complexity and nationalism how complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub...
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![Page 1: Complexity and Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d2f5503460f94a07eb4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Complexity and Nationalism
How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together
Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of [email protected]
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Complexity Theory
• Complexity from simplicity: higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions. Self-organising. Emergence
• Feedback loops• Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points
• ‘Wisdom of crowds’: knowledge is distributed among individuals rather than centralised in the state
• Examples: market, forest, city
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1.Emergence
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Classic v Complex Diffusion
• ‘State’ – top down diffusion. Gradual, out from centre to peripheries and down social scale
• ‘Market’ – bottom-up. Peer-to-peer emergence. Erratic, subject to tipping points and ideas can go ‘viral’
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Consumers, towns,associations, families
• ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye, Edensor, Fox, etc)
• Popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA)
• Local nationalism: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer, Leersen 2014)
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2. Feedback Loops
Supply of QWERTY
Demand for QWERTY
Supply of an idea like nationalism makes it more prestigious, people imitate, makes it more prestigious, people imitate…. NOT JUST PASSIVE DIFFUSION
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CC — People who cooperate with everyoneCD — People who cooperate only with people of the same typeDD — People who do not cooperate with anyoneDC — People who only cooperate with people of different types
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Tipping Points in Epidemics
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Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence
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4. The Wisdom of Crowds
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Poll of Polls?
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Multiple Perspectives on the Nation
• Zones of conflict (Hutchinson 2005)• Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008)• Multivocality (Eriksen 2014)
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National Identity and Multiculturalism
• In most western societies, issues around immigrant incorporation are symbolic rather than material
• Official discourse• School curriculum• Very little power/money allocated to ethnic group bodies
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Multivocal, not multicultural
Multicultural, with white peripheries
English ethnic nation, multicultural cities, Celtic periphery
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Multivocalism/Multi-Nationalism
• Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists and ethno-nationalists
• Why not establish a common minimum and fill in the blanks?
• Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated
• Tailor-made nationalism, multivocal symbols
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Constructive Ambiguity
• Wording is ambiguous• Sold differently to each side
• Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them
• No problem if ethnic Englishman identifies with Britain through her ethnicity