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“NETWORK OF DANUBE WATERWAY ADMINISTRATIONS”
South-East European Transnational Cooperation Programme
FINAL REPORT ON HYDROLOGICAL ACTIVITIES – COMPILATION OF NATIONAL SQR
Document ID:
Activity: Activity 3.1: Improve methods, processes and procedures for
hydrographical and hydrological activities
Author / Project Partner: Date: Version:
Stefan Polhorsky/SVP, s.p.
(Slovakia) 1.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................... 10
2 MONITORING NETWORK – GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................................... 11
2.1. Austria – general information ....................................................................................... 11
2.1.1. Description of water gauge station in Austria ...................................................... 11
2.1.2. Gauge equipments in Austria ............................................................................... 12
2.1.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Austria ............................................... 16
2.1.4. Elaboration of data in Austria ............................................................................... 17
2.2. Slovakia – general information ..................................................................................... 21
2.2.1. Hydrological monitoring the network in Slovakia ................................................ 21
2.2.2. Gauge equipments in Slovakia .............................................................................. 23
2.3. Hungary – general information ..................................................................................... 26
2.3.1. Monitoring network in Hungary ........................................................................... 26
2.3.2. Description of water gauge stations in Hungary .................................................. 27
2.3.3. Gauge equipments in Hungary ............................................................................. 30
2.3.4. Quantity and quality of measurements in Hungary ............................................. 31
2.3.5. Elaboration of data in Hungary ............................................................................. 33
2.4. Serbia – general information ........................................................................................ 34
2.4.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Serbia ................................................. 34
2.4.2. Gauging Station Equipment in Serbia ................................................................... 35
2.4.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements, Elaboration of Data in Serbia............... 43
2.5. Bulgaria – general information ..................................................................................... 44
2.5.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Bulgaria .............................................. 44
2.5.2. Gauge equipment in Bulgaria ............................................................................... 46
2.5.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements. Elaboration of Data in Bulgaria ........... 48
2.6. Romania – general information .................................................................................... 53
2.6.1. Description of water gauge station in Romania ................................................... 53
2.6.2. Gauge equipments in Romania ............................................................................. 58
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2.6.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Romania ............................................. 59
2.6.4. Elaboration of data in Romania ............................................................................ 60
2.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information .......................................... 62
2.7.1. Description of water gauge station in area of Danube-Black See canal ............... 62
2.7.2. Measuring the water volumes and flows in area of Danube-Black See canal...... 64
2.7.3. Quality and quantity measurements in area of Danube-Black See canal ............ 66
2.7.4. Elaboration of data in area of Danube-Black See canal ........................................ 68
3 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS – GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................... 72
3.1. Austria – general information ....................................................................................... 72
3.1.1. Regime and operative data in Austria .................................................................. 72
3.1.2. Discharge series and designed data in Austria ..................................................... 77
3.2. Slovakia – general information ..................................................................................... 80
3.3. Hungary – general information ..................................................................................... 86
3.3.1. Regime and operative data ................................................................................... 86
3.3.2. Discharge series in Hungary .................................................................................. 89
3.3.3. Designed data in Hungary ..................................................................................... 89
3.4. Bulgaria – general information ..................................................................................... 89
3.4.1. Regime and Operative Data in Bulgaria ................................................................ 89
3.4.2. Discharge series in Bulgaria .................................................................................. 92
3.4.3. Designed data in Bulgaria ..................................................................................... 93
3.5. Romania – general information .................................................................................... 95
3.5.1. Regime and operative data in Romania ................................................................ 95
3.5.2. Discharge series and designed data in Romania .................................................. 96
3.6. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information .......................................... 97
3.6.1. Regime and operative data in area of Danube-Black See canal ........................... 97
3.6.2. Discharge series and designed data.................................................................... 100
3.6.3. Concrete data ...................................................................................................... 103
4 EXTREME FLOWS AND FLOOD DISASTERS – GENERAL INFORMATION .............................. 108
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4.1. Austria – general information ..................................................................................... 108
4.1.1. Floods regime in Austria ..................................................................................... 108
4.1.2. Drought regime in Austria .................................................................................. 109
4.2. Slovakia – general information ................................................................................... 110
4.2.1. Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Slovakia .......................... 110
4.2.2. Extreme flows and flood disasters in Slovakia .................................................... 111
4.2.3. Drought and minimal flow – Pannonien Danube River in Slovakia .................... 113
4.3. Hungary – general information ................................................................................... 114
4.3.1. Floods regime in Hungary ................................................................................... 114
4.3.2. Drought regime in Hungary ................................................................................ 117
4.4. Serbia – general information ...................................................................................... 117
4.5. Bulgaria – general information ................................................................................... 120
4.5.1. Floods regime in Bulgaria .................................................................................... 120
4.5.2. Drought regime in Bulgaria ................................................................................. 122
4.6. Romania – general information .................................................................................. 122
4.6.1. Floods regime in Romania .................................................................................. 122
4.6.2. Drought regime in Romania ................................................................................ 124
4.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information ........................................ 124
4.7.1. Floods regime in area of Danube-Black See canal .............................................. 124
4.7.2. Drought regime in area of Danube-Black See canal ........................................... 127
5 HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND WARNING – GENERAL INFORMATION ..................... 129
5.1. Austria – general information ..................................................................................... 129
5.1.1. Forecasting services in Austria ............................................................................ 129
5.1.2. Meteorological forecasting in Austria ................................................................ 129
5.1.3. Hydrological forecasting & forecasting methods in Austria ............................... 130
5.1.4. Forecasting action plan in Austria ...................................................................... 130
5.1.5. Dissemination of information in Austria ............................................................. 131
5.2. Slovakia – general information ................................................................................... 132
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5.2.1. Inventory of Methods and Practices of Hydrological Forecasting and Warnings,
hydrological products, modelling tools, forecasting organisations in Slovakia.................. 132
5.2.2. Hydrological Forecasting and Products in Slovakia ............................................ 133
5.2.3. Forecasting Methods in Slovakia ........................................................................ 134
5.2.4. Dissemination of hydrological information in Slovakia ...................................... 134
5.2.5. The flood service in Slovakia ............................................................................... 140
5.3. Hungary – general information ................................................................................... 142
5.3.1. Flood defense in Hungary ................................................................................... 142
5.3.2. Flood monitoring system in Hungary .................................................................. 144
5.3.3. The Flood Management Information System in Hungary .................................. 148
5.3.4. Flood Forecasting in Hungary ............................................................................. 157
5.3.5. Dissemination of flood related information in Hungary .................................... 162
5.4. Serbia – general information ...................................................................................... 162
5.4.1. Forecasting Services in Serbia ............................................................................. 165
5.4.2. Meteorological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia ........................................... 165
5.4.3. Hydrological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia ............................................... 170
5.4.4. Forecasting Action Plan in Serbia........................................................................ 173
5.4.5. General Plan for Flood Control in Serbia ............................................................ 173
5.4.6. Action Plan for Flood Control in Serbia ............................................................... 174
5.4.7. Dissemination of Information in Serbia .............................................................. 175
5.5. Bulgaria – general information ................................................................................... 175
5.5.1. Forecasting services in Bulgaria .......................................................................... 175
5.5.2. Meteorological Forecasting in Bulgaria .............................................................. 176
5.5.3. Hydrological Forecasting in Bulgaria ................................................................... 176
5.5.4. Forecasting Methods in Bulgaria ........................................................................ 176
5.5.5. Dissemination of Information in Bulgaria ........................................................... 177
5.6. Romania – general information .................................................................................. 177
5.6.1. Forecasting services in Romania ......................................................................... 177
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5.6.2. Meteorological forecasting in Romania .............................................................. 177
5.6.3. Hydrological forecasting and forecasting methods in Romania ......................... 177
5.6.4. Forecasting action plan in Romania .................................................................... 178
5.6.5. Dissemination of information in Romania .......................................................... 178
5.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information ........................................ 178
5.7.1. Forecasting services in area of Danube-Black See canal .................................... 178
5.7.2. Meteorological and Hydrological forecasting in area of Danube-Black See canal
179
6 TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION – GENERAL INFORMATION .......................................... 180
6.1. Austria – general information ..................................................................................... 180
6.1.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Austria .............................................. 180
6.1.2. Navigation in Austria ........................................................................................... 181
6.1.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Austria ............. 181
6.2. Slovakia – general information ................................................................................... 183
6.2.1. Inventory of data transmission networks and communication systems of flood
information services among Slovakia’s neighbouring countries in Slovakia ...................... 183
6.2.2. Cooperation with the Institute for the Environment and Sustainability (JRC) Ispra
in Slovakia ........................................................................................................................... 185
6.2.3. Cooperation in framework Danube Commission – Navigation issues in Slovakia
185
6.3. Hungary – general information ................................................................................... 186
6.3.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Hungary ............................................ 187
6.3.2. Navigation in Hungary ........................................................................................ 187
6.3.3. Inventory of data transmission in Hungary ........................................................ 188
6.3.4. Communication system in Hungary .................................................................... 189
6.4. Serbia – general information ...................................................................................... 190
6.5. Bulgaria – general information ................................................................................... 191
6.5.1. Exchange data among the countries in Bulgaria ................................................ 191
Page 7 of 198
6.5.2. Navigation in Bulgaria ......................................................................................... 191
6.5.3. Inventory of Data Transmission in Bulgaria ........................................................ 192
6.5.4. Communication System in Bulgaria .................................................................... 193
6.6. Romania – general information .................................................................................. 194
6.6.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Romania ........................................... 194
6.6.2. Navigation in Romania ........................................................................................ 194
6.6.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Romania .......... 195
6.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information ........................................ 195
Page 8 of 198
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Hungary
ABBR. Abbreviation
DEWD District Environmental and Water Directorate
SQR Status Quo Report
OMSZ Hungarian Meteorological Service
LDN Lightning Detection Network
FMIS Flood Management Information System
DLCM Discrete Linear Cascade Model
Serbia
GTS Global Telecommunications System
ICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
IWW Inland waterways
MMS Main Meteorological Stations
MOSS Meteorological Observation System of Serbia
RHMZ Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WWI World War I
Bulgaria
EAEMDR Executive Agency for Exploration and Maintenance of the Danube River
HMS Hydrometeorological station
Page 9 of 198
AMSL Above mean sea level
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
HHM Directorate Hydrology and Hydrometeorology Directorate
NIMH National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
BAS Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
QMS Quality Management System
DC Danube Commission
MTITC Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications
VHF Very High Frequency
Romania
ABBR. Abbreviation
AFDJ River Administration OF the Lower Danube
ANM National Meteorological Administration
DC Donau Commission
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
INMH National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
MT Ministry of Transport
ACN Administration of the Navigable Canals SH , Constantza, Romania
DBSC Danube Black Sea Canal
PAMNC Poarta Alba- Midia Navodari Canal
mrMB Meter mark Baltic Sea
1 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT
This document describes the main hydrological activities in each participating country within
the project.
The relevant content of the status quo report includes the monitoring network system, the
hydrological conditions and extreme flows and flood disasters. It deals both with hydrological
forecasting and warning and with the transboundary cooperation.
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2 MONITORING NETWORK – GENERAL INFORMATION
2.1. Austria – general information
2.1.1. Description of water gauge station in Austria
A surface water gauge station (Figure 1: gauging site with inclined gauge) consists at
least of a staff gauge. The staff gauge is made up of a fixed measuring staff and at least three
gauge bench marks. The water level may not fall below the gauge datum, even under lowest
water level conditions.
Figure 1: gauging site with inclined gauge
According to conditions there are different types of staff gauges. The lowest scale of the
measuring staff should not be bigger than 2 cm.
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Three possible types of construction:
Figure 2: Vertical-, Inclined- and Staircase shaped gauge (HZB, “Pegelordnung 2007”)
A gauge site can have additional attachments and equipments which are used for
registration, indication and telecommunication.
2.1.2. Gauge equipments in Austria
Different equipments, like pressure sensors, float gauge systems or bubbler level
sensors, are utilized for the measurement of the water level.
Float gauge system: Changes in the water level will be recorded by using a float
gauge and its counter balance which are connected with a rope, chain or band.
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Figure 3: Float operated sensor (e.g.: OTT Thalimedes)
Pressure sensor: To get the correct water level, the hydrostatic pressure of the
water column (above the sensor) is detected
Figure 4: Pressure sensor (e.g.: OTT PS1)
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Bubbler level sensor: A compressor inside the instrument generates compressed
air or gas. Through a pressure line and a metering valve the air bubbles out into the
water. The water level is detected by the hydrostatic pressure of the water column.
Figure 5: Bubble level sensor (e.g.: OTT Nimbus)
Those systems are constructed to get data both at flood and low water level conditions.
If it’s possible, changes in the water level through wave action or the influence of power
stations have to be damped. To avoid data loss, the most important gauge sites have redundant
equipment.
Beside the water level measurement there are additional parameters (see Table 1:
Parameter list via donau) like temperature, content of suspended sediment load and discharge
(propeller gauge, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler - ADCP) which are measured on selected
sites. Also the groundwater level, groundwater temperature and conductivity of groundwater,
which are needful for water engineering projects and monitoring, are collected at those sites.
The different measurement devices and the performance of discharge measurement are
particularly described in the hydrographic activities (template hydrography).
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Table 1: Parameter list via donau
Parameter Unit Recording interval Data transfer
Water level cm resp.
m a.s.l.*
15 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,
monthly
Water temperature °C 15 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,
monthly
Suspended sediment
load
mg/l, g/l 15 min., per hour, daily +
dependent on discharge
hourly, daily,
monthly
Groundwater level cm resp.
m a.s.l.*
15 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,
monthly
Groundwater
temperature
°C 16 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,
monthly
Conductivity of
groundwater
µs/cm 17 min., per hour, daily hourly, daily,
monthly
*above sea level (Reference Tide Gauge: Triest, Adriatic sea)
Via donau uses four different types of remote data transmission:
Modem/landline: Data transfer via landline is relatively safe against breakdown. If costs and
effort for installation and transfer are not too high, a redundant remote data transmission is
highly recommended at the most important gauge sites. It’s the preferred system for fixed long
service gauge sites.
Modem/GSM: This system is recommended for gauge sites in rough terrain and
bad connection to the road network. It’s also a good choice for temporary studies
and supporting gauges. A good connection to the GSM network of the provider is
required.
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Modem/GPRS: Equal advantages and requirements like GSM. It’s recommended
for higher amounts of data and shorter intervals of data request, because of lower
costs and a faster transfer.
UHF radio: via donau uses a radio transmission system for the network of
groundwater measuring sites and some gauge sites. The frequency is appropriable
for free and therefore there are no additional costs or fees. A relatively close
network of measuring sites is recommended because the gauge sites need to
communicate among each other.
To avoid data loss, the most important gauge sites have redundant equipment (landline
+ GSM, UHF radio + GSM, UHF radio + landline ...). In the case of a network breakdown a
second transfer path is able to transmit the data immediately.
The transmitted data is administrated in a central data bank and routed to costumers
and partners. The GSM and landline data files are collected by the central office passively at the
gauge site. The GPRS data files are cached actively by the gauge site at a FTP server and will be
collected by the central office afterwards. Also the UHF radio data is administrated in a system
which is managed by the central office.
2.1.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Austria
The interval of transmission depends on the relevance of the gauge site. Data from
navigation and flood relevant gauges are transmitted at least every hour and published on the
internet by the responsible organisation. Further gauge data, which are needed for the
dimensioning and monitoring of water engineering projects normally, have a daily transfer
interval, if a telecommunication system is implemented. For less relevant gauges a direct
reading of the data logger every three month or a daily water level measurement by a person (if
possible at 7:00 am) is sufficient.
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The fault tolerance of the data quality shouldn’t be higher than +/- 1 cm, irrespective of
the mode of measurement (measurement instrument or a person makes the measurement).
This quality standard is warranted by steady control and service by skilled staff.
The water level is recorded either absolutely in m a.s.l. [above sea level (Reference Tide
Gauge: Triest, Adriatic sea)] or relatively in cm. The time registration system at via donau is the
Central European Time (CET resp. UTC+1) and the gauge sites are synchronized by time-servers.
The recording interval depends on the importance of the site and its parameters. The archiving
storage of the data is mostly made in an interval of 15 minutes (mean value).
2.1.4. Elaboration of data in Austria
Normally the data is transmitted to the central office in its original condition. If the data
is going to be published immediately (Internet, data for forecasts,…), the unchanged original
data will be sent to the responsible office at once.
A hydrologic data management system “HyDaMS”, designed respectively adapted to the
Hydrographic Services (“Hydrographischer Dienst”) in Austria, is used to archive the data.
HyDaMS is used by all Hydrographic Services, including via donau (team Hydrology – as a part of
the Hydrographic Service) and the Hydrographic Central Office (“Hydrographisches
Zentralbüro”; HZB). The HZB in Vienna is responsible for the central administration and
summary of the data.
The data is archived and divided in different quality categories. Primarily the unchanged
original data are stored and the first treatment and review is made. Before saving the data,
errors in data transmission and data gaps are corrected. Comparative measurements,
corrections and control of plausibility of the data is performed in the last treatment phase.
Missing data is reconstructed by data of neighbouring gauge sites shows the different
treatment steps and saved quality categories of the time series in HyDaMS at the gauge in
Kienstock.
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Figure 6: HyDaMS elaboration of data
The data control is made by comparing the values of the data logger with the data of a
direct measurement by a person or technician. If necessary the data will be adapted.
Additionally the relation between several batched gauge sites and the determination of
hydrological balance helps to generate correct data. The final release and determination is
made by the Austrian Hydrographic Central Office (HZB). The hydrologic specific values of the
most important and long time observed gauge sites are released annually in the Yearbook of
Hydrography (“Hydrographisches Jahrbuch”).
The controlled data is used for the planning and monitoring of water engineering
projects (flood control, maintenance of the waterway, energy industry,…), for the
determination of the specific water levels (ELWL/equivalent low water level, MWL/mean water
level and HNWL/highest navigable water level) and for forecasts.
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In the internet [see Figure 7: website doris bmvit (via donau], via donau releases hourly water
levels of 7 most important gauges of the Austrian Danube at http://www.doris.bmvit.gv.at/
(database AHP – Austrian Hydro Power).
Figure 7: website doris bmvit (via donau)
The water levels can also be requested via SMS at the service number +43 (0)676 800
505 065. The instruction for the water level information via SMS can be downloaded from the
website.
Important gauge sites (Kienstock, Wildungsmauer) have the possibility to query the
relative water level (15 minutes mean value) via telephone.
The telephone numbers are:
Kienstock (km 2015,21): +43 (0)27146347
Wildungsmauer (km 1894,72): +43 (0)2163370
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The determination of the discharge is made by Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler - ADCP
or propeller gauges on appropriate sites (e.g.: profile at a bridge). The execution of the
measurement is made by the team Hydrography. The team Hydrology is responsible for the
analysis and data processing.
For each profile 5-10 records per year are fixed, but there are additional measurements in the
case of flood.
The results of the measurements are proofed respectively controlled and will be
integrated in the stage discharge relationship (see Figure 8: Stage discharge relationship
Kienstock). With the software of the Hydrologic Data Management System (HyDaMS) the
measured water levels can be transformed into discharge values. There is a yearly time interval
for the control of the stage discharge relationship of each gauge. According to the changes the
stage discharge relationship is edited and validated.
Figure 8: Stage discharge relationship Kienstock
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2.2. Slovakia – general information
2.2.1. Hydrological monitoring the network in Slovakia
Hydrological monitoring the network for the main river basins (Danube, Morava, Váh,
Nitra, Hron, Ipeľ) is illustrated in Fig.1
The network consists of 45 hydrological forecasting stations from 282 regime stations.
The forecasting stations were created and arranged for the best representation of the
hydrological situation and its progress in all the Danube River’s sub-basins in Slovakia.
Fig. 1 Distribution of water gauge stations in 6 main river basins (Danube watershed) in Slovakia
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Basin Number of stations among them – number of telemetric
stations) Morava 29 20
Danube 20 18
Váh 120 67
Nitra 29 21
Hron 55 28
Ipeľ 29 20
Total 282 174
Information from the state monitoring network’s surface water gauge stations represents:
Measurements of water stages of 282 stations
Discharge measurements of 258 stations
Measurements of water temperatures of 250 stations
Turbidity measurements of 9 stations
Daily hydrological information from hydro forecasting stations (MARS 5i automatic stations,)
contains the following parameters: water stages, discharges and water temperature. The
appearances of ice-related effects are observed by voluntary observers. Moreover the
hydrological information deals with the relation of current water stages/discharges to their
long-term observed means.
Water stage – is measured at hourly intervals (MARS5 automatic instruments), continuously
(water level recorder). Controlling measurements are provided by voluntary observers from
water stage gauges.
Discharge - is derived from a discharge rating curve, which is constructed and analysed from
the measurement of discharges at different water stages
Water temperature is measured by a thermometer once a day or automatically at one-hour
intervals
Appearance of ice – is observed visually by voluntary observers once a day during the winter
season
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Turbidity (concentration of a suspended load) – water banks are sampled daily, 2 times
a year from the entire profile. Valuations of the samples are made in a laboratory using the
filtration method.
In addition to the state monitoring network, measurements and observations are conducted at
14 extra line purpose-built water gauge stations and 7 stations in countries neighbouring
Slovakia.
2.2.2. Gauge equipments in Slovakia
Dicharge at a given time can be measuremed by several different methods, and the
choice of methods and equipments depends on the conditions encountered at a particular site
Fig. 2 Water gauge station
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Datalogger MARS5i
is based on removing of hydrostatic pressure of water columm. Data logger MARS5i with data
& voice transmission is designed for the early flood warning and forecasting systems located in:
rivers
dams and reservoirs
lakes
wells and boreholes
another locations for scientific studies and flood analysis
The transmission of data & voice is provided via the Public Services Telephone Network (PSTN)
or via the radio-telephone GSM-GPRS Network and is based on internal analog (PSTN) modem
or GSM modem.
Data logger MARS5i can automatically measure, record to the memory and transmit data for
the following:
water level
discharge (rating curve)
water temperature
air temperature
precipitation (quantity and intensity)
Data logger MARS5i is battery powered and does not require mains power supply ~ 220 V.
Battery life is 2 years by average PSTN operation.
Basic Functions:
recording of data into internal memory at programmable time intervals
on the trigger event (3-stages of high water) data logger MARS5i sends ALARM to the
selected phone number with the all necessary information (ID number, water level, etc.).
automatic and manual readout of data at programmable time intervals via telephone line
from main PC.
Transmission of voice
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- immediate values (water level and tendency, discharge, etc.)
- values at 6:00 AM
- average and extreme values from previous day
Basic Technical Data
Power supply 12 V DC
Memory 15 000 readings
Recording period 1 to 60 minute with step 1 minute
Water level sensor Precision, temperature compensated stainless steel pressure
sensor, range 0–1 m, 0–5 m, 0–10 m, 0– 0 m, 0–40 m, 0–
80m
Accuracy ± 0.15% of Full Scale
Water temperature sensor –5°C…+50°C, accuracy ±0.1°C
Air temperature sensor –50°C…+60°C, accuracy ±0.2°C, Pt1000 shielded
Precipitation sensor Tipping bucket, 0.1 mm or 0.25 mm
Baud rate 19200 bps (PSTN), 9600 bps (GSM), GPRS
Operating temperature –30°C – +55°C
Dimension MARS5i 90 x 158 x 258 mm
Protection IP65, watertight robust cast aluminium housing
Weight 2.9 kg
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Fig.3 Datalogger Mars 5i
2.3. Hungary – general information
2.3.1. Monitoring network in Hungary
The network of the Hungarian hydrological stations within Danube valley’s stations fits
into the network of surface water monitoring sites in the whole Danube watershed area. (Fig.
HU-1.)
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Fig. HU- 1. The principal gauging stations in the Danube Catchment
2.3.2. Description of water gauge stations in Hungary
In Hungary, according to the environmental situation, three types of staff gauges are operated:
Staff gauge with measuring scale (human measurement/reading)
Staff gauge with data registration and collection for archive (human
measurement/reading)
Staff gauge with totally automatic registration, forwarding/transfer and archive (no
human measurement/reading)
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Along the Hungarian stretch of the River Danube the mostly used type of staff gauge is the
totally automatic one. Figure HU-2. shows a general, typical arrangement of an automatically
operated station. In case of these stations there is no human intervention.
Fig. HU-2. General arrangement of an automatically operated station
Regarding the type of the staff gauge there are three possible types of construction:
Inclined gauge (Fig. HU-3.)
Vertical gauge
Staircase shaped gauge
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Fig. HU-3. Inclined staff gauge
The widely used type of construction is the inclined one in contrast to other devices e. g.
vertical or staircase shaped gauges. Vertical gauge – which is applied on fewer places than the
inclined type - although one of the main staff gauges in Budapest is a vertical construction -
consists of one or more parts depending on the dimension of the riverbed and the riverside.
Along the Danube staircase shaped gauges are applied just occasionally – they are used in
smaller tributaries.
Implementing the national staff gauge network all around the country there are a lot of
stations which are used not continuously but only periodically, especially just during the time of
flood events. These gauges are situated on theoretically flood prone areas between the main
gauges for helping to determine the most exactly downstream of the floods for the defence
crew and many other stakeholders (incl. for the ship’s crew). These gauges are operated
typically with measuring scale and human measurement (reading).
On all of the elements of the staff gauge network the measurement (and registration)
happens basically once a day - every day at 6.00 a.m. In case of flood events the measurement
is more frequent according to the following water level’s terms:
Ist alert water level - twice a day (6.00 a.m. and 18.00 p.m.)
