTech 2:423
cryotreatments see cryogenic treatment (CTs)
crystallite
refinement 1:429
size 1:417–418
crystallization 1:217
crystallization process of polycarbonates
3:138
CS see cold spraying (CS); conventional
sintering (CS)
CSI see coherence scanning interferometry
(CSI)
CT see computed tomography (CT)
CTE see coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE)
CTs see cryogenic treatment (CTs)
cubic boron nitride (CBN) 1:7, 1:48, 3:217,
3:230–231, 3:239
cupronickels 2:414
Curie temperature 3:353
curing process 1:220
current density 3:367, 3:369
current efficiency 3:86–87, 3:88, 3:92
curvature method 3:59, 3:59–60, 3:97–98
residual stress measurements by 3:98–99
custom-made vertical injection molding
machine 1:447–448
injection mechanism 1:448
mold design 1:448
plasticizing unit and injection mechanism
1:447–448
Index 387
cut quality assessment 1:351
cutting
edge
geometry 1:56–58
preparation 1:57F
errors 1:74–75
forces 1:35–36, 1:58–60, 1:59F, 3:230,
3:237, 3:238F
modeling 1:75–76
machine specification 1:225, 1:225F
process monitoring method 1:37
speed 1:81
cutting fluids 1:1–4
boric acid 1:4
coconut oil 1:2
extensive research 1:1–2
NDM 1:3
in turning 1:4
twisted nematic liquid crystals 1:3–4
cutting tool(s) 1:27, 2:225F, 3:230, 3:232
dimensions 3:235
factors due to 1:6–9
BUE formation 1:11–12, 1:12F
tool coating 1:12–13
tool geometry 1:6–9
tool wear 1:9–11
type of tool edge preparation 1:7F
materials 1:55–56
Cu–Zn–Al alloys 2:415–416
CV see computer vision (CV)
CVD see chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
CW samples see cold-worked (CW) samples
cyanide bath, liquid carburization in 2:76F
cyanide-free plating bath 3:11
cyclic process 2:388
cyclic yield strength 1:431
D
‘d vs. sin2C’ technique 1:415
DC see direct current (DC); dislocation cells
(DCs)
DC polarization method 3:53
DCL see double-ceramic-layer (DCL)
DCT see deep cryogenic treatments (DCT)
DDWs see dense dislocation walls (DDWs)
deburring 1:339–340
decomposition of metastable b 2:306
deep cryogenic treatments (DCT) 2:425
deep rolling (DR) 1:419, 1:432, 1:432–433,
1:432F
deep X-ray lithography (DXL) 1:521
deformation 1:298, 1:425–427
aging 2:389
in aþ b-phase field 2:317–321
in b-phase field 2:313–317
parameters 2:316T
processes for miniature gear
manufacturing 1:522–523
extrusion process 1:524
forging 1:525
hot embossing 1:526
stamping 1:522–523
deionized water 1:175
delamination, in surface coatings 3:154
dense dislocation walls (DDWs) 1:425–426,
1:427, 2:176
dense metallic membranes 3:14
Density Functional Theory (DFT) 3:16
dental implant 3:113F
deposition 3:306–307
of hard coatings 3:232–233
stresses 3:57
depth of cut (DOC) 1:27, 1:33
design of experiment (DOE) 1:251, 1:483,
1:484, 1:486, 1:487
for investigation of molded part quality
1:488T
designation system of aluminum alloys
2:337–338, 2:338T
design-to-manufacturing cycle 1:75
destabilization treatment 2:279, 2:281–282
destructive method
see also nondestructive methods
hole-drilling method (HDM) 3:58–59,
3:58F
layer removal (LR) 3:58–59
material removal by chemical etching 3:59
deterministic microgrinding (DMG)
1:158–159
detonation-gun (D-gun) 3:207
Deutsches Instut fur Normung (DIN)
standard 1:507
dezincification process 3:28
DF see duty factor (DF)
DFT see Density Functional Theory (DFT)
D-gun see detonation-gun (D-gun)
Diamalloy 4010 and 2002 powders 3:102,
3:102–103, 3:103, 3:109
diamond grinding 1:366
Diamond Jet Hybrid (DJ Hybrid)
3:207–208
diamond-like carbon (DLC) 2:132, 3:232
coatings 3:239
DIC see digital image correlation (DIC)
die casting process 1:514
advantages 1:514–516
applications 1:516
limitations 1:516
types 1:514
die sink (DS) EDM 1:384–385
dielectric fluid 1:233, 1:279–280,
1:334–335, 1:390
dielectric liquid 1:175, 1:271
dielectric medium 1:174–177
fluid 1:175–177
gas 1:177–180
medium in EDM 1:277–278
dielectric vibration 1:174
differential dilatometric technique 2:18,
2:19F
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
1:477, 2:329, 3:340–341, 3:341–342
diffraction method 3:60
neutron diffraction 3:60
synchrotron XRD 3:60
XRD 3:60
diffusion
annealing 2:24, 3:198–199, 3:199
of atoms 2:400
inward diffusion 2:122–123
diffusion coatings 3:42
chemical gas diffusion 3:42
liquid diffusion 3:42
solid-state diffusion 3:42
diffusion processes 3:44T
diffusion zone 2:122–123
diffusional transformation 2:3–4, 2:6–7
diffusion-annealed coated wires 1:243
alpha phase wires 1:243
beta phase wires 1:243–244
epsilon phase wires 1:247, 1:248
gamma phase wires 1:244–247, 1:245F
diffusion-controlled process 2:117
digital image correlation (DIC) 3:59
digital micromirror devices (DMDs) 3:114,
3:115F
digital modeling 2:391
digital numbers (DNs) 3:266
digitizing 3:266
dilute medium 2:124
dimensional accuracy 1:74–75
dimensional stability 2:271–272, 2:340T,
2:347, 2:358, 2:368
dimensional stabilization see dimensional
stability
dimethylamine borane (DMAB) 3:3
DIN standard see Deutsches Instut fur
Normung (DIN) standard
direct ablation mode 1:409, 1:410F,
1:411–413
direct blending of molten bath 3:29
direct current (DC) 3:233
supply 3:359–360, 3:360, 3:372
direct laser interference patterning (DLIP)
3:125
direct quench technique 2:89
discharge current 1:235–236
discharge voltage 1:235–236, 1:279
disk and ball specimens, wear rate of
1:377F
disk scanning confocal microscopy (DSCM)
3:244–245, 3:245
dislocation 1:408, 1:417–418, 1:418,
1:419–420, 1:425–426, 1:426–427,
1:433
mechanisms 2:381–382, 2:382F
theory 2:382
dislocation cells (DCs) 2:176
dislocation lines (DL) 1:422F, 1:425
dislocation tangles (DTs) 1:419–420,
1:422F, 2:176
dispersed metal oxide 3:25–26
dispersion hardening 2:381–382, 2:382F
displacement deposition process 3:1
dissolution, in surface coatings 3:154
distortion 2:103–104
DL see dislocation lines (DL)
DLC see diamond-like carbon (DLC)
DLIP see direct laser interference patterning
(DLIP)
DMAB see dimethylamine borane (DMAB)
DMDs see digital micromirror devices
(DMDs)
DMG see deterministic microgrinding
(DMG)
DNs see digital numbers (DNs)
388 Index
DOC see depth of cut (DOC)
DOE see design of experiment (DOE)
double dipping 3:181
double shielded TBMs 1:42
double-ceramic-layer (DCL) 3:66
double-end dipping 3:181
double-layer-coated wires 1:241, 1:242F
double-stage process 2:109, 2:120–121
DP steels see dual phase (DP) steels
DR see deep rolling (DR)
drawdown phenomenon 1:522–523
droplet formation and fate 3:150
basic mechanism 3:150
coating formation on the surface 3:151
formation of droplets 3:150–151
spray air contact 3:151
DRX see dynamic recrystallization (DRX)
dry cutting 1:2–3, 1:80
dry EDM 1:177–180, 1:278–279
dry etching 1:330
dry machining 1:80–83
dry post-processing 1:167
DSC see differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC)
DSCM see disk scanning confocal
microscopy (DSCM)
DTs see dislocation tangles (DTs)
dual frequency induction surface hardening
2:169
dual phase (DP) steels 2:208–210, 2:209T,
3:185
bake hardened 2:210–211
dislocations around martensite particle
2:210F
ferrite–martensite structure 2:210F
rapid heating producing ultrafine grained
2:209–210
transmission electron micrograph 2:210F
dual-phase alpha–beta brasses 2:408
ductile irons 2:248, 2:260
see also high-alloy irons
heat treatment 2:260–262
annealing 2:262
austempering 2:264–266
considerations for 2:261–262
hardening and tempering 2:264
normalizing 2:262–264
stress relieving of ductile irons 2:269
surface hardening 2:269
microstructure 2:266F
ductile mode machining 1:372
ductile regime machining 1:325–326
duplex coatings 3:45
duplex stainless steel 2:204, 2:204F, 2:204T
duty factor (DF) 1:235, 1:236, 1:279
d-values 3:164
DXL see deep X-ray lithography (DXL)
dynamic recrystallization (DRX) 1:426,
1:432
E
EAs see effervescent atomizers (EAs);
evolutionary algorithms (EAs)
EBM see electron beam machining (EBM)
EBSD method see electron backscatter
diffraction (EBSD) method
EC see evolutionary computations (EC)
ECDe process see electrochemical deburring
(ECDe) process
ECF process see electrochemical finishing
(ECF) process
ECG process see electrochemical grinding
(ECG) process
ECH process see electrochemical honing
(ECH) process
ECM see electrochemical machining (ECM)
eco-friendly coatings 3:50
ECR process see electrochemical refining
(ECR) process
ECW process see electrochemical winning
(ECW) process
ED micromilling see electrical discharge
(ED) micromilling
EDC see electrical discharge coating (EDC)
EDDSG process see electro-discharge
diamond surface grinding (EDDSG)
process
EDG see electrical discharge grinding (EDG)
edge deburring 1:143F
EDM see electrical discharge machining
(EDM); electro-discharge machining
(EDM)
EDMed SQ 1:404–405
EDMed surface 1:392, 1:396
EDS see energy dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS)
EDT see electrical discharge texturing (EDT)
EDTA see ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA)
EEM see elastic emission machining (EEM)
EES software see Engineering Equation
Solver (EES) software
effervescent atomizers (EAs) 3:153F, 3:155
E-glass fiber 1:208
EIS see electrical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS)
ejector die 1:514
elastic emission machining (EEM)
1:159–160
electric arc spray 3:43
electric wire arc thermal spraying 3:43
electrical and magnetic properties 3:50
electrical discharge (ED) micromilling
1:333
electrical discharge coating (EDC) 1:191,
1:395
electrical discharge grinding (EDG) 1:270
electrical discharge machining (EDM)
1:171, 1:182–186, 1:270, 1:270–271,
1:508, 1:527–529, 1:446, 1:230,
1:332–333
see also hard machining; electro-discharge
machining (EDM)
advantages 1:529
applications 1:529–530
chip 1:271
dielectric medium 1:174–177, 1:277–278
electrical discharge (ED) micromilling
1:333
electrode material 1:276
electrode modification 1:191–193
experimental setup 1:303–304
hybrid machine for multi-processes of
micromachining 1:271F
limitations 1:529
measuring frontal wear of microelectrode
1:303F
micro-EDM of nonconductive ceramics
1:333–334
assisting electrode 1:334
dielectric fluid 1:334–335
mechanism of material removal
1:335–337
recast layer 1:337–338
micro wire EDM 1:333
m-EDM 1:529
online measurement 1:301F
PMEDM 1:180–186
powder addition 1:182–186
performance improvement 1:182–186,
1:182F, 1:183F, 1:184F, 1:185F,
1:185T
surface modification 1:186–188,
1:187F, 1:188F
process 1:172, 1:273F
process parameters 1:279–280
electrode wear 1:280F
fabrication processes of microelectrode
1:282–283
performance measure 1:280
prospective on process selection
1:300–303
pulse generators/power supply 1:274
simulation and modeling 1:193–195
sparking and gap phenomena 1:271–272
ultrasonic vibration assisted EDM
1:172–173
wire electrode 1:236–238, 1:239F,
1:253F
abrasive-assisted wire 1:249, 1:249F
coated EDM wires 1:240–241
customized wire shapes 1:238F
cutting rate improvement 1:238F
development of 1:238
diffusion-annealed coated wires 1:243
high tensile strength wires 1:247–248
hot dip galvanized wire 1:249
plain wires 1:238–239
porous electrode wire 1:249–250,
1:250F
wires 1:237
electrical discharge texturing (EDT) 1:396
electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
3:53, 3:53–54
electrical parameters 1:279
electro chemical testing 3:99, 3:105–107
electro deposition 3:330–332
electro etching 3:308
electro polishing 3:308
electro/chemical plating 3:44T
electrochemical deburring (ECDe) process
3:359, 3:375, 3:375F
advantages 3:375–376
applications 3:376
limitations 3:376
mechanism 3:375
Index 389
electrochemical deposition 3:1, 3:294F, 3:360
electroplating 3:1–2
ELP 3:2–3
electrochemical finishing (ECF) process
1:98, 3:359
electrochemical grinding (ECG) process
1:98, 3:359, 3:371, 3:371F
advantages 3:371
applications 3:371
limitations 3:371
surface finish in ECG 3:376–377
electrochemical honing (ECH) process 1:98,
3:359, 3:372, 3:372T
advantages 3:374–375
applications 3:375
equipment 3:372–373
finishing
of gears 3:373–374, 3:373F
of internal cylinders 3:372–373
limitations 3:375
photograph of tool for finishing internal
cylinders 3:373F
principle of 3:372
surface finish ECH 3:377–378, 3:377F,
3:378T
electrochemical machining (ECM) 1:176,
1:300–301, 1:338–339, 3:359,
3:365–367
affecting factors 3:368–369
advantages 3:370
applications 3:370–371
capabilities of ECM 3:369–370, 3:370T
current density and voltage 3:369
electrolyte related parameters
3:368–369, 3:368T
IEG 3:369
limitation 3:370
mass transport phenomenon in 3:369
deburring 1:339–340
material removal 3:367–368
micromachining 1:338–339
micro/nano polishing 1:339
setup 3:366F, 3:367F
surface finish 3:376
evolution of hydrogen gas 3:376
flow separation and formation of eddies
3:376
selective dissolution 3:376, 3:377F
sporadic breakdown of anodic film
3:376
working principle of pulsed-ECM
3:366–367
electrochemical plating 3:88–89, 3:89F, 3:89T
electrochemical processing 3:359–360
electrochemical deburring (ECDe) 3:375
electrochemical grinding (ECG) 3:371
electrochemical honing (ECH) 3:372
electrochemical machining 3:365–367
electrolysis process 3:359F
electroplating (EP) 3:360–361
surface finish in 3:376
types 3:360, 3:360T
electrochemical reaction and deposition
method 3:293
electrochemical refining (ECR) process
3:359
electrochemical techniques 3:40
electrodeposition 3:40
electroless coatings 3:40–41
electrochemical winning (ECW) process
3:359
electrode
materials 1:271
for EDM 1:276
for micro-EDM 1:277
modification 1:191–193, 1:193F
polarity 1:279
potential 3:359–360
electrode wear ratio (EWR) 1:275, 1:280,
1:280–281, 1:306–311
ANOVA for 1:308T
electrode-less ELID
ELID III 1:369–370, 1:370F
ELID IIIA 1:370, 1:371F
electrodeposition 3:28, 3:40, 3:86–87,
3:149–150
electro-discharge diamond surface grinding
(EDDSG) process 1:196
electro-discharge machining (EDM) 1:172F,
1:365, 1:383–384
see also hard machining; electrical
discharge machining (EDM)
applications 1:390
heat-treated materials 1:390
modern semiconductor/composite
materials 1:390
nonconductive ceramic 1:390
categories of 1:384–388
die sink (DS) 1:384–385
effect on workpiece surface finish
1:390–394
ball burnish machining (BEDM)
1:398–400
special applications 1:400–404
surface alloying using composite (PM)
electrode 1:394–396
surface modification by conventional
electrode materials 1:392–394
surface modification by dielectric
1:396–398
surface modification using wire EDM
1:404
process performance and parameters
1:388–389
dielectric fluid 1:390
discharge voltage 1:388–389
electrode/workpiece material 1:390
peak current 1:389
polarity 1:390
pulse duration and pulse interval
1:389–390
pulse waveform 1:390
rotational motion of electrode/
workpiece 1:390
wire-cut (WC) 1:384–385
electro-finishing method 1:374–375,
1:375–376
electroforming 3:365
electrogalvanizing 3:181, 3:181F
electroless coating 3:28, 3:40–41
electroless deposition 3:1
of pure metals 3:4–6
Ag 3:7
Cu 3:7–8
Ni 3:6–7
Pd 3:6
electroless gold, formulation of 3:227T
electroless gold plating 3:226–228, 3:227T
electroless Ni–B alloy coating 3:49
electroless nickel (EN) coatings 3:223–224
EN–phosphorous coatings 3:224
general categories of 3:225F
nickel–boron 3:224
nickel–phosphorus 3:224, 3:225T
poly-alloys 3:224
electroless nickel bath composition and
functions 3:40T
electroless nickel coating 3:40, 3:49
electroless Ni–P coatings 3:47, 3:47–48,
3:48
electroless palladium plating 3:224–226
electroless plating (ELP) 3:1, 3:2–3, 3:42,
3:221
see also electroplating (EP)
advantages and weaknesses of 3:222T
catalytic aspects 3:3
conditions and chemical composition 3:4
electrolytic cell 3:2F
mechanistic overview 3:3–4
plating baths 3:2
surface conditioning 3:4
electrolysis 1:371F, 3:359–360, 3:359F
basic principles of 1:366F
Faraday’s law of 1:366
electrolyte 3:368
flow rate 3:369
supply 3:372
electrolytic coatings 3:46
electrolytic deposition 3:331
electrolytic coatings, substrate, coatings
contents 3:332T
electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID)
grinding 1:159, 1:365–368, 1:367F,
1:383
classifications of 1:368
electrode-less ELID (ELID III)
1:369–370
electrode-less ELID (ELID IIIA) 1:370
electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID I)
1:368, 1:369F
electrolytic interval dressing (ELID II)
1:368–369, 1:370F
ion shot ELID (ELID IV) 1:370
components of 1:366F
vs. electro-discharge machining 1:405T
experimental setup 1:368F
honing 1:375–376
lap grinding 1:381, 1:385F
material deformation 1:378
for nano surface finish 1:370–373
ceramics 1:370–373
coated film 1:373–374
metal 1:374–377
optical glasses 1:377–380
silicon wafer 1:380–383
terminology using 1:366
for 3-D arc enveloping grinding 1:384F
wire EDM process 1:389F
390 Index
electromagnetic and temperature
calculations 2:160
electromagnetic field 2:159–160, 2:160,
2:163
electromagnetic methods 3:51
electromagnetic stir casting 1:15
electromotive force (emf) 1:61–62,
3:359–360
electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
method 1:429
electron beam 3:196
remelting 3:196
electron beam machining (EBM) 1:332
electron donor parameters 2:138–139,
2:139T
electron microscopy 3:247–248
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3:248, 3:248F
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3:248, 3:248F
electron transfer 3:361
electronic packaging
electroless plating as surface finishing in
3:220–229
electronic speckle pattern interferometer
(ESPI) 1:415
electrophoretic deposition (EPD) 1:163,
3:331
electrodeposition of metals 3:1
electroplating features 3:2
factors affecting quality of deposition
3:361–362
metals and applications 3:364T
overpotential 3:2
types of electrical waveforms 3:363F
electroplated zeolites 3:50
electroplating (EP) 3:1, 3:2F, 3:1–2, 3:40,
3:54, 3:120, 3:120F, 3:359,
3:360–361, 3:361F, 3:365T, 3:200
see also electroless plating (ELP)
principle of 3:360–361
surface finish in 3:376
electro-slag remelting (ESR) 2:241
electrospinning 3:294
electrostatic application 3:153
electro-thermal machining process 1:232
ELI see extra low interstitials (ELI)
ELID grinding see electrolytic in-process
dressing (ELID) grinding
ellipsoid, crowding and unpolished areas
for 1:128F
elliptical contact area 1:124F
Ellis model 1:492
elongation 1:237
ELP see electroless plating (ELP)
embrittlement in maraging steel 2:207–208
emf see electromotive force (emf)
EN coatings see electroless nickel (EN)
coatings
enameling 3:200
energy beam micromachining 1:330–331
