compendiumof environmentstatistics andhrapradesh
TRANSCRIPT
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
CCOOMMPPEENNDDIIUUMM OOFFEENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT SSTTAATTIISSTTIICCSS
AANNDDHHRRAA PPRRAADDEESSHH22001166
DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICSGOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
GOLLAPUDI, VIJAYAWADAAMARAVATI
P R E F A C E
Natural resources like land, air, water bodies, forest, flora and faunawhich are very precious and are gifted to the human beings for his nourishment.The impact of depletion of these natural resources due to its location andgeographical features and vulnerability of natural hazards like cyclones, droughts,floods, fire, earthquakes and landslides will adversely affect not only on thepresent generation but also on future generations. The major pollutants likevehicular emissions, industrial effluents, sewage and municipal solid waste arealso causes man made hazards.
In view of the importance of Environment Statistics in present scenario,preserving clean environment is one of the important factors for the sound healthof the state. In this regard, the Directorate of Economics & Statistics,Government of Andhra Pradesh state has been bringing out the publication“Compendium of Environment Statistics, Andhra Pradesh” since 2006 as per theguidelines of the Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.
The present Publication “Compendium of Environment Statistics,Andhra Pradesh 2016” is the ninth issue in its series and it provides the datafor the years 2015-16 Andhra Pradesh on core parameters such as Biodiversity,Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Human Settlements. This publicationis useful to the users in understanding various aspects of environment and itsimpact on sustainable development.
The Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of AndhraPradesh has been endeavoring to strengthen the environmental database of thestate on present scenario to improve the quality and coverage, content andpresentation of the publication in each issue. Graphs and environment relatedpictures have also been included in this publication to make it more usersfriendly.
I express my deep gratitude to all departments/agencies for theircontribution in providing valuable data/information and efforts made by theOfficers and staff members of Social Statistics Division in bringing out thepublication are very much appreciable. I hope to get the continued support fromall the data source agencies in future also.
Comments and suggestions from the users for further improvement of thispublication are most welcome.
Vijayawada, N.YOGESWARA SASTRY10.8.2018. DIRECTOR
OFFICERS AND STAFF ASSOCIATED WITHTHE PUBLICATION
SOCIAL STATISTICS DIVISION
1. Sri. P.Rathna Kumar Joint Director
2. Sri. K.Kannababu Deputy Director
3. Sri. K.Swamy Babu Assistant Director
4. Sri M. Raghunath Deputy Statistical Officer
5. Smt. M.Swarupa Rani Deputy Statistical Officer
6. Sri Ch. Ajay Kumar Deputy Statistical Officer
7. Smt. B.Varalakshmi Deputy Statistical Officer
8. Smt. B.Annapurna Devi Deputy Statistical Officer
9. Smt.V.V.Padma Assistant Statistical Officer
10. Sri N.Anjaiah Babu Assistant Statistical Officer
11. Smt. R.Asha Jyothi Assistant Statistical Officer
12. Sri. AVNG.Anurag Assistant Statistical Officer
(i)
CONTENTSChapter
No./Table No.
ItemPageNos.
OVERVIEW 1-21. ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS FRAME WORK AND
INDICATORS3-17
A. Framework for Development of EnvironmentStatistics (FDES) information categories
10-11
B. Revision of Framework for Development of EnvironmentStatistics (FDES)
11-13
C. Components and Sub Components of FDES 13-141.1 Some impacts of development activities on environment 151.2 Local, Regional and Global effects of pollution 161.3 Water born diseases and their causative organism 161.4 Some major pollutants and their sources 171.5 Pollutants and their related health hazards 172. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH19-37
2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Processing Plants –2015-16 332.2 Compost Plants under Municipal Solid Waste Management
processing Plants-2015-1633
2.3 Status of Sewage Treatment Plants in MunicipalCorporations under operation in Andhra Pradesh-2015-16
34
2.4 Status of Sewage Treatment Plants under construction inAndhra Pradesh-2015-16
35
2.5 Sewage Treatment Plants in Municipal Corporations /Municipalities under Construction- 2015-16
35
2.6 District-wise Hazardous Waste Generation in AndhraPradesh as on 31-03-2016
36
2.7 List of Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities(CBMWTFs) located in Andhra Pradesh- 2015-16
37
3. BIODIVERSITY 39-793.1 Area and Production of Species Plants in Andhra Pradesh,
2015-1652
3.2 Number and status of Plant Species in India,2014 & 2015 523.3 Reference Collection of Flora- 2014-15 & 2015-16 533.4 Classification of Forest Area -2014-15 & 2015-16 533.5 Circle wise Forest Area covered in A.P,2014-15
Assessment.54
3.6 District-wise Forest Area- 2015-16 543.7 Forest cover change Matrix, 2014-15 Assessment. 553.8 District wise Forest area under different classifications in
Andhra Pradesh, 2014-15 Assessment55
3.9 District-wise Distribution of Forest area under differentvegetation classifications in Andhra Pradesh 2014-15Assessment
56
3.10 District-wise Forest cover, Scrub and Mangrovecover,2014-15 Assessment
56
(ii)
ChapterNo./
Table No.Item
PageNos.