IInd alert water level - every six hours (from 6.00 a.m.)
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IIIrd alert water level - every two hours (from 6.00 a.m.)
The different adequate flooding water levels have been determined and fixed for all gauges -
incl. for all rivers suffered by flood - all around the country. This timetable is referring to the
above mentioned flooding staff gauges as well. The automatically operated stations are able to
measure, register and transmit – among others - water level data with hourly frequency too,
providing a lot of additional information for the defence in these dangerous situations.
2.3.3. Gauge equipments in Hungary
In the automatic staff gauge stations the settled equipment are working with different
methods in a very wide scale for the field of the measurement, especially the following three of
them:
equipment with pressure sensor,
equipment with float operated sensor,
equipment with bubbler level sensor.
The most important gauge stations operate with pressure sensor type equipment. Of
course, equipment can measure - beyond the water level - lots of other parameters such as
water temperature, water discharge, very different water quality data, etc.
The Hungarian Hydrological Service measures the water velocity at its gauging stations
measuring water level and discharge data, and the water discharge is calculated on the basis of
the measured water velocity.
In the Hungarian hydrological praxis there are basically two equipments (and
methodology) for measuring the water velocity.
One of them is the propeller current meter, where the measured number of revolutions
shows the speed. All equipments used are tested and calibrated annually at the central service
of the Hungarian Hydrological Service.
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The other equipment is the ADCP (Acoustic Doppler systems for water velocity
measurement) using the principle of sound waves called the Doppler effect, i.e. transmitting
„pings” of sound at a constant frequency into the water, and measuring the parameters of their
backscattering from the particles suspended in the moving water, i.e. from the bottom of the
riverbed. (Fig. HU-4)
Fig. HU-4. ADCP
2.3.4. Quantity and quality of measurements in Hungary
On the Hungarian rivers, in 2009 there are altogether 334 gauging stations. Among them
207 stations yield not only water level, but also discharge data. 180 stations report
telemetrically.
From the 334 stations the 20 most important ones were selected and displayed in Fig.
HU-10 (of the SQR “Hydrography”). The main characteristics of these 20 stations are listed in
Table HU-3.
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33
S ymbol Name
1 - 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 80 81 - 100 > 100 Total
1 Nord-T ransdanubian DE WD 12 15 7 1 35
2 Middle Danube Valley DE WD 4 12 2 2 2 1 23
3 L ower Danube Valley DE WD 1 5 1 7
4 C entral-T ransdanubian DE WD 4 11 7 3 25
5 S outh-T ransdanubian DE WD 4 6 8 1 19
6 West-T ransdanubian DE WD 3 11 8 2 24
7 Upper-T isza DE WD 7 6 2 1 1 17
8 North Hungarian DE WD 1 8 11 3 1 1 25
9 T rans-T isza DE WD 2 8 1 11
10 Middle-T isza DE WD 6 1 1 1 9
11 L ower-T isza DE WD 1 1 1 3
12 K örös DE WD 1 4 3 1 9
1-12 Hung ary 39 88 49 20 6 5 207
1) T he geographical s ituation of the 12 DE WDs see on the map of F igure HU-10
of Dis tric t E nvironmental and Water
Direc torate (DE WD)1)
L eng ht of the daily dis c harg e s eries (years )
Table HU-3 : The number of dis c harg e data s eries of various leng ths of obs ervation
on the operation areas of the DE WDs of Hung ary
2.3.5. Elaboration of data in Hungary
In Hungary the water level and discharge measurements, the collection of data, data
procession, their upload to the database (Hungarian Hydrological Database) and archiving are
performed by the 12 district environmental and water directorates, according to a nationally
unified technical specification and the ISO quality assurance and quality management system.
Information about the collection of hydrological data characterizing the national area
of Hungary is available from about two millennia. Most of the data of earlier ages had been
destroyed, so that hydrological information in a well-ordered and systemized form is available
only starting with the first half of the last century. The Hydrographic Section established in
1886 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, was the first organization responsible for
34
the collection, measurement and evaluation of the country’s hydrological data as well as for
flood prediction. This was the first organized Hydrographic Service in the Carpathian Basin. As
for its content and comprehensiveness, the Hungarian collection of hydrological data was
ahead of other similar services abroad.
The Hydrographic Service determines the data necessary for the protection against
water-related damages, for water utilization, for a water management harmonizing with
sustainable development as well as for estimating the impact of human activities on the
water, as an element of the environment. A part of the hydrological data is published in the
Hydrographic Yearbooks, issued regularly since 1887. The 110. volume of this series of
Yearbooks has been published in 2009.
2.4. Serbia – general information
2.4.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Serbia
It is assumed that the first hydrological observations within the Serbian reach of the
Danube River were performed by the Romans. Though, more extensive and systematic
observations began late in the 18th and early 19th century due to extreme floods occurring on
the Danube and Tisza Rivers. First observations of the Danube stages were performed in 1819
on the right bank of the Danube River near Petrovaradin, which today belongs to the city of
Novi Sad. New measuring sites were established at Bezdan, Dalj, Vukovar and Backa Palanka in
1856, at Zemun in 1859, and in 1870 at Pancevo and Bogojevo. These sites did not have a
stable gauge zero and therefore their measured values are not satisfactory for present use.
Before the World War I 12 gauging stations in Yugoslav reach of the Danube River were in
operation. After the World War I the General Water Directorate was established in Yugoslavia,
charged with measurements and development of the existing network of up to 16 stations.
After the World War II the hydrological service was incorporated into the Hydrometeorological
Service of Yugoslavia, and was comprised of 17 gauging stations on the Yugoslav section of the
Danube River (Stančik A., Jovanovid S., et al., 1988).
35
The first water discharge data originate from 1924, on the Yugoslav Danube at Bezdan,
Slankamen, Ritopek. After World War II discharge measurements were more intensive.
Measurements were performed using the standard current meter till 2002, when along with
existing equipment the new Nautilus Electromagnetic Flow Sensor was used. Acoustic Doppler
Current Profiler was introduced in 2005.
The first observations of the ice phenomena were carried out in 18th and 19th century
in order to provide safe navigation on the Danube River. The systematic ice phenomena
observations were started jointly with systematic stage measurements. Water and
temperature measurements were introduced after WWI. The bedload measurements started
in 1960 at the gauging stations at Bezdan and Novi Sad. The water quality monitoring started
in 1965, (Stančik A., Jovanovid S., et al., 1988).
Sampling profiles in majority of cases coincide with gauging stations. If that was not
possible, water discharges were calculated from the data at the nearest gauging station, or
discharge measurements were performed only for the purpose of water quality
measurements, (RHMZ, 2007).
2.4.2. Gauging Station Equipment in Serbia
The flow status of major rivers is monitored by the Republic Hydrometeorological
Service of Serbia (RHMZ) through systematic measurements and observations at established
hydrologic stations. The hydrologic stations are arranged in such way that they provide
adequate information on the runoff from its catchment area, water discharge, sediment
transport rate along the river, and ice occurrence..
The basic network of hydrologic stations in Serbia consists of 195 stations. At these
stations different measurements are performed, as shown in Table 2. Out of that number 63
are reporting hydrological stations, located on all major watercourses and profiles within the
territory of Serbia. (ICPDR, 2006), (Figure 9), and 69 gauging stations are included in the flood
monitoring network.
36
Table 2: Number of Gauging Stations and Types of Measurements by Major Catchment Ares
Catchment area Number of hydrological monitoring stations
Water level Water
temperature Discharge Ice Sediment
Danube 63 40 32 52 3 Sava 33 23 27 28 7 Morava 99 25 97 87 17 Total 195 88 156 167 27
RHMZ gathers water level, temperature and ice data in real time, 365 days a year, from
63 routine reporting stations. 15 of those gauging stations are equipped for automatic transfer
of water level data, (Table 3), (ICPDR, 2006). In addition, water level data from 13 emergency
reporting stations are gathered only when predefined water level limits are exceeded.
37
Figure 9: Locations of 63 reporting hydrological stations1
1 http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/
38
Table 3: Gauging stations equipment by main sub-basins
River Gauging Stations
Limnigraph Thermometer Cable Telephone Structure Radio
Station Danube 63 28 40 2 - 5 14 Sava 33 26 23 3 4 7 8 Morava 99 83 25 18 5 16 15 Total 195 137 88 23 9 28 37
Both meteorological and hydrological collected data are available to the public through
the RHMZ’s web site http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/. The example of data available for one
gauging station on RHMZ web site is given in Appendix 1.
APPENDIX I - Example of the Information Available for the Gauging Station BEZDAN
(http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/eng/hidrologija/povrsinske/pov_stanica.php?hm_id=42010)
Reporting surface water station: BEZDAN
Station: BEZDAN
River: DUNAV
Basin: BLACK SEA
Foundation year: 1856
KOTA "0" (m a.s.m.): 80.64
Distance from the river mouth (km): 1425.50
Basin area (km2): 210250
Date: THURSDAY, 01.10.2009.
Water stage (cm)
Change of water stage (cm)
River flow (m3/s)
Water temperature (оC)
36 -9 1440
18.8
Tendency Ice events First flood alert (cm)
Second flood alert (cm)
39
Station: BEZDAN
- 500 700
Water stage forecast Weekly range
Day: FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY MONDAY WEDNESDAY ÷ TUESDAY
Date: 02.10. 03.10. 04.10. 05.10. 30.09. ÷ 06.10.
Water stage (cm): 27 22 21 22 0 ÷ 60
40
41
The RHMZ is also in obligation to send daily reports to all upstream and downstream
Danubian countries, as well as customized daily reports to specialized institutions. Plovput is
one of those institutions who receive daily reports. Template of that report is presented in
Table 4. It has information on water stages, discharges, water temperature, 2 or 4 day
forecast, and occurrence of ice, if exists.
42
Table 4: Daily report from RHMZ2
Republic of SerbiaRepublic Hydrometeorological ServiceB e o g r a d, Kneza Viseslava Street 66
HYDROLOGICAL REPORT WITH FORECASTS FOR 26.09.2009.
kota Stage Disch. T water
"0" H Q 27.09. 28.09. 29.09. 30.09.
m n.J.m. cm m3/s oC cm cm cm cm
Linc 247.74 365
Kornojburg 154.05 225 220
Devin 164 1266 160
Komarno 104.41 172 1332 165
Estergom 101.61 101 17.1
Budimpe{ta 95.65 162 1518 17.8 157 148 145 139
Dunavfeldvar 89.58 -69 1243 17.4 -69 -74 -79 -83
Baja 81.72 194 1560 18.4
Mohac 79.20 228 1690 18.8 219 214 208 201
Bezdan 80.64 87 1719 19.3 77 75 70 65
Apatin 78.84 173 19.5 155 150
Bogojevo 77.46 172 2398 19.0 145 135 134 129
Vukovar 76.19 157 18.6
Ilok 73.97 200
Bac. Palanka 73.90 184 18.5 169 157
Novi Sad 71.73 170 2460 18.5 154 137
Slankamen 69.68 202 18.4 189 176
Zemun 67.87 256 18.6 250 244
Pancevo 67.33 278 274 268
Smederevo 65.36 466 3027 462 458
Banat. Palanka 62.85 691
V. Gradiste 62.17 760
Prahovo 29.00 -5 20.0
Botovo 121.55 114 15.0
Terezino Poqe 100.67 -147 16.5
D. Miholjac 88.39 129 655 15.0
Osjek 81.48 95 18.0
Tisabec 115.01 -260 18.0
Vasarosnamen 101.98 -203 68.5 17.6
Tokaj 90.01 455 19.1
Solnok 78.78 -204 131 20.3
Congrad -131 20.2
Segedin 73.70 88 195 20.4 88 88 84 84
Senta 72.80 238 268 21.0 239 241
Novi Becej 71.87 323 20.4
Titel 69.70 191 21.0 181 169
Zagreb 112.26 -258 100
Crnac 89.99 -164
Jasenovac 86.82 -56 189
Gradi{ka 85.47 -5 189
Sl. Brod 81.80 12 274 20.0
Sl. Samac 80.70 -182
Sr. Mitrovica 72.28 55 473 20.0 45 36 30 25
Sabac 72.61 -44 20.1 -53 -62 -67 -72
Beograd 68.28 204 22.6 198 192
Karlovac 103.17 -63
Prijedor 129.68 -10 18.3
Novi Grad -46 18.8
Delibasino Selo 151.21 28 24.5 16.1
Doboj 137.01 -147 24.6 18.7
Jasika 138.56 -117 27.7 -118
Aleksinac 157.63 -102 34 17.0 -107
Varvarin 126.13 -126 52.4 -128 -128
Bagrdan 100.94 -4 50 18.4 -5 -7Ljubicevski m. 73.42 -311 74.8 19.1 -313 -315 -318
Department for Hydrological ForecastsPhone: 011/3050 904, 064/838 5050, Fax: 011/2542 746
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
River Station
DA
NU
BE
DR
AV
AT
ISA
SA
VA
V.M
OR
AV
A
Stage forecast
Ice occurrence
2 Report translated into English
43
2.4.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements, Elaboration of Data in Serbia
Water levels, temperatures and ice phenomena are monitored daily, at 6AM UTC (i.e.
at 7AM local winter time and 8AM local summer time). At 36 stations, mainly those whose
data are internationally exchanged, water levels are also surveyed at 6PM UTC. Monitoring is
provided by the trained amateurs.
Analysis of the current status of the gauging stations network and quality of data was
performed by RHMZ within the project Design and Optimization of the National Network of
Water Gauging Stations funded by the Kingdom of Norway and done in cooperation with
Norwegian Water and Energy Directorate, (RHMZ, 2007). The goal of this project was to
initiate revision, reconstruction, and modernization of the national network of gauging
stations in order to satisfy the needs of data users. The finds of the analysis were that:
The number and distribution of the gauging stations in regard to their distance is generally in
agreement with the Guidelines on the Establishment and Program of Works of
Hydrometeorological Stations on the Territory of Republic of Serbia, from 2003;
The program of works for some gauging stations is not adequate so that these stations
can not provide all necessary information. For example: the gauging station Slankamen on the
Danube River does not have sufficient amount of discharge measurements for the
establishment of reliable rating curve; on the Tisza River there is only one gauging station with
discharge information, located further upstream; on the Serbian section of the Sava River only
one station has rating curve; on the Danube River reach between Smederevo and the
Bulgarian border there are no stations with discharge measurements, except the
measurements at the site of the Iron Gate I dam. Due to the importance of the Danube and
the Sava River for the navigation it is necessary to perform discharge measurements at the
selected gauging stations in the sub-basins;
Many of gauging stations are with outdated equipment, so that the problem of spare parts is
always present;
Gauging stations should be equipped, in the future, with the modern and reliable measuring
equipment and other accompanying infrastructure.
44
2.5. Bulgaria – general information
2.5.1. Description of Water Gauging Stations in Bulgaria
For the performance of daily meteorological and hydrological observations along the
Bulgarian stretch of the Danube River 6 main water gauge stations were situated along it.
These are: Novo selo at km 833.6; Lom – at km 743.3; Oriahovo – at km 678.0; Svishtov – at
km 554.3; Ruse – at km 496.5 and Silistra – at km 375.5.
Figure 1 - Network of the hydrometeorological stations along the Bulgarian section of the
Danube
The first regular meteorological observations for the Bulgarian section of the Danube
began in 1866 in the Austrian Consulate in Ruse. The meteorological station at Ruse was
established in 1884. It was transformed into hydrometeorological in 1955. The level mark of
the zero elevation is 11.80 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.
The station at Novo selo has been functioning since the 1st of January, 1937. The level
mark of the zero elevation is 26.75 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.
The station at Lom has been functioning since 1st of January, 1911. The level mark of
the zero elevation is 22.65 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.
45
The station at Oriahovo has been functioning since 15th of March, 1924. The level mark
of the zero elevation 21.34 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.
The station at Svishtov exists from the 1st of January, 1913. The level mark of the zero
elevation 14.89 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.
The Silistra station began its activity as a part of the Romanian Hydrographic Service. It
has been operating as a Bulgarian hydrometric station since the 1st of May, 1941. In 1942
measurements of the air and water temperatures were commenced. The level mark of the
zero elevation 6.27 m according to the Baltica Kronshtad Evaluation System.
Hydrometeorological
station
Longitude Latitude AMSL
Novo selo 22°78’ 44°15’ 49.00 m
Lom 23°13’ 43°49’ 32.50 m
Oriahovo 23°58’ 43°41’ 28.85 m
Svishtov 25°21’ 43°37’ 24.30 m
Ruse 25°52’ 43°52’ 37.50 m
Silistra 27°15’ 44°07’ 15.85 m
Table 1 – Geographical coordinates of the hydrometeorological stations
All of these stations are within the Hydrology and Hydrometeorology Department of EAEMDR.
The department performs the following main activities:
All hydrological measurements and the entire complex 24-hour synoptic and
meteorological observations on the Danube river;
Measurements of water levels and temperature;
Measurements of the velocity of the flow and water quantities;
Prepare daily, monthly, annual and multi-annual prognosis on the basis of the
collected data;
Process and prepare for dissemination the hydrological data for internal and
external exchange.
46
Figure 2 – Hydrometeorological station in Ruse
2.5.2. Gauge equipment in Bulgaria
In order to measure the water levels the gauge stations are equipped with cast iron
gauges which are mounted on the quay walls and are ruled in 2 cm intervals. The HMS in Lom
and Ruse are equipped with automatic stations (limnigraphs). It is foreseen the stations in
Novo selo and Oriahovo to be equipped with such limnigraphs as well.
Figure 3 - Self-writing water measuring gauge in Ruse
47
They are also provided with pressure detectors.
Water quantities are measured by a ship that is equipped with hydrometrical propeller OTT –
Kempten, and the velocity of the flow - on the basis of the integral method by vessel. Its
location is determined by GPS with one-meter precision.
.
Figure 4 - Hydrometrical propeller OTT – Kempten.
At all the stations the ice occurrence in the river waters is registered. There is no
special equipment for defining the ice occurrence, thus this is made taking into account the
percentage of water surface that is covered with ice.
The water temperatures are measured with mercury thermometers with a precision of
0.1°C.
48
All the parameters and the relevant equipment are presented systematically in the following
table:
Measured parameters Equipment
Atmospheric pressure
Mercury barometer and
barograph
Speed and direction of the wind Wild anemometer
Visibility By sight
Type and quantity of clouds By sight
Air temperature Mercury thermometer
Humidity
Wet and dry mercury
thermometer
Type and quality of penetration Pluviograph and Wild rain gauge
Water level
Iron gauges and automatic
stations
Ice appearance By sight
Water quantities Hydrometrical propeller
Water temperature Mercury thermometer
Table 2 – Hydrometeorological parameters and equipment
2.5.3. Quantity and Quality of Measurements. Elaboration of Data in Bulgaria
In order to be ensured good quality and sufficiency of the measurements and the
eternal and external transmission of the data all the relevant procedures are developed in
accordance with the Quality Management System (QMS).
The water levels are measured at least once a day. At Novo selo and Lom the
measurements are performed three times a day due to the big 24-hour fluctuations caused by
the working regime of the Hydrotechnical facility “Iron Gates”.
The measurements of the water quantities are performed by the hydrological team
within HHM Directorate at least 4 times a year during different water levels.
49
Measured parameters Frequency of the measurements
Atmospheric pressure 12 times per day
Speed and direction of the wind
12 times per day and permanently
in cases of decreased visibility
Visibility
12 times per day and permanently
in cases of decreased visibility
Type and quantity of clouds 12 times per day
Air temperature 12 times per day
Humidity 12 times per day
Type and quality of penetration
Minimum 6 times per day when it
is raining
Water level
1-3 times per day; in cases of flood
threats more frequently
Ice appearance Permanently when appear
Water quantities Minimum 5 times per year
Water temperature Daily
The hydrological automatic stations in Ruse and Lom register data every
15 min.
The meteorological automatic stations in Ruse and Lom register data
every 5 min
Table 3 Measured parameters and frequancy of measurents
Hydrological measurements and observations:
The responsible experts from the HMSs at Novo selo, Lom, Oryahovo, Svishtov and
Silsitra send the information from the stations to the HMS at Ruse till 07:30 a.m. GMT via
email.
50
The observation of the water levels at the main HMSs and water gauging points is done
every day at 07:00 a.m. GMT. In cases of intensive increasing or decreasing of the water level
of the Danube, additional observations are done besides the main one - at 13:00 a.m. and
17:00 a.m. When it is necessary they are done at intervals of 1 – 3 hours.
The daily data is registered in the referent journals and is published once a day on the
website of the Agency. When there are additional observations the results of them are
published in real time.
Figure 5 Water level information ot the website of EAEMDR
51
At the stations where there are limnigraphs the data from them is compared with the
data from the iron gauges. When there is difference more than 2-3 cm, the limnigraph is set to
the correct data from the iron gauges.
During low waters (when the level is under the bottom end of the iron gauge) and high
waters (when the level is above the upper end of the iron gauge) the measurements are done
with a mounted beforehand temporary gauge.
Measurements of the flow velocity and water quantities
The measurement of water quantities are done at the main hydrometric profiles,
critical for the navigation and the secondary branches of the islands in order to be set the
relation between water quantities and water levels, to be indicated the discharge of the
waters in the relevant branches, the characteristics of the water flow and its development.
The number of the verticals is defined in compliance with the width of the river (or the
branch). And the distance between them should not exceed 1/7th from the width of the river
flow.
In order to be achieved higher precision of the measurements it is recommended and
preferably this distance not to exceed 40 – 50 m (for the main profiles) and 15-20m in the
secondary branches.
The verticals at the left and right banks are done as near as possible to the riverbank
(depending the draught of the vessel). The adjacent verticals should not lie remote from those
at the banks due to the fact that the average velocity intensively increases from the riverbank
to the midstream. The acceptable maximum error in the measurements is ± 5%.
The measurements are postponed if the meteorological conditions are not favourable.
There is a detailed procedure for defining the distances between the verticals and for
the measurements of the depths that the responsible experts are obliged to follow. This
procedure is in accordance with the QMS.
The measurement of the velocity at the fairway are done at different water levels in
order to be defined the average speed of the flow in the different sections of the river. They
are done on every 5 km at a depth 1m and with duration minimum 100 seconds.
52
Al the data from the measurements are registered in the following table:
Figure 6 Table for measurement results
All the information is permanently stored in HMS Ruse.
Meteorological observations and preparation of information:
The synoptic observations are done 10 minutes before the following time (GMT)
(without shifting to summer time) – 12:00a.m, 03:00 a.m., 06:00 a.m., 09:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m.,
01:00 p.m, 18:00 p.m., 21:00 p.m., following the procedure and the guidance from the
National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology. The ciphering of the information is
performed with the Synop programme, developed by the NIMH – BAS, and is sent to the
responsible meteorological expert in NIMH.
Climate observations are done at 05:00 a.m., 12:00 a.m. and 19:00 p.m. (GMT), the procedure
for their proceeding and dissemination is the same.
There are special registers where the responsible expert from NIMH enters the data
from the meteorological observations. At the beginning of every month these registers are
sent to the EAEMDR and permanently stored in the HHM Directorate
53
2.6. Romania – general information
2.6.1. Description of water gauge station in Romania
As part of a highly important hydrological monitoring the evolution has a water level.
For this there are water stations that are equipped to help groom hydrometric daily water
level readings (figure 1). Opening requirements of Maritime Navigation was preceded by the
Danube's mouth when making a scientific research program on knowledge of basin and
hydrologic conditions in the Danube Delta.
When conducting such research, in the months December 1856 - August 1857 are the first
measurements of the Black Sea at the mouth of arms Sulina and Saint George, fixing the
reference plane "Zero" Black Sea-Sulina, materialized on the foundation of central headlamp
Sulina (still existing) with a metallic marker at the rate of 4.88 feet (1.4874m) above the
reference plane respectively. Compared to the reference plane were reported all topo-
hydrographic work carried out then and later in the Danube Delta Danube.
After national independence in 1878, the Romanian State surprise move to install new gauging
Figure 1. Hydrometrical inclined gauge station Giurgiu
the economic importance of all points on the river at that time. In the years 1879-1880 to
install hydrometric levels groom 8 ports Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Calafat, Bechet, Turnu
Magurele, Zimnicea, Giurgiu, Oltenita and Calarasi, systematic measurement and observation
levels glaciers. Next to install other groom gauging the Danube (at Moldova Veche in 1893, the
54
Sviniţa in 1893, at Gruia in 1898, the Bistret in 1899, at Cernavoda in 1896, the Hârsova in
Isaccea in 1898 and 1895).
Figure 2. Reference system plan
How to obtain such data and items of hydrological regime of the Danube, observation changes
the system used for measuring levels of graduated rulers, called wonder hydrometric, installed
on foundations established with other relevant systems improved. (figure2).
Using hydrometric groom could accumulate in the last 150 years an important background
data on the system accurate water level Danube Delta and Black Sea. For the reference
contour’s maps in the Danube basin, three systems were adopted by reference Adriatic, Baltic
and Black Sea. The Black Sea basin system plans to exit several references, Sulina, Constanta,
Varna, Odessa, Sevastopol, Kerch, Poti, Batumi and others (table 1).
55
Table 1. Particulars of the main surprise gauging the Danube on the Romanian bank.