electron beam machining (EBM) 1:332
focused ion beam (FIB) 1:331
deposition 1:331
sputtering 1:331–332
laser micromachining 1:330–331
energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 3:8,
3:74, 3:88, 3:94F
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/
EDX) 1:250, 1:251F, 1:373–374,
1:377F, 3:160, 3:338
spectrum analysis 1:314–317
engineering applications
bearing steel 2:196–197, 2:197F, 2:197T
dual phase steels 2:208–210, 2:209T
hadfield steel 2:197–199, 2:198F, 2:198T
heat treatment
of steel casting 2:211–212, 2:211F
of TRIP 2:208
maraging steel 2:205–207, 2:206F, 2:206T
medium-carbon low-alloy steels 2:181,
2:188
silicon steel 2:195–196
spring steel 2:192–195, 2:192T
stainless steel 2:199–200
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software
3:164
engineering surfaces 3:286–287
imperfections 3:287
lay 3:287
roughness 3:287
wavy conditions 3:287
environmental scanning electron
microscopy (ESEM) 3:288–289
EP see electroplating (EP); epoxy resin (EP)
EP additive see extreme pressure (EP)
additive
EPD see electrophoretic deposition (EPD)
epoxy resin (EP) 1:215–216
e carbide 2:40–41
epsilon phase wires 1:247, 1:248
equilibrium constant 2:82
equilibrium polycondensation 1:217
equilibrium precipitation 2:374–375,
2:375–377, 2:375F, 2:376F
equilibrium state for chemical reaction 2:82
Eringen–Okada equation 1:446
erosion resistance 2:270
ESEM see environmental scanning electron
microscopy (ESEM)
ESPI see electronic speckle pattern
interferometer (ESPI)
ESR see electro-slag remelting (ESR)
eta layer 3:180–181
etching 3:141, 3:292, 3:292F, 3:308
and lithography 3:292
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 3:6,
3:7, 3:10, 3:224
EDTA-free bath 3:10
Eularian method 3:162
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation 1:33
eutectoid carbon content 2:5, 2:6F
eutectoid steel 2:7F
variation of nucleation and growth rate for
2:7F
evaporation 3:233
evolutionary algorithms (EAs) 1:87
evolutionary computations (EC) 1:87
EWR see electrode wear ratio (EWR)
excessive retained austenite 2:93
experimental measurement 3:58–59
destructive method 3:58–59
experimental methods and measurements
1:225
cocoa fiber composites 1:225
cutting machine specification 1:225
design of experiments 1:225, 1:226T
evaluation of cut quality characteristics
1:225–226, 1:226F
preparation of cocoa fiber composite
1:225
selection of cutting parameters 1:225,
1:225T
methods 3:61
nondestructive methods 3:59
residual stress measurement 3:61
exponential functions 1:152
external honing 1:104
single helical gear 1:104F
extra low interstitials (ELI) 2:291
extreme pressure (EP) additive 1:4
extruding nonferrous alloys 2:241
extrusion process 1:221, 1:524
advantages 1:524
applications 1:525
limitations 1:524–525
F
fabrication
of microelectrode for batch production
1:286
processes of microelectrode 1:282–283
hybrid process 1:294–296
MBEDG 1:291–292
micro-rods by self-drilled holes
1:293–294
micro-turning process 1:292–293
off-centering 1:295F
reverse EDM 1:294
rotating sacrificial disk 1:290
stationary BEDG 1:290–291
WEDG 1:283
of 3D composite polymer scaffolds
3:122F
face-centered cubic metals (fcc) 1:427,
2:199, 3:6–7, 3:8
failed bolt, observations on 2:307–308
metallurgical analysis 2:308–309
visual inspection 2:307–308
failure adhesion 3:306–307
failure analysis 2:311
Faraday’s laws 3:40, 3:88, 3:359–360
first law of electrolysis 3:360
second law of electrolysis 3:360
FAS see fluoroalkylsilanes (FAS)
fast Fourier transform (FFT) 1:6, 1:29
fatigue 1:431
behavior 2:129
properties of laser peening 1:422–425
thermal fatigue properties of laser-treated
surfaces 2:140
fatty acid monolayers 3:282
fcc see face-centered cubic metals (fcc)
FDM see finite difference method (FDM)
Fe–C equilibrium diagram 2:226F
feedstock preparation 1:516
Index 391
FEM see finite element method (FEM); finite
element modeling (FEM)
femtosecond (fs) laser 3:115, 3:124, 3:125
ferrite 2:4–5, 2:109
ferrite stabilizers 2:5
ferritic stainless steel 2:200, 2:201F, 2:202F,
2:202T
ferritizing annealing 2:251
ferroelectric materials 3:349
ferrous alloys 2:120–123, 2:127–129, 2:131
see also non-ferrous alloy(s); palladium (Pd)
cryogenic processing 2:426–427
case studies 2:437
cast irons and pearlitic steels 2:436–437
chronological changes in material
properties 2:428–429T
mechanical properties 2:427
mechanisms of microstructural change
2:429–430
plain carbon steels 2:434–435
stainless steels 2:435–436
tool steels 2:430–434
tribological performance 2:427–429
microstructure and phase composition
2:120–123
cross-sectional micrographs 2:121F
hardness vs. depth profiles 2:124F
nitrided microstructure 2:122F
nitriding atmosphere 2:124
nitriding time and temperature 2:123–124
steel composition and heat treatment
history 2:124–125
FESEM see field emission scanning electron
microscope (FESEM)
FET see field-effect transistor (FET)
Fe–Zn alloy phases 3:26–27, 3:29–30
FFT see fast Fourier transform (FFT)
FI surfaces see fully interrupted (FI) surfaces
FIB see focused ion beam (FIB)
fiber process 1:218–219
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) 1:204,
1:212, 1:212–215, 1:213F
advantages and limitations 1:216T
applications 1:215
composites 1:206–207
design considerations 1:216
disposal and recycling concerns 1:216
failure modes 1:215
material requirements 1:215
Fick’s equations 2:117
Fick’s first law 3:162
Fick’s laws of diffusion 2:81–82
Fick’s second law 3:159–160
field emission scanning electron microscope
(FESEM) 3:287F
field-effect transistor (FET) 1:274
filament winding 1:220–221
filling phase 1:442
filling-assisted injection molding techniques
1:444
film adhesion 3:155–156
film pressure contact angle hysteresis 3:279
final calibration rigging 1:150F
final thermal-mechanical treatment (FTMT)
2:391–392
fine alloy carbide particles 2:228
fine powder (INV2) feedstock 1:476, 1:476F
finish machining of hardened steel
cutting edge
geometry 1:56–58
preparation 1:57F
cutting tool materials 1:55–56
hard machining 1:80–83
applications 1:51–53
industrial applications 1:52F, 1:53
workpiece clamping 1:52–53
hard machining process modeling
1:75–76
machining of hardened steel at different
levels 1:56F
optimization studies in hardened steel
machining 1:86–88
physical aspects 1:58–60
aspect of cutting edges 1:65F
chip formation 1:60–61
cutting forces 1:58–60, 1:59F
surface integrity 1:66–69
tool–chip interface temperature 1:61–63
tool wear patterns and mechanisms
1:63–66
tool wear rate progression 1:66F
finish turning 1:1
surface finish quality 1:1
surface roughness
development of surface roughness
prediction models 1:19–22
factors due to cutting tool 1:6–9
factors due to machining conditions
1:1–4
machining parameters effect 1:13–17,
1:18T, 1:19T
optimization studies 1:19–22
workpiece material effect 1:17–19
finite difference method (FDM) 1:489
finite element analysis 1:490
finite element method (FEM) 1:62–63,
1:75, 1:195–196, 1:195F, 1:196F,
1:445, 1:492, 2:391, 3:56, 3:58,
3:162
finite element modeling (FEM) 1:489
finite volume method (FVM) 1:489
first-order viscosity model 1:491
‘fish-eye’ cracks 2:127–128
fixed-abrasive gear lapping process
1:101–102
fixed-abrasive grinding 1:158–159
fixed-abrasive pad polishing 1:162
fixed-abrasive pellet polishing 1:162–164
fixed-abrasive polishing 1:162
fixed-abrasive pad polishing 1:162
fixed-abrasive pellet polishing 1:162–164
flame hardening 2:256
flame spray 3:43
flashless forging 1:525
flat die forging see open die forging
flat surface, wettability on 3:277
flatness error 1:74
flip chip solder joint 3:220, 3:220F
Floe process see double-stage process
flow visualization and prediction 1:489
flow visualization technique 1:448
fluid application method 1:1–4
fluid dielectric medium 1:175–177, 1:176F,
1:177F, 1:178F, 1:179F
fluid jet abrasives 1:157–158
fluid jet polishing 1:160
fluoroalkylsilanes (FAS) 3:283, 3:283–285
flushability 1:237
fluxing 3:180
focus variation microscopy 3:245–246
focused ion beam (FIB) 1:268–270, 1:331
deposition 1:331
machining 1:164–166
sputtering 1:331–332
force-recording mechanical testing system
3:51
Ford Motor Company 3:149–150
forging 1:525
advantages 1:525
applications 1:526
limitations 1:525–526
quality steel 2:181, 2:182–183F, 2:183T,
2:184F
annealing 2:181
normalizing 2:181
types 1:525
forging die, premature failure of 2:240F
form cutting tool 1:508
form grinding
vs. generative grinding gear 1:99F
types of 1:99F
fossil-derived syngas 3:17–18
four point configuration test 3:51–52, 3:51F
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique
3:147, 3:283
fractal geometry 3:291
fractal surfaces, roughness of 3:290–291
fracture toughness of the surface 2:138
free sintering see conventional sintering
(CS)
free status 2:373
free-abrasive gear lapping process 1:101–102
free-contact force machining process
1:288–289
free-radical polymerizations 3:116
freestanding micro-scaffold 3:121F
French Gear standard 1:507
frequency sparks 1:280
friction 3:231, 3:235
stir welding 1:430
friction stir processing (FSP) 3:200–202
friction torque modeling 1:135–136
FRP see fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
FSP see friction stir processing (FSP)
F-test 1:352
FTIR technique see Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) technique
FTMT see final thermal-mechanical
treatment (FTMT)
full annealing 2:20, 2:251, 2:251F
full width at half maximum (FWHM)
1:417, 3:173
fully interrupted (FI) surfaces 1:71
fully a-Ti alloys 2:290–291
furnaces 2:119
gas circulation 2:384
fusing 3:195
of self-flux alloys 3:195–196
392 Index
fuzzy inference system 1:233
FVM see finite volume method (FVM)
FWHM see full width at half maximum
(FWHM)
G
GA see genetic algorithm (GA)
GAE see gas assisted etching (GAE)
galling process 3:187F
galvanic series of metals 3:47T
galvanized steel 3:47, 3:308
failure mechanisms in 3:187–188
galvanizing 3:41, 3:178, 3:178–181, 3:180F,
3:180T
AHSS 3:185–187, 3:185F, 3:186F, 3:187F
galvanizing bath, presence of elements in
3:184–185
surface preparation for 3:54
gamma phase wires 1:244–247, 1:245F
cross-section of electrode wire 1:246F
large-scale diagrammatic view 1:246F
perspective view and longitudinal section
1:247F
sheath layer and core 1:247F
gas assisted etching (GAE) 1:331–332
gas carburization 2:73, 2:78
advantages 2:79
atmospheric conditions for 2:78–79
carbon potential 2:79
carburizing process 2:78
carburizing reactions 2:78
carrier gases 2:79
disadvantages 2:79
safety measures for 2:79–80
gas carburized steel, carburizing cycle of
2:90F
gas carburizing process 2:78F
gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) 1:164–166
gas dielectric medium 1:177–180, 1:179F
gas nitrided EN41B steel 2:131
gas nitriding 2:108, 2:109, 2:112–113,
2:117–119
causes and remedies 2:120
effects on mechanical properties
2:127–129
effects on wear and corrosion resistance
2:131
industrial applications 2:131–132
nitriding of non-ferrous alloys 2:108–109
post-treatment step 2:119–120
pre-treatment step 2:117–119
recent developments in 2:132
set-up 2:119
structural alloys 2:120–123
thermodynamics of nitriding 2:109–110
gas nitriding of H13 tool steel 3:158–177
experimental procedures 3:160
nitrided layer characterization 3:160
nitriding cycle used for samples 3:160
sample preparation 3:160
FE analysis 3:162
geometric model 3:162
initial and boundary conditions 3:163
material model 3:162–163
simulation model 3:162
solution procedure 3:163–164
modeling of 3:160–162
governing equations and constitutive
behavior 3:162
numerical solution for the
mathematical model 3:162
theoretical background 3:161–162
nitriding kinetics
consideration of multiple nitriding on
3:176
consideration of surface texture on
3:175
nitriding treatment, consideration of
profile geometry on 3:175–176
results and discussions 3:164
effect of profile geometry on nitriding
treatment 3:166–167
influence of multiple nitriding on
nitriding kinetics 3:170–171
influence of surface texture on nitriding
kinetics 3:164
surface preparation 3:164
gas-carburized steels, heat treatment of 2:90
gas-carburized tool steels 2:101–102
gaseous nitrogen 2:425
gas-phase phenomena 2:113–114
Gaussian distribution 1:131, 3:290
Gaussian power intensity distribution 1:346
Gaussian surfaces 3:290
Gauy–Chapman layer 3:361, 3:362F
GCIB see gas cluster ion beam (GCIB)
G-code 1:139T
GEA see General Electric Infrastructure
Aviation (GEA)
gear 1:506
generating process 1:508
gear burnishing 1:109–111, 1:118–119T
advantages 1:111
applications 1:111
limitations 1:111
gear burnishing machines 1:110
double-die gear burnishing machine
1:112F
single-die gear burnishing machine
1:110–111, 1:112F
gear drives 1:94
gear failures, modes of 1:94T
gear finishing, by AFM 1:112, 1:118–119T
advantages 1:115–116
AFM machines 1:113
AFM parameters 1:115
applications 1:116–117
components of AFM machine 1:113–115
limitations 1:116
principle of AFM process 1:112
types of AFM process 1:112
one-way AFM 1:112
orbital AFM process 1:113
two-way AFM 1:112–113
gear finishing process, goals of 1:95F
gear grinding 1:98, 1:118–119T
advantages 1:101
applications 1:101
form or non-generative 1:98–99
generative grinding 1:99–100
using cup-shaped wheel 1:100
using dish-shaped wheel 1:100
using rack-tooth worm wheel 1:100–101
using threaded wheel 1:100
limitations 1:101
selection of parameters 1:101
types of 1:98
gear grinding process, different versions of
1:99T
gear hobbing 1:508–510, 1:510, 1:510F
advantages 1:510
applications 1:511
limitations 1:510–511
manufacturing of miniature gear 1:511F
mini-hob cutters 1:511F
gear honing 1:103–104, 1:103T, 1:118–119T
advantages 1:105
applications 1:105
external honing 1:104
internal honing 1:104
internal honing over external honing,
advantages of 1:104–105
limitations 1:105
tools used in 1:104T
gear lapping 1:101–102, 1:118–119T
advantages 1:102
applications 1:103
limitations 1:102
typical lapping process 1:102F
gear manufacturing processes 1:96–97
types of 1:97T
gear materials 1:97
abrasives for 1:103T
gear quality
international standards for 1:97
typical applications of 1:97T
gear shape 1:457–458
gear shaving 1:105–107, 1:118–119T
advantages 1:109
applications 1:109
limitations 1:109
mechanism of 1:106–107
types of 1:107
axial or conventional 1:107
diagonal 1:107–108
plunge 1:108–109
tangential or underpass 1:108
gear shaving cutters, types of 1:107F
gear shaving process, axes arrangement in
1:106F
gears
classification of 1:94
materials, manufacturing and quality of
1:96–97
microgeometry of 1:95–96
surface quality of 1:95
gel 3:327–328, 3:328
General Electric Infrastructure Aviation
(GEA) 1:419
generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) flow model
1:450
generative grinding 1:99–100
using cup-shaped wheel 1:100, 1:100F
using dish-shaped wheel 1:100, 1:100F
using rack-tooth worm wheel 1:100–101,
1:101F
Index 393
generative grinding (continued)
using threaded wheel 1:100, 1:100F
genetic algorithm (GA) 1:19, 1:43, 1:87
geometric simulation model 1:197
geometrical parameter of coating 3:52
GFRPs see glass-fiber-reinforced plastics
(GFRPs)
GHS flow model see generalized Hele-Shaw
(GHS) flow model
glass fiber composite 1:204
glass mat thermoplastics (GMT) 1:219
glass-fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRPs)
1:204, 1:206, 3:48
glass-inserted mold 1:444
‘glow discharge’ carburizing 2:80
glycerin 3:363–364
GMT see glass mat thermoplastics (GMT)
good adhesion property 3:306
gooseneck casting see hot chamber die
casting process
GP zones see Guinier–Preston (GP) zones
GRA see gray relational analysis (GRA)
graded coatings 3:45
graded cooling 2:387
grain
boundaries 2:85F
coarsening 2:8
refinement 1:418, 1:420–421, 1:425,
1:426, 1:426F, 1:427
size effect 2:63, 2:63F
graphite 1:276–277
graphitization 2:256
graphitizing annealing 2:251
gravimetric method 3:51
gray irons 2:248
see also cast irons; malleable irons
heat treatment 2:249–251
annealing 2:251
austempering 2:253–255, 2:254F,
2:255F
hardening and tempering 2:252–253
martempering 2:255
normalizing 2:252
stress relieving 2:249–251
surface hardening 2:255–256
gray relational analysis (GRA) 1:223–224,
1:226
application in optimization of cut
characteristics 1:224–225, 1:225F
determination of optimal joining
condition 1:226
experimental methods and
measurements 1:225
gray relational coefficient calculation
1:226–227, 1:227T
gray relational grade 1:227–228, 1:227T,
1:228F
gray system theory 1:223–224
green coating 3:50
green cutting 1:80
grinding 3:193–194, 3:307
abrasive belt grinding 3:194
conventional grinding 3:193–194
grinding burn 1:367
grinding cracks 2:105
prevention 2:105
grinding fluid 1:101
grinding wheel speed 1:101
grinding wheel wear 1:379
gripper mode 1:41
Grossmann method 2:56–57, 2:60
correlation between 2:61
multiplying factors 2:67T
ground–equipment–support interactions 1:41
guided running wire 1:283
Guinier–Preston (GP) zones 2:352,
2:353–354, 2:412
H
H subdivision state 2:383
H temper 2:340T
variation 2:340
H2S treatment 3:16–19
H13 steel 2:235F
hadfield steel 2:197–199, 2:198F, 2:198T
Hall–Petch relation 2:9
hand lay-up 1:220, 1:220F
hand stoning process 3:194
HAp see hydroxyapatite (HAp)
hard chrome coatings 3:49
hard chrome coatings 3:39–40, 3:230,
3:231–232
see also hot-dip galvanized coatings
carbide tools 3:230–231
deposition 3:232–233
design 3:231F
effect on workpiece surface finish
3:235–239
materials and design 3:232
multilayer 3:233–234
nanocomposite 3:235
nanolayer 3:234–235
hard machining
see also electrical discharge machining
(EDM)
applications 1:51–53
industrial applications 1:53
industrial applications of hard-part
machining 1:52F
workpiece clamping 1:52–53
cooling techniques applications 1:80–83
cryogenic machining 1:80–83
dry machining 1:80–83
semidry machining 1:80–83
solid lubricants application 1:83–86
vegetable oils application 1:83–86
modeling 1:75–76
cutting force modeling 1:75–76
RSs modeling 1:78–80
tool wear progression modeling
1:76–78, 1:78T
hard turning 1:69, 1:86
hardenability 2:19–20, 2:37–38, 2:50, 2:249
bands 2:61–62, 2:62F
boron effect 2:67–69, 2:68F, 2:69F
carbon content effect 2:51F
criterion for measuring 2:52–53
mechanism of heat removal during
quenching 2:53
critical cooling rate 2:51F
estimation from chemical composition
and austenite grain size 2:66–67
factors affecting 2:62–63
alloying elements effect 2:65–66, 2:65F,
2:66F
austenitizing temperature and time
2:63–64
