Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• A compound is composed of two or more different

elements that are chemically combined (bonded) in a definite ratio.

NaCl H2O

• The formula for a compound consists of the element symbols followed by a subscript which indicates the actual number of atoms that are present in the smallest unit of compound.

C6H12O6 N2H4

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• A compound's formula can quantitatively or

qualitatively represent the substance in question.

• CH4 can represent a sample of methane gas.

• CH4 can represent 1 mole of methane gas.

• CH4 can represent 16 g of methane gas.

• CH4 can represent 22.4 L of methane gas at 273 K and 1.00 atm.

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Why do atoms bond together in the first place?

• The answer is that when atoms are bonded to each other they have less energy and are thus more stable than when they are not bonded to each other.

BONDING PROVIDES STABILITY!

• When bonds are formed, the atoms must release energy!

• In order to break bonds, the atoms must absorb energy!

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• When a free sodium atom bonds with an atom of

free chlorine to form a unit of sodium chloride, 6.82 X 10-22 kJ of heat is released by the atoms thus making the atoms more stable than before.

FORMING BONDS RELEASES ENERGY!

NaCl

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• When a free carbon atom bond with two atoms

of free oxygen to form a molecule of carbon dioxide, 6.53 X 10-22 kJ of heat is released by the atoms thus making the atoms more stable than before.

FORMING BONDS RELEASES ENERGY!

COO

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Atoms can bond to each other in three different

ways:

ionic bonding,

covalent bonding, &

metallic bonding.

• BONDING ALWAYS INVOLVES ELECTRONS!

• BONDING ALWAYS RELEASES ENERGY!

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Ionic bonding occurs between metallic atoms

and nonmetallic atoms.

• As the metallic atoms bond with the nonmetallic atoms, electrons are transferred from the metallic atoms to the nonmetallic atoms.

• This process will be described more fully later.

NaCle-

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Covalent bonding occurs between nonmetallic

atoms and other nonmetallic atoms.

• As nonmetallic atoms bond with other nonmetallic atoms electrons are shared by the bonding atoms.

• This process will be described more fully later.

He-Cle-

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• There are two types of covalent bonding:

a) Nonpolar covalent bonding occurs when nonmetallic atoms share electrons equally.

When atoms of identical nonmetallic elements bond, the bond formed is nonpolar covalent.

b) Polar covalent bonding occurs when nonmetallic atoms share electrons unequally.

When atoms of different nonmetallic elements bond, the bond formed is polar covalent.

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• The atoms within a polyatomic ion are bonded to

each other covalently regardless of their element classification. Ex. CrO4

2- is bonded covalently!

• When a polyatomic ion bonds with something else (a second polyatomic ion or another element) the bonding will be ionic. Ex. Ca2+ is bonded to CrO4

2- ionically.

• Exception: The element hydrogen will bond to a polyatomic anion covalently. Ex. H2CrO4 has all covalent bonding!

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Metallic bonding occurs between metallic cations

and other metallic cations.

• This bonding occurs as a result of a massive attraction between a “mobile sea of electrons” and the metallic cations.

• This process will be described more fully later.

AlAl

AlAl

e-

e- e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e- e-

e-e-

e- e-

e- e-

e-e-

e-

e-

e- e-

e-e-

e-

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(1) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaI?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(1) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaI?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

ionic bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(2) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula HCl?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(2) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula HCl?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(3) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula Zn3(PO4)2 ?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(3) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula Zn3(PO4)2 ?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

ionic and polar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(4) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of C(s)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(4) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of C(s)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(5) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of Ag(s) ?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(5) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of Ag(s) ?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

metallic bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(6) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula LiBr?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(6) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula LiBr?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

ionic bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(7) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a bronze alloy (Cu;Sn)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(7) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a bronze alloy (Cu;Sn)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

metallic bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(8) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula SO3

2- ?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(8) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula SO3

2- ?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(9) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of hydrogen gas (H2)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(9) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of hydrogen gas (H2)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(10) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NH4I?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(10) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NH4I?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

ionic and polar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(11) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula CO2?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(11) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula CO2?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(12) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of lead (Pb)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(12) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of lead (Pb)?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

metallic bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(13) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaClO?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(13) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaClO?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

ionic and polar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(14) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula H2S?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

Ex.(14) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula H2S?

__________________________________

Ionic Bonding Covalent bonding

Metallic Bonding

- between metal & nonmetal- between metal & (-)P.A.I.- between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal- between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I.

- between two or more nonmetals- within a P.A.I.- between H and a (-) P.A.I.

- between two or more metals

- due to a transfer of electrons

- due to a sharing of electrons

- due to a mobile sea of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

Polar Covalent Bonding

- due to an equal sharing of electrons - due to an unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bonding

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Binary Compounds: A binary compound is a

compound composed of two elements.NaCl H2O NH3 CH4

• Ternary Compounds: A ternary compound is a compound composed of three elements.

C6H12O6 CH3OH NH4NO3 MgSO4

• Quaternary Compounds: A quaternary compound is a compound composed of four elements.

NH4ClO3 H2NCH2COOH Pb(C2H3O2)2

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Ionic Compounds: An ionic compound is a

compound with ionic bonding present.

• An ionic compound must have ionic bonding, but it can also have covalent bonding as well.

• An ionic compound will always begin with either a metal or the polyatomic ion ammonium.

Compounds, Bonding, and Energy• Covalent Compounds: A covalent compound is

a compound with ONLY covalent bonding.

• A covalent compound will always begin with either hydrogen or a nonmetal.

• A covalent compound will never begin with a metal nor a polyatomic ion.

Compounds, Bonding, and EnergyEx.(1) What kind of compound is HClO? _______________ and _______________

Ex.(2) What kind of compound is FeO? _______________ and _______________

Ex.(3) What kind of compound is NH4NO3?

_______________ and _______________

Ex.(4) What kind of compound is HCl? _______________ and _______________

ternary covalent

binary ionic

ternary ionic

binary covalent

Compounds, Bonding, and EnergyEx.(5) What kind of compound is Hg2Cl2?

_______________ and _______________

Ex.(6) What kind of compound is HNO3?

_______________ and _______________

Ex.(7) What kind of compound is Pb(C2H3O2)2?

_______________ and _______________

Ex.(8) What kind of compound is C12H22O11?

_______________ and _______________

binary ionic

ternary covalent

quarternary ionic

ternary covalent