Gauge station Year of
establis
hment
Distance
to Sulina
km
catchment
area
share groom absolute gauging relative origin of the
reference systems
United
North
Sea
Adriatic
Trieste
Sea
Baltic Sea
Kronstad
m
BBlac
k Sea
Sulina
m
BBlac
k Sea
Varna
m
Bazias 1874 1072 - - 63,87 63,56 64,17 -
Moldova
Veche
1893 1049 - - 62,39 62,38 63,02 -
Drencova 1854 1015,8 573412 - 59,62 59,47 60,11 -
Svinita 1893 995 - - 49,59 49,28 50,06 -
Orsova 1838 955 576232 - 43,87 43,91 44,36 -
Turnu Severin 1879 931,1 578300 - 33,67 33,36 34,13 -
Gruia 1898 851 - - - 28,07 29,10 -
Cetate 1899 811 - - - 26,46 27,79 -
Calafat 1879 794,4 588620 - - 25,94 26,68 -
Bistret 1899 725 - - - 23,11 23,88 -
Bechet 1880 679 - - - 21,31 22,08
Corabia 1879 630 623350 - - 19,49 20,12 -
Turnu
Magurele
1879 597 - - - 18,34 19,13
Zimnicea 1879 554 658400 - - 15,29 16,22 -
Giurgiu 1879 493 676150 - - 12,58 13,06 -
Oltenita 1879 430 684900 - - 9,53 10,01 -
Calarasi 1879 364,8 - - - 6,79 7,31 -
Parjoaia 1951 348,5 - - - 5,34 5,87 -
Unirea 1952 341(70) - - - - 6,00 -
56
Cernavoda 1896 300 707000 - - 4,36 4,87 -
Harsova 1898 252 ,3 709100 - - 2,58 3,08 -
Vadu Oii 1953 238 - - - - 2,63 -
Braila 1874 170 726700 - - 0,45 1,08 -
Galati 1874 150 - - - 0,28 0,86 -
Isaccea 1895 103,5 - - - 0,09 0,63 -
Ceatal Ismail 1928 80 - - - - 0,57 -
Tulcea 1879 71,3 807000 - - 0,00 0,56 -
Chilia Noua 1919 47,0 - - - - 0,33 0,36 -
Sulina 1857 0,00 817000 - - - 0,69 0,00 -
During the cold season of the year, in winter when frost phenomenal occur, when
measurements of levels are observed and the nature of ice (ice or fixed bridge) measuring the
thickness of the ice near shore. In case of ice jams in the hydrometric groom, which affect
natural drainage system, corrections are made to wonder local levels, using correlation levels
with neighbouring points uninfluenced by ice. For monitoring the water level along the
Danube, there are a number of 29 gauges mounted usually in the ports area, with next
characteristic values (table 2).
Table 2. Characteristic values of annual minimum annual levels and their trends for the years 1931-2004, the
groom gauging the Danube
Gauge
station
name
position
km
Maximum
cm
year average
cm
minimum
cm
year 1931
cm
Tendency
cm/an
Gruia 851 178 1955 -11,6 -196 1985 - 8,2 - 0,092
Cetate 811 200 1955 29,6 -111 1954 32,7 - 0,08
Calafat 794,4 195 1955 20,3 -128 1985 37,6 - 0,46
Bechet 679 169 1955 25,1 - 90 1954 23,8 0,035
Corabia 630 202 1955 10,9 -138 2003 22,0 - 0,295
Turnu 597 160 1955 20,7 - 71 1954 14,4 0,17
57
Magurele
Zimnicea 554 213 1955 33,0 - 86 1954 31,7 0,035
Giurgiu 493 202 1955 - 9,35 -309 1954 15,1 - 0,65
Oltenita 430 214 1955 103 -120 1954 0,82 0,245
Calarasi 364,8(94,4) 183 1955 - 28 -141 2003 - 24,7 - 0,084
Cernavoda 300 148 1955 - 67,7 -245 1969 - 43,8 - 0,605
Harsova 252,3 257 1955 6,7 -125 2003 12,4 - 0,144
Braila 170 275 1955 59,4 - 61 1954 23,5 0,909
Isaccea 103,5 212 1955 44,9 - 35 1946 19 0,657
Tulcea 71,3 178 1955 37,2 - 24 1947 -16,5 0,55
Depending on ground conditions, there are three types of gauges: vertical, inclined and
staircase (figure 3).
Figure 3. Types of the gauges
Staircase inclined vertical
58
2.6.2. Gauge equipments in Romania
For the measurement requires a set of equipment and instruments available in
equipping each station. Within these stations is harvested a number of parameters: water
level, water temperature, air temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature,
wind speed, wind direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloud, precipitation.
The reading for water level is visual where they are located groom and automatic
stations (figure 4) for tide gauge where there are groom with automatic recording (Galati,
Giurgiu, Tr. Severin) – resolution of 1 cm , auto logging and averaging period up to 24 hours
and sensors for pressure and water temperature, which use a modem /GSM to transmit the
data.
Figure 4. E-sea tide gauge Marimatech
In order to measure the water levels the gauge stations are equipped with cast iron
pegels which are mounted on the quay walls and are ruled in 2 cm intervals and in some ports
there are used the limnograph which record the level on the paper (figure 5).
Figure 5. limnograph
59
The water temperatures are measured with mercury thermometers with a precision of
0.1°C. Others parameters for meteorological information are registered by classical and
electronic instruments (figure 6) .
Figure 6. Weather station (Davis Vantage Pro)
Other parameter which is recorded is the appearance of ice in the river waters. The
observations are done visual and take into account the percentage of water surface that is
covered with ice.
2.6.3. Quantity and quality of measurements in Romania
The water levels are measured once a day and in periods of extreme levels (small and
large) twice daily or whenever necessary. In periods of flood levels are registered in one or
two hours and transmitted to those interested.
Each gauging station maintained by a person who harvested their data and
communicate more. Data are checked and then pooled to make public (on site AFDJ and radio
communication).Annual tests are made on the physical and the zero plane of the groom with
topographical instruments. All apparatus and equipment is calibrated annually or whenever
necessary.
60
2.6.4. Elaboration of data in Romania
The data collected (water levels, meteorological information, discharge, etc) are used
for statistics , making models, forecasts, transmitting the Danube Commission, for navigation,
topo-hydrographical measurements (figure 7). Informations for debts collected are stored in a
database in different formats that can be analyzed and processed for different purposes.
Figure 7. Hydrographer for water level
CALAFAT 2007
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351
2007
H(c
m)
61
Figure 8. Discharge in Calafat area
The information and results of measurements collected in the field are processed,
analyzed, validated and submitted by the departments of hydrology and hydrography.
Annual verifications and calibrations are tests, if necessary by the team at gauging stations
basin.
Information about the levels and forecasts are made public on site AFDJ Galati at
http://www.afdj.ro/cote/cote.htm (figure 9).
Figure 9. web site AFDJ
62
Situation and forecast for the tributary rivers are disseminated by the National Administration
Romanian Waters (ANAR).
2.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
2.7.1. Description of water gauge station in area of Danube-Black See canal
The information regarding the water level and flow on the Danube, the forecast of the
level evolution is collected daily from the site of the National Institute of Hydrology and Water
Management. At Administration of Navigable Canals S.H. there is a data basis serving this
purpose.
The level measurements on the navigable canals DBSC and PAMNC are made through
installations of level measurements completely automated and assisted of existing computers
at the four locks, in the following control points:
- Upstream and downstream at the Cernavoda lock;
- Upstream and downstream at the Agigea lock;
- Upstream and downstream at the Ovidiu lock;
- Upstream and downstream at the Navodari lock;
The level measurement system allows the transmission at the Agigea Central Dispatch
in a computer, where it will be created a data basis regarding the history of the level variation
in the two waterways. In addition to this, in all the hydro-technical nodes there are located
topometry gauges for comparison and as reserve element at the automated installations.
The measurement system completes the following conditions:
- Measured parameter: the water level in the downstream points and upstream
ones on each lock;
- The level measurements precision: ± 1 cm;
- Level display frequency:
- Locally at lockage: - from 5 to 5 minutes
- The transmission to headquarter: - once an hour;
63
- Data base: in the computer from the headquarter is created a data base with
statistic role which covers the transmitted data from the level measurements
installations;
- Environmental requests: the installation functions no matter what season,
including the case of ice on the canal.
The Water Management – Environmental Protection bureau permanently monitors the
water level from the navigable canals, according to which it coordinates the activity of water
pumping from the Danube and of water consumption from the canals for the maintenance of
the optimum exploitation level in the canals:
64
WATER LEVEL IN NAVIGABLE CHANNELS – NOVEMBER 2009
da
te
CERNAVODA LOCK
AGIGEA LOCK
OVIDIU LOCK NAVODARI
LOCK Average levels Bief II DBSC, Bief I PAMNC COTE COTE COTE COTE
AMONT ATLAS AMONT ATLAS AMONT ATLAS AMONT ATLAS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 4.46 7.41 7.41 -0.10 7.37 1.57 1.64 -0.19 7.40
2 4.63 7.47 7.46 -0.11 7.43 1.57 1.63 -0.18 7.45
3 4.77 7.46 7.39 -0.06 7.39 1.56 1.63 -0.13 7.41
4 4.87 7.38 7.32 0.06 7.31 1.57 1.63 0.01 7.34
5 4.91 7.46 7.43 -0.09 7.43 1.56 1.63 -0.14 7.44
6 4.93 7.56 7.52 -0.06 7.53 1.58 1.63 -0.14 7.54
7 4.95 7.59 7.53 -0.02 7.53 1.56 1.63 -0.10 7.55
8 4.94 7.60 7.60 -0.02 7.56 1.56 1.63 -0.08 7.59
9 4.83 7.56 7.50 -0.02 7.53 1.58 1.64 -0.09 7.53
10 4.77 7.48 7.44 -0.05 7.44 1.58 1.65 -0.10 7.45
11 4.72 7.52 7.51 -0.03 7.50 1.59 1.66 -0.14 7.51
12 4.78 7.57 7.53 -0.03 7.58 1.58 1.66 -0.23 7.56
13 5.08 7.50 7.53 -0.23 7.52 1.58 1.65 -0.23 7.52
14 5.73 7.35 7.34 -0.23 7.33 1.60 1.67 -0.23 7.34
15 6.23 7.49 7.49 -0.16 7.45 1.61 1.68 -0.16 7.48
16 6.52 7.60 7.60 -0.17 7.57 1.64 1.69 -0.17 7.59
17 6.60 7.66 7.63 -0.16 7.62 1.62 1.69 -0.22 7.64
18 6.63 7.73 7.68 -0.16 7.71 1.61 1.69 -0.23 7.71
19 6.61 7.51 7.45 -0.10 7.48 1.61 1.69 -0.21 7.48
20 6.54 7.47 7.48 -0.15 7.46 1.63 1.69 -0.26 7.47
21 6.48 7.55 7.56 -0.16 7.54 1.63 1.70 -0.26 7.55
22 6.30 7.59 7.61 -0.17 7.54 1.63 1.71 -0.22 7.58
23 6.13 7.30 7.27 -0.09 7.28 1.63 1.71 -0.18 7.28
24 5.97 7.39 7.35 -0.10 7.34 1.62 1.71 -0.17 7.36
25 5.83 7.49 7.48 -0.13 7.47 1.62 1.71 -0.23 7.48
26 5.66 7.54 7.51 -0.06 7.51 1.64 1.72 -0.20 7.52
27 5.52 7.58 7.55 -0.05 7.56 1.64 1.71 -0.14 7.56
28 5.37 7.64 7.62 -0.07 7.61 1.63 1.71 -0.14 7.62
29 5.22 7.69 7.68 -0.11 7.67 1.63 1.71 -0.16 7.68
30 5.10 7.74 7.68 -0.08 7.70 1.63 1.72 -0.16 7.71
5.50 7.53 7.51 -0.10 7.50 1.60 1.67 -0.17 7.51
2.7.2. Measuring the water volumes and flows in area of Danube-Black See canal
The water volume taken from the Danube in view of maintaining the exploitation level
in the navigable canals on the basis of the functioning hours of the aggregates at the Complex
65
Pumping Station Cernavoda, and of its flow, set on the basis of the diagram of the pumps and
according to the water level of the Danube.
The water volume taken from the navigable canals by the beneficiaries of use is set on
the basis of the measurement machines (water meters, flow meters, electric power indicator)
installed in the pumping water installations, and which belong to the hydro-technical scheme.
The calculus of the water volume consumed in navigation is made on the basis of the
level upstream and downstream at each lock, of the dimensions of the chamber locks and of
the number of emptying after each lockage. The water volume consumed is determined
automatically by the automatic installations by the measure levels, where it created a data
basis regarding the water volume history of waters transited on the waterway.
The water volumes and flows taken from the Danube transited on the Danube - Black
Sea Canal and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal and evacuated in the Black Sea are
calculated, registered and centralized daily within the Water Management Bureau, where
there is a data basis in this purpose, based on the reports transmitted from the locks and the
Complex Pumping Station Cernavoda.
In the data basis of the National Company Administration of Navigable Canals S.H.
there can be found relevant information about the “Water balance” (the Water necessary)
through which are monitored all the water volumes that enter and go out in/from the
navigable canals.
The water volume situations that and go out in/from the navigable canals are monthly
transmitted at the Romanian Waters, which represents the invested authority with a unique
application of the national strategy in the field of water resources management, on the
territory of the hydrographical basin Dobrogea – Seashore, having the following main tasks:
- Hydrological, hydro geologic and quality monitoring of the water resources, as
well as the processing of the diagnosis and forecasts;
- The administration and exploitation of the National System of Water
Management infrastructure;
66
- The warning and realization of prevention, fighting and disposal measures of the
effects of the floods and the hydro-meteorological dangerous phenomenon , of
drought and accidental pollution;
- Applying the national program of implementation of the current laws harmonized
with the Directives of the European Union in the field of durative water
management.
2.7.3. Quality and quantity measurements in area of Danube-Black See canal
From a quality measurements point of view we mention that the measurement
machinery of the water volumes (water meters, flow meters and electric power indicators)
installed in the installations of water pumping which belong to the beneficiaries of the hydro-
technical scheme are submitted to periodical meteorological checks, according to the current
laws and to the contractual stipulations.
The quantity management of the waters
1. The quantity and quality management of the waters in the Danube - Black Sea Canal
is insured by the Administration through the correct exploitation of the complex hydro-
technical scheme of the canal, after a calculus program which answers to some hypotheses
characteristic to low, normal and high waters, coordinated to the need of take and download
of waters of the beneficiaries of use.
2. When establishing the quantity management system, in low water conditions of the
Danube, the following will be taken into consideration:
2.1. the Danube levels of +2,95 mrMB corresponding to an insurance of low waters of
97%, 94%, which there are usually produced in autumn, outside the irrigation season, and up
to the levels of +4,30 mrMB, the beneficiaries of use can function in the limit of the
parameters characteristically approved with some restrictions.
To ensure the water needs of the uses there are necessary special works on Bala
branch.
67
2.2. At level of the Danube of over +4,30 mrMB corresponding to low waters of 70-80%
in summer months, all the beneficiaries of use can function in the limit of the parameters
characteristically approved.
3. When establishing the quantity management system, in normal water conditions of
the Danube, the following will be taken into consideration:
3.1. Through normal waters at the Danube we understand water whose levels are
bigger than +5mrMB and lower than +12mrMB.
3.2. Between these levels the complex hydro-technical scheme of the canal insures the
take and download of water of the beneficiaries of use in the limits of the approved
parameters in any water download situation of cooling that come from CNE – in the Danube
or the canal.
3.3. For all the situations in which the levels from the Danube are found under the
levels in the canal, the crossing of waters from canal pool I to canal pool II will be made with
the functioning of the complex pumping station Cernavoda, in the measure in which the
addition of water in this canal pool cannot benefit from water download and cooling from
CNE.
4. The quantity water management system, in normal level conditions in canal pool II
will take into consideration the following:
4.1. Through the normal exploiting levels in canal pool II we understand levels bigger
than the +7,00 mrMB cote and lower than the +8,50mrMB cote.
4.2. Between these levels, all the beneficiaries of use have insured the conditions of
water take from the canal, no matter what the flows and levels of the Danube are, the
beneficiaries of use which download water in canal pool II of the canal have insured the water
download in the limit of the approved parameters
5. The Quantity management system of the water from the Danube - Black Sea Canal
in the periods of flood evacuation, flood created by rainfalls in the hydrographical basin, will
take into consideration the following special measures which are taken in an interval of
maximum 2 hours from the forecast of the general calculus and check rainfall:
68
5.1. When occurring the generalized or partially generalized rainfall in the
hydrographical basin of the Canal with an insurance of calculus of 1%, which needs the
insurance of evacuation towards the sea of a flow of 300m3/sec, the complex hydro-technical
scheme of the canal enters in alert state and the satisfaction of the needs of water download
of the beneficiaries of use stops.
5.2. The access in completely stopped in canal pool II of the water taken from the
Danube, in this canal pool, the following step being the download through the links of the
affluent valleys, only of the waters that come from rainfalls.
5.3. The flood is transited through the canal towards the sea where is downloaded
through the beginning of functioning of the siphoning batteries, of the high water evacuation
galleries and if the case of the hydro-electric stations and clamshell downloads.
2.7.4. Elaboration of data in area of Danube-Black See canal
Daily the following hydrological parameters are monitored:
The water level from the Danube and the waterways through the automatic
installation of level measurements;
Water flows of the waters consumed from the canals, on the basis of the
telephonic communications from the clients and on the basis of the lockage
number;
The water flow taken from the Danube with SPC Cernavoda.
Monthly the following documents are elaborated regarding the water management:
1. The water volume situation taken from the Danube with the Complex Pumping Station
Cernavoda on the basis of the functioning of SPC situation, with working hours of the
pumps and flow pumps.
69
Pumping stations Complex Situation Cernavoda officers - PUMPING IN OCTOBER 2009
Nivele PUMP OP-6 PUMP OP-6 TOTAL PUMP
Date
Am Cv
Av Cv
Δh NR. 5 NR. 7
Hours Q Volume water Hours Q Volume water Hours Q Volume water
(mrMB) (m) mc/s thousand cm mc/s thousand cm mc/s thousand cm
1 4.21 7.48 3.27 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.95 286.560 8.00 9.95 286.560
2 4.16 7.41 3.25 1.5 9.95 53.730 8.0 9.95 286.560 9.50 9.95 340.290
3 4.12 7.42 3.30 24.0 9.90 855.360 24.0 9.90 855.360 48.00 9.90 1710.720
4 4.06 7.48 3.42 24.0 9.85 851.040 24.0 9.85 851.040 48.00 9.85 1702.080
5 4.00 7.66 3.66 6.5 9.70 226.980 8.0 9.70 279.360 14.50 9.70 506.340
6 3.82 7.64 3.82 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.55 275.040 8.00 9.55 275.040
7 3.77 7.60 3.83 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.55 275.040 8.00 9.55 275.040
8 3.59 7.58 3.99 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.45 272.160 8.00 9.45 272.160
9 3.47 7.52 4.05 0.0 0.00 0.000 8.0 9.40 270.720 8.00 9.40 270.720
10 3.39 7.48 4.09 16.5 9.35 555.390 24.0 9.35 807.840 40.50 9.35 1363.230
11 3.32 7.55 4.23 24.0 9.25 799.200 24.0 9.25 799.200 48.00 9.25 1598.400
12 3.26 7.65 4.39 6.5 9.15 214.110 8.0 9.15 263.520 14.50 9.15 477.630
13 3.26 7.67 4.41 0.0 0.00 0.000 6.5 9.15 214.110 6.50 9.15 214.110
14 3.26 7.64 4.38 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
15 3.26 7.56 4.30 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
16 3.23 7.50 4.27 1.5 9.25 49.950 1.5 9.25 49.950 3.00 9.25 99.900
17 3.28 7.45 4.17 24.0 9.30 803.520 24.0 9.30 803.520 48.00 9.30 1607.040
18 3.38 7.55 4.17 24.0 9.30 803.520 24.0 9.30 803.520 48.00 9.30 1607.040
19 3.47 7.65 4.18 0.0 0.00 0.000 5.5 9.30 184.140 5.50 9.30 184.140
20 3.54 7.64 4.10 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
21 3.57 7.53 3.96 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
22 3.67 7.42 3.75 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
23 3.82 7.49 3.67 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
24 4.03 7.70 3.67 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
25 4.17 7.40 3.23 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
26 4.25 7.24 2.99 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
27 4.32 7.46 3.14 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
28 4.37 7.70 3.33 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
29 4.37 7.66 3.29 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
30 4.35 7.50 3.15 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
31 4.40 7.30 2.90 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.000
Total 3.78 7.53 3.75 152.5 9.50 5212.800 221.5 9.50 7577.640 374.00 9.500 12790.440
2. The situation of the water consumption for navigational use, on the basis of the levels
from the 4 locks, the dimensions of the locks and of the number of water emptying
from the locks.
70
STATUS OF THE VOLUME OF WATER CONSUMPTION FOR NAVIGATION - November 2009
da
te CERNAVODA LOCK AGIGEA LOCK OVIDIU LOCK NAVODARI LOCK
Average levels
SUM
COTE nr sluice volume COTE nr sluice volume COTE nr sluice volume COTE nr sluice volume NR NR SUM
AM AT ecl evac mii mc AM AT ecl evac mii mc AM AT ecl evac mii mc AM AT ecl evac mii mc ECL Evac
navig water
1 4.46 7.41 7 5 114.313 7.41 0.10 7 7 407.418 7.37 1.57 0 0 0.000 1.64 0.19 0 0 0.000 7.40 14 12 521.730
2 4.63 7.47 10 7 154.070 7.46 0.11 8 7 410.673 7.43 1.57 1 2 21.330 1.63 0.18 1 1 3.294 7.45 20 17 589.367
3 4.77 7.46 15 11 229.323 7.39 0.06 11 8 461.900 7.39 1.56 2 2 21.221 1.63 0.13 0 0 0.000 7.41 28 21 712.444
4 4.87 7.38 7 5 97.263 7.32 0.06 9 4 225.060 7.31 1.57 1 1 10.447 1.63 0.01 0 0 0.000 7.34 17 10 332.769
5 4.91 7.46 12 7 138.338 7.43 0.09 8 7 407.960 7.43 1.56 1 1 10.683 1.63 0.14 1 1 3.221 7.44 22 16 560.202
6 4.93 7.56 9 9 183.443 7.52 0.06 5 5 293.725 7.53 1.58 5 5 54.145 1.63 0.14 0 0 0.000 7.54 19 19 531.313
7 4.95 7.59 10 10 204.600 7.53 0.02 7 7 409.588 7.53 1.56 1 1 10.865 1.63 0.10 1 1 3.149 7.55 19 19 628.202
8 4.94 7.60 6 6 123.690 7.60 0.02 5 3 177.165 7.56 1.56 0 0 0.000 1.63 0.08 0 0 0.000 7.59 11 9 300.855
9 4.83 7.56 10 8 169.260 7.50 0.02 7 5 291.400 7.53 1.58 2 2 21.658 1.64 0.09 0 0 0.000 7.53 19 15 482.318
10 4.77 7.48 11 8 168.020 7.44 0.05 9 6 348.285 7.44 1.58 7 5 53.326 1.65 0.10 3 3 9.555 7.45 30 22 579.186
11 4.72 7.52 17 11 238.700 7.51 0.03 11 5 292.175 7.50 1.59 4 4 43.025 1.66 0.14 1 1 3.276 7.51 33 21 577.176
12 4.78 7.57 14 9 194.603 7.53 0.03 11 7 410.130 7.58 1.58 0 0 0.000 1.66 0.23 1 1 3.440 7.56 26 17 608.172
13 5.08 7.50 15 9 168.795 7.53 0.23 14 9 541.260 7.52 1.58 1 1 10.811 1.65 0.23 1 1 3.422 7.52 31 20 724.287
14 5.73 7.35 17 14 175.770 7.34 0.23 13 8 469.340 7.33 1.60 8 5 52.143 1.67 0.23 1 1 3.458 7.34 39 28 700.711
15 6.23 7.49 14 10 97.650 7.49 0.16 12 7 415.013 7.45 1.61 0 0 0.000 1.68 0.16 0 0 0.000 7.48 26 17 512.663
16 6.52 7.60 12 8 66.960 7.60 0.17 11 6 361.305 7.57 1.64 4 4 43.170 1.69 0.17 3 3 10.156 7.59 30 21 481.591
17 6.60 7.66 13 10 82.150 7.63 0.16 12 7 422.608 7.62 1.62 0 1 10.920 1.69 0.22 0 0 0.000 7.64 25 18 515.678
18 6.63 7.73 18 13 110.825 7.68 0.16 12 7 425.320 7.71 1.61 3 2 22.204 1.69 0.23 2 2 6.989 7.71 35 24 565.338
19 6.61 7.51 15 9 62.775 7.45 0.10 10 6 351.075 7.48 1.61 2 2 21.367 1.69 0.21 0 0 0.000 7.48 27 17 435.217
20 6.54 7.47 13 8 57.660 7.48 0.15 12 7 413.928 7.46 1.63 3 3 31.832 1.69 0.26 2 2 7.098 7.47 30 20 510.517
21 6.48 7.55 6 5 41.463 7.56 0.16 5 5 299.150 7.54 1.63 1 1 10.756 1.70 0.26 1 1 3.567 7.55 13 12 354.936
22 6.30 7.59 6 4 39.990 7.61 0.17 4 1 60.295 7.54 1.63 1 1 10.756 1.71 0.22 1 1 3.513 7.58 12 7 114.554
23 6.13 7.30 11 7 63.473 7.27 0.09 7 7 399.280 7.28 1.63 4 4 41.132 1.71 0.18 2 2 6.880 7.28 24 20 510.764
24 5.97 7.39 13 11 121.055 7.35 0.10 11 9 519.638 7.34 1.62 5 4 41.642 1.71 0.17 1 1 3.422 7.36 30 25 685.756
25 5.83 7.49 14 9 115.785 7.48 0.13 11 8 471.820 7.47 1.62 6 5 53.235 1.71 0.23 0 0 0.000 7.48 31 22 640.840
26 5.66 7.54 15 9 131.130 7.51 0.06 12 8 469.340 7.51 1.64 3 4 42.734 1.72 0.20 0 0 0.000 7.52 30 21 643.204
27 5.52 7.58 14 11 175.615 7.55 0.05 11 7 412.300 7.56 1.64 3 3 32.323 1.71 0.14 2 0 0.000 7.56 30 21 620.238
28 5.37 7.64 9 6 105.555 7.62 0.07 8 7 417.183 7.61 1.63 0 2 21.767 1.71 0.14 0 0 0.000 7.62 17 15 544.505
29 5.22 7.69 12 8 153.140 7.68 0.11 7 6 362.235 7.67 1.63 1 1 10.993 1.71 0.16 1 1 3.403 7.68 21 16 529.771
30 5.10 7.74 9 7 143.220 7.68 0.08 10 6 360.840 7.70 1.63 8 7 77.332 1.72 0.16 3 3 10.265 7.71 30 23 591.657
T 5.50 7.53 354 254 3928.630 7.51 0.10 280 192 11307.405 7.50 1.60 77 73 781.817 1.67 0.17 28 26 88.106 7.51 739 545 16105.959
3. The situation of water volumes taken from the canals by the beneficiaries, on the basis
of the Minutes of consumption monthly signed with the beneficiaries of the hydro-
technical scheme.