carbon content effect 2:64–65
grain size effect 2:63, 2:63F
hardness vs. 2:51–52
Jominy end-quench test 2:60–61
rockwell hardness 2:52F
hardened steel 1:47–48
applications
and machining characteristics 1:49–50
of types 1:50T
machining
characteristics 1:50T, 1:51T
optimization studies in 1:86–88
soft and hard 1:48F
hardening 1:47–48, 2:29–31
double 2:87–89, 2:88F
of ductile irons 2:264
factors influencing 2:31
adequate carbon content to produce
hardening 2:31
austenite decomposition to produce
pearlite, bainite, and martensite
structures 2:31–32
heating rate 2:32
soaking time 2:32
temperature of heating 2:32
of gray iron 2:252–253, 2:253F, 2:254F
case study on 2:253
heat treatment 2:19–20
of malleable irons 2:257–258, 2:259F,
2:260F
single
with core refinement 2:87, 2:88F
without core refinement 2:87, 2:87F
hardmetals 2:449
hardness, low 2:103
hardness traverse 2:56–57
hard-part machining (HPM) 1:47–48
hardened steel 1:48F
industrial applications 1:52F
hard-part turning (HPT) 1:48–49
qualitative comparison with grinding
1:48–49, 1:49F
HASL see hot-air solder leveling (HASL)
Hastelloy 2:398, 2:416
H-atom diffusion 3:16
HAZ see heat-affected zone (HAZ)
hazardless process 3:364
HB see Brinell hardness number (HB)
HCCIs see high-chromium cast irons
(HCCIs)
HCHCr see high carbon high chromium
(HCHCr)
HDM see hole-drilling method (HDM)
HDPE 1:443–444
head forging 2:311
heat preservation 2:385–386, 2:386F
heat resistance 2:270
heat treatment 2:273
high silicon irons 2:273
394 Index
heat treatment 2:2, 2:273, 2:292–293,
2:337, 2:422
of Al alloys 2:341–347, 2:373
Al–4Cu alloy 2:378–380, 2:379F
all-purpose aluminum alloys 2:374,
2:374F
annealing 2:368, 2:368T
for cast alloys 2:358–363
classification 2:373, 2:373T
dimensional changes 2:368
dispersion hardening and dislocation
mechanisms 2:381–382, 2:382F
equilibrium precipitation process
2:375–377, 2:375F, 2:376F
heat treatment furnaces 2:341–347
over-aging 2:380–381, 2:381F
precipitation sequence and aging
process 2:377–378, 2:377F, 2:378F
regression treatment 2:382, 2:383F,
2:383T
SS and equilibrium precipitation
2:374–375
strengthening 2:347–350
stress relief 2:363–368, 2:367F
sub-classification of solutionizing and
aging 2:373–374
for wrought alloys 2:357–358
alloying see alloying
in a-Ti alloys 2:292–293
in CP Ti and 2:292–293
in near a-Ti alloys 2:291
in a/b-Ti alloys 2:301–305
annealing 2:20
austenitic graphitic irons 2:271
in b-Ti alloys 2:311–317
of cast irons
carbon content in matrix 2:248–249
critical temperature ranges 2:248,
2:248F, 2:249T
hardenability 2:249
shape and size of castings 2:249
surface oxidation and decarburization
2:249
of copper see copper, heat treatment of
corrosion resistant high silicon irons
2:273–276
defects 2:47–48
overheating 2:48
quench cracks 2:47–48
ductile irons 2:260–262
of gas-carburized steels 2:90
of gray irons 2:249–251
hardening 2:29–31
heat resistant high silicon irons 2:273
high-chromium white irons 2:280–281
of malleable irons 2:256–257
of nickel alloys see nickel alloys, heat
treatment of
nickel–chromium white irons 2:277–279
normalizing 2:27–29
practical aspects of 2:231–232
austenitization 2:233
cooling mediums for quenching 2:233
design, machining, and stress relief 2:232
heating furnaces 2:232–233
preheating 2:233
quality of 2:234–236
time and temperature of tempering
2:233–234
processes, types of 2:5F
process variables 2:9–11
austenitization 2:10–11
quenching and quenching medium
2:36–39
stages of 2:2
heating step 2:2–3
soaking stage 2:4
of steel 2:4–8
common heat treating processes 2:9
effect of excess heating beyond
homogenization 2:8–9
production of homogeneous austenite
2:8
steel casting 2:211–212, 2:211F
tempering 2:39–42
TRIP 2:208
troubleshooting 2:236–237
forging die with premature failure (case
study) 2:239–240
importance of 2:236–237
ISO VH13 steel 2:238–239
VF800AT steel 2:237–238
heat-affected zone (HAZ) 1:250–251,
1:251F, 1:391
heating furnaces 2:232–233
heating rate 2:3, 2:384
heating temperature 2:3–4, 2:384
heat-treatable alloys 2:341, 2:341T
heat-treatable aluminum alloys 2:354
heat-treatment processes 2:180–181
of AF1410 steel 2:185–186, 2:185F, 2:186F
of 9Ni4Co steel 2:184–185
HEL see Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL)
Hele-Shaw flow model 1:444, 1:444–445,
1:489
helical gears 3:373–374, 3:373F
Helmholtz double layer 3:361
Helmholtz equation 2:160–161
HER see hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)
Hertzian contact 1:135, 1:135–136
Hertzian contact theory 1:122–123
hexavalent chromes 3:322–323
hexavalent chromium 3:150
hexavalent non-chromic coatings 3:320
HIE wire see high eagle (HIE) wire
HIF wire see high falcon (HIF) wire
high carbon high chromium (HCHCr) 1:186
high eagle (HIE) wire 1:238
high falcon (HIF) wire 1:238
high hawk (HIH) wire 1:238
high pressure die casting process (HPDCP)
see die casting process
high real (HIR) wire 1:238
high sonic (HIS) wire 1:238
high speed steels (HSS) 1:50, 1:106–107,
2:215, 2:216–218, 2:225F, 3:231
microstructure of 2:216
high strength temperature resistant (HSTR)
3:359
high temperature stabilization 2:271
high temperature thermo-mechanical
treatment (HT TMT) 2:392
high tensile strength wires 1:247–248
molybdenum wire 1:248
MolyCarb wire 1:248
steel core wires 1:248–249, 1:248F, 1:249F
tungsten wire 1:248
high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) 3:43, 3:56,
3:191–192, 3:207, 3:208F, 3:208T
coatings 3:209
comparison with thermal spray techniques
3:209–210
CoNiCrAlY coating 3:196
HAp–TiO2 coatings 3:200
spray 3:208F, 3:210, 3:211–213, 3:213,
3:214T
as-sprayed surface finish 3:213
history 3:207
mechanism of coating 3:208–209
post-deposition surface finish
3:215–217
pre-deposition surface finish 3:211–213
principle 3:207
process technical details 3:207–208
spray parameters 3:207–208
surface finish guidelines for 3:210–211,
3:212F
spray and surface finish 3:211–213
surface finish guidelines for HVOF
spraying 3:210–211, 3:212F
thermal spray techniques, characteristic
parameters of 3:210T
high velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) coating of
nickel based alloys 3:96–110
corrosion testing of coating 3:109
experimental 3:98
analytical expression for residual stress
3:99
electro chemical tests 3:99
fracture toughness by indentation tests
3:98
residual stress measurements by
curvature method 3:98–99
findings and discussions 3:101–102
coating morphology and metallurgical
changes 3:101–102
electro chemical testing 3:105–107
laser-treated coatings 3:103–105
modeling of laser treatment of coating
3:107–108
laser treatment of coating and numerical
study 3:109
literature review and background 3:96–98
mathematical modeling 3:99–101
numerical solution 3:101
single layer coating 3:101–102, 3:109
two laser coating 3:102–103, 3:109
high-alloy irons 2:248, 2:277F
see also ductile irons
heat treatment 2:269–271
abrasion resistant high-alloy white irons
2:276–279
austenitic graphitic irons 2:269–271
heat resistant high silicon irons 2:273
heat treatment of corrosion resistant
high silicon irons 2:273–276
oxidation resistant high-aluminum
irons 2:276
Index 395
high-alloy nickel–chromium white irons
2:277–278
high-carbon, high-chromium cold-work
steels 2:217–218T, 2:219–221T
high-carbon high-alloy steels 2:194
high-chromium cast irons (HCCIs)
2:284–285
high-chromium white irons heat treatment
2:280–281
high-molecular-weight polymers 1:481
high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HRTEM) 3:287F
high-speed machining (HSM) 1:51
high-temperature (HT) 2:340T
batch annealing 2:195
high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD)
2:329, 3:8, 3:11
HIH wire see high hawk (HIH) wire
HIP see hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
HIR wire see high real (HIR) wire
HIS wire see high sonic (HIS) wire
hob 1:508–509
hole-drilling method (HDM) 1:415–416,
3:57, 3:58–59, 3:58F
XRD method vs. 1:416–417
HOMMELWERKE TURBO RAUHEIT V 6.14
1:31
homogeneous austenite
production of 2:8
time–temperature relationship in 2:11F
homogeneous palladium coating 3:6
homogenization 2:4, 2:211
annealing 2:24
treatment 2:400–401
homogenized and quenched (HQ) sample
2:327, 2:328F, 2:329
homopolycondensation 1:217
honing 3:194
gear 3:373–374
process 3:194
Hooke’s law 1:414–415
horizontal micro-EDM working system
1:289
hot and cold rolling 2:383
sheets/plates, tempers for 2:382–383,
2:384T, 2:385T
hot chamber die casting process 1:514
hot compression moldings 1:219
hot dip galvanized wire 1:249
hot embossing 1:526
advantages 1:526
applications 1:527
limitations 1:527
hot forged/extruded profiles, tempers for
2:382, 2:384T
hot forging die, with complex geometry
2:244
hot forming tools 2:240
hot isostatic pressing (HIP) 1:512, 3:197,
3:339, 3:348
hot press processes 1:218
hot pressing (HP) 3:348
hot upset forging 1:525
hot working tool steels 2:216, 2:223F
carburization of 2:101–102
gas carburizing cycle for 2:101F
hot-air solder leveling (HASL) 3:221
hot-dip galvanization 3:41
composite in 3:28–29
influence of metal oxides on 3:26–28,
3:28F
hot-dip galvanized coatings 3:184
see also hard coatings
alloy layers 3:26F
composite in galvanization process
3:28–29
developments in metal composites
incorporated in 3:25–26
implication of metal composites
3:30–31
metal oxide influence 3:26–28, 3:28F
hot-dip galvanizing process 3:47,
3:178–181, 3:179F, 3:183T, 3:186F,
3:187
applications 3:179F
batch hot-dip galvanizing processes
3:181–183, 3:182F
continuous hot-dip galvanizing processes
3:181–183, 3:182F
failure mechanisms in galvanized steels
3:187–188
galvanizing of AHSS 3:185–187
presence of elements in galvanizing bath
3:184–185
research and development activities in
3:183–184
hot-dip zinc coating
physico-chemical properties of metal
oxide containing 3:30–31
preoxidation of steel 3:29–30
hot-work die steel 2:190
HP see hot pressing (HP)
HP9–4–30 steel 2:184
HPM see hard-part machining (HPM)
HPT see hard-part turning (HPT)
HQ sample see homogenized and quenched
(HQ) sample
HRTEM see high-resolution transmission
electron microscopy (HRTEM)
HSM see high-speed machining (HSM)
HSS see high speed steels (HSS)
HSS-Co twist drill 1:211
HSTR see high strength temperature
resistant (HSTR)
HT see high-temperature (HT)
HT TMT see high temperature thermo-
mechanical treatment (HT TMT)
HTXRD see high-temperature X-ray
diffraction (HTXRD)
Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) 1:409–410
HVOF see high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)
hybrid design 1:143–144
hybrid finishing process 1:98
hybrid materials 3:119
hybrid process 1:294–296
continuous machining process of array
micro-holes 1:296–298
finishing process 3:371
hybridized material removal process
1:270
LIGA–micro-EDM hybrid machining
process 1:298–300, 1:300F
micro-turning–micro-EDM hybrid
machining process 1:294–296
self-drilled holes–TF-WEDG hybrid
machining process 1:296
superfinishing process 3:372
hybrid technology see combination
technology
hybrid tool, model for 1:146F
hydrazine based plating bath 3:6
hydrochloric acid 3:222
hydrofluoride 3:226
hydrogen 3:14, 3:207–208
applications in hydrogen purification
3:14–16
permeability 3:14
permeation properties 3:15–16
activation energy for 3:18F
function of pressure gradient 3:16F
literature permeability results 3:17T
separation 3:8
hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 3:87,
3:92–93
hydrolysis 3:328
hydrophobic coatings 3:49
hydrophobic surfaces 3:282
droplets slides on 3:283F
hydrophobicity and surface finish
3:137–148
effect of dust accumulation on PV cell
efficiency 3:137
historical background 3:137
polycarbonates (PCs) 3:137–138
crystallization process of 3:138
solid–liquid interface and PC-liquid
acetone 3:142–143
AFM micrographs 3:142–143
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
technique 3:147
hydrophobicity assessments 3:145–147
scanning electron micrographs 3:144
surface roughness 3:144–145
X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique
3:147
superhydrophobic surfaces
fabrication methods and technologies
of 3:140–142
theoretical models 3:138
effect of chemical treatment and
roughness on surface hydrophobicity
3:139
fundamentals 3:138
rough surfaces, classification of 3:140
self-cleaning surfaces 3:140
Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter states
3:139–140
Young’s equation 3:138–139
hydroxide solutions 3:200
hydroxyapatite (HAp) 3:196, 3:349,
3:350
X-ray diffraction pattern 3:353F
hyperelastic material theory 1:147–148
hypereutectoid steels 2:2–3, 2:16F
annealing of 2:23, 2:23–24
hypophosphite 3:4
hysteresis of contact angle 3:278–279,
3:297–298
396 Index
I
I surfaces see interrupted surfaces
(I surfaces)
IACS see International Annealed Copper
Standard (IACS)
IADS see International Alloy Development
System (IADS)
IBF see ion beam figuring (IBF)
ICCO see International Cocoa Organization
(ICCO)
ICDD database see International Centre for
Diffraction Data (ICDD) database
ICM see injection compression molding
(ICM)
ideal critical diameter 2:59–60, 2:59F, 2:60F
ideal quenching medium 2:58–59
ideal separation factor 3:14
IEG see interelectrode gap (IEG)
IF steel see interstitial-free steel (IF steel)
IGA see improved genetic algorithm (IGA);
intergranular attack (IGA)
ilmenite 2:289
IM process see injection molding (IM)
process
image particle-finding method 3:273F
imaging systems 3:261–263
for surface characterization 3:261–263
IMM see injection molding machine (IMM)
immobilization 1:42
impact wear resistance 2:437
impression forging see closed die forging
improved genetic algorithm (IGA)
1:20–21
in situ method 3:59, 3:60F
INCO see International Nickel Company
(INCO)
incomplete annealing 2:22–23
Inconel 2:398, 2:416
Inconel 625 coating 3:98, 3:102
incubation period 2:7
indentation testing 3:52
indentation tests, fracture toughness by
3:98
Indian Standard Specifications (ISS) 1:507
indirect second stage graphitization 2:27
induction hardening 2:154, 2:256
induction surface hardening see surface
induction hardening
inductor–hardened body system 2:168–169
inductor–sprayer system 2:163, 2:164,
2:165–166, 2:166
industrial coating 3:150
infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy
(IRRAS) 3:284F
ingot 1:524
initial contact point 1:121–122
injection compression molding (ICM)
1:511, 1:518–519
advantages 1:518–519
applications 1:519
limitations 1:519
injection electrode ELID grinding system
1:386F
injection molding (IM) process 1:442,
1:479
critical factors influencing part quality in
1:480
injection molding cycle 1:479–480,
1:479F
modeling of 1:491–492
cooling phase of injection molding
1:496
feedstock properties and mixing
simulation 1:491–492, 1:492–493
filling phase of injection molding
1:495
fundamentals of governing equations
and boundary conditions 1:493–494
melt flow behavior in micro-size
channel 1:494–495
packing phase of injection molding
1:495–496
optimization techniques for 1:485F
simulation-based 1:485F
principles of 1:479
processing variables of 1:486T
injection molding equipment 1:467–468
auxiliary equipment for 1:473
feedstock mixing mechanism 1:468
injection molding machine (IMM)
1:467–468, 1:468–470
based on injection unit 1:469F
clamping unit 1:473
experimental setup of control system for
1:487F
horizontal 1:468, 1:469F
hybrid 1:468, 1:469F
mold design 1:470–472, 1:471F
part design for micro-PIM 1:473
runner and gating system design
1:472–473, 1:472F
screw design for 1:470
vertical 1:468, 1:469F
inorganic sealers 3:199–200
aluminum–phosphate 3:199–200
chemical treatment 3:200
chemical vapor deposition 3:200
electroplating 3:200
enameling 3:200
molten metal or oxide penetration
3:200
sealing using glass formers 3:200
sol–gel process 3:200
instrumental effects 1:417
integrated automation system 1:53–54
intelligent algorithms 1:487
intended metal 3:330
intercritical annealing 2:22–23
interelectrode gap (IEG) 3:359–360, 3:369
intergranular attack (IGA) 3:370
intergranular corrosion 2:200–201
interlamellar spacing 2:252
intermediate thermal-mechanical treatment
(ITMT) 2:391–392
intermetallic compounds 2:374, 2:378,
2:390–391, 3:220
internal honing 1:104
external spur gear 1:105F
internal turning 1:26, 1:27, 1:28F
International Alloy Development System
(IADS) 2:337–338
International Annealed Copper Standard
(IACS) 1:237, 1:244, 2:399
International Centre for Diffraction Data
(ICDD) database 3:160
International Cocoa Organization (ICCO)
1:204
International Nickel Company (INCO)
2:416
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) gear standard
1:507
international tool steel classification
standards 2:219–221T
interrupted surfaces (I surfaces) 1:71
interstitial solid solution 2:84F
interstitial-free steel (IF steel) 3:183
recrystallized structure of 2:26F
intrinsic stresses 3:57
INVAR 36 alloy powders 1:476T
ion beam figuring (IBF) 1:164–166
ion implantation 2:125, 3:202–203
ion shot ELID (ELID IV) grinding 1:370
principle of 1:371F
iron 1:281
allotropy 2:218–222
flow of carbon in 2:82–85
and iron–carbide equilibrium 2:83F
iron–carbon alloy 2:2, 2:3–4
iron–carbon equilibrium 2:222
iron–carbon martensites 2:19–20
iron–iron carbide equilibrium 2:74, 2:75F
iron–nitrogen system 2:109–110
binary phase diagram 2:110F
IRRAS see infrared reflection-absorption
spectroscopy (IRRAS)
ISO gear standard see International
Organization for Standardization
(ISO) gear standard
ISOMAX 2:241
isostrain 1:213
isostress 1:213
isothermal annealing 2:20–22, 2:21F
isothermal transformation behavior 2:6–7,
2:7–8
ISS see Indian Standard Specifications (ISS)
Italian Gear standard 1:507
ITMT see intermediate thermal-mechanical
treatment (ITMT)
J
Japanese Gear Manufacturing Association
(JGMA) standard 1:507
Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) gear
standard 1:507
Jeol 6460 electron microscopy 3:74
JEOL JDX-3530 SEM and EDS 3:98
Jeol JSM-6460LV scanning electron
microscope 3:160
JGMA standard see Japanese Gear
Manufacturing Association (JGMA)
standard
JIS gear standard see Japanese Industrial
Standards (JIS) gear standard
Johnson–Cook equation 1:76
Index 397
Jominy end-quench test 2:60–61, 2:60F,
2:61F
correlation between 2:61, 2:61F
hardenability bands 2:61–62
K
kerf variations 1:223
kerf width 1:222–223, 1:349, 1:351, 1:358,
1:358–359, 1:362–363
different in process 1:223, 1:223F
variations 1:223
kerosene 1:278
kinetics 2:387
Kirchhoff-Fourier equation 2:161
Kirkendall effect 3:11
knitting fiber 1:218