3.11 Circle-wise Growing Stock in Andhra Pradesh-2012Assessment
57
3.12 District-wise DOR & UDOR cases under forest Protection inteak bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2015-16
57
3.13 Circle-wise DOR & UDOR cases under forest Protection inteak bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2015-16
58
3.14 Circle wise Encroachments, Wildlife poaching cases underforest Protection in teak bearing areas in Andhra Pradesh,during the year 2015-16
58
3.15 Estimation of Non-forest wasteland in Andhra Pradesh, ason 31.03.2008
59
3.16 Physical Target and Achievements of forest produceDepartmental Extraction of Timber(DET) for the the years,2013-14 to 2015-16
59
3.17 Area under Andhra Pradesh Forest DevelopmentCorporation(APFDC) with important Species 2013-14 to2015-16
60
3.18 Area planted by APFDC for the years 2012-13 to 2015-16 603.19 Productivity of various plantations under APFDC for the
years 2012-13 to 2015-1660
3.20 Targets and Achievements under Afforestation in AndhraPradesh from 2011-12 to 2015-16
61
3.21 Wild Life Sanctuaries in Andhra Pradesh from 2014-15 to2015-16
62
3.22 National Parks in Andhra Pradesh from 2014-15 to2015-16
63
3.23 Deer Parks in Andhra Pradesh during the years 2014-15& 2015-16
633.24 Zoological Parks in Andhra Pradesh during the years
2014-15 & 2015-1663
3.25 Stock position of the Species, Birds and Animals inNational Zoological parks in A.P. from 2005-06 to 2015-16
64-65
3.26 National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Deer Parks andZoological Parks in Andhra Pradesh, 2015-16
65
3.27 Tiger & Panther Population in A.P. from 2008 to 2016 663.28 Species-wise Tall and very tall seedlings raised by all
agencies for the planting season during 2015-16 in AndhraPradesh
66
3.29 District-wise & Division-wise probable forest status inAndhra Pradesh,2014-15 Assessment
67-68
3.30 Major and Minor Forest produces in Andhra Pradesh from2009-10 to 2015-16
69
3.31 Circle-wise Major and Minor Forest produce in AndhraPradesh for the year 2015-16
69-70
3.32 Procurement of Minor forest produces in Andhra Pradeshfrom 2013-14 to 2015-16
70-72
3.33 Revenue and Expenditure(Plan & Non-Plan) of Forests from2011-12 to 2015-16
72
3.34 Component-wise expenditure under compensatoryAfforestation for the years 2014-15 & 2015-16
73
3.35 Component-wise expenditure under Net PresentValue(NPV) for the years 2014-15 & 2015-16
73
3.36 National Afforestation programme by Forest DevelopmentAuthority (FDA) from 2012-13 to 2015-16
73
(iii)
ChapterNo./
Table No.Item
PageNos.
