competing visions for the future of libraries oclc and skyriver marshall breeding independent...
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COMPETING VISIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF LIBRARIES
OCLC and SkyRiver
Marshall BreedingIndependent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guideshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/http://twitter.com/mbreeding
American Association of Law Libraries 2012
July 23, 2012
Caveats
Supportive of both organizations No bias toward preferred outcome Technology and Business perspective –
not legal
Competing Visions
OCLC sees itself as the entity positioned to bring libraries together worldwide through an interrelated set of products and services
Innovative and SkyRiver offer libraries and consortia competitive alternatives for technology and bibliographic services
General Technology Trends
Discovery
Tools to help library users access library collections Online Catalog Next-gen Library Catalog Discovery Interfaces
Product development trends
Online Catalog
Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level
Not in scope: Articles Book Chapters Digital objects Web site content Etc.
Scope of SearchSearch:
Search Results
ILS Data
Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface (2002-2009)
Single search box Query tools
Did you mean Type-ahead
Relevance ranked results (for some content sources)
Faceted navigation Enhanced visual displays
Cover art Summaries, reviews,
Recommendation services
Discovery Interface search model
Search: Digital
Collections
ProQuest
EBSCOhost
…MLA
Bibliography
ABC-CLIO
Search Results
Real-time query and responses
ILS Data
Local Index
Meta
Search
En
gin
e
Discovery from Local to Web-scale Initial products focused on technology
AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind, LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena Mostly locally-installed software
Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery Primo Central (Ex Libris) Summon (Serials Solutions) WorldCat Local (OCLC) EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) Encore with Article Integration (no index, though)
Web-scale Index-based Discovery
Search:
Digital Collections
Web Site ContentInstitution
al Repositori
es
…E-Journals
Reference Sources
Search Results
Pre-built harvesting and indexing
Conso
lidate
d In
dex
ILS Data
Aggregated Content packages
(2009- present)
Web-scale Search Problem
Search:
Search Results
Pre-built harvesting and indexing
Con
solid
ate
d
Index
???
Non Participating
Content SourcesProblem in how to deal with
resources not provided to ingest into consolidated index
Digital Collections
Web Site ContentInstitution
al Repositori
es
…E-Journals
ILS Data
Aggregated Content packages
Discovery Observations
Web-scale or index-based discovery gaining wider adoption in the broader research library arena
Not as well accepted in specialized disciplines such as Law
Index-based discovery helpful to provide specialized resources to generalist researchers or cross-disciplinary activities
Library Management
Tools for library personnel to manage collections and automate operations
Integrated (for print) Library System
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransact
User Vendor Policies$$$
Funds
Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Interfaces
BusinessLogic
DataStores
LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransact
User Vendor Policies$$$
Funds
CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Application Programming Interfaces
`
LicenseManagement
LicenseTerms
E-resourceProcurement
VendorsE-Journal
Titles
Protocols: CORE
Common approach for ERM
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransact
User Vendor Policies$$$
Funds
CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Application Programming Interfaces
Budget License Terms
Titles / Holdings
Vendors
Access Details
Comprehensive Resource Management
No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials
ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model
Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows
Libraries need a new model of library automation
Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System
The ILS/LMS was designed to help libraries manage print collections
Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections
Other library automation products evolved: Electronic Resource Management Systems –
OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories
Library Services Platform
Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services
Services Service oriented architecture Exposes Web services and other API’s Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users
Platform General infrastructure for library automation Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to
extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data
Library Services Platform Characteristics
Highly Shared data models Knowledgebase architecture Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate
local data stores Delivered through software as a service
Multi-tenant Unified workflows across formats and media Flexible metadata management
MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX New structures not yet invented
Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability
Con
solid
ate
d in
dex
Unified Presentation LayerSearch:
Digital Coll
ProQuest
EBSCO…
JSTOR
Other Resour
ces
New Library Management Model
`
API Layer
Library Services Platform
LearningManageme
nt
LearningManageme
nt
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
StockManageme
nt
StockManageme
nt
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Authentication
Service
Authentication
Service
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Discovery
Service
Library Services Platforms
Category WorldShare Management Services
Alma Intota Sierra Services Platform
Kuali OLE
Responsible Organization
OCLC. Ex Libris Serials Solutions
Innovative Interfaces, Inc
Kuali Foundation
Key precepts Global network-level approach to management and discovery.
Consolidate workflows, unified management: print, electronic, digital; Hybrid data model
Knowledgebase driven. Pure multi-tenant SaaS
Service-oriented architectureTechnology uplift for Millennium ILS. More open source components, consolidated modules and workflows
Manage library resources in a format agnostic approach. Integration into the broader academic enterprise infrastructure
Software model
Proprietary Proprietary
Proprietary Proprietary Open Source
Development Schedule
WorldShare Management Services
Alma Intota Sierra Services Platform
Kuali OLE
General Release in July 201138 now in production
Development partners now in Release 5General Release expected mid-2012
Phase I: Late in 2012;Libraries in production by 2014
Phase 1: Mid-2012 with full Millennium functionality; subsequent phases that expand model
Version 1.0 expected 1Q 2013Partners begin migration in 2013
SkyRiver / Innovative
Provide technology to support individual libraries and consortia
No knowledge base for e-resources No index-based discovery
Mergers and Acquisitionshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/automationhistory.pl
Different Business Models
Private, investor owned: Ex Libris, SirsiDynix, Innovative, Serials Solutions
Private, founder owned: VTLS, The Library Corporation, Follett, Axiell
Public: Auto-Graphics Non-profit: OCLC
Is OCLC a Monopoly?