KNN see potassium sodium niobate (KNN)
KOEPFER gantry loader 1:53–54
Kriging 1:484
KTN see potassium tantalate niobate (KTN)
kurtosis 1:12
L
lacquer 3:149
LAM see laser-assisted machining (LAM)
Lame equations 2:161
lamella 3:209
primary morphologies 3:209F
lamina 1:213, 1:214F
Langevin function 1:148
lapping process 3:194
large step-over size 1:127F
LASER see Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation (LASER)
laser ablation 3:122
laser beam processing for surface
modifications see laser surface:
treatment
laser bending 1:352
experimental 1:352
mathematical analysis 1:352–354
results and discussions of 1:359–361
self-annealing effect 1:359, 1:361
laser cutting process 1:348–350
cut quality assessment 1:351
evaluation of cut quality 1:351
factorial analysis 1:351–352
experimental method 1:349–350
thermal analysis 1:349–350
lump parameter analysis for Kerf size
1:350–351
results and discussions of 1:357–359
laser drilling 1:345–347
experimental method 1:347
hole quality assessment 1:347–348
evaluation of hole geometric features
1:347–348
factorial analysis 1:348
results and discussions of 1:354–357
qualitative analysis 1:355–357
quantitative analysis 1:357
laser interference lithography (LIL) 3:125,
3:125–126
laser machining (LM) 1:344, 3:122, 3:124
laser conduction limited heating 1:345
laser nonconduction limited heating 1:345
laser micromachining 1:330–331
laser optics 1:166
laser peening 1:408, 1:409, 1:409–410,
1:425–427, 2:174
advantages and disadvantages and
applications 1:418–419
AFM surface topography 1:424F
confined ablation process 1:413F
conventional shot peening 1:409
future trends 1:435
laser beam irradiating material surface
1:410F
laser-peened materials relaxation behavior
1:431
grain and dislocation evolution during
isothermal annealing 1:434F
mechanical relaxation of residual stress
1:431
thermal relaxation of residual stress
1:431–435
laser systems 1:411, 1:412–413T
magnifications of 6061-T6 alloy 1:430F
mechanical and metallurgical effects
corrosion properties 1:427–429
deformation mechanism 1:425–427
fatigue properties 1:422–425
LY12CZ specimens 1:425F
metallurgical modifications during
1:419–422
tensile properties 1:425–427
welded joints 1:429–431
residual stresses
crystallite size and micro-strain
1:417–418
distribution 1:416F, 1:424F
generation 1:413–414, 1:414F
measurement of residual stresses
1:414–415
SEM photographs of laser-peened surfaces
1:423F
shock wave formation 1:411–413
shot peening vs. 1:410
stress corrosion cracking test results of
SUS304 1:429F
laser peening without coating (LPWC)
1:416
laser polishing 1:166
laser polymerization, materials for
3:117–118
hybrid materials 3:119
organic photopolymers 3:118–119
photoinitiators 3:118
SU-8 3:119
laser shock peening (LSP) principle 3:123,
3:123F
laser surface
ablation 3:72
of ceramics 3:125
modification 1:408
treatment 2:137, 2:140
experimental studies 2:137–139
phosphorous bronze 2:139, 2:141–143,
2:151
Rene 41 2:140–141, 2:146–151, 2:151
yttria-stabilized zirconia 2:139–140,
2:143–146, 2:151
laser surface texturing (LST) 3:123
laser treatment, modeling of
of coating 3:107–108
laser treatment of coating and numerical
study 3:109
laser(s) 2:137
beam intensity distribution 2:137
energy 1:411
engraving 3:203
gas-assisted nitriding 2:132
machining 1:221–222
melting/ablation parameters 2:138,
2:138T
remelting 3:196, 3:196
shock processing 1:409–410
surface modification 1:408
systems for laser peening 1:411
texturing 3:71–72, 3:72
alumina tiles 3:72–73
experimental work 3:74–75
PC sheet 3:72
phosphorous bronze 3:73–74
results and discussion 3:75–78
laser-assisted machining (LAM) 1:331,
3:124, 3:124–125
laser-based surface texturing techniques
3:122–126
laser-matter interactions, spectrum of
3:122F
laser-treated coatings 3:103–105
laser-treated layer 3:73–74
laser-workpiece interaction mechanism
1:345
lath martensite microstructure 2:92F
layer removal (LR) 3:58–59
LC-ALPHAIII see CO2 laser
LCD see liquid crystal display (LCD)
L/D ratio see length–diameter (L/D) ratio
lead-free ferroelectric ceramics, SPS in
3:352–354
lead-free materials 3:349
lead-free solders 3:222
least-squares (LS) 1:88
Lehrer diagrams 2:110–112
hypothetical surface reactions 2:111F
representation of 2:111F
LEI see lower detector (LEI)
LEIS see low energy ion scattering (LEIS)
length–diameter (L/D) ratio 1:31
leveling effect 3:369
LGVs see light goods vehicles (LGVs)
Lifshitz–van der Walls components 2:139T
light alloys 2:430–431
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission
of Radiation (LASER) 1:330–331
light goods vehicles (LGVs) 2:442
LIL see laser interference lithography (LIL)
lime-alumina-borosilicate glass see E-glass
fiber
line scanning 3:273
linear micro-scratch tester 2:138
398 Index
linear polycondensation 1:217
linear polymers 1:217
linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT) 3:61
line-of-sight process 3:233
liquid carburization 2:73, 2:76–77
advantages 2:77
carburizing process
high temperature baths 2:77
low temperature baths 2:76–77
disadvantages 2:77
safety precautions 2:77–78
liquid carburizing baths
composition of 2:77T
sodium cyanide content in 2:77T
liquid cooling stage 2:53
liquid crystal display (LCD) 3:113–114,
3:114, 3:114F
liquid diffusion 3:42
liquid helium (LHe2) 2:423–424
liquid metal-assisted cracking (LMAC)
3:187–188, 3:187F, 3:188F
liquid nitrogen (LN2) 2:422
liquid petroleum 1:278
LIS see lubricant impregnated surfaces (LIS)
liter per minute (lpm) 3:366
Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung
(LIGA) 1:322
LIGA–micro-EDM hybrid machining
process 1:298–300, 1:300F
lithography 3:292, 3:292F
lithography, electroforming and molding
1:511, 1:521–522
advantages 1:522
applications 1:522
limitations 1:522
LM see laser machining (LM)
LMAC see liquid metal-assisted cracking
(LMAC)
local maxima 1:223
local minima 1:223
long wavelength 1:223
loose-abrasive grinding 1:154–157
conventional loose-abrasive grinding
1:154–157
unconventional loose-abrasive grinding
1:157–158
loose-abrasive polishing 1:159–162, 1:159
lotus effect 3:277
low alloy steels, carburization of 2:94
chromium–nickel steel 2:94
molybdenum–nickel steel 2:94–96
low energy ion scattering (LEIS) 3:8
low temperature tempered (LTT) martensite
2:91
low temperature tempering 2:387
low temperature thermo-mechanical
treatment (LT TMT) 2:392
low-alloy special-purpose tool steels
2:217–218T, 2:219–221T
lower detector (LEI) 3:91F, 3:92
low-molecular-weight polymers 1:481
low-pressure injection molding (LPIM) 1:467
low-pressure PIM (L-PIM) 1:521
LPIM see low-pressure injection molding
(LPIM)
L-PIM see low-pressure PIM (L-PIM)
lpm see liter per minute (lpm)
LPWC see laser peening without coating
(LPWC)
LR see layer removal (LR)
LS see least-squares (LS)
LSP principle see laser shock peening (LSP)
principle
LST see laser surface texturing (LST)
LT TMT see low temperature thermo-
mechanical treatment (LT TMT)
LTS-KNN see (Na0.52K0.44Li0.04)
(Nb0.86Ta0.06Sb0.08)O3 (LTS-KNN)
LTT martensite see low temperature
tempered (LTT) martensite
lubricant impregnated surfaces (LIS) 3:142
LVDT see linear variable differential
transformer (LVDT)
M
M05>S05 reverse ‘T’ micro channel 1:454
M08þ S05 cross ‘þ ’ micro channel
1:455–456
machinability 1:17, 2:270
machine–fixture–tool–work system
(M–F–T–W system) 1:74
machining 1:26, 1:27, 1:55, 1:70, 3:193
conditions 1:1–4
cutting fluids 1:1–4
method of fluid application 1:1–4
tool vibration 1:4–6
factors affecting cut quality 1:222–223
kerf width 1:222–223
surface roughness 1:223–224, 1:224F
of natural fiber-reinforced composite
1:221–222
parameters 1:29, 1:30
parameters effect 1:13–17, 1:19T
on surface roughness 1:18T
safety considerations 1:222
machining processes, general characteristics
of 3:259T, 3:259–260T
macro–micro flow model 1:445
macro flow model 1:444
macro-gears 1:506
shape 1:458–461
macro-geometry of insert 1:56–58
macroroughness 1:223
macro-stress 2:38–39
magnesium alloys 2:448
magnesium stearate 3:285
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1:206
magnetic spoiling 2:196
magnetorheological (MR) fluid 1:161
magnetorheological finishing (MRF)
1:161
magnetron 3:233
sputtering 3:233
malleable irons 2:248
see also cast irons; gray irons
heat treatment 2:256–257, 2:256T
bainitic heat treatment of malleable
irons 2:258
blackheart malleable iron 2:257
hardening and tempering of malleable
irons 2:257–258
martempering of malleable irons 2:258
surface hardening of pearlitic malleable
irons 2:258–260
whiteheart malleable iron 2:256–257
malleablizing annealing 2:256
mandrel 1:219
testing 3:51–52, 3:51F
wrapping 1:220
manganese 2:14, 2:265, 2:271
MAPP see methyl acetylene propadiene
(MAPP)
maraging steel 2:205–207, 2:206F, 2:206T
embrittlement in 2:207–208
heat-treatment sequence 2:206T, 2:207,
2:207F, 2:208F
marine coating 3:150
martempering 2:43–44, 2:44F
of gray iron 2:255
of malleable irons 2:258
martensite 2:7–8, 2:90–91, 2:409–410,
3:336
finish 2:424
formation 2:90–91
heating of 2:226
microstructure 2:31F, 2:156
morphologies 2:91–92
tempering, effect of 2:92
transition carbides, role of 2:92
martensite reorientation (MR) 2:325–326
martensite start (Ms) temperature 2:255,
2:264, 2:266, 2:282
martensite transformation curve 2:45F
martensitic stainless steel 2:199–200,
2:199T, 2:200F, 2:201F
martensitic transformation (MT) 2:3–4,
2:19–20, 2:222–224, 2:322
in Ti–Ni alloys 2:322–324
mass flow rate 1:449
mass transport phenomenon in ECM
3:369
master decomposition curve (MDC)
1:480–481
evaluation of apparent activation energy
1:481–482
multistep burnout process 1:482–483
single-step burnout process 1:481
master sintering curve (MSC) 1:481
material laser ablation 3:122, 3:122F
material migration 1:314–317
material removal processes
conventional process 1:268
hybridized process 1:270
nonconventional process 1:268–270
material removal rate (MRR) 1:101, 1:154,
1:154–155, 1:156, 1:171, 1:268–270,
1:280, 1:306–311, 3:366
ANOVA for 1:307T
mathematical flow model 1:449–450
ANSYS CFX flow model 1:450–451
MoldFlow flow model 1:450
suggestion non-Newtonian viscosity
model 1:451
mathematical modeling 1:194–195, 1:194F,
1:448–449
Index 399
Matlab 3:273
matrix material, composite types based on
1:212
CMC 1:212
MMC 1:212
PMC 1:212–215
MBD see multibody dynamics (MBD)
MBEDG see moving block electrical
discharge grinding (MBEDG)
MCS see Monte Carlo step (MCS)
MD see molecular dynamics (MD)
MDC see master decomposition curve
(MDC)
MDM see modified distance method
(MDM)
MDN250 steel 1:16
mean contact stress 1:137
mean residual (MR)
defined 1:482
mechanical attrition 2:175F, 2:178
mechanical finishing 3:192–193
effect of finishing on coatings 3:194–195
grinding 3:193–194
modeling finishing process 3:195
polishing techniques 3:194
turning 3:193
mechanical pen method 3:288
mechanical polishing 3:307–308
mechanical property 2:374, 2:382
mechanical stress 2:241
mechanical surface treatment, recent
advances in 2:171–179
peening 2:171–172
laser peening 2:174
shot peening 2:171–172
warm peening 2:173–174
SMAT 2:174–176
mechanism of surface
nanocrystallization by SMAT 2:176
microstructure characterization of the
SMAT 2:176
properties of SMAT surface layer
2:176–178
SMAT process 2:175–176
mechanical twins (MTs) 1:426–427
mechanistic modeling 1:76
medium-carbon low-alloy steels 2:181,
2:188, 2:188F
chromium–molybdenum steel 2:192
forging quality steel 2:181, 2:182–183F
heat treatment 2:184–185, 2:185–186,
2:185F, 2:186F
medium-carbon chromium–vanadium
steel 2:192
nanoscale precipitations hardenable steel
2:187–188
Ni–Cr structural steel 2:189–192, 2:190F,
2:191F
precipitation hardened martensitic steels
2:181–184, 2:184F
press hardenable ultrahigh-strength steel
2:186–187
Si-modified 4340 steel 2:188–189
medium-frequency (MF) 3:233
MEKP see methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
(MEKP)
MEMS see micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS)
MEMS/NEMS see micro/nano
electromechanical systems (MEMS/
NEMS)
MEO see micro-arc oxidation (MEO)
meso-gears 1:506
metal
composition 2:264–266
deposition 3:3
ELID grinding for 1:374–377
fibers 1:209
metal composite
in hot-dip galvanized coating 3:25–26
implication for performance of zinc alloy
coating 3:30–31
electrochemical characteristics of zinc
coating 3:32–35
enhancement in surface topographical
characteristics 3:31–32, 3:31F
physico-chemical properties of metal
oxide 3:30–31
metal injection molding (MIM) 1:467,
1:511, 1:516–518, 1:517F
advantages 1:518
applications 1:518
inspection and quality control of MIM
products 1:498–499
limitations 1:518
potential causes and remedies of common
defects in 1:498T
process capabilities 1:517–518
metal injection molding feedstock,
composite and formulation of
1:478T
metal injection molding powders 1:475T
metal matrix composites (MMCs) 1:10,
1:212, 1:232, 2:446, 3:51
metal oxide
direct blending of molten bath with 3:29
incorporation methods 3:28–29
direct blending of molten bath 3:29
formation of predeposited metal oxide
layer 3:28–29
preoxidation of steel prior to hot-dip
zinc coating 3:29–30
vacuum coating techniques 3:29
influence on hot-dip galvanization process
3:26–28, 3:28F
metal powder 1:475–476
characteristics and test standard 1:476T
metal-cutting process 1:27
metallic coatings 3:183
metallic gear materials 1:506–507
metallography and numerical results
3:167–169
metallurgical analysis 2:307, 2:308–309
metallurgical modifications during laser
peening 1:419–422
metamaterials 3:119–121
metamodel-based method 1:484
methyl acetylene propadiene (MAPP) 3:207
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) 1:220
methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) 3:141
MF see medium-frequency (MF)
Mg-alloys, heat treatment of 2:36, 2:36T
micro channel fabrication and experimental
design 1:451–452
micro depth of cut of a polishing tool
1:132–133
micro depth of cut of a single grain
1:131–132
micro drilling 1:268
micro flow model 1:444–445, 1:446–447
micro gear shape 1:461
with 0.3 mm teeth 1:462
with 0.5 mm teeth 1:461–462
with 1.0 mm teeth 1:461
micro part fabrication 1:442–443
micro plastic injection molding 1:442–444
custom-made vertical injection molding
machine 1:447–448
injection mechanism 1:448
mold design 1:448
plasticizing unit and injection
mechanism 1:447–448
factors affecting 1:446
micro flow model factors 1:446–447
pressure 1:446
size 1:447
temperature 1:446
viscosity in micro molding 1:447
flow model 1:444
macro flow model 1:444
macro – micro flow model 1:445
micro flow model 1:444–445
viscosity for micro injection molding
1:446
viscosity model 1:445–446
flow observation 1:444
literature reviews 1:447
machine for 1:443–444
macro and micro gear shape molding
1:457–461
straight, reverse ‘T’ and cross ‘þ ’ micro
channel flow 1:448–450
experiments and simulation for cross
‘þ ’ micro channel 1:455–456
experiments and simulation for straight
channel 1:452
mathematical flow model 1:449–450
micro channel fabrication and
experimental design 1:451–452
micro wire EDM 1:333
micro/nano electromechanical systems
(MEMS/NEMS) 1:505–506
micro/nano polishing 1:339
micro/nano textures 3:83–84
microalloyed steels, carburization of
2:96–98
niobium-microalloyed steel 2:98
vanadium-microalloyed steel 2:97–98
microalloying elements 2:97
micro-arc oxidation (MEO) 3:202
micro-crack 1:312–314
microdrilling 1:324, 1:328
micro-EDM (m-EDM) process 1:182–186,
1:273F, 1:385–388, 1:527, 1:529
electrode material for 1:277
function and types 1:272–274
of nonconductive ceramics 1:333–334
assisting electrode 1:334
400 Index
dielectric fluid 1:334–335
mechanism of material removal
1:335–337
recast layer 1:337–338
online measurement 1:301F
process parameters 1:279–280
fabrication processes of microelectrode
1:282–283
performance measure 1:280
prospective on process selection
1:300–303
pulse generators/power supply 1:274
system configuration 1:289F
WC–Co 1:304–305
analysis of results 1:305–306
Microelectro Mechanical System 1:268
microelectrode
fabrication processes 1:282–283
measuring frontal wear 1:303F
morphology with thermal properties of
materials 1:282F
wear 1:281F
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS)
3:112, 3:359
microfabrication of parts and components
1:498
microfluidics 3:112
micro-gears 1:506
microgeometry of gear 1:95, 1:95–96
micro-geometry of insert 1:56–58
micro-grinding system setup 1:269F
microhardness 2:330
measurements 2:94
micro-holes 1:281F, 1:306F
surface characteristics 1:394F
microinjection molding machine (mIMM)
1:467–468
microinjection molding process 1:483–486
analytical and numerical methods for
1:496
application of computer modeling in
1:489–490
Carreau model 1:492
computer simulation and molded part
quality enhancement 1:490–491
cooling phase of injection molding
1:496
cross model 1:492
developments in simulation of 1:490
Ellis model 1:492
feedstock properties and mixing
simulation 1:491–492, 1:492–493
filling phase of injection molding 1:495
fundamentals of governing equations
and boundary conditions 1:493–494
melt flow behavior in micro-size
channel 1:494–495
packing phase of injection molding
1:495–496
power law model 1:491–492
design of experiment (DOE) approach
1:483, 1:484, 1:486
optimization methods 1:486–489
parameter control 1:484–486
process simulation and quality
characteristics 1:496–497
micro-lubrication see minimum quantity
lubrication (MQL)
micromachining 1:268, 1:322–343
electrical discharge machining (EDM)
1:332–333
electrical discharge (ED) micromilling
1:333
micro-EDM of nonconductive ceramics
1:333–334
micro wire EDM 1:333
electrochemical machining (ECM)
1:338–339
deburring 1:339–340
micromachining 1:338–339
micro/nano polishing 1:339
energy beam micromachining 1:330–331
electron beam machining (EBM) 1:332
focused ion beam (FIB) 1:331
laser micromachining 1:330–331
silicon micromachining 1:328–330
bulk micromachining 1:329–330
surface micromachining 1:330
size effect 1:322–323, 1:323
tool based 1:323
ductile regime machining 1:325–326
microdrilling 1:324
micromilling 1:323
minimum quantity lubrication (MQL)
1:324–325
tooling 1:326–328
micrometal injection molding (mMIM)
1:467
fabrication capabilities of 1:498
micrometal PIM technology 1:500
micromilling 1:323
electrical discharge (ED) micromilling
1:333
experimental setup 1:269F
surface roughness 1:323
vibration 1:323–324
micro-mold cavity 1:272, 1:300
micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems
(MOEMS) 1:522
microphotonics
digital hardness tester 2:138
digital microhardness tester 3:74
micro-powder injection molding (m-PIM)
1:467, 1:511, 1:519–521
advantages 1:520–521
applications 1:521
evolution and product flow in 1:474F
limitations 1:521
micro-rotating disk electrode (MRDE)
1:289–290
micro-RS technique 3:60–61
microsacrificial plastic mold insert MIM
(mSPiMIM) 1:467
microscale 3D printing techniques
3:112–114
applications 3:119–121
biomedical 3:121–122
metamaterials 3:119–121
laser polymerization, materials for
3:117–118
hybrid materials 3:119
organic photopolymers 3:118–119
photoinitiators 3:118
SU-8 3:119
multiphoton lithography 3:114–116
diffraction limit 3:116
experimental set-up 3:116–117
multiphoton polymerization 3:114–116
projection micro-stereolithography
3:112–114
micro-stereolithography (mSLA) 3:113,
3:113–114, 3:114F
micro-strain 1:417–418
micro-stress 2:38–39
microstructural change mechanisms
2:429–430
microstructure 3:25, 3:28, 3:29, 3:87,
3:94–95
evolution 2:380F
hot-dip galvanized coating 3:31
micro-total analysis system (m-TAS) 1:527
micro-turning
micro-turning–micro-EDM hybrid
machining process 1:294–296
process 1:292–293
setup 1:269F
microwaves 3:198
sintering process 3:348F
micro-wire electrical discharge machining
(micro-WEDM) 1:270, 1:288, 1:527,
1:530–531
migration 3:361, 3:362F
milling process 3:193
MIM see metal injection molding (MIM)
mineral fiber 1:208–209
mineral oil 1:278
mineral seal oil 1:278
MINERALITs polymer concrete 1:53–54
miniature gear(s) 1:505–506, 1:506, 1:506T
applications 1:505F
comparative evaluation 1:534–536T
gear materials 1:506–507, 1:508F
manufacturing 1:507–508
additive process for 1:511–513
deformative processes for 1:522–523
spark–erosion-based processes for
1:527–529
quality of gears and standards 1:507
subtractive type manufacturing process
1:508–510
minimum quantity lubrication (MQL)
1:1–2, 1:2, 1:80, 1:180, 1:324,
1:324–325
components 1:82F
minimum surface roughness 1:22
minor plastic deformation (MPD) layer
1:425
mixed ceramic inserts 1:19
mixed oxides 3:25–26, 3:26, 3:30
MLE see multilayer electrode (MLE)
MMCs see metal matrix composites (MMCs)
MMSE approach see multivariate mean
square error (MMSE) approach
MODE algorithm see multi-objective
differential evolution (MODE)
algorithm
modeling finishing process 3:195
modified ‘Wilhelmy plate’ technique 3:279F
Index 401
modified distance method (MDM) 1:87
modified two-domain Tait PVT model 1:450
MOEMS see micro-opto-electro-mechanical
systems (MOEMS)
mold cavity 1:183F
mold steel 2:217–218T
carburization of 2:102
molded parts, quality of 1:486
MoldFlow flow model 1:450
Moldflow Part Advisor filling simulations
1:450
Moldflow second order model 1:445
Moldflow software 1:457–458, 1:458,
1:472–473, 1:491
molding process 1:219, 1:219F
bladder molding 1:219
chopper gun 1:220
compression molding 1:219–220
filament winding 1:220–221
hand lay-up 1:220
mandrel wrapping 1:220
pultrusion 1:221, 1:221F
resin infusion 1:221
vacuum bagging 1:220
molecular dynamics (MD)
model 1:196–197
simulation 1:164–166
molten bath, direct blending with metal
oxides 3:29
molten metal penetration 3:200
molybdenum 2:14, 2:115–116, 2:266, 2:271,
2:292, 3:185
molybdenum disulfide 1:85–86, 1:185–186
molybdenum high-speed tool steels
2:217–218T
molybdenum hot work tool steels
2:217–218T
molybdenum nitride 2:115–116
molybdenum sulfide 1:4, 1:212
molybdenum wire 1:248
molybdenum–nickel steel, carburization of
2:94–96
MolyCarb wire 1:248
Monel 2:398, 2:416
monoscale roughness profiles 3:300–301
Monte Carlo method 1:445
Monte Carlo step (MCS) 2:353–354
Mossbauer spectroscopy 2:432
mottling, in surface coatings 3:154
moving block electrical discharge grinding
(MBEDG) 1:283, 1:291–292
MP-100TC see microphotonics: digital
hardness tester
MPA see multiphoton absorption (MPA)
MPD layer see minor plastic deformation
(MPD) layer
MPL see multiphoton lithography (MPL)
MPL experimental procedure 3:117, 3:117F
MQL see minimum quantity lubrication
(MQL)
MR see martensite reorientation (MR);
mean residual (MR)
MR fluid see magnetorheological (MR) fluid
MRDE see micro-rotating disk electrode
(MRDE)
MRF see magnetorheological finishing (MRF)
MRI see magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRR see material removal rate (MRR)
Ms temperature see martensite start (Ms)
temperature
MSC see master sintering curve (MSC)
MT see martensitic transformation (MT)
MTMS see methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)
MTs see mechanical twins (MTs)
mIM flow channel, physical model for
1:494F
mIM machines and specifications 1:470T
m-PIM see micro-powder injection molding
(m-PIM)
mSLA see micro-stereolithography (mSLA)mSPiMIM see microsacrificial plastic mold
insert MIM (mSPiMIM)
m-TAS see micro-total analysis system
(m-TAS)multibody dynamics (MBD) 1:490
multicomponent coatings 3:45
multi-heat treatment on aluminum 2:392F,
2:393–395, 2:393F, 2:394F, 2:394T,
2:395F
multilayer electrode (MLE) 1:191–192
multilayer hard coatings 3:233–234,
3:234F
multilayer-coated wires 1:241–243, 1:242F,
1:243F
multilayered coatings 3:45
multimedia 1:500
multi-objective differential evolution
(MODE) algorithm 1:87
multiphoton absorption (MPA) 3:114
multiphoton lithography (MPL) 3:111,
3:114–116
diffraction limit 3:116
experimental procedure 3:117, 3:117F
experimental set-up 3:116–117
multiphoton polymerization 3:114–116
multiphoton polymerization 3:114–116,
3:117F
multiple nitriding, influence of
on nitriding kinetics 3:170–171
comparison of hardness and nitrogen
concentration profiles 3:173–174
morphology of nitride layers 3:171
XRD analysis 3:171–173
multiple radii inserts 1:8
multiscaled roughness profiles 3:301–303
multishot injection molding 1:467
multi-span Euler–Bernoulli models 1:27–28
multi-stage solutionizing 2:392–393
multivariate mean square error (MMSE)
approach 1:87–88
N
NA samples see naturally aged (NA)
samples
(Na0.52K0.44Li0.04)(Nb0.86Ta0.06Sb0.08)O3
(LTS-KNN) 3:355, 3:356F
nano surface generation 1:365–366
nano ZnO 3:27
nanocomposite hard coatings 3:235
nanocrystalline structure 1:420–421
nanocrystallization 2:176
typical features of metals/alloys in 2:176T
nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
3:359
nanofluids 1:4
nanolayer
coating 3:231
hard coatings 3:234–235, 3:234F, 3:235F
nanoscale precipitations hardenable steel
2:187–188
nanostructures 2:176
natural aging 2:354–356, 2:355F, 2:356F
natural fiber-reinforced composites
1:206–207, 1:218–219
application of GRA technique 1:224–225,
1:225F
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) 1:206–207
machining 1:221–222
manufacturing process 1:217
types of composite 1:212
natural FRP composites 1:208, 1:210–212,
1:218–219
applications 1:210
classification of natural fibers 1:208
natural-fiber composites 1:208, 1:209,
1:218, 1:219
naturally aged (NA) samples 2:356
NBT see sodium bismuth titanate (NBT)
NBT problem see nominal-the-best (NBT)
problem
NC-AFM see noncontact AFM (NC-AFM)
Nd:YAG see neodymium-doped yttrium
aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG)
NDM see near-dry machining (NDM)
near a-Ti alloys 2:291
flow stress 2:296F
heat treatment in 2:291
near dry EDM 1:180, 1:180F
near-dry lubrication see minimum quantity
lubrication (MQL)
near-dry machining (NDM) 1:3
near-infrared (near-IR) 1:411
near-net shape (NNS) products 2:301
neat oil 1:1–2
necklace recrystallization 2:313
Nelumbo nucifera 3:295F
NEMS see nano-electromechanical systems
(NEMS)
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum
garnet (Nd:YAG) 1:411
net-shape microfabrication 1:467
future research outlook 1:499–500
injection molding equipment 1:467–468
auxiliary and other equipment for 1:473
clamping unit 1:473
feedstock mixing mechanism 1:468
injection molding machine (IMM)
1:468–470
mold design 1:470–472
part design for micro-PIM 1:473
runner and gating system design
1:472–473
screw design for 1:470
microinjection molding process,
optimization and simulation of
1:483–486
402 Index
analytical and numerical methods for
1:496
application of computer modeling in
1:489–490
optimization methods 1:486–489
parameter control in 1:484–486
process simulation and quality
characteristics for defect-free parts, in
PIM 1:496–497
micrometal powder injection molding
1:466–503
PIM part fabrication and applications
1:498
fabrication capabilities of mMIM 1:498
inspection and quality control of MIM
products 1:498–499
market trend of PIM products 1:499
powder injection molding (PIM) process
1:473–476
debinding process 1:480
feedstock preparation 1:475–476
injection molding process 1:479
sintering process 1:483
neural network model 1:87
neuro-fuzzy system 1:255, 1:255F, 1:256F,
1:257F, 1:258F
neutral elements 2:290
new hot work steels, application and
performance of 2:240–241
case analysis 2:241–243
aluminum casting die 2:244
connecting rod hot forging die
2:243–244
hot forging die with complex geometry
2:244
warm forging punch 2:242–243
TENAX 300 and VHSUPER steel,
properties of 2:241
9Ni4Co steel, heat treatment of 2:184–185
nickel 1:281, 2:13–14, 2:13F, 2:14, 2:265,
2:270, 2:271F, 3:6–7
ion 3:323
Ni-alloys 1:432, 3:195
nickel–cobalt–chromium–molybdenum
alloy 1:427
Ni–Cr structural steel 2:189–192,
2:190F
Ni–Ti powders 3:198
nickel alloys, heat treatment of 2:416
annealing 2:416
nickel-base superalloys 2:418–419
precipitation hardening 2:417–418
solution annealing 2:416–417
stress equalizing 2:417
stress relieving 2:417
Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance
Laboratory 3:336
nickel–boron 3:224
nickel–phosphorus layer 3:224, 3:225T
Ni-hard irons see high-alloy
nickel–chromium white irons
Nimonics 2:416
niobium 2:271
niobium powder injection molding 1:484F
niobium-microalloyed steel, carburization
of 2:98
NiTi 3:336
binary NiTi, spark plasma sintering of
3:340–342
methods of processing 3:337–338
conventional sintering (CS) 3:338–339
hot isostatic pressing (HIP) 3:339
powder metallurgy 3:338–339
vacuum arc remelting (VAR) 3:338
vacuum induction melting (VIM) 3:338
stress–strain curve for 3:337F
superelasticity 3:337, 3:339
ternary NiTi, spark plasma sintering of
3:342–345
transformation temperature 3:336, 3:337,
3:338, 3:341–342, 3:342
NiTi shape memory alloys (NiTi SMA)
3:336–337
Nitinol 3:336
‘nitralloy’ steels 2:109
nitric acid 3:323
nitrided layer characterization 3:160
‘nitrided zone’ see diffusion zone
nitriding 2:191–192
kinetics 2:113–117
steels 2:108
thermodynamics of 2:109–110
AlN system 2:113
Fe–N system 2:109–110
Lehrer diagrams 2:110–112
nitriding kinetics 2:113–117
Ti–N system 2:112–113
nitriding cycle used for samples 3:160
nitriding kinetics
consideration of multiple nitriding on
3:176
consideration of surface texture on 3:175
nitriding kinetics, influence of multiple
nitriding on 3:170–171
comparison of hardness and nitrogen
concentration profiles 3:173–174
morphology of nitride layers 3:171
XRD analysis 3:171–173
nitriding kinetics, influence of surface
texture on 3:164
morphology of nitrided layers 3:164–166
X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement and
phase analysis 3:164
nitriding potential 3:158–159
nitriding treatment, consideration of profile
geometry on 3:175–176
nitriding treatment, effect of profile
geometry on 3:166–167
design modifications and
recommendations 3:169–170
geometric features selected for current
study 3:167
metallography and numerical results
3:167–169
nitrogen diffusion zone 2:108
NNS products see near-net shape (NNS)
products
nodular graphite iron 2:248
nodular iron see ductile irons
nominal-the-best (NBT) problem 1:87–88
nonabrasive polishing 1:164–166
nonconforming bodies 1:121–122
noncontact AFM (NC-AFM) 3:247
noncontact monitoring system 1:29
noncontact radiation techniques 1:62
noncontact surface measurement techniques
3:244–245
coherence scanning interferometry (CSI)
3:246, 3:246F
confocal microscopy 3:244–245
electron microscopy 3:247–248
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3:248, 3:248F
Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) 3:248, 3:248F
focus variation microscopy 3:245–246
scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
3:246–247
atomic force microscopy (AFM) 3:245F,
3:247
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
3:247, 3:247F
nonconventional material removal process
1:268–270
nondestructive methods
see also destructive method
diffraction method 3:60
ex situ 3:59–60
in situ 3:59, 3:60F
micro-RS 3:60–61
PLPS 3:61
non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II
(NSGA-II) 1:87
non-electrical parameters 1:279
non-ferrous alloy(s) 2:125–127, 2:445–447,
2:32–34
see also ferrous alloys
age-hardening treatment 2:32–34
aluminum alloys 2:447–448
annealing of 2:34
application of heat treatment principles in
Mg-alloys 2:36
cobalt-bonded tungsten carbides
2:449–451
heat-treat principles of 2:35–36
magnesium alloys 2:448
martesite formation in 2:34–36
microstructure and phase composition
2:125–127
nitriding
atmosphere 2:127
time and temperature 2:127
substrate composition 2:127
thermo-mechanical treatment for 2:392
titanium alloys 2:448–449
nonheat-treatable alloys 2:341, 2:341T,
2:343T
non-Hertzian contact 1:135
nonmetallic gear materials 1:506–507
nonmetallic materials, for gear
manufacturing 1:97
non-sludging electrolytes 3:368
normalizing 2:3–4, 2:9, 2:27–29, 2:181,
2:190, 2:305
distinctions between annealing and
2:28–29
ductile irons treatment 2:262–264
gray iron 2:252, 2:252F, 2:253F
Index 403
NSGA-II see non-dominated sorting genetic
algorithm-II (NSGA-II)
nucleate boiling stage see vapor-transport
cooling stage
nucleation 2:63
aging 2:389
O
O temper variation 2:340
OA see orthogonal array (OA)
object oriented finite (OOF) element
3:58
OCP see open circuit potential (OCP)
octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) 3:282–283
ODE see ordinary differential
equation (ODE)
ODS analysis see operating deflection shape
(ODS) analysis
OFHC see oxygen free high conductivity
copper (OFHC)
oil-hardening cold-work tool steels
2:217–218T
oils quenching media 2:54–55, 2:57F,
2:66F
OLED see organic light emitting diodes
(OLED)
OM see optical microscope (OM)
o phase 2:290, 2:306
OMNILAP 2000 lapping machine 3:164
ON-OFF DC pulse energy 3:339–340
OO see optimizer overhead (OO)
OOF element see object oriented finite
(OOF) element
open circuit potential (OCP) 3:32, 3:33F,
3:34F
open die forging 1:525
open voltage 1:275
operating deflection shape (ODS) analysis
1:29
OPS see oxide polishing suspension (OPS)
optical coatings 3:50
optical glass
ELID grinding for 1:377–380
grinding/lapping of 1:154–157
fixed-abrasive grinding 1:158–159
loose-abrasive grinding 1:154–157
polishing of 1:159–162
fixed-abrasive polishing 1:162
loose-abrasive polishing 1:159–162
nonabrasive polishing 1:164–166
post-processing of 1:166–167
dry post-processing 1:167
wet chemical post-processing
1:166–167
optical methods 3:288
optical micrographs 3:168F
optical microscope (OM) 1:252
optical nonlinearity 3:120
optimal joining condition 1:226
calculating gray relational grade
1:227–228
gray relational analysis 1:226
gray relational coefficient calculation
1:226–227
normalization of original data 1:226,
1:227T
optimization methods
application of, in injection molding
process 1:486–489
optimization studies in hardened steel
machining 1:86–88
optimizer overhead (OO) 1:87
orange peel, in surface coatings 3:154
ordered phase 2:290
ordinary differential equation (ODE) 1:493
organic adsorbed sulfur on metal 3:283
organic light emitting diodes (OLED)
1:157–158
organic photopolymers 3:118–119
organic sealers 3:199
see also inorganic sealers
organosilicon-derivative monolayers
3:282–283
ORMOCERs 3:119, 3:119F
orthogonal array (OA)
design of 1:487
Ostwald–de Waele relationship 1:491
OTS see octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)
over aluminizing 3:199
over burning 2:384
over-aging 2:380–381, 2:381F
overcut 1:281–282, 1:305–306
overhead flood filling 1:2
overheating or burning 2:226
oxidation
post-treatments 2:119–120
resistant high-aluminum irons 2:276
oxide penetration 3:200
oxide polishing suspension (OPS) 1:252
oxy/acetylene combustion spray 3:43
oxygen free high conductivity copper
(OFHC) 2:399
P
PA see polysodium acrylate (PA)
PACE see plasma-assisted chemical etching
(PACE)
pack cementation process 3:199
PACM see programmable array scanning
confocal microscopy (PACM)
PACVD see plasma-assisted chemical vapor
deposition (PACVD)
PAG see polyalkylene glycol (PAG)
palladium 3:6, 3:42
see also ferrous alloys; non-ferrous alloy(s)
Pd binary alloys 3:8–10
PdAg alloys sequential and
co-deposition 3:8–10
PdAu alloys sequential deposition 3:11
PdCu alloys sequential deposition
3:10–11
PdRu alloys sequential and co-
deposition 3:10
surface properties of ternary alloys and
3:19–20
Pd ternary alloys 3:11–13
PdAgAu alloys 3:12–13
PdAgCu alloys 3:13
PdCuAu alloys 3:13–14
surface properties of pd binary alloys
and 3:19–20
Pd60Cu37Au3 3:13–14
Pd62Cu36Au2 3:13–14
Parallel-Beam Glossmeter 3:155
parameter planning process 1:136
parking effect 2:378
partial annealing 2:368
partially sintered WC/Co tool electrode
1:396F
Particle Dynamic Analyzer 3:155
particle size distribution (PSD) 1:476
particle swarm optimization (PSO) 1:87
particle-reinforced polymer (PRP) 1:212,
1:212–215
particulate reinforced aluminum matrix
composites (PRAMC) 2:395–396
PAS see plasma activated sintering (PAS)
passive damping 1:29–30
patenting 2:21, 2:21–22
PC see pulse current (PC); polycarbonates
(PCs)
PC sheet 3:72, 3:75–78
contact angles measurement 3:77T
optical image 3:76F
SEM micrographs 3:77F
transmittance data for laser-treat
workpiece 3:78F
PCA see principal component analysis
(PCA)
PCBN see polycrystalline cubic boron
nitride (PCBN)
PCD see polycrystalline diamond (PCD)
PCVM see plasma chemical vaporization
machining (PCVM)
PDF see probability density function (PDF)
PDMS see polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
PE see polyethylene (PE); pseudoelasticity
(PE)
peak current 1:279
pearlite reaction curve 2:15
pearlitic steels 2:436–437
PECH processes see pulsed-ECH (PECH)
processes
peck-drilling 1:324
PECM see pulse electrochemical machining
(PECM)
pectin 1:205
PEEK see polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
peening 2:171–172
laser peening 2:174
shot peening 2:171–172
residual stress and microhardness