3.37 Seizure of wild life Articles in Andhra Pradesh during theyear,2016
74-75
3.38 Production of Fisheries in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to2015-16
75
3.39 District-wise Marine Fish and Shrimp Production inAndhra Pradesh from 2011-12 to 2015-16
76
3.40 Length of coastline by coastal districts and fishing villagesin Andhra Pradesh as on 31-03-2016
76
3.41 District–Wise inland Fishery Water Resources in AndhraPradesh during the year 2015-16
77
3.42 Livestock and Poultry Population as per 2003,2007 & 2012Census
78
3.43 District-wise Livestock and Poultry Population- 2012Census
78-79
4. ATMOSPHERE 81-1324.1 Pollutants and their related health Hazards 994.2 Status of compliance of Fuel Gas Emission Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM) Standard during 2015-1699
4.3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 994.4 Ash Pond Effluents quality of A.P. Genco Stations during
the year 2015-16100
4.5 Plant Effluent Quantity of A.P.GENCO Stations during theyear 2015-16
100
4.6 Ambient Air quality levels at various thermal power stationsduring the year 2015-16
100
4.7 Plantation at various thermal power stations of A.P.Gencofrom 2011 to 2016
101
4.8 Production and Utilization of A.P.GENCO Thermal powerstations, 2015-16
101
4.9 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) inAndhra Pradesh
101-102
4.10 State of Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities/towns inAndhra Pradesh from 2010 to 2016
103
4.11 Ambient Air Quality Status in Major Cities/towns of AndhraPradesh During the year 2015-16
103
4.12 Indian standards for Maximum permissible limits forindustrial effluent discharges
104
4.13 Summary of the Ambient Air Quality Data of the StationsMonitored throughout the State of Andhra Pradesh duringthe year 2015-16
105
4.14 Number of Motor Vehicles of Different Classes andCategories on Road from 2013-14 to 2015-16
106
4.15 District-wise Number of Motor Vehicles of DifferentClasses and Categories on Road as on 31.03.2016
107-109
4.16 District-wise Number of CNG Vehicles Registered inAndhra Pradesh as on 31.12.2016
109-110
4.17 Urban Air Pollution from Vehicular Emissions 1104.18 Emission Standards Notified 111-1134.19 New Norms 1134.20 Annual Gross Generation of Power by Various Sources from
2010-11 to 2015-16113
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ChapterNo./
Table No.Item
PageNos.
4.21 Generation Capacity & Electricity Generation of A.P.Transco from 2011-12 to 2015-16
114
4.22 Generation Capacity & Electricity Generation of A.P.Transco from 2011-12 to 2015-16
115
4.23 Power Supply Position in Andhra Pradesh from2010-11 to 2015-16
116
4.24 Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation fromThermal Power Stations during 2015-16
116
4.25 Consumption of Fossil Fuels for Electricity Generation fromThermal Stations ( By kind of fuels) in AndhraPradesh(IPPs only) during 2015-16 (Gas & Diesel)
117
4.26 Category –wise installed capacities of AP Transco from2010-11 to 2015-16
118
4.27 District-wise No. of Towns and Villages Electrified in AndhraPradesh as per 2011 Census.
118
4.28 District-wise Wind Power installed capacity as on31.03.2016
119
4.29 Estimated Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies inAndhra Pradesh as on 31-03-2016
119
4.30 Lighting facilities(Households) in Andhra Pradesh as perCensus 2011
119
4.31 Summary status of Pollution in 17 categories of Industriesin Andhra Pradesh during the year 2015-16
120
4.32 Number of Registered Factories in Andhra Pradesh from2004 to 2015
120
4.33(A) District-wise Number of Registered Factories as ondecember 2014
121
4.33(B) District-wise Number of Registered Factories as ondecember2015
121
4.34 Contribution of Green House Gases to Atmosphere 1224.35 A summary of Key Green House Gases 1224.36 Production of Ozone depleting substances from 2010 to
2015123
4.37 Consumption of Ozone depleting substances from 2010 to2015
123
4.38 Noise (Ambient Standards) 1244.39 Land Area and Population affected by one meter sea
level rise124
4.40 Month-wise Average Noise levels in cities/towns of AndhraPradesh during the year 2015-16
124
4.41 Average Noise levels in cities/towns of Andhra Pradeshfrom 2014 to 2016
125
4.42 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health 1254.43 District-wise Rainfall data season-wise during the year
2015-16125-126
4.44 District-wise Annual Average Rainfall from 2013-14 to2015-16
126
4.45 Month-wise Maximum and Minimum Temperature atDifferent Stations -2015
127-128
4.46 Month-wise Humidity & Wind Velocity at DifferentStations-2015
129-132
(v)
ChapterNo./
Table No.Item
PageNos.