4. The water volume situation of the water downloaded in the canals by the beneficiaries,
on the basis of the Minutes monthly signed.
5. The water volumes situation downloaded in the Black Sea through the valves of the
galleries of big waters from Navodari and Agigea Locks.
6. The volumes of fresh water consumed at the work points of the national company.
7. The water balance of all the water volumes that have entered or gone out in/from the
waterways with the purpose of creating s data basis, of knowing the necessity of water
beneficiaries and to avoid water loss from the canals.
8. The situation of allowance accomplishment regarding the water volumes taken and/or
evacuated in the month, which is transmitted to the Romanian Waters.
Annually the “Water balance” and “The water necessary” are elaborated on basis of the
written requests of the beneficiaries of use of the water from the canal regarding the take or
download of water volumes in the waterways in the following 2 years and is transmitted to the
Romanian Waters – Dobrogea Seashore Waters Constanta Directorate.
It is elaborated the Annual Program regarding quantity water management of the
Danube - Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal waters on the basis of the
water volumes that will be pumped the next year from the Danube in the DBSC through the
Complex Pumping Station at Cernavoda, water volumes consumed from the canals and fresh
water volumes for the working points of the company.
72
3 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS – GENERAL INFORMATION
3.1. Austria – general information
3.1.1. Regime and operative data in Austria
The Austrian Danube has a length of 350.5 km and reaches from stream-km 2223.3 to
1872.7. The river flows from Germany through Austria to Slovakia while it passes 10
(respectively 11 with the small hydro power plant “Nussdorf”) hydroelectric power stations (see
Table 5: hydroelectric power stations). The artificial power station chain affects definitively the
runoff characteristics of the stream. There are still two stream sections unaffected by the
backwater, one in the “Wachau” and one in the east of Vienna (see Figure 10: Power stations
Danube, Austria (Reference: AHP)).
Table 5: hydroelectric power stations
Hydroelectric power station km
Jochenstein (Germany & Austria) 2203,33
Aschach 2162,67
Ottensheim-Wilhering 2146,91
Abwinden-Asten 2119,63
Wallsee-Mitterkirchen 2095,62
Ybbs-Persenbeug 2060,42
Melk 2037,96
Altenwörth 1980.4
Greifenstein 1949,23
Freudenau 1921,05
Nußdorf (small hydro power plant) 1932,80
73
Figure 10: Power stations Danube, Austria (Reference: AHP)
The hydrologic regime is defined by the big alpine tributaries Inn, Traun, Enns und Ybbs
to a great extend (SCHIMPF & HARREITER 2001, SCHMAUTZ et al. 2000).
Generally the maximum discharge takes place in spring/summer, caused by the
snowmelt. The former hydrologic regime (1829-1848) was “complex nival” with balanced
characteristics during the year. Due to anthropogenic and climatic impacts the hydrologic
conditions have changed. Nowadays the Danube has a complex “winter-nival regime” with
distinct characteristics during the year (MADER et al. 1996, HOHENSINNER).
Figure 11: Q-average monthly of Kienstock and Vienna shows the characteristic mean discharge
per month of the last years at the gauge Kienstock and Vienna.
74
kienstock and vienna by comparison
1997-2008
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
january february march april may june july august september october november december
avara
ge Q
[m
³/s]
Kienstock Wien
Figure 11: Q-average monthly of Kienstock and Vienna
Table 6: Q at RNW and HSW shows the characteristic discharges [m3/s] RNQ and HSQ
(explanation on the next side), collected by via donau and published by the Danube
Commission in 2007based on data from the year 1971 until 2000 exclusive the days which are
effected by ice.
Table 6: Q at RNW and HSW
LINZ (2135) KIENSTOCK (2015) WIEN (1941) HAINBURG (1883)
RNQ 730 *m³/s+ 918 *m³/s+ 976 [m³/s+ 975 *m³/s+
HSQ 3342 *m³/s+ 4621 *m³/s+ 4707 *m³/s+ 4652 *m³/s+
The most important tributaries and their discharges are:
Inn (731m³/s), kleine Mühl (3,31m³/s), große Mühl (8,62m³/s), Aist (6,20m³/s), Traun by the last
gauge (132m³/s) and 155m3/s by the river mouth, Enns (203m³/s), Ybbs, (30,6m³/s), Traisen
75
(13,7m³/s), Kamp (8,73m³/s), Wien (1,14m³/s), Schwechat (1,53m³/s), March (106m³/), Leitha
(10,1m³/s). (Reference: “Hydrographisches Jahrbuch 2005”)
The hydrologic longitudinal section of the Austrian Danube is shown in Figure 12: hydrologic
longitudinal section. There are 4 different levels of discharge shown in the following figure:
RNW / RNQ ELWL/equivalent low water level (94% exceeded discharge)
MW / MQ MWL/mean water level (mean discharge)
HSW. / HSQ HNWL/highest navigable water level (1% exceeded discharge)
The data is based on a period of 30 years exclusive the days that are effected by ice.
hydrological longitudinal section
RNQ
MQ
HSQ
HQ100
Traun Enns Ybbs March
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
185019001950200020502100215022002250
[Km]
[m³/
s]
RNQ MQ HSQ HQ100 Traun Enns Ybbs March power plants
Figure 12: hydrologic longitudinal section
77
3.1.2. Discharge series and designed data in Austria
The following analysis of low water [Figure 13: Low water analysis Danube Vienna
(Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)] is an evaluation of the discharge between 1951 and 2007
and shows the amount of exceeding discharges relevant for navigation.
Beside the absolute low water area (Q<900m3/s) the areas 900-1400m3/s and
1400m3/s-1800m3/s are shown. These are the areas where the full capacity utilization of cargo
vessels is limited due to draught restrictions.
Figure 13: Low water analysis Danube Vienna (Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)
Figure 14: Q duration curve (1951-2007; Reference: via donau / Simoner M.) shows the
long time exceeding duration of the discharges (1951-2007) relevant for navigation.
78
Figure 14: Q duration curve (1951-2007; Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)
As shown above the highest average discharge values are between April and July.
Actually, in this period are no low water level conditions, whereas between November and
January the duration of exceeding can drop down to 87%.
Figure 15: duration curve vienna 02-07 (reference: via donau Simoner M.) shows the
duration curves of Vienna between 2002 and 2007. The discharge for the equivalent low water
level is assumed with about 900m³/s.
79
Figure 15: duration curve vienna 02-07 (reference: via donau Simoner M.)
An overview of the discharge in Kienstock, Vienna and Wildungsmauer for the year 2008
is shown in Figure 16: Q hydrograph of the year 2008.
80
Figure 16: Q hydrograph of the year 2008
3.2. Slovakia – general information
The Slovak Republic is located in the middle Europe and borders on five states: Czech
Republic, Austria, Hungary, Ukraine and Poland. The area country is 49 036 km2 and the
number of inhabitants is approximately 5.38 mil.
Within the Slovak territory, the Danube river basin is covered by watershed contour line divided
into two parts:
River from the western part flow directly into the Danube (Morava, Váh, Nitra,
81
Hron, Ipeľ) – all together 63, 86% from all territory of Slovakia
Rivers from the eastern part are tributaries of the Tisa river system (Slaná,
Bodva, Hornád, Bodrog) – 32.16% territory of Slovakia
In the northeast part of Slovakia territory, the Poprad River, which is tributary of the Dunajec,
belongs to the Baltic Sea’s drainage area – 3, 98%.
Fig. 1 River basins in the Slovak Republic
In presented contribution the attention will be devoted primarily to the part of country
(63, 86%) which drainages water directly to the Danube River. For better understanding and
description hydrographical and hydrological activities that region was divided into three main
hydrological units:
- The Pannonian Danube (Žitný ostrov – inland delta – the Danube’s left bank)
- Rivers – Váh, Hron, Ipeľ
- Morava river
The Cech Republic
The Ukraine
Hungary
Austria
82
Fig. 2 The river basin of interest – The Pannonian Danube, Rivers – Váh, Hron, Ipeľ, Morava
River
Network of meteorological stations
The network consists of 24 synoptic and 10 additional synoptic stations, where the
automatic meteorological stations are equipped. Ten-minute data are available from these
stations. Measurements of air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed,
precipitation, the duration of sunshine and global radiation are included. The observation of
clouds, visibility and other phenomena are additional information provided by SYNOP
messages. The professional SHMI staff at the synoptic stations maintains a climatological
measurement program.
Network of climatological stations
Synoptic and voluntary climatological stations are involved in this network of 109
stations. Nineteen parameters are measured in 3 climatological terms, including temperature
and air humidity, cloudiness, wind direction and speed, and other phenomena. Precipitation,
evaporation, the duration of sunshine and the depth of snow cover are measured once a day. A
daily report from 59 stations is sent to the centre. Data from the rest of the stations are
available in the monthly report. All data is stored in the KMIS database, where a quality control
system is used.
Network of rain gauge stations
This rain gauge network consists of three independent parts. The largest one is a
voluntary precipitation network with 568 stations. The daily measurement of the amount of
83
precipitation and snow cover is available as well as the observation of hazardous
meteorological phenomena like fog, thunderstorms, strong wind and ice. Pluviographs are
installed at 168 of these stations.
In additional to precipitation observation at its meteorological stations, SHMU operates two
automated, but different, networks with rain gauges. The first group is equipped with ‘heated’,
weighted types of instruments. The second group consists of a network of weighing ‘tipping
bucket´ raingauges’, which emit a signal after collecting approx. 0.1 mm rainwater. These types
of gauges are not suitable for measuring solid precipitation during the winter season. The
automatic precipitation network, with year-round measurements where weighting-recording
gauges are installed, consists of 76 stations. On-line data are available, and an alarm system for
warning if excessive amounts or intensive precipitation is detected, is in operation. Another
group of 160 precipitation stations is installed as a part of the automatic hydrological stations.
Tipping bucket instruments are used, and on-line data are available in the non-frost season.
Network of meteorological radar
At present two radars (Malý Javorník and Kojšovská hoľa) are screening the clouds and
rain fields over Slovakia. This is insufficient for having a complete picture of the weather
situation in the country. A theoretical analysis of the Slovak orographical situation has been
performed with respect to the range of horizon based radar. The aim of the analysis was to find
a suitable combination of weather radar locations with minimal beam-blocking effects. On the
basis of the results of this study, permission for building third radar at Kubínska Hoľa was issued
to SHMU on 7 December 2004.
Calibrated weather radar reflectivity values measured closed to the surface are
transformed into rainfall intensities (mm/hour) according to known statistical relations.
Accumulated rainfall fields can be integrated from time sequences of weather radar
measurements. Accumulated rainfall can be calculated also according to the subcatchment
maps (masks) and integrated into total basin rainfall values suitable as an input into rainfall-
runoff modelling and forecasting purposes.
84
Distribution of precipitation stations by altitude
altitude interval [m a. s. l.]
percentage
100 - 200 29.8
201- 300 19.1
301- 400 14.1
401- 600 19.3
601- 800 11.3
801- 1000 4.3
1001- 1500 1.2
1501 - 2000 0.6
More than 2000 0.3
Hydrological monitoring the network
Hydrological monitoring the network for the main river basins (Danube, Morava, Váh, Nitra,
Hron, Ipeľ) is illustrated in Annex 2.
85
The network consists of 45 hydrological forecasting stations from 282 regime stations. The
forecasting stations were created and arranged for the best representation of the hydrological
situation and its progress in all the Danube River’s sub-basins in Slovakia.
Distribution of water gauge stations in 6 main river basins (Danube watershed) in Slovakia
Basin Number of stations among them – number of telemetric
stations)
Morava 29 20
Danube 20 18
Váh 120 67
Nitra 29 21
Hron 55 28
Ipeľ 29 20
Total 282 174
Information from the state monitoring network’s surface water gauge stations represents:
Measurements of water stages of 282 stations
Discharge measurements of 258 stations
Measurements of water temperatures of 250 stations
Turbidity measurements of 9 stations
Daily hydrological information from 80 hydro forecasting stations (MARSi automatic stations,
Annex 5) contains the following parameters: water stages, discharges and water temperature.
The appearances of ice-related effects are observed by voluntary observers. Moreover the
hydrological information deals with the relation of current water stages/discharges to their
long-term observed means.
Water stage – is measured at hourly intervals (MARS5 automatic instruments), continuously
(water level recorder). Controlling measurements are provided by voluntary observers from
water stage gauges.
Discharge - is derived from a discharge rating curve, which is constructed and analysed from
the measurement of discharges at different water stages
Water temperature is measured by a thermometer once a day or automatically at one-hour
intervals
86
Appearance of ice – is observed visually by voluntary observers once a day during the winter
season
Turbidity (concentration of a suspended load) – water banks are sampled daily, 2 times
a year from the entire profile. Valuations of the samples are made in a laboratory using the
filtration method.
In addition to the state monitoring network, measurements and observations are conducted at
14 extra line purpose-built water gauge stations and 7 stations in countries neighbouring
Slovakia.
3.3. Hungary – general information
3.3.1. Regime and operative data
The physico-geographic characteristics determine the water budget of the area of
Hungary. This latter can be characterized by the quantities of water entering and leaving the
country, plus the quantity generated on her territory, as shown in Fig. HU-3 of the SQR
“Hydrography”. From the viewpoint of climate and hydrology the country can be divided into
two large regions: the area to the west of the River Danube, which receives more abundant
precipitation and the one to the east thereof, the overwhelming part of which forms part of the
River Tisza catchrnent, which is much drier with frequent droughts. About three-fourth of the
total runoff is carried by the rivers Danube and Drava, while the rivers of the Tisza Basin, with
their catchment covering about half of the country's territory, carry hardly one-fourth of the
total flow. Thus the areal distribution of surface waters is rather uneven.
The distribution of surface waters in time is also uneven. The autumn to spring period is
normally abundant in precipitation, spring arriving frequently with heavy rains and high
snowmelt flows. August, in contrast, offers only 5% of the total annual flow, while water
demand is the highest in this period. Consequently water short age is frequently encountered
mostly in the Alföld plains to the East of the Danube.
Flood plains covering close to one-quarter of the country's territory are endangered by
river floods, while other flat, low-land areas by un drained rain and snowmelt runoff, which
cause shorter or longer lasting inundations (Fig. HU-5) nearly two-third of the arable land.
87
In Hungary precipitation deficit is not encountered in every year. The normal rainfall
depth in the summer half-year is illustrated in Fig. HU-6 (cfr. with Fig. HU-6 of the SQR
Hydrography characterising the whole year). In some years inundation by undrained runoff and
water shortage occur simultaneously. The severity of the ten-year drought is illustrated in Fig.
HU-6 of the SQR Hydrography . A drought-index higher than 7, is liable to result in severe crop
losses.
Fig. HU-5. Flood prone areas of Hungary before flood control in the XIXth century
88
Fig. HU-6. Average precipitation in Hungary in the summer half-year
Fig. HU-7. The average 10-year drought in Hungary, characterized by Pálfai’s drought index
PAI 10%
89
3.3.2. Discharge series in Hungary
For the 207 gauging stations, yielding also daily discharge data, the series of the latter are
available in the archives of the Research Institute for Environment and Water VITUKI, Budapest
and of the 12 Regional Directorates for Environment and Water of the country.
The length of the available series of daily flow discharges are displayed in Table HU-3.
3.3.3. Designed data in Hungary
According to Hungarian regulations, flood protection facilities have to protect metropolitan
areas and settlements generally against the flood level of 100 years returning time and arable
land against that of 30 years. Thus the latter design flood levels have been established for all
gauging sections of the country (cfr. Table HU-2). These design values are periodically updated
every 5 years, by using also the most recent observation values.
The low-flow design discharge value of 1100 m3 /s along the Hungarian Danube has been
prescribed by the Danube Commission, in order to ensure a minimum water depth of 27 dm for
inland and international navigation. In an average year, discharges of the Danube do not reach
this design value during approx. 40 days of the year (including ice-free days)
3.4. Bulgaria – general information
3.4.1. Regime and Operative Data in Bulgaria
The Bulgarian stretch of the Danube, which is part of the Lower Danube, is along the
right bank of the river starting from the outfall of the Timok river and reaching the city of
Silistra downstream the Danube with total length of 471 km. This is the northern border of the
Republic of Bulgaria with the Republic of Romania. The river in this section is typical lowland
river, it becomes shallower and broader and has a big seasonal difference of water levels –
more than 9 m. Steep sediment walls, in some places up to 150 m, characterise the Bulgarian
river bank. The catchment area of the river increases with 105 000 km² 43 000 km² from which
90
are in the Bulgarian sector (the Predbalkan Mountains, the north slopes of the Balkan
Mountines and a part of the Rila Mountain).
Figure 6 - Catchment area of the Danube in Bulgaria
River km²
Erma and Nishava 1137
Ogosta and west fro Ogosta 8193
Iskar 8634
Vit 3228
Osam 2838
Yantra 7862
Rusenski Lom 2950
Dobrudza rivers 2357
Danube 5638
Total 42837
Table 4 Catchment area of the Danube in km²
The influence of the local meteorological conditions, the existing soil types through
which river passes, the riverbed configuration, the increase and decrease of the water and hard
91
flow, the different river flow velocity influenced by the water formations, the hydrotechnical
facilities and other natural forces and human factors define the active hydromorphological
processes of the river in this section. As a result of their activity the riverbed constantly changes
its geometrical and hydrological parameters (situation of the midstream, direction and velocity
of the flow, structure of the flow, terrain shapes in the riverbed, etc.).
The average multi-annual quantity of the sedimentation for the Danube River within the
section from Novo selo (km 833.6) to Silistra (km 375.5) is presented in the following table:
Distance km 833.6 786.9 743.3 678.7 624.2 596.3 554.3 553.2 493.1 379.6 375.5
River width
m
840.0 800.0 1100 680 900 810 1100 1100 810 880 850
1956 1970 1189.7 1441.5 1247.3 1576.0 985.2 1191.2 1587.7 1270.8 1407.9 1704.7 1686.8
1971 1984 581.6 769.6 791.6 901.6 621.0 845.3 1052.8 771.2 859.4 728.2 1147.5
1985 2005 276.1 109.0 444.2 429.8 288.6 327.8 599.4 431.3 441.7 437.7 713.0
Table 5 Average multi-annual quantity of the sedimentation for the Danube River within the section
from Novo selo (km 833.6) to Silistra (km 375.5)
The changes in the water quantities and water temperature of the Danube within the same
section are as follows:
Period
Water
quantity
at Novo
selo
Water
temperat
ure at
Novo
selo
Water
quantity
at Silistra
Water
temperat
ure at
Silistra
Increase of the
water quantity
in the section
Increase of the
water
temperature
in the section
Year m³/s ºC m³/s ºC m³/s ºC
1940-1981 5815.38 12.10 6384.12 12.53 568.74 0.42
1982-2005 5348.00 12.73 5812.08 13.36 464.08 0.63
1940-2005 5645.42 12.33 6176.11 12.83 530.68 0.50
Increase in
the section
464.67 0.60 610.12 0.80 -145.45 0.21
Table 6 Water quantities and water temperature of the Danube River within the section from Novo selo
(km 833.6) to Silistra (km 375.5)
92
Figure 7 Changing of the water temperature of the Danube
Some conclusions from these figures:
• Discharge series – there is a decrease of the discharge series due to the less
precipitations in the Bulgarian and Romanian Danube catchment areas;
• Water temperature – water temperature increased due to the global warming. At the
beginning of the section this is with 0.63º C and within the section – with 0.21º C;
• The quantity of the sedimentation at Novo selo decrease during the period 1974 – 2005
in comparison with the period before 1974 г with 913 kg/s. Within the section it was
observed significantly less decrease – only 62 kg/s. This lead to the intensification of the
erosion processes.
3.4.2. Discharge series in Bulgaria
The quantities, coming from the main Bulgarian Danube tributaries - the rivers Erma,
Nishava, Ogosta, Iskar, Vit, Osam, Yantra, and Rusenski Lom, are very small and don’t have
significant influence on the water levels. Together with the Romanian tributaries, they form
about 7% of the discharge of the Danube. The major amount of water quantities, coming from
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
10.50
11.00
11.50
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
93
the tributary rivers, is formed in the Upper and Middle Danube and the big feeders Sava, Drava,
Tisa and Velika Morava.
During low and average water periods, the water quantities in the upper Bulgarian –
Romanian section are directly dependant on the mode of operation of the Hydrotechnical
complex Iron Gates and are characterised with large daily fluctuation. In some cases the
differences between the water levels registered at 8 a.m. and the midnight water levels are
more than 1 m.
The maximum water quantity at Ruse is registered in 2006 and is 15685 m³/s while the
average maximum water quantity was 10878 m³/s.
Figure 8 Water quantities at Ruse, 2006
3.4.3. Designed data in Bulgaria
The data collected from the relevant measurements and observations is processed from
the responsible experts within EAEMDR. Based on the received results curves for the speed, the
duration and other parameters of the water levels are elaborated. Annual key curves for the
water quantities are made as well. The curves are drowned using the method of least squares.
94
Figure 9 Water quantities curve at Ruse, 2000
Trend assessment and alteration of the key curves during the time is also done.
Figure 10 Alteration of the key curves at Ruse
It is obvious from the picture above that the trend for the period after construction of
the Hydrotechnical complex Iron Gates is shifting the curve to right, especially during the
periods of law waters.
The data that has been checked for mistakes and processed is stored on a digital bearer
in ASCII and xls formats in EAEMDR which is the data owner. It is submitted to interested users
95
upon request following the procedure, determined by the Ministry of Transport, Information
Technology and Communications.
3.5. Romania – general information
3.5.1. Regime and operative data in Romania
On Romanian sector, Danube has a length of 1075 km and the leakage scheme is divided
into two Romanian sector: upstream lake regime Iron Gates Hydropower System (situated at
863 river km and 943km) and the free flow downstream.
Figure 10. hydroelectric power station – km 943 /Iron Gate 1
Because settlement catchment , the contact between the temperate oceanic climate of
western and eastern temperate continental Baltic influences in the north, the Danube
hydrological regime is characterized by the existence of large variations in the level and flow in
the year and over the time. Spring high waters occur as a result of melting snow and heavy
rains, taking place in the months from April to May.
Danube temperature water is under the direct influence of air temperature. Water
heating begins in March and take up in august followed by cooling process. Ice may occur in the
first decade of December to early March. Spring thaw phenomenon occurs most frequently in a
period of several days. Throughout its tributaries river has a number of important issues
affecting the drainage system: Olt, Jiu, Arges, Siret, Prut that an intake of about 400 cubic
meters and also having a large input of silt contributing to changes in hydrological regime.
96
3.5.2. Discharge series and designed data in Romania
Data is processed and transmitted by those concerned and also are used to create
models, maps, forecasts and other information. They are published as instructions of Danube
Commision Budapest. It is submitted to interested users upon request in the order determined
by the Ministry of Transport.
The data collected are processed by the experts in charge of the AFDJ. Data can be
analyzed and interpreted, can be used for statistics, forecasts and providing conditions for
navigation. The hydrographer of levels shows the evolution of values – higher, lower, duration
and together with other data sets can be used to make forecasts.
Figure 11. water level hydrograph
An overview of discharge in a few stations along the Danube (figure 12), which is useful
for discharges relevant for navigation, for calculation of RNW and HSW, etc.
Figure 12. Q hydrograph of the year 2007
97
0.000
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep 1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec
days)
Q (
mc/s
)
Q stations
Chiciu Calarasi, Vadu Oii, Braila, Grindu, Isaccea
All these data are stored in a well managed database.
3.6. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
3.6.1. Regime and operative data in area of Danube-Black See canal
Quantity and quality management of the waters in the Danube - Black Sea Canal is
insured by the Administration through the correct exploitation of the complex hydro-technical
scheme of the canal after a program of calculus which answers to some characteristic
hypotheses of low, normal and high waters, coordinated with the needs of take and download
of waters of the beneficiaries of use.