analysis 2:172–173
surface of morphology 2:172
warm peening 2:173–174
relation between temperature and
fatigue life 2:174
residual stress in warm peening 2:174
warm peening procedure 2:174
pellet grinding 1:158
PEO see plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)
perm-selectivity 3:14
perovskite structure 3:352–353
PET see poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)
404 Index
Petrov–Galerkin finite element method
1:445
PFZs see precipitate-free zones (PFZs)
phase transformation 2:3
phosphate
coating 3:42, 3:323
phosphate–zinc coating 3:323
phosphating 3:323–325
phosphor bronzes 2:409
phosphoric acid 3:323
phosphorous 2:14
phosphorous bronze 2:139, 2:141–143,
2:151, 3:73–74, 3:81–83
see also Rene 41; Yttria-stabilized zirconia
contact angle measurements 2:144F
cross-section laser-ablated layer 3:83F
friction coefficient for laser ablated 2:144F,
3:83F
laser ablated layer 2:143F
laser ablated surface 2:142F, 3:82F
phosphorous deoxidized copper 2:399
photofluidization lithography 3:125
photoinitiators 3:116, 3:118
cationic 3:118
radical 3:118
photolithography 3:141
photoluminescence piezo-spectroscopy
(PLPS) 3:61
photonic metamaterials 3:120
photopolymerization 3:116
free-radical 3:116
online monitoring of 3:116–117
photopolymerized structure 3:116
photosensitive polymer 3:117
photovoltaic (PV) cells 3:72
physical evaporation 3:41
physical metallurgy principles 2:218–222
austenitization and quenching 2:224–226
carbon steels 2:222
iron allotropy 2:218–222
martensitic transformation 2:222–224
multiple temperings 2:228–231
secondary hardness 2:227–228
tempering 2:226–227
physical vapor deposition (PVD) 1:12–13,
1:328, 1:396, 2:130, 3:39, 3:41,
3:46, 3:48, 3:50, 3:59–60, 3:202,
3:210, 3:230, 3:231, 3:233
advantages and limitations for 3:44T
nitride coatings 2:132
physical evaporation 3:41
plasma sputtering 3:41
p theorem 1:31
pickling 3:180
picoseconds laser 3:73–74
PID controller 1:139
piezoelectric materials 3:349
Pilot experiments 1:31
PIM process see powder injection molding
(PIM) process
plain carbon steels 2:11, 2:434–435
for gear manufacturing 1:97
plain EDM wires 1:238–239
aluminum–brass wire 1:240, 1:240F
brass wire 1:239–240, 1:240F
copper wire 1:238–239, 1:240F
plain-carbon steel 2:181
planarization rate 1:162–163
planned cylinder pressure 1:140F
plant fiber 1:209–210, 1:209F
plasma 1:234–235
plasma–assisted nitriding technology
2:125
plasma activated sintering (PAS) 3:339,
3:339–340, 3:348–349
plasma carburizing 2:73, 2:80–81, 2:81F
advantages 2:81
carburizing process 2:80–81
control of carbon supply and case depth
2:81
plasma chemical vaporization machining
(PCVM) 1:164
plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) 3:202
plasma enhanced CVD technique 3:41
plasma etching 1:164
plasma nitriding (PN) 3:203–204
plasma spray 3:43
plasma spraying (PS) 3:207
plasma sputtering 3:41
plasma-arc spraying 3:43
plasma-assisted chemical etching (PACE)
1:164
plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition
(PACVD) 3:44T
plastic deformation 1:409–410, 1:413,
1:414, 1:414F, 1:416–417, 1:417,
1:422, 1:425–427, 1:432, 2:173,
2:174, 2:175, 2:176
high strain rate 1:420–421
laser peening causes 1:419
plastic injection molding 1:467
frameworks for optimization of 1:485F
plastic mold 2:223F
plastic mold steels 2:216
plasticizing unit 1:447–448
plate martensite microstructure 2:92F
platers 3:361
Platinum wire 3:99
plowing force 1:60
ployvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 1:521
PLPS see photoluminescence piezo-
spectroscopy (PLPS)
plunge gear shaving 1:108–109
PM electrode see powder metallurgy (PM)
electrode
P/M gear 1:511
PM tool electrodes 1:396F
PMC see polymer matrix composites (PMC)
PMDEDM see powder-mixed dielectric EDM
(PMDEDM)
PMEDM see powder mixed electrical
discharge machining (PMEDM)
PMMA see polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA)
PMND-EDM see powder mixed near-dry
electrical discharge machining
(PMND-EDM)
PN see plasma nitriding (PN)
pneumatic ring actuator 1:147F
polarization test 3:282
polarization-electrical (P-E) field hysteresis
loop 3:355, 3:355F
Polish–Czech project 2:165–166
polishing parameter planning 1:136–137
polishing path planning 1:126–129
polishing stone topography, generation of
1:130–131, 1:131F
polishing techniques 3:194
buffing 3:194
burnishing 3:194
hand stoning 3:194
honing 3:194
lapping 3:194
superfinishing 3:194
tumbling 3:194
polishing tool 1:123
and part 1:122F
polishing/deburring robot 1:134F
polishing/deburring toolhead design
1:143–144
experiment on ring actuator stiffness
1:150–152
hybrid design 1:143–144
ring actuator modeling 1:147–149
simulation of ring actuator stiffness
1:149–150
toolhead dynamic modeling 1:144–147
pollution-free process 3:364
poly vinyl chloride (PVC) 1:204
poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) 3:292,
3:292F
polyaddition 1:217–218
polyalkylene glycol (PAG) 2:55, 2:56F
poly-alloys 3:224
polycarbonates (PCs) 3:137–138
chemical structures of 3:138F
crystallization process of 3:138
PC sheet 3:72
polycondensation 1:217
polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN)
1:50–51
polycrystalline diamond (PCD) 1:16, 1:55,
1:55–56, 1:292–293
polycrystalline diamond coatings 3:48
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 3:72
elastomer surface 3:141
poly-e-caprolactone scaffolds 3:113F
polyester 1:220
polyether ether ketone (PEEK) 1:216–217,
3:196, 3:212–213
polyethylene (PE) 1:204
polygonization 2:24–25
polymer crystallization process 3:138
polymer matrix composites (PMC) 1:212,
1:212–215
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) 1:212–215
particle-reinforced polymer (PRP)
1:216–217
polymer(s) 1:217
polyaddition 1:217–218
polycondensation 1:217
polymerization 1:217
quenchants 2:55–56
quenching 2:188
polymeric binders, depolymerization of
1:481
polymeric gels 3:328
polymerization 1:217
Index 405
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 1:448,
1:521, 3:72, 3:125–126
polyoxymethylene-based binder 1:476
polypropylene (PP) 1:204
polysodium acrylate (PA) 2:55
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 2:424, 3:45
polyurethane (PU) 1:217, 1:224–225
polyurethane (PU) coating 3:48, 3:49,
3:325–327
see also conversion coatings
substrate, coating contents 3:327T
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA/PVOH) 2:55
porosity 3:199
porous electrode wire 1:249–250, 1:250F
porous stainless steel (PSS) 3:14
substrates 3:7
porous zirconia-coated stainless steel tubes
(YSZT) 3:13
portable handheld surface finish instrument
3:243, 3:244F
post-deposition surface finish 3:215–217,
3:216F
potassium chloride 3:226
potassium sodium niobate (KNN) 3:353,
3:355
potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) 3:353
potentiodynamic polarization tests 3:53,
3:53F
potentiostat 3:53
powder coatings 3:41–42
powder injection molding (PIM) process
1:467, 1:473–476
debinding process 1:480, 1:480T
master decomposition curve (MDC),
development of 1:480–481
solvent 1:480, 1:480T
thermal 1:480, 1:480T
feedstock preparation 1:475–476
binder 1:476–477
formulation and characterization
1:477–479, 1:479T
metal powder 1:475–476
industrial sectors and areas of PIM
applications 1:499T
injection molding process 1:479
critical factors influencing part quality
in 1:480
injection molding cycle 1:479–480
principles of 1:479
market trend of PIM products 1:499
part fabrication and applications 1:498
fabrication capabilities of mMIM 1:498
inspection and quality control of MIM
products 1:498–499
sintering process 1:483
powder metallurgy (P/M) process 1:511,
1:511–513, 1:512F, 1:513, 3:336,
3:337, 3:338–339, 3:347
applications 1:513–514
route 2:289
sintering process on microscopic scale
1:513F
powder metallurgy (PM) electrode 1:395
powder mixed dielectric (PMD) 1:180
powder mixed electrical discharge
machining (PMEDM) 1:171–172,
1:180–186, 1:181F, 1:278, 1:279F,
1:398
see also electrical discharge machining
(EDM)
PMND-EDM 1:190–191
powder addition to EDM and micro-EDM
1:182–186
powder mixed ultrasonic-assisted EDM
1:188–190
powder mixed near-dry electrical discharge
machining (PMND-EDM)
1:190–191, 1:192F, 1:193F
powder-mixed dielectric EDM (PMDEDM)
1:398
powder-mixed micro-EDM process 1:196
power generation industry 3:213
power law model 1:445, 1:491–492
power supply 1:274
pulse waveform and discharge energy
1:275–276
RC-type pulse generator 1:274–275,
1:274F
transistor-type pulse generator 1:274,
1:274F
PP see polypropylene (PP); pulse reverse (PR)
PRAMC see particulate reinforced aluminum
matrix composites (PRAMC)
Praxair Surface Technologies 3:207
PRC see pulsed reverse current (PRC)
pre-aged AA6181A alloy 2:356
precipitate-free zones (PFZs) 2:351–352
precipitation 2:3–4
precipitation hardening 2:353–354,
2:374–375, 2:417–418
martensitic steels 2:181–184, 2:184F
stainless steel 2:204–205, 2:204T, 2:205F
precipitation sequence 2:377–378, 2:377F,
2:378F
precision
cutting 1:224–225, 1:225, 1:225T
forging 1:525
linear saw 1:225
precision optics, manufacturing
technologies for 1:154–170
precursor substances 3:327–328
pre-deposition surface finish 3:211–213
preheating 2:4, 2:233
preoxidation of steel prior to hot-dip zinc
coating 3:29–30
prepreg 1:219
press casting process 2:241
pressure 1:411
pressure-assisted sintering 3:197
pressure-less sintering and annealing
3:197–198
sintering 3:347
pressure tracking control 1:139
pressure trajectory tracking 1:141F
pressure volume temperature (PVT) 1:450,
1:495
pressure-assisted sintering techniques 1:483
pressureless sintering techniques 1:483
pressure-swirl atomizer 3:151F, 3:154
Preston’s formula 1:155
pre-treatment processes, effect of 3:54
primary chatter 1:26–27
principal component analysis (PCA) 1:87–88
probability density function (PDF) 3:290
process optimization 1:21
process simulation 1:193–194, 1:195
profile geometry, on nitriding treatment
3:166–167, 3:175–176
profilometer 2:439
programmable array scanning confocal
microscopy (PACM) 3:244–245,
3:245
projection stereo-lithography (PSL) 3:111,
3:112–114
protection 2:385–386, 2:386F
PRP see particle-reinforced polymer (PRP)
PS 1:443–444
PSD see particle size distribution (PSD)
pseudoelasticity (PE) 2:325–326
PSL see projection stereo-lithography (PSL)
PSO see particle swarm optimization (PSO)
PSS see porous stainless steel (PSS)
PTFE see polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
PU coating see polyurethane (PU) coating
pulse current (PC) 3:361–362, 3:367F
pulse electrochemical machining (PECM)
3:367, 3:367F
pulse generators 1:274
analysis of RC type 1:235F
analysis of WEDM 1:234–236, 1:235F
chip size and load at different spark energy
1:236F
pulse plating 3:86–87, 3:87
pulse reverse (PR) 3:86–87, 3:87, 3:89
pulse waveform
of controlled pulse generator 1:389F
and discharge energy 1:275–276
pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) see
spark plasma sintering (SPS)
pulsed reverse current (PRC) 3:361–362
pulsed-ECH (PECH) processes 3:372
pulse-OFF time 1:279
pulse-ON time 1:279
pultrusion 1:221, 1:221F
pure iron
and crystalline structures 2:225F
equilibrium phases of 2:225F
PV cell efficiency, effect of dust
accumulation on 3:137
PV cells see photovoltaic (PV) cells
PVA/PVOH see polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA/PVOH)
PVC see poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
PVD see physical vapor deposition (PVD)
PVDF see ployvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
PW-based binder system 1:476T
pyrolysis 1:480
Q
Q-switched laser system 1:411
quality
assurance 2:368–369
issues 3:57
quality of deposition, factors affecting
3:361–362, 3:362F
deposition material selection 3:364
406 Index
quantitative methods of measuring
hardenability 2:56–57
critical diameter 2:56–57, 2:57F
ideal critical diameter 2:59–60, 2:59F,
2:60F
severity of quench 2:57–59, 2:58F, 2:59T
quench
cracks 2:47–48
delay 2:351
quenched-in vacancies 2:352–353
sensitivity 2:351–352
quenchants 2:169–170
for carburized steels 2:89–90
quenching 2:9, 2:51, 2:53F, 2:154,
2:224–226, 2:305–306, 2:350–353,
2:352F, 2:363, 2:383, 3:116
cooling mediums for 2:233
drastic 2:104
faults 2:387, 2:388T
mechanism of heat removal during 2:53
media 2:53–54, 2:54F, 2:54T
medium 2:386
and quenching medium 2:36–39
stresses 3:57
time 2:358
transfer time 2:385–386
R
rack shaving process 1:107
radial actuation 1:144–145
radial basis function 1:484
radial force 1:59
radial-feed WEDG 1:283, 1:283F
see also tangential-feed WEDG (TF-WEDG)
radio-frequency (RF) 3:233
radius of curvature of the part 1:123
Raman spectroscopy (RS) 3:58
random rough surface 3:300
random surface roughness static analysis
3:289–290
rate-limiting process 3:11
Rayleigh, Lord 3:153
RBA see Rotary Bell Atomizer (RBA)
RC see resistance capacitance (RC)
RCF see rolling contact fatigue (RCF)
RC-type pulse generator 1:274–275, 1:274F
reactive ion etching (RIE) 1:164, 1:330
reaustenitization 2:272
recrystallization 2:25–26, 2:27F
annealing 2:24–27
kinetics 2:26F
temperature 2:403
recursive method 1:128, 1:129
redraw wire 1:238
refrigeration 2:272
regression
equation models 1:31
treatment 2:382, 2:383F, 2:383T
regression and re-aging (RRA) 2:374
reinforcement 1:207
remelting 3:196
electron beam remelting 3:196
laser remelting 3:196
TIG remelting 3:196
removing and reshaping methods 3:258T
Rene 41 2:140–141, 2:146–151, 2:151
see also phosphorous bronze;
Yttria-stabilized zirconia
EDS data 2:150T
laser-treated 2:148F, 2:149F
X-ray diffractogram 2:150F
renewable source 1:210
replacement schedule 3:320
residual stress (RS) 1:48, 1:69–72, 1:78–80,
1:195, 1:197, 2:138, 2:142–143,
2:145–146, 2:150–151, 2:151, 2:364,
2:366–368, 2:405, 3:57–58, 3:57F,
3:58, 3:74
analytical expression for 3:99
in castings 2:249
crystallite size and micro-strain 1:417–418
distribution 1:416–417, 1:416F, 1:424F
experimental measurement 3:58–59
generation 1:413–414, 1:414F
measurement 1:414–415, 3:61
by curvature method 3:98–99
mechanical relaxation 1:431
and microstructure 3:239–240, 3:240F,
3:241F
numerical estimation 3:61–68
quality issues 3:57
sources 3:56–57
thermal relaxation 1:431–435
thermal spray coating techniques 3:56F
resin infusion 1:221
resin transfer moulding (RTM) 1:218
resistance capacitance (RC) 1:274
resistance to tempering 2:228
resistor 1:274
response surface methodology (RSM) 1:16,
1:69, 1:233, 1:484
retained austenite 2:45–47, 2:224
stabilization of 2:234
subzero treatment 2:46–47
retrogression and re-aging (RRA) 2:358,
2:389
reverse EDM (REDM) 1:294
reverse ‘T’ shape micro channel,
experiments and simulation for
1:454, 1:454–455
M05 > S05 reverse ‘T’ micro channel
1:454
modified cross viscosity model for 1:455
reverted austenite 2:207
RF see radio-frequency (RF)
RIE see reactive ion etching (RIE)
ring actuator deformation simulation
1:149F
ring actuator displacement model 1:148F
ring actuator modeling 1:147–149
ring actuator stiffness 1:149F
experiment on 1:150–152
simulation of 1:149–150
ring diaphragm model 1:148F
rinsing 3:222
robotic deburring control 1:139–143
robotic polishing and deburring 1:121–153
contact area-based path planning
1:121–122
contact area 1:122–124
contact mechanics 1:121–122
continuous polishing path 1:124–126
coverage area map (CAM) 1:124
polishing path planning 1:126–129
step-over size 1:126
contact stress-based control 1:133–134
air cylinder pressure control modeling
1:137
air spindle speed control modeling
1:137–138
combined control system 1:138–139
contact stress modeling 1:134–135
friction torque modeling 1:135–136
polishing parameter planning
1:136–137
pressure tracking control 1:139
robotic deburring control 1:139–143
robotic polishing/deburring system
1:134
polishing/deburring toolhead design
1:143–144
experiment on ring actuator stiffness
1:150–152
hybrid design 1:143–144
ring actuator modeling 1:147–149
simulation of ring actuator stiffness
1:149–150
toolhead dynamic modeling 1:144–147
surface roughness modeling 1:129–131
micro depth of cut of a polishing tool
1:132–133
micro depth of cut of a single grain
1:131–132
polishing stone topography, generation
of 1:130–131
surface roughness, prediction of 1:133
rolling contact bearing 2:197
rolling contact fatigue (RCF) 1:73–74
room temperature (RT) 2:339T, 3:178
Rotary Bell Atomizer (RBA) 3:151–152,
3:152F
rotary gear shaving, diagonal type of
1:107–108, 1:108F
rotary shaving process 1:107
axial or conventional type of 1:107F
diagonal type of 1:108F
rotating sacrificial disk 1:290
rough coatings 3:50
rough surface 3:286–287, 3:288F
classification of 3:140
profile 3:289F
typology of 3:289F
rough surface, topography of 3:286–289
characteristics of 3:286–289
random surface roughness static analysis
3:289–290
roughness of fractal surfaces 3:290–291
rough substrate and modification, creation
of 3:291–292, 3:293–294
colloid accumulation and layer method
3:293
electrochemical reaction and deposition
method 3:293
etching and lithography 3:292
sol-gel process 3:292–293
rough turning 1:1
Index 407
roughing see rough turning
roughness, surface 3:248–249
roughness and surface wettability,
relationship between 3:294–295
analysis of contact angle 3:295
composite solid–liquid–air interface
3:296–297
effect of edge and variation of surface
slope 3:297–298
effect of surface area on 3:295–296
flat surface 3:295
calculation of contact angle for selected
surfaces and surface modification
3:298
2D periodic profiles 3:298
3D surfaces 3:298–300
periodic profile 3:298
saw-toothed periodic profile 3:298
surfaces modification to achieve highest
contact angle 3:300–301
monoscale roughness profiles
3:300–301
multiscaled roughness profiles
3:301–303
roughness measurement parameters 3:290
roughness of bondcoat 3:213, 3:215T
RRA see regression and re-aging (RRA);
retrogression and re-aging (RRA)
RS see Raman spectroscopy (RS); residual
stress (RS)
RSM see response surface methodology
(RSM)
RT see room temperature (RT)
RTM see resin transfer moulding (RTM)
runner and gating system design
1:472–473, 1:472F
rutile 2:289
S
SAE see Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE)
SAMs see self-assembled monolayers
(SAMs)
sandblasting 1:157–158, 1:158F
sanding 3:307
sandwich coatings 3:45
sapphire 1:213
saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE)
3:99
saturated liquid solution 2:375
saustenite 2:109
grain size 2:63
estimation of hardenability 2:66–67
saw-toothed periodic profile 3:298
