complication of diseases-pathology

7/29/2019 Complication of Diseases-PATHOLOGY

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Diseases complications

Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis Local:

1-haemoptysis: coughing of blood

2-pneumothorax, pleurisy, pleural effusion, pyopneumothorax

3-lung fibrosis

4-spread to other lung

Distant:

1-right side heart failure due to excessive lung fibrosis

2-spitting sputumtuberculosis of larynx and tongue

3-swallow sputumsecondary tuberculosis of intestine

4- secondary amyloidosis of kidney nephrotic syndrome

5-blood spreadgeneralized miliary tuberculosis

Wound healing 1-contracture: shortening of collagen bundles

2-keloid: excessive collagen formation in the area of healing

3-secondary infection

4-delayed healing5-fistula

6-sinus

7-chronic ulcer

8-formation of implantation epidermoid cyst

Thrombosis 1-myocardial infarction and sudden death

2-thrombotic hemiplagia

3-ascites

4-oedema of the orbit

5-ganggrene of a loop of the intestine

Secondary intestinal tuberculosis

(ulcerative type)

Local:

1-stricture of the wall and intestinal obstruction2-septic peritonitis

3-tuberculous peritonitis

4-bleeding per rectum

5-fistula


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Secondary intestinal tuberculosis

(ulcerative type

Distant:

1-miliary tuberculosis

2-secondary amyloidosis

3-secondary malabsorption syndrome

Abcess 1- complications of healing:

-ulcer: an area of epithelial discontinuity-sinus: blind ended tract opening to the surface and discharging pus

-fistula: a tract with two opening e.g. one to the surface and the second to a mucous membrane

2-chronicity:If the abcess is not completely drained or treatment is inadequate with persistence of the causative

agent.

3-spread of infection by:

-lymphaticslymphangitis and lymphadenitis

-bloodtoxaemia / septicaemia

-septic thrombophlebitispyaemia

Bacterial infections (general) 1-toxaemia: circulation of bacterial toxin in the blood

2-bacteraemia:presence of bacteria in circulating blood without causing toxic manifestations

3-septicaemia:it is the circulation of large number of virulent multiplying bacteriain blood producing severe clinical

manifestations such as fever, rigor, rapid pulse, petaechial haemorrhage and leucocytosis.

4-pyaemia :the circulation of septic emboli in the blood and their impaction in different organs producing multiple

abcesses.

Tuberculosis of male genital system Spread:

1- local : infection spreads to skin of scrotum chronic sinus at posterior wall of the scrotum

2- ascending: infection spreads to seminal vesicles, prostate, bladder & kidney.


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Tuberculosis of female genital

system

1- adhesion may occur between fibrosed tube, ovary, intestine and peritoneum.

2-spread of infection to:

-peritoneumtuberculous peritonitis

-ovary tuberculous oophoritis

-endometrium tuberculous endometritis, cervix and urinary bladder

3-if lesion occur bilateralsterility

Tuberculosis of bone

(tuberculous osteomyelitis)

1-spread to jointstuberculous arthritis

2-cold abscess

Tuberculosis of joints 1-spread to capsule and skin with sinus formation

2-destruction of the capsule, ligament and articular cartilage dislocation

3-healing of lesion by fibrous tissue ankylosis of affected joint

4-blood spread

5-secondary amyloidosis

Tuberculosis of vertebral spines

POTTS DISEASES

Local:

1-Deformity of the spine: in the form of:-Kyphosis: backward convexity of vertebral column due to bone destruction of more than adjacent vertebrae.

-Scoliosis: lateral curvature of the vertebral column

-Lordosis: forward deformity of the vertebral column.