In the flow system of current exploitation, when it is transited constant debits on the
waterways the informational flow regarding the quantity and quality water management is
realized according to annexes 1 with the following data:
Daily, from 4 to 4 hours the following operative data are monitored:
The water level from the Danube and the waterways through the automatic
installation of level measurements;
Water flows of the waters consumed from the canals, on the basis of the
telephonic communications from the clients and on the basis of the lockage
number;
The water flow taken from the Danube with SPC Cernavoda.
98
In the high flow system, when it is transited additional debits on the waterways the
informational flow regarding the quantity and quality water management is realized according
to annexes 1 with the following data:
Permanently, every 2 hours the following operative data are monitored:
The water level from the Danube and the Navigable Canals from all the locks,
through the “Automatic level measurement installation” from the Central
Dispatch Agigea;
Water flows evacuated in the Black Sea, through the high waters evacuation
from the Agigea and Navodari locks;
The water flow used by the Micro-hydro-stations from Agigea lock;
The water flow taken from the Danube with SPC Cernavoda, in the situation of
high levels in the Danube;
Water flows of the waters consumed from the canals, on the basis of the
telephonic communications from the clients and on the basis of the lockage
number.
On the navigable canals there are transited additional flows in the following situations:
a) generalized rainfalls in the hydrographic basins of the 2 waterways and quantity
signified.
b) high levels growth in the Danube over the normal level of exploitation of canal pool II
DBSC (+7,50 m landmark The Baltic Sea).
c) the evacuation of the warn water from the Nuclear-Electric Station Cernavoda in
canal pool II of the DBSC.
In these circumstances the hydro-technical scheme of the navigable canals enters in
alert stage and are put to function the high waters evacuation from Agigea and Navodari locks,
as well as the Micro-hydro-stations from Agigea lock (if the case).
The achievement of Danube-Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal with
a complex hydro-technical scheme imposed the need to take some measures for the transit of
the flow through the canals, so that the beneficial uses could function in the insurance limits
admitted without being affected.
The affluent valleys of the waterways have a non-permanent drainage system and a
torrential character, fact which made necessary the defense against floods of the canal pool II
99
of the Danube-Black Sea Canal and canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal, to
achieve a number of 24 non-permanent accumulations, of attenuation and 10 accumulations
for the retention of the wash.
The floods in the affluent valleys and the direct slopes affect the canal pool II of the
Danube-Black Sea Canal and the canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal located
between the twin locks of Cernavoda, Agigea and Ovidiu. For the draining of the floods the
Navigable Canals accomplish the function of receiver and evacuator of big waters. Under these
circumstances level growths are produced, with partial and temporary water accumulations in
the canals section. Canal pool III through which it will be transited the same flows of water that
originates from floods in the canal pool II doesn’t undergo special influences, because this being
connected to the sea, allows the transit of floods without significant level modifications.
Affluent valleys are linked to the waterways through works that foresees the
regularization of the valleys on the finishing sector and special constructions at the river mouth
which reduces the transversal speeds in the downloading area until the admitted limit for
navigation (0,3-0,4 m3/s)
At the Agigea locks the constructions which ensure the download to the sea of the flows
that originate from the floods are Evacuating Galleries Big Waters, which regulate the
maximum flows in the hydrographic sub-basin of the Danube – Black Sea Canal and the transit
of the floods through the canal towards the Black Sea.
The evacuating galleries composed of evacuating outlet (siphoning batteries placed
upstream), the constructions of enlargement (placed downstream), the discharger with
clamshell (placed in the bodies of the hydro-electric stations), are dimensioned at the following
flows:
- For the siphoning batteries = 2 pieces (one battery from 4 siphons each) – 150 mc/s
x 2 pieces = 300 mc/s;
- Evacuating galleries;
In free leakage system = 150 x 2 = 300 mc/s;
In forced leakage system = 190 x 2 = 380 mc/s;
- Dischargers with clamshell = 2 pieces (40 mc/s x 2 pieces) = 80 mc/s ;
- Hydro-electric stations (CHE) from Agigea - 75 mc/s x 2 pieces, a total of 150 mc/s
installed capacity of 2 x 5 Mw, H = 8 - 7 m).
100
In the periods of big waters (13 mrMB in canal pool I of the Danube – Black Sea Canal) or
in draught (2,75 mrMB in canal pool I - Danube – Black Sea Canal), the “Scheme of Operating
the Navigable Canals Danube – Black Sea and Poarta Alba – Midia Navodari” goes alert and is
coordinated by an interdepartmental quarter.
3.6.2. Discharge series and designed data
All the data regarding the water flows, levels and volumes are registered at the Water
Management and Environmental Protection compartment and are monthly transmitted to the
Romanian Waters and to the Transport and Infrastructure Ministry.
A data basis is created regarding the management of the waters even from the starting
to function of the waterways and can be transmitted to the interested factors.
Water category Source
Water taken (thousand cm) January 2009
1 Drinking water R.A.J.A. 1.516
Agigea 0.652
Basarabi 0.238
Ovidiu 0.611
Navodari 0.015
Cernavoda 0.250
Medgidia 0.017
2 Water for navigation sum 15884.17
Agigea 11742.18
Cernavoda 3275.15
Ovidiu 766.89
Navodari 99.95
3 Water for beneficiaries DUNARE 151011.107
S.C. RAJA C-ta 1839.822
Rompetrol Rafinare 982.707
COMPREST UTIL 2.440
REPEC Ovidiu 5.669
CNE C-voda - U 1 99353.196
- U 2 48825.324
101
102
FISA TRACKING WATER QUALITY
SECTION IN CONTROL - Upstream lock Navodari
Nr. crt.
UM
NT
PA
-01
3/2
002
physico - chemical
physico - chemical year 2009
IAN FEBR MART APR MAI IUNIE IULIE AUG SEPT OCT NOI DEC
average/ year
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 TEMPERATURe *C max. 25 2.25 1.18 4.05 8.77 21.30 25.40 26.30 25.90 21.40 16.10 10.30 7.00 14.163
2 pH unit. pH 5,5-9,0 8.66 8.95 8.82 8.85 8.93 8.87 8.53 8.74 8.91 8.86 8.77 8.84 8.811
3 ALKALINE mval max. 7 6.03 6.44 6.28 6.16 5.66 5.42 5.34 5.21 5.27 5.19 5.17 5.70 5.656
4 DURITE grd.durit. max. 20 16.88 18.04 17.57 17.25 15.84 15.88 14.95 14.60 14.74 14.53 14.47 15.96 15.893
5 CONDUCTIVITY S/cm 1000 1649.5 1737.8 1693.3 1734.3 1618.0 1640.0 1715.0 1683.0 1785.0 1690.0 1697.0 1722.0 1697.8
6 TDS mg/l 400 659.5 695.8 677.3 693.7 647.0 657.0 686.0 674.0 714.0 676.0 679.0 688.0 679.2
7 CLORURI (Cl-) mg/l
max. 200 224.45 209.80 206.60 160.00 182.00 166.30 158.00 192.00 220.50 234.50 232.50 253.20 203.32
8 AZOT AMONIAC (NH3) mg/l max. 0,1 0.034 0.026 0.036 0.040 0.053 0.094 0.059 0.036 0.067 0.122 0.068 0.030 0.055
9 AMONIU (NH4) mg/l max. 1 0.036 0.028 0.038 0.042 0.056 0.100 0.063 0.044 0.071 0.129 0.071 0.032 0.059
10
Oxygen regime
oxygen diz. titrare mg/l min. 6 12.15 13.46 12.94 10.81 10.49 8.66 7.71 9.42 9.88 9.20 11.24 13.67 10.80
11 oxygen diz.
aparat mg/l min. 6 9.69 10.54 10.17 11.76 8.35 7.58 5.38 7.66 7.38 7.29 9.70 12.15 8.97
12 saturatie in
oxygen % min. 50 99.35 105.83 105.55 130.60 91.80 87.88 61.40 88.60 80.20 76.80 99.50 119.20 95.56
13 CCO-Mn mg/l max. 20 4.377 4.507 5.587 4.703 4.117 5.417 4.197 5.250 6.476 5.826 5.956 5.889 5.192
14 CALCIU mg/l max. 150 30.06 22.44 28.14 24.05 20.88 25.93 29.77 31.10 34.27 36.84 33.23 22.55 28.27
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
3.6.3. Concrete data
Beneficiaries of use of the navigable canals Danube-Black Sea and Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari
Along the work there uses are located, which benefit from the services of the hydro-technical
scheme of the navigable canals.
The hydro-technical scheme adapted for the navigable canals has a complex character, being
provided to satisfy the need of sampling and it returns the water to a series of other uses, according to
the level of insurance standardized for each of them.
1. The water source for ENERGY PRODUCING UNITS
1.1. Nuclear-Electric Station – beneficiary of S.N. NUCLEARELECTRICA S.A., located in Cernavoda
at km 60 of the Danube-Black Sea Canal (on the derivational canal), will have in its final phase 5 groups
functioning, with a total maximum power of 5x660=3300 Mw.
Presently, it has only two groups of 660 Mw functioning.
For cooling the aggregates in open circuit, it will be taken, in the final step, from the canal pool I
of the Danube-Black Sea Canal, a maximum flow of 271,5 mc/s = 5x54,3 mc/s, of which when the first
group started activity, a flow of 54,3 x 2 = 108,6 mc/s.
The maximum annual volume is of 3.424.810 thousand m3.
Permanent functioning, 365 days/year, 24h/day.
1.2. S.C. HIDROELECTRICA S.A. – Hydroelectric Power Station Buzau – through the CHE at
Agigea, which machines the water from the Danube-Black Sea Canal – canal pool II for producing the
electric energy only in the situation of high levels of the Danube or when generalized rainfalls occur in
the hydrographical basins of the navigable canals.
2. Source of water for irrigation
Through the arranging scheme, the navigable canals insure from the canal pool II – DBSC and
canal pool I+II – PAMNC the water source for irrigating the agricultural surfaces, according to Annex No.
2, among which the most important use is that of A.N.I.F. the Constanta Territorial Branch.
3. Source of raw water, for water supply
104
According to the general hydro-technical scheme, the navigable canals insure the source of
water for the following uses from Annex No. 3.
The maximum annual volume which can be taken is of 158.310 thousand m3.
The insurance degree of the use is up to 97%, corresponding the 2,75 mrMB level at the
Danube.
4. Receiver for evacuating the waters that comes from draining.
Along the Danube – Black Sea Canal there are situated agricultural fields provided with set up
works in the purpose of controlling the excess of humidity from the ground, with the evacuation of the
excess waters, in the canal.
The waters that come from draining are directed in the receiver through 9 pumping stations,
placed between the Saligny and Poarta Alba villages (km 50 – km 33), having a total maximum flow of
8,051 mc/s.
5. Receiver for RESTITUTIONS OF WASTEWATER
In the two navigable canals the wastewater is evacuated, water which doesn’t need purification
and used waters already purified.
5.1. The restitutions of used waters that don’t need purification are represented by:
- Cooling waters that come from the Nuclear Electric Station Cernavoda, with a maximum flow of
108 mc/s, which are reversed in canal pool II;
- The waters that come from the river drainage of the Cernavoda and Medgidia towns; the first
system is dimensioned for a maximum flow 8mc/sec and is downloaded in canal pool I – DBSC,
and the second one is dimensioned for a maximum flow of 16 mc/sec and is downloaded in
canal pool II – DBSC.
5.2. The purified water restitutions:
The purified water restitutions are present from the point of view of the positioning and of the
flows evacuated, in the table below:
105
No crt
Use name The nature of the used waters
Daily medium reversed water volume
mc
1. CNE Cernavoda Wash and technologic samplings
9 331 200
2. S.C. SURSAL S.A. Saligny industrial 239
3. SC LAFARGE - ROMCIM SA Medgidia industrial 780
4. Public Services Directorate Medgidia city 21 470
5. S.C. RAJA SA Constanta domestic 4 471
The quality conditions imposed on these waters at the evacuation in the receivers are according
to the own rules from the water management point of view.
6. Navigation on the navigable canals Danube - Black Sea and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari is
made according to the Transport Ministry Order no. 426/2006 regarding the approval of the
Navigational rules on the Danube - Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal. In the
forming period of the ice bridge the traffic on the canal is closed.
6.1. The Navigation on the Danube - Black Sea Canal is made for the transport of merchandise
and passengers, with fluvial and maritime ships which navigate independently or in pushed convoy
formation, tugged or in couple and which subscribes the following gauges:
a) ship convoy:
- maximum length 296 m
- maximum width 23,5 m
- maximum draft 5,5 m
b) fluvial and maritime ships which navigate independently:
- maximum length 5,5 m
- maximum width 6,0 m
- maximum draft 12 m
- maximum height at the floating line
And up to the highest point 16,5 m
Navigation of the ships with sails and of the rafts is forbidden on the DBSC.
106
The navigation is made both ways, in the limits of the low waters, with the insurance of 94% and
in the high waters with the insurance of 1%, to which correspond the following levels in the 3 canal
pools (table 3.2.1. below):
Table 3.2.1
Insurance degree
Canal pool (cotes in mrMB)
I II III
1% +12,00 +8,50 +0,50
94% + 3,00 +7,00 -1,10
6.2. Navigation on the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal is made for transport of merchandise
and passengers, with fluvial and maritime ships which navigate in pushed convoy formation, or fluvial-
maritime ships which subscribe the following gauges:
a) ship convoy:
- maximum length 120,0 m
- maximum width 11,5 m
- maximum draft 3,8 m
b) fluvial and maritime ships which navigate independently:
- maximum length 110,5 m
- maximum width 11,5 m
- maximum draft 3,8 m
- maximum height at the floating line
And up to the highest point 12,5 m
Navigation of the ships with sails and of the rafts is forbidden on the PAMNC.
The navigation is made both ways, having the following water exploitation levels (mrMB):
Canal pool
I II III
- minimum exploitation level +7,00 +1,00 - 1,10
- normal retention level +7,50 +1,25 - 0,50
- maximum insurance level 1% +8,50 +2,00 + 0,50
Under the minimum exploitation level and over the maximum insurance level 1% the navigation
is stopped.
Maximum navigational speed is 8-9 km/h.
107
The calculus convoy is formed of a barge with the capacity of up to 3000 tones with pusher,
having the following maximum dimensions:
- length 119,4 m
- width 11,4 m
- current draft 3,8 m
108
4 Extreme flows and flood disasters – general information
4.1. Austria – general information
4.1.1. Floods regime in Austria
Figure 17: danube floods in Vienna shows the relevant flood incidents since 1821.
Pegel Q-Wien-gesamt-1828/Donau
Variable HQ(j,1,12), Zeitraum 01.01.1828-30.12.2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
1828 1838 1848 1858 1868 1878 1888 1898 1908 1918 1928 1938 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998
Zeit (a)
HQ
[m
3/s
]
HQ 100 = 10400 m³/s
HQ 100 = 9350 m³/s
HQ 10 = 7300 m³/s
Figure 17: danube floods in Vienna
Further significant flood incidents were observed in the years 1862 (HQ 50), 1897 (HQ
30), 1899 (HQ 100), 1954 (HQ 40), 1975 (HQ 18) and latest flood in June 2009 with an
appearance probability of 17 years.
Obviously, the biggest flood of the last years was in august 2002 (see Figure 18: Flood
2002 Vienna). The characteristic of the flood was determined by two successive waves. The first
peak was about 7300m3/s with an appearance probability of 9 years. The second wave with
about 10400m3/s reached a discharge of a HQ 100.
109
Figure 18: Flood 2002 Vienna
4.1.2. Drought regime in Austria
In long time comparison [Figure 19: low water days per year / Vienna (Reference: via
donau / Simoner M.)] you can see a wide variety of days with low water level (assumed with
<900m3/s).
110
Figure 19: low water days per year / Vienna (Reference: via donau / Simoner M.)
Figure 19: low water days per year / Vienna (Reference: via donau / Simoner M.) shows
that there is a great variety regarding the distribution of low water periods between the years:
In some years low water conditions do not occur on one single day (discharge < 900m3/s),
whereas in other years the number of days under low water conditions can be very high and
raise up to 90 days per year.
4.2. Slovakia – general information
4.2.1. Sensitivity of basins to creation the flood extreme in Slovakia
From the viewpoint of evaluation based at K index it can be stated, that region of
Pannonian Central Danube basin at the Slovak territory is less sensitive to creation of flood
extremes, comparing with other sub-basin. Small spots with higher sensitivity can be founding
the Little Carpathian Mountains. On the other hand, such evaluation is not representative for
the Danube River itself. The main sources of large Danube floods are snowmelt in combination
111
with regional rainfalls, which can be affect large territories in the sub-basins of Upper Danube
and Austrian Danube and their tributaries, or intensive rainfalls in the summer or autumn
(rarely), again affecting large territories. Floods caused with ice jams were also very dangerous,
spatially in the past.
4.2.2. Extreme flows and flood disasters in Slovakia
The long-term mean annual runoff of the Danube in Bratislava is 63,845 mil. m3, with a
mean annual discharge of 2025 m3·s-1 and a mean annual specific yield of 15.42 l·s-1·km-2. The
annual runoff distribution of the central Danube reflects the high mountain conditions at the
headwaters. The seasonal percentage of the runoff is as follows: 24.2 % in the spring, 33.8 % in
the summer, 18.8 % in the autumn and 23.2 % in the winter. The driest month is November
with a 5.9 % percentage of the annual runoff. The wettest months are June, May and July with
11.3 %, 11.2 % and 11.2 % percentages, respectively. The maximum mean monthly discharge of
7324 m3·s-1 was monitored in June 1965, and the absolute minimum monthly discharge of 633
m3·s-1 was observed in October 1947.
It is possible to illustrate the flooding periods by the date of occurrence of the maximum annual
discharges. From 1876 – 2003, they were:
Month Number of
occurrences % Month
Number of
occurrences %
January 8 6.3 July 24 18.8
February 6 4.7 August 21 16.4
March 10 7.8 September 11 8.6
April 5 3.9 October 4 3.1
May 13 10.2 November 2 1.6
June 21 16.4 December 3 2.3
112
The greatest floods of the Danube in Bratislava during that period were:
№
: Date
Qmax
m3·s-1
1 19. 09. 1899 10870
2 15. 07. 1954 10401
3 16. 08. 2002 10390
4 04. 08. 1897 10040
5 06. 08. 1991 9430
6 16. 06. 1965 9225
7 06. 01. 1883 8790
8 05. 07. 1975 8715
9 07. 02. 1923 8695
10 12. 09. 1920 8616
One of the most important parameters of the flood is the duration of a flood wave. The
duration (in days) of flows over the selected threshold value during some of the most important
floods can be seen in the following table:
Flood 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10 000
m3·s-1
1899 13 10 8 7 6 4 1
1924 47 14 2 - - - -
1926 64 41 25 3 - - -
1954 22 14 10 9 7 4 2
1965 81 62 40 20 9 4 -
1975 15 8 6 5 2 - -
1991 13 6 5 3 2 1 -
2002 1 1 4 - 2 1 2
113
The first water level gauging stations on the Slovak part of the Danube were established
in the first half of the 19th century: the Bratislava station in 1823 and the Komárno station in
1830. Records from these stations have been available since 1876. The greatest flood during
the observation period was in 1899. The flood of August 1501 can be regarded as the highest
flood in the upper Danube reach and also in Bratislava. According to the reliable records of the
Austrian hydrological service, the peak discharge was estimated as up to 14,000 m3·s-1.
The first flood records in the Slovak part of the Danube have existed in Bratislava’s
municipal documents since 1526. That 1526 flood occurred without warning during the night
and resulted in 53 human fatalities. Other high floods damaged Bratislava in 1721 and 1809.
During the flood of 1809, ice destroyed several houses.
The following flood events had greater effects on the Žitný ostrov area:
Flood Devastation (flooding)
Ice flood 1876, February 50,000 ha
Summer flood 1897, July 9,775 ha
Summer flood 1899, September 36,000 ha
Summer flood 1965, June 55,000 ha
4.2.3. Drought and minimal flow – Pannonien Danube River in Slovakia
There were processed and elaboration data series from period 1. 11. 1901 – 31. 10. 2005.
Marginal condition of elaboration:
- Minimum rate of discharge below reference value 1056 m3/s – which means 90% security
from series average daily Q elaborated period
- the shortest duration low flow 5 days
114
On the table are significant season’s minimal flow and real time of duration with Q behind 1056
m3/sec:
Time of duration Number of day
4. 10. 1953 – 17. 1. 1954 106
1.10. 1908 – 16. 1. 1909 98
13. 10. 1948 – 18. 1. 1949 98
16. 8. 1947 – 12. 11. 1947 89
5. 10. 1959 – 26. 12. 1959 83
4.3. Hungary – general information
4.3.1. Floods regime in Hungary
The flood-prone part of the area of Hungary (Fig. HU-5) i.e. 23% of the territory of the
country – is a protected fluvial floodplain, which is unique in Europe. Therefore the flood
control is a key consideration. Crucially, this area includes 1.8 million ha arable land, 32% of the
rail network, 15% of roads and more than 2000 industrial plants, 646 endangered communities.
Affected population is 2,3 millions and the total value at risk is about € 20 billions. The highest
flood discharge in Danube is 20 times low flow; flooding on the major rivers can last several
months. In smaller rivers e.g. the Körös system, the ratio is several hundred to one and floods
can develop in a few hours. Devastating, fast-rising ice-jam floods are especially dangerous.
Flood control over past centuries has resulted in the construction of 4183 km of defences
(mainly earthen embankments (Fig. HU-9). Ten emergency lowland flood reservoirs (with a
total volume of 360 million m3) provide protection for 97% of the floodplain area.
From the total main river flood control length of 4183 km, 1350 km occur in the Danube
basin. They are maintained together with the important secondary line of 260 km and 18 km in
115
the capital Budapest directly by the Environment and Water Directorates. (They operate in 12
headquarters in all around the country.)
Typical downstream condition is, that 96% of surface water resources, as well as floods,
are generated outside the country. The significant flood duration in Danube valley (in
Hungarian stretch of the river) is 5-20 days. In the “Tisza” valley - in the Hungarian stretch of
the river - 25-100 days. (Tisza River is the main tributary of Danube in Hungarian territory.)
Frequency of damages caused by water in Hungary:
Floods: smaller scale - every 2-3 years
significant - every 5-6 years
devastating - every 10-12 years
Standing/excess water/too high groundwater inundations: every 2-3 years
Drought: - every 3-5 years
The biggest flood discharges caused the highest water level in the last about two and
half centuries in Danube River at Budapest can be seen at the next Fig.HU-8. We have
represented on separate scales the icy flood and flood events without ice as well.
116
Fig. HU-8. The most significant floods registered at Budapest
The process of river regulation involves artificial control of the natural flow of a stream
to reduce the flood peaks causing damage, and to achieve the discharge at specific points
serving specific purposes. Control measures include: fortification and building of embankments
along the course of the river to confine flood waters; dredging to deepen the channel and
increase its cross-section, to concentrate the scouring effects of the current; increasing the
gradient of the river by cutting across loops, thus shortening its course; removal of shoals and
storing or diverting the flood water. From the description presented above it is evident in which
sections of its long course the natural conditions are so unfavourable that it is necessary to
perform flood control measures and engineering works so as to achieve the given objectives
exploitation and settlement of the river basin, navigations.
Icy floods Floods without ice
117
4.3.2. Drought regime in Hungary
In Hungary the precipitation deficit is not encountered in every year. The normal rainfall
depth in the summer half-year is illustrated in Fig. HU-6. In some years inundation by undrained
runoff and water shortage occur simultaneously. The severity of the ten-year drought is
illustrated in Fig. HU-7. A drought-index higher than 7, is liable to result in significant crop
losses.
The autumn months (Sep – Nov) are the main period of low water, but it can arise – sometimes
even long lasting - whenever during a year in various Hungarian rivers.
4.4. Serbia – general information
The observation and measurements at the gauging stations enable the estimation of the
characteristic water levels and discharges for extreme hydrological events i.e. for floods and
droughts. These data present the basis for all activities in the domain of integrated water
resources management.
Implementation of different flood control measures requires the reliable data on the
maximum water levels and/or discharges.
For determination of the extreme high water levels and discharges the original data
series of maximal annual discharges are being used. The statistical analysis is possible only for
the gauging stations which have long period of observations. For these stations the maximal
discharges of different probabilities were defined.
The low water levels and discharges during drought regime are of the special interest for
potential users. For majority of gauging stations the characteristic lowest water levels and
discharges were defined. The standardized statistical analyses are performed for time series of
the annual extreme low waters, for the average values of low waters during the dry periods
with different duration, as well as for series of the minimal average monthly values.
118
RHMZ, on its Internet site (www.hidmet.gov.rs), has a HYDRO-ALARM service, Internet
warning for extreme hydrological situations (floods, droughts, ice cumulation) as a support to
the more efficient flood defense (Figure 20).
The minimal average monthly discharges of 95% probability and maximal annual
discharges of 1% probability for the selected gauging stations are presented in the Table 7,
(Water Master Plan, 2001).
119
First flood alert is announced when water stages in the river reach established threshold which is determined for every river section
Second flood alert is announced when water stages reach established threshold which is one meter below the embankment crown.