SB see shear bands (SB)
SB criterion see smaller-the-better (SB)
criterion
scanning electron micrographs 3:144
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
3:286F, 3:287F, 3:288–289
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 1:250,
1:252F, 1:258F, 1:260F, 1:262F,
1:421, 2:308–309, 2:330–331, 3:8,
3:58, 3:74, 3:87, 3:90–94, 3:91F,
3:122F, 3:160, 3:248, 3:248F,
3:261–262
scanning probe microscopy (SPM) 3:244,
3:246–247
atomic force microscopy (AFM) 3:245F,
3:247
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
3:247, 3:247F, 3:261–262
SCC see stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
SCE see saturated calomel reference
electrode (SCE)
SCEA see side cutting edge angle (SCEA)
Scherrer equation 1:417
scroll-free turning 1:55
SCT see shallow cryogenic treatments, (SCT)
SDF see simultaneous method (SDF)
SE see superelasticity (SE)
sealing 3:199
anodic coatings 3:199
inorganic sealers 3:199–200
organic sealers 3:199
porosity 3:199
using glass formers 3:200
secondary carbides 2:228, 2:231F
secondary chatter 1:5
secondary cooling 3:57
secondary electron imaging (SEI) 3:92
secondary hardening 2:40, 2:41–42, 2:228
secondary hardness 2:227, 2:227–228
SEDCM see simultaneous micro-EDM and
micro-ECM (SEDCM)
SEI see secondary electron imaging (SEI)
selective laser sintering (SLS) 3:112, 3:113F
selectivity 3:14
self-affinity 3:291
self-annealing effect 2:137
self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) 3:282,
3:284F
self-cleaning surfaces 3:140
self-drilled holes
EDM micro-rods by 1:293–294
self-drilled holes–TF-WEDG hybrid
machining process 1:296
self-excited chatter 1:26–27
self-monitoring capability 1:37
self-similarity surfaces and diagrams,
investigating 3:291
self-supported membranes 3:14
SEM see scanning electron microscope
(SEM); scanning electron
microscopy (SEM)
semicrystalline polysaccharide 1:205
semidry machining 1:80–83
semi-ellipsoid part surface 1:128F
semi-solid forming, new short T6 heat
treatment for 2:390–391
sensitization process 3:4
sequential two-photon absorption 3:115,
3:115F
series-pattern micro-disk electrode
fabrication 1:288–290
severe plastic deformation (SPD) 1:418
severity of quench 2:57–59, 2:58F, 2:59T
SFE see stacking fault energy (SFE)
SFs see stacking faults (SFs)
shadowgraphy technique 3:155
shallow cryogenic treatments, (SCT) 2:425,
2:427
shape memory alloys (SMA) 2:321–322,
3:336, 3:338
NiTi 3:336–337
phase diagram 2:322, 2:326F
Ti–Ni alloys
MT in 2:322–324
precipitation in 2:324–326
shape memory effect (SME) 2:321–322,
2:415–416, 3:336, 3:340
shape recovery 2:328, 2:332, 2:333F
shaving allowance 1:106–107
shaving cutter, in gear shaving 1:105–106
serration of 1:106F
shaving stock 1:106–107
shear bands (SB) 1:426
shear stress 1:449–450
sheet molding compound (SMC) 1:518
shock resisting tool steel, carburization of
2:102
shock waves 1:425
shock-resisting tool steels 2:217–218T
short-pulse laser 1:331
shot peening 1:409, 1:409F, 2:171–172
conventional 1:409
laser peening vs. 1:410
residual stress and microhardness analysis
2:172–173
and rolling 3:203
surface of morphology 2:172
shot velocity, surface roughness vs. 2:172F
shrinkage 1:471, 1:472, 1:490, 1:495,
1:498–499, 1:500
SHT see solution heat treatment (SHT)
side cutting edge angle (SCEA) 1:67
signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio 1:14, 1:32,
1:487, 1:487–488
experimental results for surface roughness
1:33T
plots for mean 1:34F
silanes 3:283–285
Silent Tool 1:75
silicon 2:14, 2:195–196, 2:196F, 2:265,
2:271, 2:293
Si-modified 4340 steel 2:188–189
silicon bronze, heat treatment of 2:413–414
silicon micromachining 1:328–330
bulk micromachining 1:329–330
surface micromachining 1:330
silicon nitride 1:370, 1:373F
silicon wafer, ELID grinding of 1:380–383
effect of grain size for 1:388F
variation of ground surface roughness of
1:387F
silicon wafer thinning process 1:386F
silk fiber 1:208
silver 3:7
silver tungsten 1:277, 1:392–393, 1:393
SIMT see stress-induced martensitic
transformation (SIMT)
simulation and modeling 1:193–195
finite element method 1:195–196, 1:195F,
1:196F
geometric simulation model 1:197
mathematical modeling 1:194–195, 1:194F
408 Index
MD model 1:196–197
sinking EDM simulation method 1:197
spectroscopic measurement 1:197
supporting vector machine 1:197
thermal model 1:197–198
simultaneous method (SDF) 2:169
simultaneous micro-EDM and micro-ECM
(SEDCM) 1:176
simultaneous two-photon absorption 3:115,
3:115F
single raster path 1:125F
single shielded TBMs 1:42
single-layer coatings 3:45, 3:101–102, 3:109
single-layer-coated wires 1:240–241, 1:241F
single-phase alpha-aluminum bronzes
2:409
single-point diamond turning (SPDT) 1:5
single-stage aging 2:389
sinking EDM simulation method 1:197
sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitride
(SRBSN) 1:370, 1:373F
sintering 1:512, 1:516–517, 3:347–348,
3:348F
see also spark plasma sintering (SPS)
sinusoidal topography 3:303
Sisko model 1:491
skin fiber 1:209
SLA see stereolithography (SLA)
sliding wear resistance 2:442
SLM see spatial light modulator (SLM)
slow dynamic contact angle 3:280–281
SLS see selective laser sintering (SLS)
sludging electrolytes 3:368
SMA see shape memory alloys (SMA)
small and medium manufacturing
enterprises (SMEs) 1:468
small step-over size 1:127F
small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
2:423–424
smaller-the-better (SB) criterion 1:20
smart mechanical attrition (SMAT)
2:174–175, 2:174–176, 2:175
mechanism of surface nanocrystallization
by 2:176
microstructure characterization of 2:176
process 2:175–176
properties of SMAT surface layer
2:176–178
Smart Tool boring process 1:36, 1:38F
SMAT see smart mechanical attrition
(SMAT); surface mechanical attrition
treatment (SMAT)
SMC see sheet molding compound (SMC)
SME see shape memory effect (SME); small
and medium manufacturing
enterprises (SMEs); small-and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
smoothness, of substrate surface 3:49
S/N ratio see signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio
soaking 2:4
soaking period 2:4
soaking time 2:349–350
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
2:61–62
sodium bismuth titanate (NBT) 3:353
sodium borohydride 3:6
sodium chloride 3:368
sodium cyanide 2:77–78, 2:77T
sodium nitrate 3:368, 3:369
soft spots 2:104
prevention 2:104
soft-part machining (SPM) 1:47–48, 1:48F
sol infiltration 3:202
solar gas nitriding 2:132
solar panels 3:137
sol-gel process 3:200, 3:292–293, 3:293F,
3:327–330, 3:329T
solid contact bearing 2:197
solid lubricants application 1:83–86
solid solution (SS) 2:373, 2:374–375
hardening 2:126–127
solid state heat treatment 3:196–197
austempering heat treatment 3:198
pressure-assisted sintering 3:197
pressure-less sintering and annealing
3:197–198
solid/pack carburization 2:73–74, 2:73
advantages 2:75–76
carburizing process 2:73–74
chemical reactions 2:74
decarburization 2:74–75
disadvantages 2:76
solid–liquid interface and PC-liquid acetone
3:142–143
atomic force microscope (AFM)
micrographs 3:142–143
surface topography 3:142–143
texture profile micrographs 3:143–144
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
technique 3:147
hydrophobicity assessments 3:145–147
scanning electron micrographs 3:144
surface roughness 3:144–145
X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique 3:147
solid-phase phenomena 2:113–114
solid-state diffusion 3:42
solidus temperature 2:113
Solidworks Plastics software 1:472–473
solubility 2:375
solution annealing 2:416–417
solution heat treatment (SHT) 2:340T,
2:347–350, 2:349F, 2:350F
solution treatment 2:272
circulation of furnace gas 2:384
cooling
process 2:386
technology 2:387, 2:387F
criterion and standard 2:383–384
heating
rate 2:384
temperature 2:384
heat preservation 2:385–386, 2:386F
quenching faults 2:387
solution treatment and aging (STA) 2:301
mechanical properties 2:307T
solutionizing 2:207, 2:374
process 2:383
and aging process 2:379F
and aging sub-classification 2:373–374
sub-classification 2:373–374
treatment system 2:390
solution-treated specimen 2:302, 2:303F
solvent debinding 1:480, 1:480T
sooting in gas 2:103
prevention 2:103
SP see stylus profilometer (SP)
spark plasma sintered HAp (SPS HAp)
3:350
microstructural and mechanical properties
3:350–351
optical properties 3:351–352, 3:352F
relative density 3:350F, 3:352F
spark plasma sintering (SPS) 3:197, 3:336,
3:339–340, 3:348–349, 3:349,
3:349F
application 3:349–351
of binary NiTi 3:340–342
in biomaterials 3:349–351
diffusion process 3:349F
frequency dependence on permittivity
3:354F
in lead-free ferroelectric ceramics
3:352–354
principles and mechanism 3:349
of ternary NiTi 3:342–345
spark–erosion-based processes
electrical discharge machining (EDM)
1:527–529
for miniature gear manufacturing
1:527–529
wire electrical discharge machining
(WEDM) 1:530–531
spatial light modulator (SLM) 3:114, 3:114F
SPD see severe plastic deformation (SPD)
SPDT see single-point diamond turning
(SPDT)
specific processing energy 1:475
speckle infusion 3:273–274
spectroscopic measurement 1:197
spheroidal graphite iron see ductile irons
spheroidization 2:24, 2:188
annealing 2:23–24, 2:271
of silicon phases 2:363
spindle speed 1:138
vs. varied geometry 1:139F
spindle torque 1:138
SPM see scanning probe microscopy (SPM);
soft-part machining (SPM)
spray air contact 3:151
spray parameters 3:207–208
spray process 3:207, 3:208F, 3:210
HVOF coating characteristics 3:209
mechanism of coating 3:208–209
principle 3:207
process technical details 3:207–208
spray parameters 3:207–208
spring steel 2:192–195, 2:192T, 2:194F
SPS see spark plasma sintering (SPS)
SPS HAp see spark plasma sintered HAp
(SPS HAp)
spur gears 3:373–374
sputtering for FIB micromachining
1:331–332
sputtering process 3:29, 3:41, 3:233
SRBSN see sintered reaction-bonded silicon
nitride (SRBSN)
SS see solid solution (SS)
SSS see supersaturated solid solution (SSS)
Index 409
STA see solution treatment and aging (STA)
stabilized zirconia 2:140
stacking fault energy (SFE) 1:421, 2:176
stacking faults (SFs) 1:408, 1:427F
stainless steel(s) 2:199–200, 2:435–436
austenitic 2:200–204, 2:203F, 2:203T
duplex 2:204, 2:204F, 2:204T
ferritic 2:201F, 2:202F, 2:202T
low temperature carburization of
austenitic stainless steel 2:98–99
activation 2:99–100
carburizing atmosphere 2:101
microstructure of low temperature
carburized layer 2:101
processing temperature ranges
2:100–101
martensitic 2:199–200, 2:199T
precipitation hardenable 2:204–205,
2:204T, 2:205F
stalk fiber 1:209
stamping 1:522–523
standard WIDAXS40TPDUNR15 boring bar
1:27
static contact angle 3:295
static sessile drop method 2:138, 3:75
stationary BEDG 1:290–291
statistical method 1:223–224
stearic acid 3:285
steel(s) 2:422
core wires 1:248–249, 1:248F, 1:249F
for gear manufacturing 1:97
heat treatment of 2:4–8
common heat treating processes 2:9
effect of excess heating beyond
homogenization 2:8–9
production of homogeneous austenite
2:8
heat treatment of casting 2:211–212, 2:211F
step aging 2:389
step-over size 1:126
stereolithography (SLA) 3:111–112
design 3:112F
stiffness testing setup 1:151F
stitching 1:218–219
Stoney equation 3:58
Stony equation 3:98–99
straight, reverse ‘T’ and cross ‘þ ’ micro
channel flow 1:448–450
experiments and simulation for cross
‘þ ’ micro channel 1:455–456
experiments and simulation for straight
channel 1:452
mathematical flow model 1:449–450
micro channel fabrication and
experimental design 1:451–452
straight micro channel 1:452–454
0.8 mm straight micro channel 1:452
modified cross viscosity model for 1:454
straight oil 1:1–2
strain-hardened tempers 2:340T
strengthening 2:292, 2:341
by heat treatment
aging 2:353–356
quenching 2:350–353, 2:352F
SHT 2:347–350, 2:349F, 2:350F
stress aging 2:389
stress corrosion 2:192
stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 1:410,
2:172, 2:340T
in alpha brass 2:408F
stress equalizing 2:417
stress relief 2:232, 2:363–368, 2:367F
stress relieving 2:9, 2:271, 2:278–279, 2:417
annealing 2:188
ductile irons 2:269
gray irons 2:249–251, 2:250–251, 2:250F,
2:251T
treatment 2:405
stress-induced martensitic transformation
(SIMT) 2:325–326
stress-rupture effects 1:214
structural alloys 2:109, 2:120–123
ferrous alloys 2:120–123
non-ferrous alloys 2:125–127
stuffing plunger IMM 1:467–468
stylus profilometer (SP) 3:243, 3:243–244,
3:244F
SU-8 3:119
microstructures fabrication using 3:119F
subcritical annealing 2:27
subcritical heat treatment 2:282–283
substrate 3:1
subtractive type manufacturing process
1:508–510
subzero treatment 2:46–47, 2:90
suction and injection, methods of
3:280–281
suggestion non-Newtonian viscosity model
1:451
sulfur contamination 3:20
super hardening 2:155
superelasticity (SE) 2:321–322
superfinishing process 3:194
superhydrophilic surface 3:139
superhydrophobia 3:294
superhydrophobic surfaces 3:277
fabrication methods and technologies of
3:140–142
production of 3:282
benzoic acid 3:286
by etching and lithography 3:292F
by sol-gel process 3:293F
fatty acid monolayers 3:282
organic adsorbed sulfur on metal 3:283
organosilicon-derivative monolayers
3:282–283
self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)
3:282
silanes 3:283–285
stearic acid 3:285
tetradecanoic acid 3:285–286
wetting hysteresis for 3:279F
superlattice coatings 3:45
supersaturated solid solution (SSS) 2:373
super-smooth surface 1:159–160
supporting vector machine 1:197
surface 1:252–253
activation/depassivation 2:99–100
coating 3:178
composition 3:19
conditioning 3:4
deformation treatments 2:267–268
energy 2:138, 2:146
of zirconia 2:140
etching 3:308
grinding 3:307
hydrophobicity 2:137, 2:139, 3:71–72
investigation of pretreatment type,
substance, coating contents
3:309–311T
modification 1:186–188, 1:187F, 1:188F
morphology 2:140, 3:31, 3:32F, 3:71–72
nanocrystallization 2:117
oxidation and decarburization 2:249
polishing and burnishing of samples
3:307–308
posttreatment, additional operations and
methods 3:308–311
posttreatment types, substrate, coating
contents 3:312T
sanding 3:307
treatments 2:422
wetting 3:71–72
surface characterization, imaging systems
for 3:261–263, 3:263T
image acquisition for computer vision
3:263–266
image processing and analysis
forcomputer vision 3:267
surface coating
history 3:149–150
techniques 3:39, 3:40, 3:48
types and methods of 3:150
surface debris 1:356
surface evaluation methods with computer
vision 3:267–273
2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
3:271–273
2D Wavelet Transform (WT) 3:273
line scanning 3:273
morphological evaluations 3:274
blob analyses 3:274
edge enhancement and detection 3:274
speckle infusion 3:273–274
surface finish 3:211–213, 3:220, 3:254–257,
3:376
as-sprayed surface finish 3:213
coating as a method of see coating as a
method of surface finishing
electrochemical grinding (ECG)
3:376–377
electrochemical honing (ECH) 3:377–378,
3:377F, 3:378T
electrochemical machining (ECM) 3:376
electroplating (EP) 3:376
hard coatings effect on workpiece
3:235–239
for HVOF spraying 3:210–211, 3:212F
parameters 3:211
post-deposition surface finish 3:215–217
pre-deposition surface finish 3:211–213
of thermal spraying 3:96
surface finish coatings, structures of 3:46F
surface finish measurements of coatings
3:51
adhesion testing 3:51–52
coating thickness 3:51
indentation testing 3:52
410 Index
measurement of corrosion 3:52–54
measurement of friction and wear 3:52
surface roughness 3:52
surface finish quality 3:261
machining processes related to 3:262T
surface finish systems, introduction to
3:220–222
surface treatment 3:221–222
surface finishing operations 3:39
classification of 3:39, 3:39F
surface hardening 2:52–53, 2:53F, 2:249
ductile irons 2:269
gray iron 2:255–256
pearlitic malleable irons 2:258–260,
2:259–260
surface hydrophobicity
effect of chemical treatment and
roughness on 3:139
surface induction hardening 2:154–170
austenitization 2:154, 2:154F, 2:156,
2:162
calculation example 2:163–168
coupled electromagnetic thermal problem
2:162
electromagnetic field 2:159–160, 2:160,
2:163
idea of 2:154–158
installations 2:168–170
Joule losses 2:159–160, 2:161, 2:163
mathematical modeling of 2:158–163
quenching 2:154
upper critical temperature 2:156, 2:157F
surface integrity 1:66–69, 1:232, 1:233–234,
1:249, 1:250–251, 1:262, 1:282,
3:235
cutting errors 1:74–75
dimensional accuracy 1:74–75
residual stress (RS) 1:69–72
surface contour plots 1:69F
surface roughness 1:66–69, 1:71F
white layer effect 1:72–74
surface mechanical attrition treatment
(SMAT) 2:117, 2:171
surface micromachining 1:330
surface nanocrystallization, mechanism of
by SMAT 2:176
surface profile signals 3:250F, 3:251F
surface roughness 1:66–69, 1:85–86,
1:223–224, 1:224F, 1:227F, 1:280,
1:311–312, 1:323, 3:52, 3:122,
3:144–145
bondcoats in thermal barrier coatings
(TBCs) 3:213–215
in finish turning
development of surface roughness
prediction models 1:19–22
factors due to cutting tool 1:6–9
factors due to machining conditions
1:1–4
machining parameters effect 1:13–17,
1:18T, 1:19T
optimization studies 1:19–22
workpiece material effect 1:17–19
machined parts 3:238–239, 3:238F,
3:239F, 3:240F
observations 1:395F
parameter 3:210F, 3:211F
prediction of 1:133
vs. shot velocity 2:172F
surface finish quality 1:1
surface roughness modeling 1:129–131
micro depth of cut of a polishing tool
1:132–133
micro depth of cut of a single grain
1:131–132
polishing stone topography, generation of
1:130–131
surface roughness, prediction of 1:133
surface segregation
clean surfaces 3:19–20
H2S exposure 3:20–21
surface tension 3:138, 3:277
surface texture 3:248–249
surface topography 3:25–26, 3:142–143
characteristics, enhancement in 3:31–32,
3:31F, 3:32F
evaluation schema 3:249F
hot-dip zinc coating 3:32F
surface ultrasonic peening (SUSSP) 3:159
surface wettability 3:277
contact angle and corrosion resistance
3:282
contact angle hysteresis 3:278–279
film pressure contact angle hysteresis
3:279
contact angle hysteresis measurement
3:279–280
methods of suction and injection
3:280–281
tilted surface method 3:281
Wilhelmy method 3:279–280
flat surface, wettability on 3:277
rough surfaces, wettability on 3:277–278
superhydrophobic surfaces production
3:282
benzoic acid 3:286
fatty acid monolayers 3:282
organic adsorbed sulfur on metal 3:283
organosilicon-derivative monolayers
3:282–283
self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)
