competition, predation, and symbiosis
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Competition, Predation, and Symbiosis. Interactions within a community. Niche (nitch or neesh). The role of an organism in its habitat each species is specially adapted to its niche Includes: Type of food it eats How it gets its food What eats it (predators) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Competition, Predation, and Symbiosis
Interactions within a community
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Niche (nitch or neesh)The role of an organism in its habitateach species is specially adapted to its nicheIncludes:
Type of food it eatsHow it gets its foodWhat eats it (predators)Conditions it requires to survive and reproduce
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Adaptations Organisms are adapted to survive in
their nicheAdaptations: Behaviors or physical
traits that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments
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How do organisms become adapted to their niche? Natural
SelectionNatural Selection:
How a trait that makes an individual better suited to its environment may become common in the species
Survival of the fittest Individuals who are
best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass their traits on
This makes their unique traits more common in the species
Results in adaptations
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Remember…
An organism does NOT change its traits to suit the environment
Adaptations that can be changed through natural selection are GENETIC
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CompetitionThe struggle between
organisms to survive as they try to use the same resources
If organisms try to occupy the same niche, they are competing.
One will either die out or moveOrganisms avoid competition
by occupying slightly different niches
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Examples:Lions and Hyenas compete for the
same foodKudzo, and invasive plant in the south,
crowds out the native plants in a competition for space
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Predation
When one organism kills another for food
Predator: The hunter
Prey: The huntedBoth are adapted to
help them survive
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Predator Prey Interactions
Predators depend on prey to surviveWhen the population of prey is low, the
population of predators will go downWhen the prey population goes up,
predator populations tend to go up as wellIt is a cycle
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Symbiosis a close relationship between two
species, where at least one of the species benefits
Three types: Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
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Mutualism
We’re friends! Both organisms benefit from the
relationship
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CommensalismWe are sort of friends…Sometimes you
open my locker for me when it’s stuck because you are stronger then me…
One organism benefits, and the other is neither helped or harmed
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parasitism
We are NOT friends. We are enemies.One organism lives on or in another
organism and causes harmSometime a parasite lives on its host
permanently (tapeworms), sometimes it is temporary (mosquitoes)
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Common parasites
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Other types of parasitesBrown headed
cowbird: lays its eggs in other birds nest to be raised by other birds at the expense of their own young.
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Galls: Growths on plants caused by insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses. Very common.
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Moose and Wolves of Isle Royale
Isle Royale is an island in Lake Superior
There is a population of moose and wolves that lives there.
The relationship between the moose and wolves has been studied since 1958. This is the longest predator prey study ever done.
•There are no permanent populations of people living on Isle Royale
•It is a national Park (hunting is illegal)
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The Moose
The first moose arrived around 1900 by probably swimming the 15 miles from Canada
Wolves are its only predator Moose need to eat about 40 lbs of food/day
to surviveTicks, food supply, and weather all affect the
survival of moose (limiting factors)
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The Wolf They arrived on Isle Royale around 1950 by
using an ice bridge from Canada (probably)Moose are its main food source (90%). They
will also eat snowshoe hare and beavers Beside starvation, they die due to fights with
other wolves over food (competition)
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The Study
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Other parts of the Isle Royale Community
Balsam FirRavensRed FoxRed SquirrelsMoose ticksBeaverSnowshoe hare