Figure 20: Hydro-alarm Service at RHMZ web site
WWiitthhoouutt aalleerrtt
OOvveerr ffiirrsstt fflloooodd aalleerrtt
OOvveerr sseeccoonndd fflloooodd aalleerrtt
EEmmeerrggeennccyy
SSeeccoonndd fflloooodd aalleerrtt
FFiirrsstt fflloooodd aalleerrtt
WWaatteerr lleevveell
120
Table 7: Minimal average monthly discharges of 95% probability and maximal annual discharges
of 1% probability for selected gauging stations
River Gauging Station min,95%Q (m3/s) max,1%Q (m3/s)
Danube Bezdan 837 7,324
Danube Veliko Gradište 1,800 16,114
Tisza Novi Bečej 123 3,867
Sava S. Mitrovica 285 6,408
Drina Radalj 55 5,831
Velika Morava Ljubičevski most 35 2,465
4.5. Bulgaria – general information
4.5.1. Floods regime in Bulgaria
During a flood danger the number of gauge stations is increased. The water level
observations are performed on an hourly base and at the automatic stations this is a
permanent process. Updated information regarding the river water levels is distributed through
the EAEMDR website, e-mails, fax transmissions and telephone calls. A permanent connection
is supported with the Civil Defense authorities, the aquaculture organizations that are
responsible for the dykes’ maintenance and the Regional governments of the Danube regions.
During March 2006 there were extremely high water levels in the Bulgarian section of
the Danube river. The reached maximum levels lead to flooding of many cities, villages and
industrial areas. These extreme levels were caused from the combination of the snow melting
and precipitations in the catching area of the Middle and Upper Danube.
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Figure 11 Water levels at Novo selo
Figure 12 The flood in Ruse, 2006
If there is a danger of ice phenomenon EAEMDR performs the following activities:
Observation of the ice conditions, the water temperature and water levels in the
Bulgarian section of the river and receiving and analyzing the information coming from
the other Danube riparian countries on a daily basis.
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Based on that prepares forecasting for the next 3 days for the ice occurrence
Keep communication and coordination of all the relevant activities with AFDJ – Galati,
Romania
When there is a danger of flooding for cities, villages and industrial areas the Agency
provide a team for 24 hours observation in its HMSs.
24 hours informational center is organized as well
4.5.2. Drought regime in Bulgaria
During low water level periods, the depth and draft speed measurements are performed
closer to each other and more frequently in the areas that are critical for navigation. The
Agency website contains daily updated data about the fairway parameters and its current
status. Information for the critical for the navigation points is published as well.
4.6. Romania – general information
4.6.1. Floods regime in Romania
Depending on the evolution of water, thicken fiid observations taken every two hours
starting with the level of attention, following the flood danger and when to ensure permanent.
A permanent connection is supported with authorized institutions: Civil Defense, National
Water Administration, Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, etc.
On the Romanian sector of the Danube the historic high level was recorded in 2006 in
April, when a number of riparian countries have been affected when water flow rates were
recorded by 16000mc/s.
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Figure 13. Flood 2006 Danube
In case of flood phenomenon, AFDJ organize commands, ensure permanent observation
stations, collaborates with all institutions involved and keep a permanent connection with
EAEMDR Bulgaria.
Figure 14: flood 2006 Giurgiu
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4.6.2. Drought regime in Romania
During the period of drought, to ensure navigation conditions and needs, because water
flows are low, multiply the o observations and measurements. In Romania, in 2003, there has
been historically low level.
Towards an annual average flow of 4500-5500mc / s during that time was about 2000
cubic meters / s. In terms of navigation gauges, these periods are registered in most areas with
low depth - critical. In these conditions are imposed operational restrictions, it measures how
often and to signal the appropriate sailing line.
If appropriate notices are issued to skippers and continuously updated information on
the Website- minimal depth of the Danube, signalisation, trajectory fairway.
4.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
4.7.1. Floods regime in area of Danube-Black See canal
1. The achievement of Danube-Black Sea Canal and Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal
with a complex hydro-technical scheme imposed the need to take some measures for the
transit of the flow through the canals, so that the beneficial uses could function in the
insurance limits admitted without being affected.
2. The hydrographic basins of the two navigable canals Danube-Black Sea and Poarta
Alba-Midia Navodari, have a total surface of 939,8 km2 (including BH and Siutghiol = 12 km2).
The navigable canals have the function of receivers and evacuators of the waters,
caused by the rainfalls in the afferent hydrographical basins.
This are taken over and assigned as follows:
- Out of 36,6 km2 it is downloaded through canal pool I of DBSC, in the Danube;
- Out of 663 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool II of the DBSC;
- Out of 32,2 km2 it is downloaded through canal pool III of DBSC, in the Black Sea;
- Out of 154 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool I of PAMNC;
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- Out of 42 km2 it is downloaded in the canal pool II of PAMNC;
- Out of 12 km2 it is downloaded in BH Siutghiol.
The affluent valleys of the waterways have a non-permanent drainage system and a
torrential character, fact which made necessary the defense against floods of the canal pool II
of the Danube-Black Sea Canal and canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal, to
achieve a number of 24 non-permanent accumulations, of attenuation and 10 accumulations
for the retention of the wash.
The equipment beneficiary – A.N. “Romanian Waters” Bucharest - Dobrogea Seashore
Water Directorate Constanta ensures the operating.
3. The floods in the affluent valleys and the direct slopes affect the canal pool II of the
Danube-Black Sea Canal and the canal pool I of the Poarta Alba-Midia Navodari Canal located
between the twin locks of Cernavoda, Agigea and Ovidiu. For the draining of the floods the
Navigable Canals accomplish the function of receiver and evacuator of big waters. Under these
circumstances level growths are produced, with partial and temporary water accumulations in
the canals section. Canal pool III through which it will be transited the same flows of water that
originates from floods in the canal pool II doesn’t undergo special influences, because this being
connected to the sea, allows the transit of floods without significant level modifications.
4. Affluent valleys are linked to the waterways through works that foresees the
regularization of the valleys on the finishing sector and special constructions at the river mouth
which reduces the transversal speeds in the downloading area until the admitted limit for
navigation (0,3-0,4 m3/s)
5. The medium generalized rain with an insurance of 50% can be accumulated in the
navigable canals with a surface of the normal level of operating it of about 0,20 m.
The canals disposes of static capacities of accumulation in guard of 2,50 m over the
normal level of exploitation of +7,50 mrMB, of 7,74 mil. m3 until the cote of +8,50 mrMB, of
15,77 mil. m3 until the cote of +9,50 mrMB and of 19,90 mil. m3 until the crest cote of the dam
of +10mrMB.
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6. At the Agigea locks the constructions which ensure the download to the sea of the
flows that originate from the floods are Evacuating Galleries Big Waters, which regulate the
maximum flows in the hydrographic sub-basin of the Danube – Black Sea Canal and the transit
of the floods through the canal towards the Black Sea.
The evacuating galleries composed of evacuating outlet (siphoning batteries placed
upstream), the constructions of enlargement (placed downstream), the discharger with
clamshell (placed in the bodies of the hydro-electric stations), are dimensioned at the following
flows:
- For the siphoning batteries = 2 pieces (one battery from 4 siphons each) – 150 mc/s
x 2 pieces = 300 mc/s;
- Evacuating galleries;
o In free leakage system = 150 x 2 = 300 mc/s;
o In forced leakage system = 190 x 2 = 380 mc/s;
- Dischargers with clamshell = 2 pieces (40 mc/s x 2 pieces) = 80 mc/s ;
- Hydro-electric stations (CHE) from Agigea - 75 mc/s x 2 pieces, a total of 150 mc/s
installed capacity of 2 x 5 Mw, H = 8 - 7 m).
7. The floods produced by rainfalls, partially generalized (local) in the basins of the
affluent valleys, don’t create any particular problems even if these are subscribed in the level of
insurance of calculus of 1% or of check of 0,3% or 0,1%.
8. The success of evacuating calculus floods from its check is conditioned by the
existence of an information flow regarding the hydro-meteorological forecast in the
hydrographic basin, as well as forecasting on the basis of a mathematical pattern of the start of
activity of the whole complex of works which form the evacuating capacity of the flood towards
the sea.
In the periods of big waters (13 mrMB in canal pool I of the Danube – Black Sea Canal) or
in draught (2,75 mrMB in canal pool I - Danube – Black Sea Canal), the “Scheme of Operating
the Navigable Canals Danube – Black Sea and Poarta Alba – Midia Navodari” goes alert and is
coordinated by an interdepartmental quarter.
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Defending the adjacent land of the waterways against floods
As a consequence of the Danube – Black Sea Canal’s construction the normal level of
exploitation of the water in the area located between km 4-18 with about 4 m (from the 3,5 at
7.5 mrMB) so that it was necessary to foresee defense works of some villages against floods,
which are: Saligny – Stefan cel Mare, Faclia and Mircea Voda (railway station).
The hydro-technical scheme of the defense system of the villages against floods foresees
a draining system and pumping stations for downloading ground waters in the canal pool II of
the Danube – Black Sea Canal.
For the defense against floods of Saligny – Stefan cel Mare, Faclia and Mircea Voda and
Castelu villages there are 3 pumping stations foreseen which have the role of maintaining the
low level of the ground water.
Because the complex hydro-technical scheme of the Danube – Black Sea and Poarta Alba
– Midia Navodari waterways is dimensioned to fulfill the purpose of regularization of the
leakages in the own hydrographical basin and of defense against floods during flood or drought
periods there are not registered any particular problems with the beneficiaries of use besides
those created by the level of the Danube.
4.7.2. Drought regime in area of Danube-Black See canal
The quantity management system, in low waters at the Danube takes into consideration
the following:
1. At the Danube levels of +2,95 mrMB, corresponding to an insurance of low waters of
97%, more precisely 94%, which are produced usually in the autumn, outside the irrigation
season and up to the levels of +4,30 mrMB, the beneficiaries of use can function in the limits of
the characteristic parameters approved with some restrictions.
To insure the water needs of the uses special works are necessary on the Danube and
on the Bala branch.
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2. The diminish of the level in canal pool II of the Danube - Black Sea Canal and in canal
pool I of Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal under the cote of +7,00 mrMB, up to the minimum
exceptional cote +6,00 mrMB is made with the purpose of using a sweet water reserve
accumulated in the canal, between these cotes of about 13 millions m3.
Usually the beneficiaries of use whose needs of water take/download is insured through
the activity of quantity and quality management of the waters in the canal, functions without
restrictions.
3. If because of the draught or of other natural calamities, the water flows contracted
cannot be insured to all the authorized users, it is applied without temporal restrictions of the
water use in the DBSC and PAMNC. These restrictions are mentioned in the contracts for
insuring the services of water management, closed between the Administration and the
beneficiaries of use.
4. The restriction measures are assimilated with the situation of force majeure in the
realization of the contracts of water delivery.
5. When the conditions of introduction of these restrictions appear, the beneficiaries of
use will be informed by the Administration.
6. The main restrictions which appear in insuring the conditions of navigation on the
navigable canals, according to the level of the Danube, are as follows:
Step 1: The summary of the auxiliary activities or less important production on shorter periods
of time.
Step 2: It is realized through coupled lockage
Step 3: It is realized through coupled lockage and the programming of the transit at coupled
lockage.
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5 Hydrological forecasting and warning – general information
5.1. Austria – general information
5.1.1. Forecasting services in Austria
Currently via donau operates a website in a testing mode (not released yet). This
website contains forecasts (6h, 12h, 24h) especially of the lower water level and the unaffected
backwater stream sections for the gauge Kienstock and Wildungsmauer.
The requested data comes from the AHP-Austrian Hydro Power (power station
operator). AHP provides a prospective forecast on the base of perception and discharge models
and the inflow of big tributaries and their own regulation of the power plants. For the low
water area (<1600m3/s), data from a program, that levels out waves with the whole chain of
Austrian power stations, is in use. In this way more precise forecasts can be given, particularly
for the relevant areas for navigation.
Another website which releases forecasts is operated by the Federal Land of Lower
Austria (every 12, 24 and 48 hours) for the section Lower Austria and Vienna.
(see link: http://www.noel.gv.at/Externeseiten/wasserstand/htm/wndcms.htm).
The forecast is especially adapted to flood incidences.
5.1.2. Meteorological forecasting in Austria
Meteorological forecasts and information is given to the responsible authorities by the
central office for meteorology and geodynamic (“Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und
Geodynamik – ZAMG”). The information is used for further estimation of the situation and used
as an input for perception and discharge models.
(© 2009 Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik. A-1190 Wien, Hohe Warte 38.
Telefon: +43 1 36 0 26 , Fax: +43 1 369 12 33; http://www.zamg.ac.at/)
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5.1.3. Hydrological forecasting & forecasting methods in Austria
Hydrologic assessments are made by the via donau team Hydrology. Besides a daily
control of the weather situation (perception, temperature, satellite pictures,...) the gauges of
the most important tributaries and the main gauges of the Austrian and German Danube are
controlled. Additional the official flood news service (“Hochwassernachrichtendienst”) of
Bavaria and Lower Austria are used to estimate the situation.
The forecasting system of Lower Austria uses different parameters. A precipitation-
runoff model is used to cover the catchment area and a 1D hydrological modelling system
describes the main basin. Secondary there are about 50 different variants of precipitation
forecasting systems which are statistically analyzed and give a potential statistical spread for
the prognoses. In a few cases there are used already existing forecasting systems from
tributaries in addition to the gauge data and precipitation-runoff models.
In low water level periods the discharge is influenced and controlled by the power
station chain and their control system to a certain extend. For that reason the AHP - Austrian
Hydro Power developed a forecasting system for low water. Currently this forecasting system is
in test mode. AHP provides a prospective forecast on the base of perception and discharge
models and the inflow of big tributaries and their own regulation of the power plants. For the
low water area (<1600m3/s), data from the control system is in use. The program of this system
is able to level out waves with the whole chain of the Austrian power stations. In this way more
precise forecasts can be given, particularly for the navigation relevant areas.
5.1.4. Forecasting action plan in Austria
There are no requirements for the forecasting system in Lower Austria, but the model
calculates a new intern prognosis hourly. The meteorological long-ranging forecast is available
twice a day. For this reason there are normally two proceedings on the website, the first
publication takes place after a plausibility check in the morning (about 07:00) and the second is
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automatically released in the evening (about 20:00). In case of flood there are proceedings
every few hours. Usually every 4 hours, dependent on the meteorological and hydrological
situation. Due to the meteorological forecasting interval, this procedure makes sense for short
term prognoses (6h) with current precipitation data. Long-range (12-48h) prognoses can be
updated with the latest output of the meteorological forecasts.
The forecasting system of AHP makes a new automatic calculation every hour,
independent of the actual situation.
5.1.5. Dissemination of information in Austria
In addition to the websites there are different ways for dissemination of information.
Especially in the case of flood the notices are passed on via telephone and email (mailing list).
Via donau operates an alarm system with different limit values of water level, which sends
automatically generated emails to selected persons. The message contains the exceeded alarm
level, the location of gauge, the time of the reached alarm level and the value of water level.
Furthermore, one to two reports (depends on the urgency) of hydrologic situation,
construction sites, possible weak spots and the risk potential are sent to a mailing list.
In addition there is the possibility to check and observe the progress of the water level
with the mentioned options in chapter 2.1.4 “Elaboration of data”.
In the case of extreme discharge conditions the information for navigation is given by
the “OSB - Oberste Schiffahrtsbehörde” (authority of navigation). The authority of navigation
prepares reports of the most important information and warnings for navigation. The reports
are sent as “NtS-notices to the skippers” to public authorities, companies, skippers, etc. As an
additional service these reports are given by via donau to the DoRIS (“Donau River Information
Service”) users and subscribers and the news are released on the DoRIS website.
Furthermore there is the possibility to get information and the latest NtS via UHF radio
at the locks.
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In the case of low water the ford areas are especially critical for navigation. For that
reason they are published at the website of via donau (see Figure 21: depth of the fairway in
Austrian fords and http://www.doris.bmvit.gv.at/pegel/furten/).
Figure 21: depth of the fairway in Austrian fords
5.2. Slovakia – general information
5.2.1. Inventory of Methods and Practices of Hydrological Forecasting and Warnings.
Hydrological products, modelling tools, forecasting organisations in Slovakia
Centre of Forecasting and Warning and both Department Hydrological and
Meteorological Forecasting and Warning perform the following services (as well as other
services):
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operation, maintenance and development of the meteorological forecasting system,
numerical weather models
preparation of weather forecasts and warnings about dangerous meteorological
phenomena for the public and special users
operation and development of a monitoring network
forecasts and warnings for surface water courses – a hydrological forecasting service
5.2.2. Hydrological Forecasting and Products in Slovakia
The Department of Hydrological Forecasting and Warning provides sets of various types
of forecasts as follows:
Numerical forecasts are provided for:
5 hydrological forecasting stations on the Danube river (water stages, discharges)
1 hydrological forecasting station on the Morava river (water stages, discharges)
daily forecasts for 13 reservoirs
Forecasting trends in water stages – increases, decreases, stability:
are provided for other rivers. The time of arrivals and value of culminations are issued
during flood situations.
During the winter season processed and issued once a week:
information about snow conditions for the whole territory (depth of snow) and
water equivalent of the snow – developments from 140 climatic stations
accumulation of water in the snow cover for 10 water reservoirs and 8 measurement gauge
profiles
The Department also produces bulletins and statements concerning flood situations and
droughts as well, as expert opinions and references.
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5.2.3. Forecasting Methods in Slovakia
For the Danube – the basis of the forecasting methods is a simple method of
corresponding water stages/discharges, which can be seen as more traditional but also very
reliable. Also, the rainfall - runoff relation to the API (antecedent precipitation index) with
numerical and graphic expressions is used. The following methods are also used: At the present
time several approaches for rainfall – runoff models (“HRON” model, adaptations of the HBV
model etc.), are being developed within the framework of the project “Flood Warning and
Forecasting System in the Slovak Republic” (POVAPSYS).
5.2.4. Dissemination of hydrological information in Slovakia
Water gauge stations are divided on prime (operative on- line) stations and secondary
one (on-line). The prime stations are determining for enouncement of alert activity on
significant sections of water courses in daily hydrological elaboration they are to disposal to
institutions responsible for flood protection. From the total number 174 water gauge
telemetric stations, in daily mode of hydro-forecasting service they are working 79 stations.
Transportation of all information from system is performed by data and voice transmission.
Frequency of data transmission is determined by demands of clients and by technical
equipment of relevant water gauge station. The data are transmitted via mobile network and
via telephone. An advantage of mobile network is possibility of data transmission every 15
minutes.
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Number of stations and their connection
Connection of
station Interval of data transmission
Number
of
stations
GSM -GPRS 15 minutes 128
GSM According to demands 136
JTS- fixed
network
o 6, 12, 17-primary stations
according to demands –
secondary stations
38
The innovated stations network is equipped with alarm system which has been activated after
exceeding limit (critical) values defined for - water stage, intensity of rain and gradient
increasing. After exceeding define limit the station sends message – alert – to the centre of
hydro- forecasting service and to operator in emergency service via SMS.
All parameters – water stages, discharges, water and air temperature – measured in
hydrological stations are possible to be controlled in visual way and analyzed both in table
mode and graphic one. Equipment of stations allows display of data in 15 minutes time
interval, too.
Fig. 4 Sample of output elaborated data in table mode
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Graphical form of elaboration provides courses of - water gauge scan, discharge scan,
temperature of air and water scan, precipitation scan (as a total in certain number of hours or
cumulative for identify time interval). From the technical parameters of station – voltage of
battery - simultaneously in 15 minutes time interval as late as 10 stations. At the same time it is
possible to change temporal scan – year, day and so on.
Fig. 5 Samples of output elaborated data in graphical mode
In framework of provision of the obligations in respect of navigation and flood
protection as well as in result of bilateral and multilateral agreements on co-operation on
traunsboundary waters, hydro-forecast service has been regularly receiving also hydrological
information from abroad (Austria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Ukraine, Poland). The
exchange of operational information takes place according to agreed form and time periods.
The hydrological information is distributed by NTC (National telecommunicating Centre), by
phone and by internet.
After the checking and analysing the state of the hydrological and meteorological data
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have been processed in tabular form and according to distribution prescription send to
institutions as is given by Law No. 7/2010 Coll. Among the main users there are civil service,
municipalities, regional and district environmental offices – authorities responsible for flood
protection and water management institutions. Operational information are provided on
demand to general public and firms.
The output of elaborated data regularly presents daily information on:
A – Water stages, discharges, temperature of water and air, ice phenomena,
precipitation and relation of current water stages/discharges to their long-term
means – in table format
B – Water stages in 1 hour time interval elaborated in table form graphical form and as
maps
C – Numerical forecasts for 5 hydrological on the Danube River, 1 forecasting station on The
Morava River
D – Daily forecast for 13 reservoirs
And as addition - seasonal information:
E – water temperature in reservoirs
F – snow bulletins – depth and water equivalent of snow cover, accumulation of water in the
snow cover
G – information for water tourism and fishing – water stages and discharges
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Fig. 6 Hourly data in graphical form (1.st PA – state of alert, 2.st PA state of danger,
3.st. PA - state of emergency ).
Tabular elaboration of data
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Fig. 7 Graphical illustration of basin according to region
Fig.8 Presentation of data on hydrological situation on the Morava River - output in
German for Austrian Hydrological Service
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All presented information are distributing by NTC, Internet -www.shmu.sk, Teletext,
Telephone.
5.2.5. The flood service in Slovakia
The Slovak Water Management Enterprise’s internal organizational structure is divided
into divisions, which correspond to the following river basins (see Figure 1):
The Slovak Water Management Enterprise manages all the stream networks in Slovakia, except
for little brooks and streams, which are not important from a water management point of view.
These are managed by the forest and agricultural authorities and in some areas by municipal
authorities.
Flood protection is one of the major tasks of the Slovak Water Management Enterprise. Each of
its branches has the following responsibilities for the river basins within its jurisdiction:
Maintenance of the river channels and adequate channel flow capacity;
Maintenance, improvement of the existing flood protection systems and realisation of new
systems where existing ones are insufficient;
Continuous operation of hydro structures all year;
Management and supervision of flood protection works such as flood planning in entire
catchments, flood inspections, flood prevention measures, execution of patrol services,
salvage operations, etc.;
Case studies, development and design of new flood protection systems, and realisation of
all necessary preventive measures.
These activities require a monitoring and information system, which is closely linked to the
meteorological and hydrological forecasting and warning system of the Slovak
Hydrometeorological Institute. Operation of hydraulic structures requires the flow of this basic
information in real time:
1. Inflow and outflow from a reservoir;
2. Water level in a reservoir (filled volume and room for retention of flood waves);
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3. Outflow situation in the upper part of a river basin;
4. Water levels and discharges downstream from a water structure.
5. Meteorological and hydrological forecasting.
The Hydrological Service of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute provides data on current
situations in river basins and forecasts for the following:
o Information on stages and hydrological forecasts is provided during prevailing outflow
situations for a 24-hour period everyday in the morning; this data is confirmed or specified
twice a day in the afternoon and evening.
o The time step of a hydrological forecast is shorter during the run of a flood; at that time the
time step is three or six hours (depending on the type of flood wave). The information on
the hydrological situation in a river basin is provided at the same time as the forecast.
The operating staff at a water structure, almost continuously monitors the situation at least
every hour and during flood events. This set of data is added to the flood database every hour
as well as at the moment of the culmination of a water stage or peak discharge (but only when
they can be explicitly recognized):
The water levels in a reservoir and also water downstream;
The set of inflow into a reservoir;
The set of outflow data from a reservoir, which is divided into specific structures (a
hydropower plant, spillways, outlets, navigation locks, number of turbines in operation,
position of gates, etc.);
Specific meteorological data, for example, a rainfall and the water and air temperatures.
Each staff transmits a set of collected data from the hydro structure every hour to the
competent water management dispatcher, which is in the Branch’s domicile (in Bratislava,
Piešťany, Banská Bystrica). The Slovak Water Management Enterprise uses e-mail, fax,
telephone, and transmitter-receivers for information transmission, because the communication
must be fail safe under every condition. The set of data is stored at the water management
dispatcher’s. In this way the flood database is also created.
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Every water management system and every hydro structure have developed rules for operating
in any situation, including stages of emergency.
The operational rules result from hydrological analyses, hydro technical research and
operational practice. The state water authority body approves each operational rule. The water
management dispatcher analyses the current situation and hydrological forecast in a river basin
and issues instructions for future operations, which follow from the operational rules. Each
operation executed by a hydro structure solicits feedback; the results of any operation are
checked in real time at least every hour.
The actual course of a flood and operations by a water structure are analysed after
every flood event according to the operational rules to determine their adequacy.
5.3. Hungary – general information
5.3.1. Flood defense in Hungary
As mentioned above, of the 93.000 km2 large territory of the country 21.248 km2
(22.8%) are floodplains, the levees protecting 97 % thereof against inundation.
Another notable feature of the river network that flows in channels formed by river
training activity and a system of flood protection structures protects more than 98 % of
floodplains against flooding. First order flood embankments cover the length of 4 184 km (see
Fig. HU-9).
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Fig.HU-9. Main flood defence lines and the protected floodplain in Hungary
Facts and figures characterizing the reclaimed flood plains are: 2.5 million people in
close to 700 communities are exposed to flood hazard; one-third of the arable lands in Hungary,
18 000 km2 valuable farmland; the flood plains contain 32% of the railway lines and 15% of the
roads; over 2000 industries have settled here, and about 25% of the gross domestic product is
produced here.
The level of flood exposure in terms of the ratio of flood plains is the highest in Hungary
of all European countries and is comparable with the situation in the Netherlands.
The Tisza and its tributaries responded to the cutting of meanders and reducing the
width of the flood plains by considerably higher flood levels, the fast sizing process continuing
to these days on the Hungarian rivers.
The existing flood defenses built since the middle of the 19th century comprise the main-
line levees of 4003 km total length (3973 km earth embankment, 30 km flood wall) along the
rivers. The total volume of the embankments is approximately 120 million m3.
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The standard against which the defenses are assessed is the design flood (Table HU-2),
which these are required to withstand.