5. LITHOSPHERE 133-1735.1 Soil Testing from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1415.2 Seed Testing from 2011-12 to 2015-16 1415.3 Soil Testing Laboratories in Andhra Pradesh 1415.4 Fertilizer Consumption 2014-15 & 2015-16 1425.5 Fertilizers targets and achievements from 2011-12 to
2015-16142
5.6 Utilization of Pesticides in Andhra Pradesh from 2011-12to 2015-16
142
5.7 Classification of Land Utilisation in Andhra PradeshFrom 2011-12 to 2015-16
143
5.8 Information on Rapid Reconnaissance Survey in AndhraPradesh,2015
143
5.9 Area Under High Yielding Varieties in Andhra Pradesh from2012-13 to 2015-16
143
5.10 Percentage Distribution of Seed Replacement from 2011-12to 2015-16
144
5.11 Performance of Crop Production from 2011-12 to 2015-16 1445.12 Area Under Principal Crops from 2011-12 to 2015-16 1455.13 Consumption of Technical Grade Pesticides from 2011-12
to 2015-16146
5.14 District-wise Consumption of Pesticides (Technical Grade)from 2011-12 to 2015-16
146
5.15 Distribution of Certified Seeds from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1475.16 Production of foundation seeds from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1485.17 Production of Certified Seeds from 2012-13 to 2015-16 1495.18 Achievements Made Under Sericulture Sector from
2011-12 to 2015-16150
5.19 Historical Record of Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh 1515.20 District-wise Mandals declared as Drought Affected Areas
in Andhra Pradesh from 2011-12 to 2015-16151
5.21 Details of Cyclones and Depressions Frequently Recurringin Andhra Pradesh Since 1700 to 2015
152-164
5.22 Details of Damages and Estimated Loss by Cyclone/ HeavyRains and Floods from 1977 to 2015 in Andhra Pradesh
165-168
5.23 Mineral-wise Extent of Lease Granted (Major Minerals)during the year 2015-16 in Andhra Pradesh
169-170
5.24 Mineral-wise Extent of Lease Granted (Minor Minerals)during the year 2015-16 in Andhra Pradesh
171
5.25 Major Mineral Production from 2010-11 to 2015-16in Andhra Pradesh
172
5.26 Minor Mineral Production from 2009-10 to 2015-16in Andhra Pradesh
173
5.27 Consumption of Explosives from 2006-07 to 2008-09in Andhra Pradesh
173
6. HYDROSPHERE 175-2146.1 Rainfall in Andhra Pradesh from 2010-11 to 2015-16 1936.2 Season-wise Rainfall in Andhra Pradesh from
2010-11 to 2015-16193
6.3 District-wise & Season-wise Rainfall ,2015-16 inAndhra Pradesh
194
(vi)
ChapterNo./
Table No.Item
PageNos.
6.4 District-wise Annual Average Rainfall from 2013-14 to2015-16
195
6.5 District-Wise Status of Mandals According to Rainfallduring 01-06.2015 to 31.05.2016
195
6.6 Water Flows in Streams of Andhra Pradesh during 2015-16 196-1976.7 District-wise Length of Important Rivers in Andhra Pradesh 198-1996.8 District-wise Ground Water Resources Potential And Stage
of Development in Andhra Pradesh -2012-13200
6.9 District-wise Number of Mandals in Different CategoriesBased on Ground Water Resource Status in A.P-2012-13
201
6.10 District-wise Number of Watersheds (Micro Basins) indifferent categories based on Ground Water ResourcesStatus in Andhra Pradesh -2012-13
201
6.11 Catchment Area of Major River Basins 202-2036.12 Use Based classification of surface waters in India 2046.13 River Water Quality during the Year 2015-16 under
(National Water Quality Monitoring Programme(NWMP))205
6.14 River-wise Distribution of Water Quality Sampling Stations-2015-16
206
6.15 Length of Coastline and Area of Coastal Districts 2076.16 Main Activities Along the Coastal Zone in Andhra Pradesh 2076.17 Pollutants and their Impacts on the Marine Environment 2086.18 Biological Water Quality Criteria(BWQC) 2086.19 Sediment Load in Major River Basins,2012-13 2096.20 Water Flow in Stream for Major River Basins 2096.21 Water Discharge at Monsoon & Non-Monsoon in Major River
Basins210
6.22 Water Discharge in Major River Basins 2106.23 Potential Hotspots along the Andhra Pradesh Coast 2116.24 Water Requirement for Various Sectors of Andhra Pradesh 2116.25 Estimated Annual Requirement of Water For Domestic
Purposes including Cattle in A.P., 2026211
6.26 Water Quality Parameters 2126.27 Water Resources Potential in River Basins 2136.28 River Basin-wise Distribution of water quality monitoring
stations213
6.29 Ground water Resource potential as per basin(Prorata basis)
214
6.30 Navigable water ways in Andhra Pradesh 2147. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 215-2487.1 Percentage of Urban Population to total population of
Andhra Pradesh from 1971 to 2011 Census216
7.2 District-wise Population in Andhra Pradesh from1971 to 2011 Census
220
7.3 District-wise Rural and Urban population and Sex Ratio-2011 Census
221
7.4 Infant Mortality Rates in Andhra Pradesh from1984 to 2016
222
(vii)
ChapterNo./
Table No.Item
PageNos.
