compost sanitation david crohn university of california, riverside
TRANSCRIPT
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Compost SanitationDavid CrohnUniversity of California, Riverside
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Thermophilic composting
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Compost microorganisms
Illustrations: www.Digitalseed.com
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Aerobic processes
Microbes, Microbes, Carbon, Carbon,
& Oxygen& Oxygen Carbon Carbon Dioxide, Dioxide, Water, Water,
Compost, Compost, &&HeatHeat
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Thermophilic composting Microbes tend to specialize in the
temperatures they prefer. In California soils and in our bodies mesophiles
are most abundant. Pathogens are mesophiles.
Between 110°F and 155°F, thermophiles dominate.
Above about 160°F dieoff begins. Reliable pathogen kill occurs above 131°F. Heat greatly accelerates microbial efficiency.
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Documented outbreaks, 1990 - 2004
CSPI 2006
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September 14, 2006
E. coli O157:H7 outbreak announced Nationwide recall of produce packed by Natural Selection Foods More than 200 illnesses
Over 100 hospitalized 31 suffer hemolytic uremic syndrome (acute kidney disease) 3 deaths
Market drop Spinach 41% - $77,000,000 Salad products 8%
Linked to an August 14 spinach harvest in San Benito County A spinach farm located on a cattle ranch The crop was grown organically, but marketed as conventional Had received pelletized chicken compost which received intense
scrutiny
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E. coli O157:H7 victims
Kyle Algood, age 2NY Times
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Compost? Wildlife? Water?
Cal Dept Health Services and FDA (March 2007):
Compost ruled out
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Pathogenic E. coli
E. coli O157:H7 waterborne and foodborne
outbreaks documented bloody diarrhea may cause acute kidney
failure, death Can survive if reintroduced
into compost Low infectious dose
Other pathogenic E. coli “traveler’s diarrhea” transmitted by contaminated
food, water may be minor to severe
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November 3, 2006
FDA announces that fresh tomatoes served in restaurants had sickened 183 people in 23 states with Salmonella typhimurium
One of four such outbreaks during the 2005-2006 period
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Salmonella
causes diarrhea, fever, cramps 12-72 hours after infection
illness lasts 4-7 days can also cause typhoid fever 40,000 cases reported annually;
1000 deaths annually 0.1% population excretes
Salmonella at a given time most common bacterial
pathogen in wastewater primarily foodborne (beef,
poultry, milk, eggs), but also transmitted by water
Arrows indicate Salmonella cells invading pig epithelium
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Survival in the Environment
Depends on: type of
microorganismParasites>viruses>
bacteria temperature
0 10 20 30
Temperature (C)
Ra
te o
f In
ac
tiv
ati
on
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Survival of Microorganisms in the Environment
Organism Time
Total coliform bacteria days - weeks
Fecal coliform bacteria days - weeks
Salmonella days - weeks
Shigella days
Enteroviruses months
Rotaviruses months
Giardia months - year
Cryptosporidium months - year
Ascaris years
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Title 14 – Sampling – 8 weeks
Glassy winged sharpshooter eggs, Olive fruit fly larvae Compost sampling No pests lasted more than 14 d No pests survive more than 4 d at the 30 and 100 cm depths.
Neither of the pests survived 100 cm after 2 d. Armillaria mellea, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans S. sclerotiorum survived at the pile surface and at 10, 30, and
100 cm within the pile for the entire 8 weeks in both fresh green waste (FGW) and aged green waste (AGW).
A. mellea and T. semipenetrans did not survive more than 2 days in FGW,
P. cinnamomi persisted for over 21 days in FGW.
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GAP Metrics – Industry standard
“Do not use crop treatments that contain raw manure for lettuce or leafy green produce.”
“Verify that the time and temperature process…” “Maximize the time interval between the crop
treatment application and time to harvest.” “Segregate equipment used for crop treatment
applications or use effective means of equipment sanitation before subsequent use.”
June 2007
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Precautionary Principal
Buyer’s attorneys and insurancecompanies hold influence
“Is it possible for compost tovector disease?”
“Is compost absolutely necessary to grow crops?”
“That’s good. One lessthing.”
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Title 14 - Sampling
Compost sampling 1 composite sample for each 5000 cu yd Composite of 12 samples from different depths Fecal coliforms (<1000 MPN/dry g) Salmonella (<3 MPN/4 g)
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Title 14 - Temperature
Turned windrow – 5 turns over 14 days at 55ºC Monitored at 12 – 24”
Static pile – 3 days at 55ºC with 6 – 12” insulation Monitored at 12 – 18”
Daily readings for every 120’ or 200 cu yds
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GAP Metrics – Industry standard
Follow CIWMB requirements for compost process Requires E. coli O157:H7 analysis
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Safety
Long track record Not controversial, but regularly investigated Used all over the world without problems Samples do occasionally reveal pathogens Best available alternative Cross-contamination Acute vs. chronic concern
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The Seven HACCP Principals
(1) Assess hazards(2) Identify reliable safety measures (Critical Control
Points)(3) Assign acceptable performance parameters
(critical limits)(4) Monitor,(5) Maintain,(6) Verify, and (7) Document program performance.
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Critical Control Point (CCP) Identification
CCPs are opportunities to eliminate a
significant hazard Must be both
essential and effective
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Urban Yardwaste is a blend of everything green that is disposed of.
Yardwaste recycling is mandated
Dead plants are disposed of in yardwaste
Pathogens reside in dead plants
Composting is not necessarily a part of yardwaste recycling
Pathogen spread in yardwaste products is a concern.
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Loading bags with mulch
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Arranging bags for the pull dates
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Piles are covered with yardwastes
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Armillaria mellea, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans (citrus nematode)