components of cardiovascular system exercise physiology
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Components of Cardiovascular System
Exercise Physiology
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Organization of Circulatory System
Functions◦Deliver oxygenated
blood to muscles; 1900 gals/day
◦Aerate blood in lungs
◦Transport heat to surface
◦Deliver nutrients to tissues
◦Transport hormones
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Circulatory System: Valves
Heart Chambers Two Pumps in One
Right heart to lungsLeft heart to bodyRight and left
atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into atria: tricuspid-right, bicuspid (mitral)-left
Right and left semilunar valves prevent backflow into ventricles: pulmonic-right, aortic-left
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Circulatory System: Heart
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Circulatory System: Myocardium
Heart wall composed of 3 layers◦Epicardium◦Myocardium◦Endocardium
Differs from skeletal◦Intercalated discs
connect cells to permit electrical transmission
◦Homogenous muscle fibers similar to slow twitch fibers
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Circulatory System: Heart
1. Ventricular DiastoleVentricular filling andAtrial contraction
A-V valve opensAortic valve closes
2. Beginning of Ventricular SystoleIsovolumetric Ventricular contraction
A-V valve closes,Aortic valve closed
3. Ventricular SystoleVentricular ejection
A-V valve closedAortic valve opens
4. Beginning of DiastoleIsovolumetric Ventricular relaxation
A-V valve closedAortic valve closes
Cardiac Cycle
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Circulatory System
VasculatureArteries: highly
muscular, elasticCapillaries: thin,
porous single layer◦ Capillary branching
increases cross section area
◦ Flow velocity inversely proportional to area, so broad capillary beds have slow blood flow
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Circulatory System
VasculatureVeins
Thinner walls, less muscular
Serve as blood reservoir
Venous return facilitated by flaps
Active cool-down facilitates blood flow
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Blood PressureBlood Pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
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Blood Pressure at Rest
Systolic Blood Pressure: pressure in blood vessel due to surge of blood in aorta and subsequent recoil of aortic wall propagates a wave of pressure through circuit.
Diastolic Blood Pressure: pressure in blood vessel during diastole.
DBP provides indication of peripheral resistance or ease of flow from “a to c”.
Normal systolic BP < _?_ mm Hg and diastolic BP < _?_ mm Hg.
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Blood Pressure during Exercise
During RHYTHMIC exercise, increase in blood flow and dilation of blood vessels in active muscles cause SBP to __?__ and DBP to __?___.
During RESISTIVE exercise, sustained muscular forces compress peripheral arteries causing blood pressure __?__.
Upper body exercise has ___ BP than exercise with legs.
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Blood Pressure during Recovery
A bout of light- to moderate-intensity exercise decreases SBP for up to ___ hrs.
Pooling of blood in visceral organs and lower extremities reduces central blood volume which contributes to hypotensive recovery response.
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Heart’s Blood Supply
Openings for left and right coronary arteries are in aorta just above the aortic valve.
Aortic valve flaps close coronary arteries during ejection phase.
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Heart’s Blood Supply
Myocardial oxygen utilization is 70% to 80% at rest, contrast to 25% other tissues.
In vigorous exercise, coronary blood flow increases 4-6x above normal.
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Heart’s Blood Supply
Impaired coronary blood flow: angina pectoris (chest pain).
Rate pressure product: estimate of myocardial work (SBP x HR)
Myocardium almost completely aerobic