5.3.2. Flood monitoring system in Hungary
Abbreviations:
OMSZ - Országos Meteorológiai Szolgálat/ Hungarian Meteorological Service network
Vizügy – District Environmental and Water Directorates network
Meteorological observation:
Radar networ :
3 radar stations (OMSZ) (Fig. HU-10)
Rain gauge stations:
610 OMSZ +590 Vizugy
Rain gauge telemetric stations:
103 OMSZ + 70 Vizugy
Climatological stations:
118 OMSZ + 30 Vizugy
Precipitation forecast:
ALADIN-Hu 48 h ahead; ECMWF 10-day and 14-day ahead (on a regular bases only 6-day QPF
is used) DWD 7-day, ocassionnaly COSMOLEPS
Hydrological information:
Number of baseline informational water gauge stations:
337 water level out of those 205 discharges
Telemetric data transmission:
180 stations
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The system of meteorological observations in Hungary
The network of meteorological radars
Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) surveys the atmosphere in the geographic
area of Hungary and its immediate neighbourhood, using one of the state-of-art meteorological
radar networks in Europe (Fig. HU-11). The radar network was modernized few years ago. Each
radar equipment provides a proper, complex set of standard and operational radar products
which can be displayed individually at the headquarters of all Regional Meteorological Centres.
At the same time, the radar informations from all the equipment are integrated into a several
product – like the national radar composit (available in every 15 minutes). This product is
disseminated to the users.
The radar equipments can provide not the only intentsity of the rainfall, but originated
data too (like cumulated precipitation of 24 hours, Fig. HU-12).
Lightning detection network
Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ) operates the lightning detection network
(LDN) of Hungary. Name of the LDN is SAFIR which contains 5+2 stations. The location of the
lightning or discharge can be defined from the 7 stations together.
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Fig. HU-10. National radar coverage of Hungary
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Fig.HU-11. Example of 24 hours cumulated precipitation product.
Observations from the meteorological satellites
The european organisation EUMETSAT operates the METEOSAT geostationary satellite
family. The new generation satellites of the satellite family can provide pictures in every 15
minutes and in 12 bands from Europe and Africa. Like the old ones these also can measure in
the visible and infrared range, but in more band. The resolution of the pictures above the
territory of Hungary is approximetaly 4x4.5km in 11 bands and 2x3km in the high resolution
visible band 12 (Fig. HU-12).
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Fig.HU-12. Example of satellite map
5.3.3. The Flood Management Information System in Hungary
Institutional background, the emergency organisation
Control in flood emergency situations is assigned by law to the state. Within the central
government it is the Minister of Environment and Water Management, who is responsible for
the water management functions, thus also flood management, and who is vested – in grave
emergencies – with the powers of a government commissioner. He is assisted in performing
these functions by the staff of the water department supervised within the ministry by an
undersecretary of state. The national professional agency subordinated to the minister to
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perform the operative functions of water management is the Central Directorate for Water and
Environment. In handling emergency situations the 12 Disctrict Environmental and Water
Directorates (DEWD) organized by catchments play a role of decisive importance. The Central
Water Emergency Organization is presently responsible for performing the special tasks of
emergence control all over the country, like operating the emergency squad, the icebreaker
fleet, blasting ice jams, etc. Collection and dissemination of hydrologic data, the compilation of
flood forecasts are performed by the National Hydrological Forecasting Service, a unit of
VITUKI.
The 12 DEWDs organized by catchments are state agencies financed from the central
budget to perform the water management functions of the state. They function in a practically
unchanged form since 1953 and are substantially the legal successors of the land drainage and
river engineering districts established in the last third of the 19th century. With a total staff of
approximately 5000, they operate also the hydrologic observation network (some 5600 gagging
stations).
Flood fighting is listed among the priority functions of the DEWDs. The procedure is
controlled by acts of legislation, in which the persons responsible for specific activities are also
identified. Implementation of emergency control includes engineering and administration
measures.
The engineering measures include operations on the levees, hydrologic forecasting,
confinement of inundating water.
The administration measures are: mobilization of the public workforce for flood fighting
on the levees, taking care of the population in the event of a levee failure (rescue,
evacuation, accommodation), saving property, health care, restoration.
The water agency is required to provide guidance for the engineering measures of
emergency control, for which the manpower and technical equipment are secured by the
municipalities, the civil defense and the army.
According to the provisions of Act LVII of 1995 on Water Management, national control
of flood emergency operations belongs to the sphere of authority of the minister up to the
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announcement of highest alert level. The minister discharges his duties via the Central
Directorate of Water and Environment (VKKI). For the highest alert period the minister is vested
with the powers of a government commissioner in guiding emergency operations. In especially
grave hazard (disaster) situations a state of emergency is declared at set forth in the
Constitution and national guidance of operations is transferred to a government committee.
In major flood fighting operations (for instance the recent 1998 November and 1999
spring floods) 5000 employees of the water service and 10-15 thousand other emergency
workforce were mobilized.
Fig.HU-13. Functions and hierarchic relations in flood emergency control in Hungary
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Major flood emergencies are impossible to control, unless a number of agencies
cooperate in a concerted manner. Their functions and hierarchical relations are set forth in laws
and other acts of legislation. The main agencies involved in implementing emergency measures
on the state-owned inundation control structures and their functions are as follows (Fig. HU-
13):
the twelve DEWDs and the Capital Budapest – local organization, guidance and actual
implementation of flood emergency measures;
the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Water Management, the National Water
Authority – national level organization and control;
the Central Flood Fighting Organization and the Water Resources Research Centre
(VITUKI), National Hydrological Forecasting Service – national level special functions.
A wealth of information covering a broad range of subjects is exchanged between the
co-operating agencies (17 at the present). This has been reviewed, screened for potential
overlaps, and rationalized where necessary when the various modules of the flood
management information system were planned. Establishment of the communication links
capable of handling this flow of information is one of the important goals of the envisaged
system, parts of which are being built, parts operating already.
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Fig.HU-14. Links of one of the regional water authorities during flood emergency in Hungary
All co-operating agencies have extensive horizontal communication relations,
forwarding information to, and receiving information from, the co-operating partners (Fig. HU-
14). Data transfer between these partners involved in the horizontal relations of the emergency
control organizations is effected over conventional channels. Data reporting and information
forwarding to them is handled in the system as outputs, the technical solution of which
depends on the means and technology available at the receiving partner.
According to the level of control, the co-operating agencies are grouped into local
(regional) and national categories. This classification means at the same time that whereas
actual emergency operations are also performed at the local level, the incoming information is
summarized and evaluated at the national level. The local level can be subdivided further into
levee sections and local emergency center. The latter comprises the emergency officer, the
emergency staff and the special groups (hydrologic forecasting, soil mechanics, supplies, etc.) at
their service (Fig. HU-15).
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The resources, methods and types of information needed for carrying out the
emergency operations can be listed under the following headings:
manpower and materials;
communication equipment;
calculation equipment and aids;
local data base, files;
imported information;
engineering computation methods, models algorithms;
instructions, regulations (decision tables).
Fig.HU-15. Flood emergency control levels in Hungary
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The FMIS organisational structure
The FMIS sub-systems comprise:
Information on the hydrological situation
Surveillance reports on the defenses
Emergency diaries, emergency administration
Reports, information
Management of emergency resources
Flood fighting aids
Depending on the levels of emergency control at which information is processed and
between which information is exchanged, five FMIS application levels are distinguished:
Information processing at the defense section centers
Information exchange between the defense section centers and the local (regional)
control center
Information processing at the regional center
Information exchange between the regional and the national control levels
Information processing at the national control center
The flood management information system functions continuously, in that the basic
modules operate without interruption, switching on additional modules depending on the
hydrological situation liable to call for emergency operations.
The central FMIS module is a program, which keeps record on the completed parts of
the system, on the contents and interrelations thereof, operates continuously the module
keeping track and assessing the hydrometeorologic and hydrologic situation, and issues alerts
as required.
Based on the Lotus Notes software a complete closed-system communication network
has been set up to cover all water agencies of the state. This is of paramount and decisive
importance for further information developments. FMIS is not confined to supporting
emergency control activities alone, in that the possibility of processing further the electronic
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documents creates a the data base of flood emergency measures accumulating a wealth of
practical experience.
Functionality of the system
Our implementation of FMIS is a complex and integrated automated application suite
based on Lotus Domino/Notes technology. It has been developed by UniOffice System House in
close co-operation with the national flood management authorities. Version 1.0 was
implemented in 1994. 1999 saw the transition to version 3.0 of most system components.
Functional components
The system consists of four main functional components:
Subsystem of logging and preventive measures (defense levels module, organizational
setup module and people module)
Subsystem of reports (briefing modules, maintenance module, daily defense reports
module)
Subsystem for providing hydrological information (module for hydrological
communication, integrational module for the hydrological information system integrative
module)
Subsystem of additional components (professional Help databases – e.g. professional and
legal manuals, IT application manuals – e.g. Lotus Notes, flood management information
dictionaries, summative overview module, special Hungarian mailing module).
Communication functionality
The primary functionality of the system is communications. This means ”traditional”
transfer of messages as well as automated and scheduled forwarding of flood management
data. Such messaging and replication technology (a feature of Lotus Domino servers and Notes
clients) is part of the appropriate FMIS module databases. A latest addition to the
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communication functionality is the transfer of data records stored in an SQL server table at one
location to another server table stored at another location through Notes mailing technology.
Date sharing functionality
Accessibility to public data is not limited to internal (Lotus Notes) users. Data are also
published on the web on-line, providing appropriate internal and external availability (intranet
and Internet functionality). Data stored in certain back-end Lotus Domino databases is made
accessible to relational database management systems through Lotus Enterprise Integrator on
an automated and scheduled basis. Data produced by reporting modules are accessible to
office applications through the standard ODBC interface.
System architecture
List of components:
51 Lotus Domino application servers (which optionally function web servers and SMTP
MTAs as well)
15 Microsoft SQL servers
more than 400 Lotus Notes workstations in 17 regional centers and at about 100 locations
across the country
telephone communication lines (33600 bps), leased analog lines and ISDN connections
Lotus Domino Fax Gateway at regional centers for outbound faxing
Lotus Enterprise Integrator based data connection between Notes and relational
databases
45 unique FMIS-oriented Lotus Notes application-modules
4 additional Lotus Notes modules (sequential number generator, attach, detach, trashcan)
cc:Mail connectivity
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5.3.4. Flood Forecasting in Hungary
Flood Forecasting domains in Hungary
Fig.HU-16. The territory covered by the Danube, Drau/Dráva and Tisza domains of the VITUKI
hydrological modelling system in Hungary
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Fig. HU-17. Modules of the VITUKI NHFS model
The HOLV Snomelt Module
The HOLV snowmelt model has a flexible structure; it is able to change its own structure
in function of the data availability. In case of availability precipitation and air temperature data
only temperature index method is used, when further data are accessible too (cloudiness, dew
point, speed of wind), using of energy balance model is to be preferred.
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Fig.HU-18. The total water input predicted by the HOLV snowmelt module and estimated
liquid precipitation added
The TAPI Rainfall-Runoff Module
The current model's name “TAPI” specifies the technique by which the actual soil
moisture status is accounted for. The “TAPI” part is an acronym for Antecedent Precipitation
Index, while the “T” refers to the current method's similarity to the Tank Model structure
developed by M. Sugawara.
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Fig. HU-19. Scheme of the precipitation - runoff modules
The Discrete Linear Cascade Model and other modules
The model is based on the assumption that the watershed responds to precipitation as a
series of n reservoirs or storage elements. The Discrete Linear Cascade Model (DLCM)
developed by Szőllösi-Nagy (1982) utilizing an approach similar to the one reported by Szolgay
(1984) serves for the routing of flow components and channel routing. First version of the
complex GAPI model with modular structure was designed by Bartha et al. (1983). The choice
of the model was proved by a number of inter-comparison studies (WMO, 1992). The first
model version was extended by a snowmelt module (Gauzer, 1990) and the complexity of the
system was raised gradually. The backwater module utilizes simplifications similar those
suggested by Todini and Bossi (1986).
The large number of nodes (69) makes the system in fact semi distributed in the basin
scale. Out of the total number of nodes 46 are related to forecast stations. Real time mode runs
are carried out in 12 hourly time steps. Input/output values and state variables of the
precipitation – runoff modules are integrated over sub-basins as weighted or simple arithmetic
average of station or grid values. Simulation runs are possible in 6, 12, 24-hour time steps.
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Fig.HU-20. Example of deterministic water level forecast for the section Szolnok of the River
Tisza
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5.3.5. Dissemination of flood related information in Hungary
Accessibility to public data is not limited to internal (Lotus Notes) users. Data are also
published on the web on-line, providing appropriate internal and external availability (intranet
and Internet functionality). Data stored in certain back-end Lotus Domino databases is made
accessible to relational database management systems through Lotus Enterprise Integrator on
an automated and scheduled basis. Data produced by reporting modules are accessible to
office applications through the standard ODBC interface.
Public accessed sites:
VITUKI, National Hydrological Forecasting Service
www.hydroinfo.hu
Central Directorate for Water and Environment
www.vizugy.hu
www.ovisz.hu
www.vkki.hu
12 District Environmental and Water Directorates
5.4. Serbia – general information
Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia is in charge of monitoring, collecting, and
analyzing hydrological and meteorological data. They also provide relevant information and
forecast from domestic and foreign territories for all relevant institutions and stakeholders in
the field of water resources management.
About 25% of the existing hydrologic stations are equipped for the regular monitoring and
reporting (traditional automatic analog monitoring and phones or radios for reporting). In addition,
about 10% of stations are in charge of extreme-event monitoring and reporting, when water
elevation exceeds values specified by the Flood Defense Action Plan.
Within the last few years, RHMZ started with application of automatic digital monitoring
and real-time transfer of water elevation data. This is still in experimental phase, implemented
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for only several selected stations, which are still equipped for traditional monitoring and data
transfer. Among digitalized gauging stations, 4 are located on the Danube River, one on Tisza,
and one on the Sava River.
All collected data are stored in RHMZ’s databases. The data flow from monitoring to the final
users is presented in Figure 22, (RHMZ, 2006).
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`
Figure 22: Flood Control Information System
RIVER OBSERVATION
DATA TRANSFER
DATA COLLECTING
DAILY
DATA
HYDROLOGICAL BULLETIN
HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTS
AND WORNING
DISTRIBUTION TO THE USERS
DATA
PROCESSING
DATA FROM INTERNATIONAL
EXCHANGE
METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND FORECAST
RADAR OBSERVATION
- MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
- REPUBLIC INFORMATION CENTER - CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION - CITY INFORMATION CENTERS
WATER MANAGEMENT "SRBIJAVODE" WATER MANAGEMENT CENTERS:
- "DANUBE" - "SAVA" - "MORAVA"
WATER MANAGEMENT VODE VOJVODINE
- ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY - SHIPPING INDUSTRY - FISHING INDUSTRY - MEDIA - PUBLIC
FORECASTING MODELS
INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF SERBIA
FOR THE PURPOSE OF FLOOD CONTROL
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5.4.1. Forecasting Services in Serbia
Various methods are used for hydrological forecasting, ranging from the simplest
graphical correlations to the most sophisticated models which describe the physical processes
that take place within the river basin and the river network, (ICPDR, 2006).
For all of these methods and models, it is important to have access to accurate data on
the initial conditions of forecasted parameters, and the fundamental impacts. Such data are
provided by hydrological and meteorological measurements and observations, while
precipitation can be the result of meteorological forecasts. For the time being, only now casts
and short-term meteorological forecasts can be used successfully.
5.4.2. Meteorological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia
For the purpose of meteorological forecasting following data sources (domestic and
international) are being used:
Satellite images - Serbia has reception system for geostationary satellite METEOSAT since
1984. Data from METEOSAT channels are used as images, and in combination with other
meteorological information for the now casting and short-term forecasts,
Data provided by the existing Serbian radar network - of Serbia are used to follow
development of cloud systems, course and velocity of movement. They are used in
combination with other meteorological information for now casting and short-term
forecasts on minor rivers and torrents,
Data from synoptic stations - necessary for daily forecasts, are collected from 28
meteorological stations (MMS) within the territory of Serbia, and
Charts of Standard Pressure Levels for Serbian territory.
Depending on the time range of the forecast several forecast models are being used:
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1. Nowcasting and very short range forecasting system (0-6 h forecast)
Currently the products of radar observations, in the form of radar imagery, provide
information about the intensity of radar reflectivity by means of horizontal and vertical
sections. The horizontal section shows the area covered by clouds, including the geographic
background with boundaries of major catchment areas, rivers and large towns and cities. The
vertical section, based on maximum reflectivity, identifies the type of clouds according to radar
criteria. Precipitation intensity is estimated by the radar operator, and based on a set of
predefined criteria. Set of scans provides information about the direction and rate of cloud
system migration, the rain beginning time and the effected area.
RAINBOW software is used to process and present radar data. The current software
package needs to be upgraded to include options which will allow for the measurement of
precipitation levels over a specific catchment area. During the next five years, measurements
will be made in three experimental areas (urban, low land and mountainous).
RHMZ has 3 radar types which use various software applications for the digitalization of
radar imagery. The radar centers in Vojvodina, which are equipped with Gematronic radars, will
be using volume scanning of cloudiness to generate radar measurements and estimate
precipitation levels. Raw data which are collected will be used to generate reflectivity and
precipitation intensities at a constant elevation of 700 m.a.s.l, projections of maximum radar
reflectivity to determine the type of cloudiness (Figure 23), and the direction and speed of
cloud migration based on an animated sequence of the five most recent radar images.
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Figure 23 : Projection of maximum radar reflectivity
Other radar centers are equipped with Mitsubishi RC-34A radars and are currently
unable to perform volume scanning using existing software. Until adequate software for the
same work method has been developed, oblique sections of radar reflectivity at an angle which
corresponds to an elevation of 700 m or 1000 m above sea level, at the distance of the
observed cloudiness (Figure 24), will be used. The type of cloudiness will be identified using a
vertical section of the observed cloudiness (Figure 25). A sequence of repeated scans will
provide the speed and direction of cloud system migration.
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Figure 24: An oblique section of radar reflectivity generated by Mitsubishi radar
Figure 25: A vertical section of radar reflectivity generated by Mitsubishi radar
2. Short-range forecasting system (6-72h forecasts)
The following forecasting models are used to forecast precipitation quantities:
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Global model of the German Meteorological Service (DWD – Deutscher Wetterdienst-
Offenbach) forecasts the spatial precipitation distributions for whole Europe over 72 hours,
at 12-hour intervals. The initial projected precipitation level is 1 mm;
Global model of the European Centre (ECMWF-Reading) forecasts the spatial precipitation
distributions for whole Europe over 2 days at 3-hour intervals, over 3 days at 12-hour
intervals, and over 10 days at 24-hour intervals;
Global model of the European Centre (Reading) forecasts the precipitation distribution for
20 MMS in Serbia, over 10 days at 6-hour intervals;
Limited area model ETA (Belgrade) forecasts the spatial distribution of precipitation for a
limited area over 5 days at 6-hour intervals. The initial projected precipitation level is 0.2 mm.
The height of snow cover is projected using subjective methods, based on precipitation level
forecasts.
These models also provide forecasted temperature fields at different atmospheric elevations
with an accuracy of 20C, based on which minimum and maximum ground temperatures are
projected, using subjective methods.
3. Long forecasting system
In addition to forecasts prepared on the basis of dynamic models, possible weather
conditions are identified 30 days in advance. These forecasts are based on statistical method of
analogy, and give potential weather developments. The average daily temperatures are
forecasted, and periods with temperatures above or below average for a given month are
derived, without numerical values for minimum and maximum temperatures. In addition to
temperatures, the forecast includes the number of days with precipitation and the total
monthly amount of precipitation. These tentative forecasts are prepared every first day of the
month, and corrected every fifteenth day (Figure 26).
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Figure 26: Tentative forecast
5.4.3. Hydrological Forecasting and Methods in Serbia
Hydrological data required for hydrologic forecasts, are collected daily by the RHMZ
from 56 hydrologic stations within the territory of Serbia and 50 external hydrologic stations
(within the Danube River basin). Water level and/or discharge forecasts are prepared daily and
exchanged internationally, along with data from 20 hydrologic stations.
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Figure 27: Hydrological methods and models used in operational practice
Kratovska stena
Beli Brod
Sm. Palanka
Vranjski Priboj
Pirot
Doljevac
Aleksinac
Niš
Jasika
Varvarin
Ćuprija Bagrdan
Ljubičevski most
Bezdan
Apatin
Bogojevo
Bačka Palanka Novi Sad
Titel
Slankamen
Sremska Mitrovica
Šabac
Senta
Novi Kneževac
Vranjski Priboj
Mojsinje
Propagation method
Method of corespondent discharge
MANS model
TANK model
Multiple linear correlation
Graphical coaxial correlation and Unit hydrograph
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The Forecast Office of the RHMZ issues warnings and forecast information. The Office activities
encompass the delivery of the following data:
Daily information on the rainfall, air and water temperature, water level, water flow and ice,
originating from the hydrological and meteorological domestic network;
Daily information on the water levels, water flows, ice and water level forecasts, issued by
GTS from the upstream countries;
Daily water level forecasts for 1 or 2 days in advance;
Warning about the development of flood on the upper river parts;
Forecast on the extreme water level (height and time of appearance);
Forecast of the ice phenomena (twice a week) for next 7 days and approximate forecasts for
next 30 days (twice a month).
The following methods are currently operational, (Figure 27):
Method of corresponding discharges for the Danube River;
MANS model (nonlinear model of river flow) for the Sava and Velika Morava Rivers;
Regression model for the Tisza River;
SSARR and TANK models for the Kolubara and Zapadna Morava Rivers;
Simple index model for forecasting discrete hydrologic events, i.e. large flood waves on
rivers with catchment areas up to 1500 km2 (short flood wave travel times and durations).
RHMZ has a plan to improve warning and forecasting procedures and to more extensively
incorporate the products of radar surveillance for those rivers on which flood waves rise within
Tp ≤ 10 hours (corresponding to a catchment area up to 300 km2). At river basins with the
surface area up to 2000 km2, rainfall/runoff models will be developed. Rainfall/runoff-type
models, in combination with computations of flood wave travel and transformation within the
river channel, will be used for larger catchments (larger than 2000 km2).
Since October 2007 Serbia is a partner in European Flood Alert System (EFAS). Using
LISFLOOD hydrological model, EFAS issues early warnings 3-10 days in advance and probability
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flooding estimations for national and international basins to Hydrological Services which are the
signers of Memorandum of Understanding with European Commission.
5.4.4. Forecasting Action Plan in Serbia
Flood protection in the Republic of Serbia has been regulated under the Water Law from
1996 and bylaws. The most important water management document is the Water Master Plan
which was adopted by the Serbian Parliament in 2002. This Master Plan is valid until 2020, and
contains the data on present state and future developments in the field of water resources and
water management, including flood protection issues. The Water Master Plan is harmonized
with the Spatial Master Plan of Serbia.
Measures and procedures for flood protection in Republic of Serbia are defined in
General and Action Plan for flood control. These plans are prepared only for sub-basins with the
existing flood protection structures. For other areas endangered by floods, which are not
included in the mentioned plans, local community appoints flood protection measures. Also
companies and stakeholders whose properties are endangered prepare special flood protection
plans.
5.4.5. General Plan for Flood Control in Serbia
This Plan is proclaimed by the Government of Republic of Serbia for 5-years period. The
overall strategy of management, as well as the obligations and responsibilities of the main
participants are determined in the General plan. The preparations, monitoring and warning,
tasks of personal in charge, as well as the basic scheme of organization and realization of
defense from high water are also specified.
According to the General plan, Public Water Authorities “Srbijavode” and “Vode Vojvodine” are
responsible for the permanent flood control. General Plan defines: (1) the legal framework and
mandatory principles; (2) preventive measures beyond flood period; (3) duties, responsibilities
and mandates of persons in charge for flood control; (4) duties and responsibilities of legal
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entities, i.e. companies that organize and implement flood control measures; (5) prerequisites
for proclamation of the state of emergency; (6) control of floods caused by internal waters; and
(7) methods for provision of funds for flood control implementation.
5.4.6. Action Plan for Flood Control in Serbia
Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Water Management prepares the Action Plan for
Flood Control for one-year period. The Action Plan defines the organization of flood control,
managers, and criteria for the proclamation of regular and exceptional flood control.
The Flood Control Action Plan accurately defines the organization of flood and ice control of
extreme waters, by: (1) identifying managers in Republic, Public Water Authorities, and other
companies and institutions responsible for flood control; (2) enumerating the sectors and
sections, including the name and hierarchical position of each sector and section, the control
water gauges, and the criteria for proclaiming regular and emergency flood control; (3)
specifying the reporting hydrologic stations, from which the RHMZ generates predefind reports,
forecasts, and warnings; (4) listing the ice phenomena observation points/localities, the criteria
for initiating ice defense, and the required number of ice breakers; (5) providing an overview of
the hydrological stations on foreign territories; and (6) defining the personnel required for
routine and emergency flood and ice control, and the necessary tools, equipment, and
machinery for implementation of flood control.
Action Programme for Sustainable Flood Protection in the Danube River Basin (ICPDR,
2004) was the document used as a basis for the development of the sub-basin level flood action
plans on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Task of preparation of these documents is going
on during 2009.
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5.4.7. Dissemination of Information in Serbia
The flood forecast is based on data collected through the network of hydrological and
meteorological stations, as well as data provided by neighboring countries. Forecast
methodology and models are relatively simple, including graphical functions for water stages
and hydrometrical forecasts (regression relationships), depending on the method used for
corresponding water stages.