2-cold abscess :accumulation of caseous material in soft tissues, the liquefied caseous material of vertebral bone

spread along vertebral fascia and collect to form a swelling in the soft tissue without any signs of acute inflammation

3-paraplegia (paralysis of lower limbs)

Distant:

1-blood dissemination2-amyloidosis

Tuberculosis of CNS 1-ptosis diplopia and squint

2-hydrocephalous

3-thrombosis of bvinfarction

4-meningeal adhesion


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Syphilitic aortitis 1-aortic incompetence and regurgitation

2-gradual ischaemia with anginal attacks and infarction /

sudden ischaemia sudden death

3-aortic aneurysm

Intestinal bilharziasis 1-microcytic hypochromic anaemia

2-bilharzial dysentery3-bilharzial pericolitis

4-bilharzial hepatic fibrosis

Bilharzial hepatic fibrosis 1-portal hypertension with chronic venous congestion of the splanchnic area.

2-chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis

3-stasisthrombosis of the portal vein

Urinary bilharziasis 1-mycrocytis hypochromic anaemia

2-stone formation

3-secondary bacterial infection of bladder wall and perivesical tissue

4-hydroureter and hydronephrosis .chronic renal failure may occur

5-carcinoma of urinary bladder

Intestinal ameobiasis 1-acute diffuse peritonitis2-gangrene of intestinal wall

3-massive haemorrhage

4-intussusceptions

5-rectum prolapsed

6-chronic obstruction

7-ameoboma

8-amoebic liver abscess

Amoebic liver abscess 1-secondary bacterial infection formation of pus

2-perforation into subphrenic area, pleural cavity, lung, peritoneum or pericardium.

3-amoebic lung abscess

4-amoebic brain abscess or splenic abscesses.Benign tumour 1-intestinal obstruction

2-pressure symptom on surrounding

3-twisting pedunculated tumourinfarction and necrosis

4-endocrine glandshyperinsulinism

5-pituitary glandacromegaly or gigantism 6-may change to malignant


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Malignant tumour 1-anaemia

2-malnutrition

3-cachexia

4-organ failure

5-infection and toxaemia

6-immunologic effect7-pain

8-paraneoplastic syndrome

9-karyotyping : aneuploidy

Rheumatic fever 1-embolisation from mural thrombi

2-subacute bacterial endocarditis

Mitral stenosis 1-atrial thrombosis

2-cerebral embolism

3-lung infarction and haemoptysis

4-subacute infective endocarditis

5-right-sided heart failure

6-atrial fibrillationMyocardial infarction 1-cardiac arrest

2-ventricular fibrillation

3-ventricular arrhythmia

4-cardiogenic shock

5-thrombotic complications:

-heart chambersystemic embolism

-deep veins pulmonary embolism

6-ruptured heart

7-myomalacia cordis

8-acute pericarditis

9-chronic heart failure10-cardiac aneurysm

Arterial diseases 1-thrombosis 5-dystrophic calcification

2-haemorrhage

3-aneurysmal formation

4-ischaemia and fibrosis


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Atheroslcerosis ( atheroma) 1-in small arteries:

-ischaemia and thrombosis infarction of the area supplied by affected arteries

-aneurysm formation

2-in large arteries:

-thrombosis with subsequent embolic manifestations-aneurysm formation

Aneurysm 1-pressure on the surrounding structures e.g, aneurysm of aorta may cause pressure on the followings:

-trachea dyspnea

-oesophagus dysphagia

-recurrent laryngeal nerve hoarseness of voice

-vertebral columnpressure atrophy of vertebral bodies

2-thrombosis

3-rupture and haemorrhage

Diseases of veins 1-venous congestion

2-oedema

3-pyaemia4-hemorrhage and pigmentation

5-varicose ulcer in lower limbs


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Complications : Benign hypertension Malignant hypertension

Eye : -Arterial narrowing and retinal exudation -Papilledema, arterial narrowing, haemorrhage and exudates.

Heart: -Hypertrophy of left ventricle

-chronic heart failure

-slightly hypertrophy of left ventricle with focal myocardial

necrosis.-acute heart failure

Brain: -cerebral haemorrhage -encephalopathy

Kidney: -varying degrees of nephrosclerosis -severe renal damage.

Other organs No significant changes. Focal GIT necrosis

Cause of death: Heart failure 60%

Cerebral haemorrhage 30 %

Chronic renal failure 10 %

Acute renal failure 95 %

Cerebral haemorrhage/heart failure

complication of diseases-pathology

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