Dominant in multiple business activities Bibliographic services Interlibrary loan processing Proxy services
Competes in other sectors Library automation Gained a presence through mergers and
acquisitions Developed WorldShare Platform as new product
in library management arena Digital asset management: CONTENTdm
Different Business structures OCLC Established as a Ohio-based non-
profit in 1967. 2011 figures: $205.6 million in revenue 23,815 members
Innovative founded as a for-profit in 1978 311 personnel 1,425 installations of Millennium ~90 million
SkyRiver founded in 2009 as a for-profit
Profit versus non-profit Status Competitive issue? Non-profit global organization Operates a variety of for-profit business
units, mostly in Europe
Library Automation Industry Trends Mergers and Acquisitions Consolidation into a smaller number of
larger companies Increased involvement of Private Equity
investments
Private Equity Involvement
Leeds Equity Partners: Ex Libris (Since 2009) Vista Equity Partners: SirsiDynix (Since 2006) JMI Equity: Innovative Interfaces (Since 2012) Huntsman Gay: Innovative Interfaces (Since
2012) One Equity Partners: Bibliotheca (Since 2010)
Bibliotheca RFID, Intellident, ITG Golden Gate Capital: Infor Library Systems
(Since 2005) Formerly Geac
OCLC’s Previous ILS Involvement 1982: acquired Total Library system from
Claremont Colleges 1983: acquired Integrated Library System from
Lister Hill Center 1983: Acquires Avatar (support for ILS) 1983 – 1990: develops and markets LS/2000
based on acquired products 1987: OCLC acquires ALIS I / II from Data Phase,
rebranded to LS/2 1990: Divests LS/2000 and support contracts to
Ameritech
OCLC ILS involvement 1990’s 1993: Acquires Information Dimensions,
Inc. from Battelle Memorial Institute 1997: OCLC divests Information
Dimensions to Gores Technology Group. (has since become part of OpenText)
OCLC’s Business Acquisitions – 2000s
2011: BOND GmbH: Bibliotheca2000 used in Germany, Austria 2008: Amlib from InfoVision: used in Australia, UK, and many
other regions 2008: OCLC acquires EZproxy from Useful Utilities
Dominant product for remote authentication
• 2007: OCLC acquires remaining shares of OCLC PICA• 2006: OCLC acquires Openly Informatics
• 2Cate knowledgebase and linking technologies 2006: OCLC acquires CONTENTdm from DiMeMa• 2005: Fretwell Downing: OLIB2, VDX, XPORTAL, etc• 2005: Sisis Informationssysteme (Sunrise)• 1999: OCLC acquires 60 percent ownership of PICA BV
• LBS, CBS Local and consortial platforms
OCLC Bibliographic Services acquisitions
1968: OCLC founded as a bibliographic utility 1997: OCLC acquires Blackwell North
America authority control business 1997: Bibliocentre joins OCLC 1999: OCLC acquires Library Technical
Services, based in Winnipeg, Canada 1999: OCLC acquires Western Library
Network (WLN) 2006: OCLC Acquires Research Libraries
Group
WorldCat Growth Since 1998
Source: 2011 OCLC Annual Report
Innovative / SkyRiver Business History
1978: Innovative founded by Jerry Kline and Steve Silberstein
1997: Innovative acquires LIBERTAS system from UK-based SLS
2001: Jerry Kline buys out interests of Silberstein to become sole owner of company
2009: Kline founds SkyRiver Technologies 2012: Majority acquisition by JMI Equity and
Huntsman Gay
General Competitive Environment in Bibliographic Services
OCLC: Dominant in United States, with varying levels of involvement in other geographic regions 235.8 million bibliographic records
Auto-Graphics: MARCit 21 million records
The Library Corporation: ITS.MARC 41 million records Launched 1987
Library Technologies, Inc: Authority Control Service Marcive: authority processing services Serials Solutions / Bowker: Books in Print / MARC
record service, etc.
Intellectual Property Issues
OCLC WorldCat records governed by Rights and Responsibilities statement
Positioned as guidelines, not restrictions Positioned as Consistent with Creative
Commons Attribution License Harvard University released bibliographic
records as CC0 SkyRiver asserts no ownership on their
database
Bibliographic Records as a Commodity
Increasing numbers of bibliographic records freely available: Library of Congress British Library Open Library Harvard University Other National libraries
Technologies or platforms to aggregate data increasingly available
OCLC Pricing Issue
$0.23 = typical price for loading records into WorldCat (MSU annual price ~ $6,000)
Michigan State University quoted price of $54,000 for 6 months for Data and Stewardship Service (Letter from OCLC VP Bruce Crocco to MSU Assistant
Director Nancy Fleck) $2.85 per record effective price to MSU to load
SkyRiver Records Also see open letter from MSU Library Director Clifford
H. Haka regarding pricing issue MSU continues as OCLC member and ILL Subscriber Loading new records for lending recent materials
Implications of the SkyRiver vs OCLC Lawsuit
Impact on the industry if ruling in favor of SkyRiver
Impact on the industry if ruling in favor of OCLC
Impact on the industry if settled out of court
Ruling in favor of SkyRiver
Some kind of relief relative to alleged anti-competitive pricing Standard bibliographic service price
regardless of participation in other services?
Forced restructuring of OCLC business activities?
Restrictions on how participation in Cataloging services can be tied to ILL or WMS
Ruling in favor of OCLC
Status quo Removes pressure for OCLC to
accommodate bibliographic records created externally at standard member prices
Impact on Current OCLC Strategies OCLC moving toward more emphasis on
comprehensive library management service WorldShare Management Services
Bibliographic records increasingly seen as a commodity.
Difficult to see major impact on WMS from either outcome of current lawsuit