7.5 Expectation of Life at Birth (without Aids) by sex in AndhraPradesh and All India from 2001-05 to 2021-2025
222
7.6 Birth Rate and Death Rate in Andhra Pradesh from1984 to 2016
223
7.7 Estimated Age Specific Fertility Rates by Age Groups inAndhra Pradesh 2011 to 2016
224
7.8 Estimated Age Specific Death Rates by Sex inAndhra Pradesh for the years 2015 and 2016
225
7.9 Municipality-wise Number of Households below PovertyLine in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2001
226-228
7.10 Number of People Below Poverty Line in CombinedAndhra Pradesh and All India 1973-74 to 2011-12
229
7.11 Percentage of Population below poverty line in CombinedAndhra Pradesh and All India from 1973-74 to 2011-12
229
7.12 Households by Source of Latrine facilities in AndhraPradesh as per Census -2011
230
7.13 No. of Households by condition of Census Housesoccupied by the Residents in Andhra Pradesh as perCensus -2011
230
7.14 Households by using Source of Cooking in AndhraPradesh as per Census -2011
230
7.15 Per 1000 Distribution of Households who lived in houses bytype of structure for Combined Andhra Pradesh for theyear 2012
231
7.16 Households by type Drainage facility in Andhra Pradesh asper Census -2011
231
7.17 Occupied Housing Units by Number of Rooms per HousingUnit, Number and percentage ,Total Number of Rooms,Average size of Housing unit and Average No. of Personsin Rural and Urban Areas from 1981 to 2011 Census.
232
7.18 Sources of Drinking Water in Andhra Pradesh as perCensus-2011
233
7.19 Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Waterin Andhra Pradesh as per Census -2011
233
7.20 District-wise Houseless Households and Population as perCensus 2011
233
7.21 District-wise Slum Population of Towns and Cities,2011Census
234-236
7.22 Projected Population By Sex in United Andhra Pradesh from2001 to 2026 (as on 1st March)
237
7.23 Variation in Population of Andhra Pradesh from1901 to 2011 Census
238
7.24 Growth of Population in Andhra Pradesh from1911 to 2011 Census
238
7.25 Hazardous Waste Regulatory Quantities 2397.26 Garbage Generated and Lifted in Towns/Cities in Andhra
Pradesh –2015-16240-242
7.27 Status of Land Fill Sites 2437.28 Quantities and Waste Generation Rate 2437.29 Waste Characterization 243
(viii)
ChapterNo./
Table No.Item
PageNos.
7.30 District-wise Coverage of Drinking Water Sources as on01-04-2016
244
7.31 District-wise Coverage of Rural Habitations as on01-04-2016
244
7.32 Percentage Distribution of Ailment By Age-Group in AndhraPradesh as on June-2004
245
7.33 Status of ward-wise Door to Door Garbage CollectionAchievement for the year 2015-16
246-248
1
OVER VIEW
This Compendium has been prepared under the broad frame work for Development
of Environment Statistics provided by the United Nations Statistics Division and adopted
by the Steering Committee on Environment Statistics setup by Central Statistical
Organisation during 1996 and on the lines of their publication “Compendium of
Environment Statistics India-2016”, the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra
Pradesh is bringing out this “Compendium of Environment Statistics Andhra
Pradesh, 2016” is ninth edition in this series. This provides the data on core parameters
relating to Biodiversity, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Water and Human settlements dividing
into chapters - suitable graphs, charts and photos are included for easy comprehension.
Chapter-1: “Environment Statistics Frame work and Indicators ” deals with the
Concept of Environment, Environment Degradation and impact of development activities
on environment, emissions, discharges, their sources, concerned health hazards and
Revised FDES etc.