Based on international cooperation through the Danube Commission and bilateral
agreements with Hungary and Romania, hydrological data are exchanged with other Danube
Basin countries through GTS network, e-mail services, and Internet.
RHMZ transmits hydrological warnings to: Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Water
Management of Serbia – Directorate for Water, Public Water Authorities (which distributes
them to responsible organizations), and to the State center for observation, information, and
warning, which distributes these information to endangered communities.
After each flood defense event, all flood-defense personnel reports should be submitted
to higher authorities. Reports should contain the event description, flood-cause analysis,
description of preventive measures, and analysis of their effectiveness. After each high-flow
event, provoking flood-protection measures, RHMZ is obliged to make analysis of hydrological
and meteorological conditions during the event.
5.5. Bulgaria – general information
5.5.1. Forecasting services in Bulgaria
On the EAEMDR website (http://www.appd-bg.org ), there is an access to the following
information free of charge:
Hydrometeorological bulletin;
Flood hazard warnings;
Real-time picture of water levels on the river;
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Navigational bulletin;
Critical sections;
Recommended fairway;
Natural shelters.
Detailed information for every measured parameter also is provided upon request and in
compliance with the requirements set by the MTITC
5.5.2. Meteorological Forecasting in Bulgaria
NIMH elaborates a two-day meteorological forecast for the Bulgarian section of the
Danube River and submits it to the EAEMDR. The forecast is disseminated in Bulgarian language
through the Agency website and via e-mails to skippers, media and other interested users.
5.5.3. Hydrological Forecasting in Bulgaria
On the basis of the collected data daily, monthly, annual and multi-annual prognosis are
prepared. Daily forecasting of the expected water levels is done for Ruse and Silistra. These are
short term forecasts – concerning the next two days. Every Wednesday a weekly forecast is
done for the expected tendency in water levels change and the expected highest and lowest
water levels for Ruse and Silistra.
5.5.4. Forecasting Methods in Bulgaria
Water levels are forecasted through the flowing speed based on the data received from
the gauge stations (not only the Bulgarian ones). The forecasts made by our Serbian and
Hungarian colleagues are also used.
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5.5.5. Dissemination of Information in Bulgaria
The information is disseminated through the Internet – it is published on the websites of
the NIMH and EAEMDR and is broadcasted through the Bulgarian National Radiostation as well.
5.6. Romania – general information
5.6.1. Forecasting services in Romania
Daily forecasting of the expected water levels is done for Giurgiu , Cernavoda and Braila.
These are short term forecasts – concerning the next two days and are published on the AFDJ
web site http://www.afdj.ro/cote/cote.htm.
For the tributary the forecast is made by INHGA – National Institute of Hydrology and Water
management on the web site http://www.hidro.ro.
5.6.2. Meteorological forecasting in Romania
In Romania, information and meteorological forecasts are provided by the responsibility
carried by National Meteorological Administration (ANM) on the web site http:// www.inmh.ro.
The main activities of the National Administration of Meteorology are the work of meteorology
and climatology.
ANM elaborate forecast for three days for Romania.
Data is updated daily at 15.30.
The information is public and can be downloaded by interested users.
5.6.3. Hydrological forecasting and forecasting methods in Romania
Daily forecasting of the expected water levels is done for Giurgiu, Cernavoda and Braila.
These are short term forecasts – concerning the next two days and are published on the web
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site. Daily, these trends are published and updated water level probably taking into account the
highest forecast.
Waters levels are forecasted by taking into account the water level, slope and distance
of the groom based on the information from gauge stations (Romanian and Bulgarian)
introduced a mathematical method.
5.6.4. Forecasting action plan in Romania
By adapting an optimal procedure, specific forecasts on short and long term and
establishing mutual forecast consultants on long-term users of their products and to improve
forms of dissemination for forecasts.
5.6.5. Dissemination of information in Romania
Are made through the Internet, by phone, by e-mail, to the skippers by harbour
authorities, by radiostation. Also, this information is disseminated to all concerned and are
made available for the headquarters emergency situations (in the winter headquarters, floods,
etc.).
5.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
5.7.1. Forecasting services in area of Danube-Black See canal
The information regarding the water level and flow on the Danube, the forecast of the
level evolution is collected daily from the site of the National Institute of Hydrology and Water
Management. At Administration of Navigable Canals S.H. there is a data basis serving this
purpose.
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5.7.2. Meteorological and Hydrological forecasting in area of Danube-Black See canal
According to the initial project of the navigable canals DBS and PAMN there was a
system for speed and wind direction measurement, of temperature and rainfall measurement
but the system did not work because of the low flexibility of the equipments.
Presently on the navigable canals there is no hydro-meteorological station for collecting
the hydrological parameters.
Information and meteorological forecasts are provided by the responsibility carried by
National Meteorological Administration (ANM) – www.inmh.ro.
The main activities of the National Administration of Meteorology is the work of
meteorology and climatology .
The project Data system of hydro-meteorological parameters was created which
consisted of:
- Fixed stations for measuring the hydro-meteorological parameters (speed and
direction of the wind, the nature and quantity of rainfalls, visibility, air temperature
and water in the canal temperature);
- Data transmission equipment at the central dispatch in Agigea and at the other
dispatches in the area;
- Equipment for processing and display of the transmitted data for the local stations.
The hydro-meteorological parameters will be public.
The Administration can temporarily close navigation when the hydro-meteorological conditions
are unfavorable or during hydro-technical repairs or other special works, which imply such
measures.
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6 Transboundary cooperation – general information
6.1. Austria – general information
6.1.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Austria
Danube neighbouring countries which adjoin directly to Austria are Germany and
Slovakia. Via donau holds yearly meetings with both countries within the scope of the cross
border commission.
The Austrian-Slovakian Transboundary Waters Commission (“GGK –
Grenzgewässerkommission”) consists of several task forces in which experts cover different
issues.
Task force 0: coordination and border issues
Task force 1: technical and financial issues
Task force 2: water quality
Task force 3: hydrology
Task force 4: juridical issues
Task force 5: international issues, ecology and flood protection
Above all, these meetings are about exchanging information, adjusting projects at the borders
and joint inquiries of hydrological and hydrographical data. Measured values and measuring
dates are controlled, discussed and determined. There is no direct online data transfer.
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6.1.2. Navigation in Austria
Transnational cooperation and data transfer within the scope of navigation is currently
in development and treated within the EU-project “IRIS Europe I & II”. This project intends an
international exchange of data relevant for navigation like water level, electronic navigation
notices (e.g.: NtS-notices for skippers, messages of dangerous goods, construction sites,
accidents, etc.), exchange of positions and traffic approval data (Hull data) of ships. The
international data exchange is currently in a test phase and will be advanced in IRIS Europe II.
Due to different competences and authorisations in the countries and their public authorities,
multilateral agreements concerning the administration still have to be made. In a first step the
agreement between Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria will be terminated.
Presently the international arrangement for information and data which are relevant for
navigation is treated by the Danube commission (“DOKOM – Donaukommission”).
6.1.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Austria
Via donau operates different methods and systems for data transmission.
The communication system for hydrological data “Callisto / Pulsaro” is an integrated part of the
Hydrological Database Management System (HyDaMS) and is able to make diverse automated
data transfers in different format files.
Possible ways of data transfer:
via FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
via TSTP (Time Series Transfer Protocol)
via MAIL as attachment
The system is very flexible and nearly every format file can be adapted.
Already existing versions:
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ASCII
UVF
ZRXP
…and numerous specific types
In addition to the hydrological communication system via donau operates RIS - River
Information Services in Austria. The DoRIS (Donau River Information Services) system was the
first RIS installation in Europe fully conforming to the RIS Directive 2005/44/EC of the European
Union. DoRIS offers the following basic services:
(1) Fairway Information Services
Electronic navigational charts (based on Inland ECDIS Standard)
Electronic Notices to Skippers (based on Notices to Skippers Standard)
Water level information
(2) Traffic Information and Management Services
Tracking and Tracing (Tactical image of the traffic situation, based on Inland
AIS Standard)
Lock management
National hull database (pilot)
(3) Safety related services
Electronic Reporting of dangerous cargo (pilot)
Calamity abatement (pilot)
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In addition to the above services the international exchange of RIS related information was
implemented as a pilot in the IRIS Europe project, where basic data from the DoRIS system (e.g.
position data, hull data, cargo- and voyage related data) was exchanged with Slovakia, Hungary,
Croatia and the Netherlands. The legal basis for the international data exchange is the TAA -
Technical Administrative agreement for international RIS data exchange, which is expected to
be concluded at the end of 2009. After concluding the TAA, the international interconnection of
DoRIS with RIS systems of other countries will be made fully operational.
6.2. Slovakia – general information
6.2.1. Inventory of data transmission networks and communication systems of flood
information services among Slovakia’s neighbouring countries in Slovakia
All the rivers in Slovakia, which belong to the Danube river basin, flow into Hungary. The
exchange of all sorts of information related to flood protection and actual flood routing is
realised by the treaty between the Government of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the
Government of the Hungarian People’s Republic on the regulation of water management issues
related to border waters, which has been valid since 1976. The technical team of the joint
Slovak-Hungarian Commission for Border Waters has negotiated forms concerning the
frequency and transmission of the necessary datasets, which are suitable for both sides.
The exchange of separate modes of information has been arranged for the Danube
River, including the Gabčíkovo hydro structure. Slovakia passes this set of information to the
Hungarian water authority .
The Slovak Water Management Enterprise has a special agreement with the Morava
River Basin Authority in the Czech Republic. The water management dispatcher of the
Bratislava Branch has access to the information system of the Morava River Basin Authority on
the internet and obtains basic hydrological information from this source, including information
on water stages and discharges at the following state discharge gauging stations:
The Morava River: Kroměříř, Spitihněv, Strážovice and Lanžhot;
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The Dyje River: Nové Mlýny and Ladná the hydro structure.
If necessary, it is possible to obtain additional information by e–mail or phone at any time. This
information exchange concept is suitable for the organising needs of the flood protection work
in Slovakia.
Exchange of data among the countries is under way of bilateral and multilateral
agreements among the neighbouring countries. The Slovak Republic has signed bilateral
agreements about co-operation on transboundary waters.
The bilateral agreements: CO-OPERATION ON TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS
River basin;
rivers
Riparian
countries Treaties
Year of
establishment
The Danube
river basin;
Danube and
Morava
Slovakia –
Austria
Treaty between the Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic and the Austrian Republic on
regulation of water management issues related
to border waters
1967
The Danube
river basin;
Danube, Ipeľ,
Tisa
Slovakia –
Hungary
Treaty between the Government of the
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and the
Government of the Hungarian People’s
Republic on regulation of water management
issues related to border waters
1976
The Danube
river basin;
Morava
Slovakia –
Czech
Republic
Treaty between the Government of the Slovak
Republic and the Government of the Czech
Republic about co-operation on transboundary
watercourses
1999
Under the authority of the above mentioned agreements, joint measurements are
provided 5 to 9 times a year and from those and the following stipulated numerical profiles –
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a total of 56 stations. In the Table 4 lists the amount of water gauge stations in which join
international measurements are planned for 2005.
The numbers of water gauge stations in which join international measurements are planned
yearly.
Country Hungary The Czech
Republic
Austri
a
Number of measurement
profiles 19 2 3
Number of measurement 150 13 27
Station providing data 32 3 10
6.2.2. Cooperation with the Institute for the Environment and Sustainability (JRC)
Ispra in Slovakia
The Memorandum of Understanding between the Institute for the Environment and
Sustainability (JRC) Ispra and the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute on The Development of
a European Flood Forecasting System (EFAS) was signed by the General Directors of both
Institutes on May 24, 2005. The new system provide the national authorities of countries in the
Danube River Basin with up to 10 days to prepare for large floods
6.2.3. Cooperation in framework Danube Commission – Navigation issues in Slovakia
The Danube countries cooperate on navigation under several agreements dating back
1856. The Danube, particularly the middle and lower reaches, has been an important natural
waterway for centuries. There are close cooperation between selected countries and Danube
Commission (in Budapest).
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The list of main water gauge stations from which data are transmission regularly for navigation
needs
WATER GAUGE
STATION
DISTANCE FROM THE
SOLUNA
/KM/
GAUGE “O” POINT
ABOVE SEE LEVEL
/M/
Devín 1879,80 132,87 B
Bratislava 1868,75 128.43 B
Sap 1809,97 108,10 B
Medveďov 1806,40 107,42 B
Zlatná na Oostrove 1779,10 103,92 B
Komárno 1766,20 103,69 B
6.3. Hungary – general information
On the state boundary stretches of water and other waters and channels, or on the
stretches where the state frontier crosses them, the water management activity is effected on
the basis of agreements on transboundary waters. Hungary has co-operation agreements
(Water Management Agreement) with all 7 neighbouring countries including four Danubean
ones (Austria, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia – cfr. Fig. HU-14. of the SQR “Hydrography”.
The Agreements are in line with the valid international regulations, among others with
the Belgrade, Helsinki and Sofia conventions.
Beyond the bilateral agreements Hungary has numerous of multilateral connections with
international organizations such as
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE),
International Commission for the Protection of Danube River (ICPDR),
Danube Commission (DC),
“Tisza Forum” (co-operation among Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia) etc.
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In these bodies (within its commissions, subcommittees, expert groups, permanent and ad hoc
working groups) the Hungarian representatives are active participants.
The hydrographical data collection, systematization, forwarding, exchange; as well as
the national monitoring network and warning system are operated taking into consideration
the decisions, understandings and recommendations of these international organizations.
6.3.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Hungary
The official exchange of various data between Hungary and its neighbouring countries
happens via the joint cross border water management bodies (Committees), their
subcommittees, and expert groups. Water Management Committees have a meeting once a
year. Its subcommittees meet 3 – 4 times a year and the joint expert groups - being organize for
accomplish of very different problems – meet at least 5 – 6 times a year or in addition when it is
necessary. They organize sometimes joint surveys and direct data exchange in the field of the
hydrological (and hydrographical as well) data collection. The measured data are controlled,
compared, discussed and determined by experts from both sides.
The subcommittees in different cross border water management bodies are organized
according to catchment area of a river and its tributaries (e.g. Danube Sub-commission,
Ipoly/Ipel Sub-commission, Drava Sub-commission) or one of a main issue of the water
management (e.g. water management in general, flood protection, water quality etc.) as well.
There is no direct online data transmission between the two sides.
6.3.2. Navigation in Hungary
International co-operation of the Danube countries concerning navigation is based on
several agreements which have been concluded since 1856. During the Danube Conference,
held in 1948 in Beograd the "Danube Commission” was founded, with its headquarters in
Budapest. Within the terms of reference of this commission all common problems concerning
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navigation water management, water resources development and water engineering works are
dealt with. Thus, for example, recommendations for measurements performed on the
waterway (navigable depth, width, curvature, slope, measurement of lock gates, discharge
capacity, etc.) for the whole navigation route from Regensburg to the Black Sea have been
worked out. The considerable increase of transport by river craft on the Danube since the
foundation of the Danube Commission testifies to the successful cooperation among Danube
countries within this organization.
In addition to the Danube, two tributaries located partly in Hungary are also navigable,
or were adapted for navigation:
- the Dráva up to Cadanca (105 km) The lower courses of the Mur and Drava form a large
part of the border between Croatia and Hungary.
- the Tisza up to Dombrád, its tributary the Bodrog up to the Hungarian - Slovak border.
The River Tisza (966 km, 157220 km2) is, with respect to its length and catchment area,
the largest Danube tributary. From its total length of 966 km about 160 km lies in the Ukraine
and Romania, and about 800 km in the Great Hungarian Plain (650 km in Hungary, 150 km in
Serbia), where its lowland character is determined.
The international arrangement for information and data which are relevant for
navigation is treated by the Danube Commission. A monthly report about the fords is made and
sent to Danube Commission by VKKI.
6.3.3. Inventory of data transmission in Hungary
In Hungary there is an existing central water management database (“Vízügyi Adattár –
VA” - Water Management Database Storage) which is integrated to SQL database management
system (DBMS). All the collected, checked and (in case if it is necessary) improved, modified
hydrological (and of course hydrographical, topographical, geodesy etc.) data are placed in this
ware-house. All the surveyed data are put, stored and forwarded to the users of different
services in different formats of file.
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The water management related organizations (VKKI, Environmental and Water
Directorates, VITUKI etc.) utilize some different methods and systems for data transmission.
The realization of hydrological data transmission happens by means of the following
three possible ways:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
TSTP (Time Series Transfer Protocol)
MAIL as attachment
Some of the most applied formats of file are
jpg format,
pdf format,
ASCII format
CSV data format.
6.3.4. Communication system in Hungary
There is an organization named National Association of Radio Distress-signalling and
Info-communications (its Hungarian abbreviation is RSOE). This Association in cooperation
particularly with governmental administrations, or rather with organizations which the latter
have control over those communication activities, with that according to the relating
regulations and agreements it constantly supports the work of the governmental sphere. It
performs its activity on the basis of a contract concluded with the Ministry of Transport,
Communication and Energy (KHEM).
In that frame RSOE – as a prominently public benefit organization, is operating the
“NAVINFO” Central Dispatcher Service and Information Centre in which the common
hydrological, hydrographical as well as navigational data available for all stakeholders.
NAVINFO operates a communication system and offers the basic services as follows:
Fairway Information Services
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- Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC -based on Inland ECDIS Standard)
- Electronic Notices to Skippers (based on Notices to Skippers Standard)
- water level information
Traffic Information Services
- Tracking and Tracing (based on Inland AIS Standard)
Safety related services
In addition to the hydrological communication system RIS (River Information Services)
conforming to the RIS Directive 2005/44/EC of the European Union is under preparation in
Hungary.
6.4. Serbia – general information
The international cooperation is based on the Republic of Serbia’s membership in the
Danube River Commission, and on bilateral agreements with neighboring countries within the
Danube River Basin. Agreements with Hungary and Romania, signed by former Yugoslavia in
1955 in regard with water management issues, and concerning water engineering issues related
to boundary and transboundary systems and watercourses are still in force. The agreement
with Republic of Croatia concerning the navigation on navigable waterways, their marking and
maintenance is in the process of the ratification. Also, there is an ongoing activity on preparing
documentation for bilateral agreements with Bosnia & Herzegovina.
Based on the international cooperation through the Danube Commission, and bilateral
agreements with Hungary and Romania, the hydrological data are exchanged with other
Danube River Basin countries through GTS network, e-mail services, and Internet.
191
6.5. Bulgaria – general information
6.5.1. Exchange data among the countries in Bulgaria
The exchange of information among the countries is performed daily following the
recommendations of the Danube Commission. The data about the water levels and water
temperature is disseminated ciphered according to the Recommendations for providing
hydrological information for the navigation along the Danube River, DC 1997. Prognosis for the
water levels and the parameters of the fairway is disseminated as well.
hhxx 00068 0407
42070 22 20233 55 10015 50101
42073 22 20295 55 10024 50094
42075 22 20170 55 10024 50118
42078 22 20173 55 10065 50103
42080 22 10168 55 10072 50108
42083 22 00189 55 10078 50105
hyfor 00068
42080 22 80175 00507 80189 00607
42083 22 80185 00507 80188 00607
hhxx 00068 0407
77 05860 05840 29913
77 05700 05680 29999
77 05680 05640 29910
77 05640 05600 29910
77 05460 05440 29912
77 05250 05220 29915
77 04760 04740 19914
77 04580 04550 19910
77 04260 04240 29910
77 04070 04020 19915
77 03950 03900 19915
Figure 13 Way of ciphering the data
6.5.2. Navigation in Bulgaria
There is a daily connection with the Romanian authorities and an exchange of
navigational conditions data in the common river section according to the Agreement between
the Bulgarian and the Romanian governments regarding the fairway maintenance and
improvement in the Bulgarian – Romanian section of the Danube River. According to that
Agreement Bulgaria is maintaining the section between river kilometers 375 and 610 and
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Romania is maintaining the section between river kilometers 610 and 845. Each country
submits information about the navigational conditions in the section that it is maintaining and
is obliged to maintain and improve them. According to this Agreement a Bulgarian - Romanian
Commission for fairway maintenance and improvement was established. The Commission has
regular sessions twice a year as they are held on a successive base on the territory of each
country.
The mutual exchange of information and documents is done according to the
Regulations for Organization and Work of the Joint Bulgarian – Romanian Commission.
6.5.3. Inventory of Data Transmission in Bulgaria
The information is transmitted via e-mail and telephone connection and is also
published on the Agency website – www.appd-bg.org
Every month the NIMH issues monthly hydrometeorological bulletin where an overview
of the main processes and phenomena from a meteorological, agrometeorological, hydrological
and ecological point of view for the whole country is made. The information in it facilitates the
assessment of the influence of these phenomena and processes in the different fields of the
economics and public life, for decision making and increasing of the economical benefit. This
bulletin is available at the website of the NIMH: http://www.meteo.bg .
Information about the daily status of the Bulgarian rivers and weather forecast for
hydrological purposes is available also on the website of the NIMH
http://hydro.meteo.bg/indexen.html
193
Figure14 NIMH website
The NIMH provides also detailed information upon request.
6.5.4. Communication System in Bulgaria
Radiotelephone 3rd VHF Channel, telephone number +359 82 823 799 and the Internet.
The e-mail address of the HHM directorate is: [email protected] .
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6.6. Romania – general information
6.6.1. Exchange of data among the countries in Romania
There is a cross border cooperation and exchange data, information and joint work.
Between the Danube riparian countries, there are several working committees to which
Romania participates annual and collaborates with other European countries (border/Ukraina-
Moldavia, etc).
Romania is member of the Budapest Danube Commission. For keeping permanent
connection and exchange of information with partners in neighbouring countries (Bulgaria,
Serbia), AFDJ has made available a server. Daily according to the Danube Commission
Recommendations.
6.6.2. Navigation in Romania
Transboundary cooperation is based on the fact that Romania is a member of the
Danube Commission, with a rich experience and on agreements with countries bordering the
Danube, on the fairway maintenance:
Romania-Serbia /Belgrad 1955;
Romania-Bulgaria /Sofia 1955;
Thus, it was agreed that the Danube sector located between 0 km and 1075 km to be
maintained, as follows:
- Romania 375 km 0-km, 610 km-845 km;
-Bulgaria 610 km 375 km;
-Serbia/Romania Km 845-km 1075;
From this point of view there is a permanent connection with them, making the daily exchange
of information, or whenever any-any change of gauges of navigation, hydrological data and any
other information of interest.
195
Also, the Danube Commission annual communicate all the information on maintenance sectors
of the Danube.
Romania participates and is member of the EU-project “IRIS Europe II”, which is based
on the work of experts representing the 9 Member States for cooperation partners to support
providers RIS, traffic and navigation authorities in order to implement RIS logistics.
6.6.3. Inventory of data transmission and communication system in Romania
Every day is transmitted by AFDJ hydrometeorological bulletin for Danube ports and on
the AFDJ web site is published RIS information: water levels, forecasts for water level,
electronic chart, notice to skippers, fairway, vessels traffic, etc. The information about weather
for all country is published daily by the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology on the
web site http://www.meteoromania.ro .
The information about daily status of the Romanian rivers: hydrological forecast, alerts
and warnings, is available on the Romanian waters National Company web site
http://www.rowater.ro.
For communicating information AFDJ use the Internet and telephone connection.
Administration website is – http://www.afdj.ro.
Telephone number +40 0236 460016/+40 0236 460150 and the Internet. E-mail address –
[email protected]/[email protected].
6.7. Romania – Danube-Black See canal – general information
The Danube - Black Sea Canal and the Poarta Alba - Midia Navodari Canal, called
navigable canals are Romania’s national waters, which are under the statehood and exclusive
jurisdiction of the Romanian state.
The works for the opening of the canal for navigation were accomplished from 1975 to
1984, on the basis of the execution project elaborated by the Project Institute of Auto, Naval
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and Air Transport, as general designer, the tasks of beneficiary being insured by the
Administration.
When crossing the navigational canal the Romanian or foreign ships were obliged to
respect the navigational, sanitary, border regulations of using the basins and harbor
installations, of prevention and fight against pollution and the other maintenance and
exploiting rules of the canal.
Through the contractual relationships the Administration, as Provider insures the transit
of fluvial-maritime ships and convoys of barges according to the current navigational
regulation.
The circulation on the canal of tugged convoys, of unusual categories ships, of floating
constructions and installations of sportive vessels and cruises are admitted on the basis of a
transit Note emitted by the Administration.
The navigation on the navigable canal is open to all ships, no matter what arbor it is
which holds the papers, certificates, documents and which subscribe the maximum admitted
gauges.
During transit, the surveillance and navigational leading is effectuated by the
Administration through the Central Navigational Dispatch and of other stipulations which are
obligatory for all the captains of ships/convoys during transit.
The Administration, according to the Navigational Regulation and of Order no. 426/2006
insures transit services of the canal with fluvial-maritime ships and convoys of barges, insures
the assistance in transit of certified personnel, tug services, maneuvering, barge surveillance in
the navigational canal and in the ports of the canal, other services annexed to transport,
through the Service Contract.
For the crossing of the ships/convoys through the canal and for the provided services,
the Administration has taxes and tariffs established according to the current law.
The Navigational Regulations refer to ships and convoys which can transit the canal,
rules regarding the go out/in of the ships/ convoys on the navigable canal, the transport of
dangerous merchandise, the navigation in the harbors and locks area, signaling for navigation.
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In order to lead the circulation in safety conditions there is a signaling system
functioning, composed of radio and telephonic links, such as the VTMIS system.
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