3:282
silanes 3:283–285
stearic acid 3:285
tetradecanoic acid 3:285–286
wetting free energies 3:281–282
SUSSP see surface ultrasonic peening
(SUSSP)
synchrotron XRD 3:60
synergism 2:13–14
T
T temper 2:340T
variation 2:340
T6 temper 2:358, 2:373
Taber Abraser 3:156
Taguchi method 1:14, 1:21–22, 1:487,
1:489F
tangential/underpass rotary gear shaving
1:108, 1:108F
tangential-feed WEDG (TF-WEDG) 1:283,
1:283–284, 1:283F
analysis 1:284–285
error analysis 1:284F
principle of 1:283–284
steps 1:284F
TB see twin boundary (TB)
TBCs see thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
TBM see tunnel boring machine (TBM)
TCP see tricalcium phosphate (TCP)
TEM see transmission electron microscopy
(TEM)
temper(s) 2:338–339
Al alloys heat treatment 2:382, 2:383T
for cast and forged aluminum alloy
parts 2:383, 2:385T
for hot and cold rolled sheets/plates
2:382–383, 2:384T
for hot forged/extruded profiles 2:382,
2:384T
designations 2:338–340, 2:339–340,
2:339F
embrittlement 2:200
subdivisions 2:340
temperature
micro injection molding 1:446
range 2:387, 2:387F
temperature, time, transformation diagram
(TTT) 2:387
tempering 2:9, 2:39–42, 2:226–227, 2:306
alloy steels 2:228
austempering 2:44–45
ductile irons 2:264
effect of 2:92
formation of bainite in steels 2:42–43
mechanism of 2:42–43
of gray iron 2:252–253, 2:253F, 2:254F
case study on 2:253
of malleable irons 2:257–258, 2:259F,
2:260F
martempering 2:43–44
multiple 2:228–231
processes 1:47–48
resistance to 2:228
stages of 2:40–42, 2:226
time and temperature of 2:228F,
2:233–234
template method 3:141
TENAX 300 steel 2:241, 2:241–242,
2:242F
tensile
forces 1:215
properties 1:425–427, 2:327, 2:331–332
tensile strength (TS) 1:237, 1:238–239,
2:378
TEOS see tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)
ternary alloys 3:11–12
ternary NiTi
fabrication of 3:342–345
spark plasma sintering of 3:342–345
tetra-amine di-chloride 3:6
tetradecanoic acid 3:285–286
tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) 3:141, 3:283–285
tetramethylsilane (TMS) 3:292, 3:292F
textural properties 3:90–92, 3:94–95
texture profile micrographs 3:143–144
Index 411
TF-WEDG see tangential-feed WEDG
(TF-WEDG); tensile strength (TS)
TGA see thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
TGO see thermally grown oxide (TGO)
thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) 3:57, 3:196,
3:213, 3:213–215
thermal coatings 3:50
thermal debinding 1:480, 1:480T
thermal deburring processes 3:375
thermal diffusivity 2:57
thermal model 1:192, 1:194, 1:197–198
thermal post-treatments 3:195–196
diffusion annealing of aluminum and
chromium 3:198–199
fusing of self-flux alloys 3:195–196
remelting 3:196
solid state heat treatment 3:196–197
thermal spray coating(s) 3:56, 3:56F,
3:191–192, 3:192F, 3:200–202
see also thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
experimental measurement 3:58–59
mechanical finishing 3:192–193
numerical estimation 3:61–68
quality issues 3:57
residual stress estimation importance
3:57–58, 3:57F
sealing 3:199
sources of residual stresses 3:56–57
thermal post–treatments 3:195–196
thermal spray process 3:207, 3:211
thermal spraying 3:42–43, 3:43F
electric arc spray 3:43
flame spray 3:43
high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) 3:43
plasma spray 3:43
surface finishing of 3:96
thermal stress 2:3, 3:96, 3:100
thermal treatment effect 2:306
composition of alloy 2:306
observations 2:307
process of manufacture 2:306–307
thermally grown oxide (TGO) 3:57, 3:213
thermally treated tempers 2:340T
thermochemical processing 3:203–204
thermodynamics 2:222
thermo-elastic MT 2:322
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 1:477
thermo-mechanical treatments (TMTs)
2:324, 2:389, 2:391–392
effects 2:325–326
for non-ferrous alloy 2:392
thermoplastic molding 1:443
thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 1:211
3D analysis 1:76
3D artificial scaffolds 3:121F
3D compliance tool model 1:146F
3D cutting geometry 1:76
three-dimensional digital image correlation
technique 3:59
3D geometric simulation method 1:194
3D light-emitting structure 3:118F
3D object 3:111
three-dimensional polycondensation 1:217
3D printing 3:111
3D surface profile parameters 3:255–256T
3D surfaces 3:298–300
3D Systems Inc. 3:111
threshold force, defined 1:98
thrusting 1:41–42
Ti–6Al–4V alloy 1:432
Ti6Al4V preparation see titanium alloy
grade 5 (Ti6Al4V) preparation
TiAlN films 1:373–374
TIG see tungsten inert gas (TIG)
tilted droplet method 3:282F
tilted surface method 3:281, 3:282F
time–temperature–transformation (TTT)
diagram 2:6–7, 2:7, 2:13–14,
2:100–101, 2:101F
superimposed cooling curve on 2:17F
tin bronzes, heat treatment of 2:409
Ti–Ni alloys
MT in 2:322–324
precipitation in 2:324–326
aging treatment effect 2:328–333
cold rolling effect 2:326–328
TMT effects 2:325–326
three-transformation paths 2:326F
tissue engineering 3:121
titanium 1:281, 2:14, 2:289
alloying system 2:290
alloys 2:129–131, 2:131, 2:289, 2:448–449
a alloys 2:290–291
a/b alloys 2:291–292
b alloys 2:292
casting route 2:289
heat treatment 2:292–293
high specific strength 2:289, 2:289F
powder metallurgy route 2:289
stabilizers 2:293F
stress–temperature map 2:301F
titanium alloy grade 5 (Ti6Al4V)
preparation 1:252, 1:259T
titanium carbide 1:12–13, 1:173
titanium carbide percent 1:193
titanium carbonitride 1:12–13, 1:176–177
titanium dioxide 2:120, 3:27, 3:337
titanium nitride 1:12–13, 2:125
titanium–nitrogen system 2:112–113
TMS see tetramethylsilane (TMS)
TMTs see thermo-mechanical treatments
(TMTs)
tonnage steels 2:215
tool based micromachining 1:323
ductile regime machining 1:325–326
microdrilling 1:324
micromilling 1:323
surface roughness 1:323
vibration 1:323–324
minimum quantity lubrication (MQL)
1:324–325
tooling 1:326–328
tool dynamic model 1:140
tool life 1:26–27, 1:29, 1:31, 1:43
tool steels 2:214–215, 2:430–434
carburization of 2:101–102
cold working tool steel 2:102
hot working tool steel 2:101–102
mold steel 2:102
shock resisting tool steel 2:102
definition 2:214–215
families 2:215–216
cold work steels 2:216
high speed steels (HSS) 2:216–218
hot work steels 2:216
plastic mold steels 2:216
families and classification 2:215
heat treatment of 2:214–245, 2:218
quality 2:234–236
historical development of 2:215, 2:216T
names and classifications 2:215
phase transformation 2:218–222
tool system modeling 1:142F
tool vibration 1:26–27, 1:172–173
tool wear 1:9–11
patterns and mechanisms 1:63–66
progression modeling 1:76–78, 1:78T
tool wear rate (TWR) 1:279
tool–chip interface temperature 1:61–63
toolhead dynamic modeling 1:144–147
topography 1:66, 3:28, 3:34–35
topological evaluation methods 3:243
contact surface measurement techniques
3:243
atomic force microscopy 3:244, 3:247F
portable handheld surface finish
instrument 3:243, 3:244F
stylus profilometer (SP) 3:243–244,
3:244F
noncontact surface measurement
techniques 3:244–245
coherence scanning interferometry
(CSI) 3:246, 3:246F
confocal microscopy 3:244–245
electron microscopy 3:247–248
focus variation microscopy 3:245–246
scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
3:246–247
parameters, characterization of 3:248–250
primary profile 3:250
roughness profile 3:250–254
waviness profile 3:250
surface finishing 3:254–257
top-surface metallurgy (TSM) 3:220
torch heating 3:195
torque rheometer 1:477
tough pitch copper 2:399
TPA see two-photon absorption (TPA)
TPP see two-photon polymerization (TPP)
TPU see thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)
trade sale coatings 3:150
transferring time 2:378
transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)
2:208, 2:209F, 3:184
transformation kinetics 2:7
transformation temperature, defined 3:336
transformer oil 1:278
transistor-type pulse generator 1:274, 1:274F
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
1:418, 2:302, 2:303F, 2:327, 2:327F,
2:331, 2:332F, 3:248, 3:248F,
3:261–262, 3:287F
triadic Koch curve, construction of 3:291F
triadic Koch diagram 3:301–302,
3:302–303, 3:302F
tribological performance 2:427–429
tribometers 3:52
tribotesters 3:52
412 Index
tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 3:350
TRIP see transformation induced plasticity
(TRIP)
trivalent chromes 3:322–323
troostita 2:226–227
TSM see top-surface metallurgy (TSM)
TTA diagrams 2:156
tumbling process 3:194
tungsten (W) 1:277, 1:392–393, 1:393, 2:14
wire 1:248
tungsten carbide (WC) 1:277, 1:300–301,
1:392–393, 1:393
tungsten carbide coatings 3:48
tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC–Co) 1:277,
1:300–301
micro-EDM 1:304–305, 1:305–306
tungsten high-speed tool steels 2:217–218T
tungsten hot work tool steels 2:217–218T
tungsten inert gas (TIG) 3:196, 3:196
tuning of thickness 3:28
tunnel
boring process in building 1:39–41
support 1:42
tunnel boring machine (TBM) 1:39
turning 1:1, 3:193
twin boundary (TB) 1:427
twin screw extruder 1:468
twin–matrix (T–M) ranges 1:426–427
twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) 3:185,
3:186–187
twins 1:408, 1:426–427
twin-wire EDM system 1:285–286
TWIP see twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP)
two contact bodies 1:121F
two laser coating 3:102–103, 3:109
2D cutting geometry 1:76
2D Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 3:271–273
two-dimensional fiber-reinforced polymer
1:219
2D periodic profiles 3:298
periodic profile 3:298
saw-toothed periodic profile 3:298
2D surface profile parameters 3:252–254T
2D Wavelet Transform (WT) 3:267F, 3:268F,
3:269F, 3:270F, 3:273
two-photon absorption (TPA) 3:114
sequential 3:115, 3:115F
simultaneous 3:115, 3:115F
two-photon polymerization (TPP) 3:115
two-plated mold, typical feature of 1:471F
two-step austempering heat treatment
2:268–269
two-way shape memory effect (TWSME)
2:321–322
TWR see tool wear rate (TWR)
TWSME see two-way shape memory effect
(TWSME)
typical heat treatment cycle 1:484F
typical thermogravimetric analysis 1:481F
U
UACEDM see ultrasonic assisted
cryogenically cooled copper
electrode (UACEDM)
UBM see under bump metallurgy (UBM)
UHSS see ultrahigh strength steels (UHSS)
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) 1:425,
1:426, 2:350
ultrafine grained dual phase steel 2:209–210
ultrahard high-speed tool steels 2:217–218T
ultrahigh strength steels (UHSS) 1:47,
2:190, 2:190T
ultra-high temperature materials 3:349
ultrahigh-strength steel, press hardenable
2:186–187, 2:187F
ultraprecision turning 1:9
ultrasonic assisted cryogenically cooled
copper electrode (UACEDM) 1:173
ultrasonic atomization 3:153
ultrasonic atomizers 3:153F, 3:155
ultrasonic vibration assisted EDM
1:172–173
dielectric vibration 1:174
tool vibration 1:172–173
workpiece vibration 1:173–174
ultrasonic vibration pulse electro-discharge
machining (UVPEDM) 1:172
ultrasonic-assisted EDM, powder mixed
1:188–190, 1:188F, 1:189F, 1:190F,
1:191F
ultrasonics 1:157, 1:159, 1:161–162
unconventional loose-abrasive grinding
1:157–158
under aging (UA) copper–beryllium alloys
2:412
under bump metallurgy (UBM) 3:220
unipolar pulse 3:361–362
unsaturated liquid solution 2:375
unsaturated polyester (UP) 1:215–216
uphill quenching method 2:366–368
US Air Force (USAF) 1:419
UTS see ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
UV laser beam 3:111–112
UVPEDM see ultrasonic vibration pulse
electro-discharge machining
(UVPEDM)
V
VACNTs see vertically aligned carbon
nanotubes (VACNTs)
vacuum
bag moulding 1:220
coating techniques 3:29
environment 3:233
vacuum arc remelting (VAR) 3:338
vacuum carburizing 2:73, 2:80
advantages 2:80
carburizing process 2:80
control of carbon supply and case depth
2:80
disadvantages 2:80
vacuum induction melting (VIM) 3:338
vanadium 2:14, 3:184–185
vanadium-microalloyed steel, carburization
of 2:97–98
vapor blanket stage 2:53
vapor depositions 3:41
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3:41
physical vapor deposition (PVD) 3:41
plasma enhanced CVD technique 3:41
vapor-transport cooling stage 2:53
VAR see vacuum arc remelting (VAR)
variation in microhardness (VHN) 2:330F
vegetable oils application 1:83–86
velocimetry interferometer system for any
reflector (VISAR) 1:413
vermicular graphite iron 2:248
vertical pick-up turning machines 1:54
vertically aligned carbon nanotubes
(VACNTs) 1:403
VF800AT tool steel 2:236, 2:236–237
analysis of several conditions of heat
treatment in 2:237–238
microstructures of 2:238F
nominal chemical composition of 2:236T
resistance to bending and rupture energy
2:237F
VH13ISO tool steel 2:236
analysis of several conditions of heat
treatment in 2:238–239
microstructures of 2:239F
nominal chemical composition of 2:236T
VHN see variation in microhardness (VHN)
VHSUPER steel 2:241, 2:241–242, 2:242F,
2:244
vibration 1:4–6, 1:323–324
vibration-assisted polishing 1:163
VIM see vacuum induction melting (VIM)
vinyl alcohol 1:213
VISAR see velocimetry interferometer system
for any reflector (VISAR)
viscosity for micro injection molding 1:446
viscosity in micro molding 1:447
viscosity models 1:445–446, 1:495
visual sieving 3:273F
voltage 3:367, 3:369
voltage vs. displacement relationship 1:150F
volume flow rate 1:449
von Mises stress distribution 3:108
von Mises stress variation 1:359, 1:359–361
von Mises yielding criterion 1:414
Vycor glass 3:15
W
WAIM see water-assisted injection molding
(WAIM)
warm forging punch 2:242–243
warm peening 2:173–174
relation between temperature and fatigue
life 2:174
residual stress in warm peening 2:174
warm peening procedure 2:174
water 1:278
quenching media 2:53–54, 2:57F, 2:58F
water–air spray cooling 2:391, 2:391F
water-based dielectrics 1:278
water-assisted injection molding (WAIM)
1:467
water-hardening tool steels 2:217–218T
water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion 1:175
waterjet machining 1:221–222
water-soluble binder 1:476
Index 413
water-to-oil ratio 1:2
waviness 3:248–249, 3:250
wax-based binder system 1:476, 1:477
WC see tungsten carbide (WC)
weak hardeners 2:207
wear 3:230, 3:230–231, 3:231
resistance 2:131, 2:270
weather resistance 3:155
weaving process 1:218
WEDG see wire electrical discharge grinding
(WEDG)
WEDM see wire electrical discharge
machining (WEDM)
weldable malleable irons 2:256
welded joints 1:429–431
Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter states 3:139–140
Wenzel equation 3:296–297
Wenzel’s formula 3:139
wet chemical post-processing 1:166–167
wet coating 3:28–29
wet etchant 1:329
wet lay-up see hand lay-up
wettability 3:26–27, 3:27
on a flat surface 3:277
on rough surfaces 3:277–278
wetting free energies 3:281–282
wetting hysteresis, for superhydrophobic
surface 3:279F
wheel grinding 1:158–159
wheel truing 1:379–380
white iron(s) 2:248
abrasion resistant high-alloy 2:276–279
white layer see compound layer
white layer thickness (WLT) 1:183–184,
1:232, 1:250–251, 1:251F, 1:254T,
1:256F, 1:256T, 1:257T
electrical parameters effect 1:259
wire electrode parameters effect 1:260–262
workpiece parameters effect 1:262
whiteheart malleable iron 2:256–257, 2:257F
Widmanstatten ferrite 2:48, 2:48F
Wilhelmy method 3:279–280
Wilhelmy test 3:280
wiper inserts 1:8
wire electrical discharge grinding (WEDG)
1:270, 1:273–274, 1:283
compliant microelectrode arrays
fabrication 1:286–288
fabrication of microelectrode for batch
production 1:286
radial-feed WEDG 1:283
series-pattern micro-disk electrode
fabrication 1:288–290
TF-WEDG 1:283–284
twin-wire EDM system 1:285–286
wire electrical discharge machining
(WEDM) 1:232, 1:232F, 1:234–236,
1:278, 1:303–304
see also electrical discharge machining
(EDM)
advantages 1:531–532
ANFIS modeling 1:253–258
applications 1:533
discharge sparks 1:235F
EDM wire electrode 1:236–238,
1:239F
experimental details 1:251, 1:253
fishbone diagram 1:233F
limitations 1:532–533
miniature spur gears 1:533F
m-WEDM 1:530–531
pulse generator analysis 1:234–236
SEM images of micro spur gear
1:533F
surface characterization 1:252–253
white layer and heat-affected zone
1:250–251
wire electrode 1:248, 1:253T
wire frame design 1:130F
wire rupture 1:236
wire-cut EDM 1:384–385
wire-cut machine 1:232
WLT see white layer thickness (WLT)
W/O emulsion see water-in-oil (W/O)
emulsion
workpiece 1:28F, 1:38F, 1:75
clamping 1:52–53
material 1:3
effect 1:17–19
surfaces 1:72
vibration 1:173–174, 1:174F
workpiece gear, in gear shaving 1:105–106
woven fibers 1:213
wrapping of columns 1:215
wrought alloys 2:340–341, 2:341T, 2:342T,
2:344–345T
heat treatment for 2:357–358,
2:359–362T, 2:362T
wrought aluminum alloys 2:368
WT see 2D Wavelet Transform (WT)
X
XLPA see x-ray line profile analysis (XLPA)
XPS see x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS)
X-ray based CT 3:262
X-ray diffraction (XRD) 1:414, 1:414–415,
2:326–327, 2:327F, 3:8, 3:60, 3:74,
3:87, 3:89–90, 3:90F, 3:338
analysis 3:160
hole-drilling method vs. 1:416–417
measurement and phase analysis 3:164
technique 3:97–98, 3:147
X-ray fluorescence method 3:51
x-ray line profile analysis (XLPA) 1:417
x-ray lithography process 1:521
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
3:8, 3:87, 3:89–90, 3:90T,
3:212–213
X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) 3:262
XRD see X-ray diffraction (XRD)
XTM see X-ray tomographic microscopy
(XTM)
Y
Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) 3:215, 3:215F
coatings 3:196
Y3Al5O12 see Yttrium aluminum garnet
(YAG)
YAG see Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG)
yield stress (YS) 2:389
Young equation 3:295
for flat surfaces 3:138–139
YS see yield stress (YS)
yttria-stabilized zirconia 2:139–140,
2:143–146, 2:151
see also phosphorous bronze; Rene 41
contact angles measurement 2:148T
cross-section of laser-treated zirconia layer
2:146F
laser-treated zirconia surface 2:145F
water droplet shapes 2:147F
X-ray diffractogram of laser-treated and
as-received 2:147F
yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) 3:111–112,
3:349
Z
Zener–Wert–Avrami function 1:434
zeolite coating 3:48
zero-backlash method 1:104
zigzag path fitting 1:145F
planning 1:145F
zinc 3:178, 3:179–180
alloys 1:277
bath 3:181, 3:188
coating 3:32, 3:178, 3:181
electrochemical characteristics 3:32–35,
3:33F, 3:35F
metal composites for alloy coating
3:30–31
zinc oxide 3:285, 3:286F, 3:287F, 3:323
zinc oxide nanoparticles 3:285
zinc phosphate 3:150
zirconium 1:206
zirconium nitride 3:46
zirconium nitride PVD coating 3:46
zirconium–copper alloys 2:414–415
414 Index