Chapter-2: “Development of Environment Statistics in Andhra Pradesh” deals with
Development of Environment Statistics in Andhra Pradesh, which summarizes the activities
of Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board and Environment Protection Training and
Research Institute (EPTRI).
Chapter-3: “Biodiversity” deals with Species Diversity, Genetic Diversity and Ecosystem
Diversity. The section on Flora gives statistics on species diversity and genetic diversity in
Andhra Pradesh, the section on Fauna gives the major bio-geographic habitats in Andhra
Pradesh, estimated number of species, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Deer Parks,
Zoological Parks, Livestock population and Fish production in coastal districts of Andhra
Pradesh and the section on Forests gives information on Forests in Andhra Pradesh.
Chapter–4: “Atmosphere” deals with Air & Transport, Energy, Industry, Greenhouse
gases and Noise. Section, Air & Transport deals with two major sources of atmospheric
pollution, pollutants and their related health hazards. Vehicular emission measures taken
2
to reduce vehicular emissions and Ambient Air Quality monitoring; the section on Energy
gives statistics on installed capacity, generation of power and actual power supply
position, different fuels used for cooking, coal resources in Andhra Pradesh and its
production and renewable energy resources etc., the section on Industries gives
information on registered factories and status of pollution control in industries; the section
on Greenhouse gases gives information on various gases produced and the section on
Noise gives information on the Ambient Noise Standards, Average Noise Levels in cities
and effects of noise pollution on human health.
Chapter-5: “Lithosphere” deals with Land and Soil divided into four sections. This
chapter gives particulars on Land use, Agriculture, Natural Disasters and Mining. The
section on Land use contains land classification in Andhra Pradesh and different land use
patterns in the state; the section on Agriculture contains information on area under
Principal Crops, Crop Production, Agriculture Inputs, Consumption of Pesticides and their
effects on soil; this section on natural disasters contains drought, cyclones and floods; and
the section on Mining contains data of Mines, Production of Minerals, Status of
Afforestation and Consumption of Explosives in Mining.
Chapter-6:” Hydrosphere” deals with water divided into Surface Water, Marine Water
and Ground Water. The section on Surface Water gives information on water quality
status of rivers; the section on Marine Water contains information on length of coast line,
main activities of people in the coastal zone, industrial and sewage discharges to coastal
waters, pollutants and their impact on Marine environment in Andhra Pradesh; and the
section on Ground Water gives information on water resources of ground water.
Chapter-7: “Human settlements” divided into three sections namely, Population &
Poverty, Housing, Basic facilities and Slums. The section on Population & Poverty gives
various statistics on population in Andhra Pradesh and its effect on environmental
degradation and the section on Housing, Basic facilities and Slums contains information on
number of households, their size, number of rooms per housing unit, water supply,
sanitation facilities both in rural and urban areas, houseless population, urbanization
trends, slum population in the state etc.
1.ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS FRAMEWORKAND INDICATORS
1. ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS
FRAME WORK AND INDICATORS
Introduction
The objective of Environment Statistics is to provide information about the
environment, its most important changes overtime and across locations, and the main
factors that influence them. Ultimately, environment statistics aim at providing high
quality statistical information to improve knowledge of the environment, to support
evidence-based policy and decision making, and to provide information for the general
public, as well as for specific user groups. Environment statistics are multidisciplinary and
cross-cutting, involving numerous sources and stakeholders.
Environment statistics aggregate, synthesize and structure environmental and
other data according to statistical methods, standards and procedures. It is the role of
environment statistics to process environmental data into meaningful statistics that
describe the state and trends of the environment and the main processes affecting them.
Not all environmental data are used in the production of environment statistics. The FDES
provides a framework that marks out environmental data that fall within its scope and
then structures, synthesizes and aggregates them into meaningful statistics.
The scope of environment statistics covers biophysical aspects of the
environment and those aspects of the human sub-system that directly influence and
interact with the environment. Within this scope, environment statistics describe the
state and changes of environmental conditions, the quality and availability of
environmental resources, the impact of human activities and natural events on the
environment, the impact of changing environmental conditions, as well as the social
actions and economic measures taken by societies to avoid or mitigate these impacts and
to restore and maintain the capacity of the environment to provide the services that are
essential for life and human wellbeing.
Environment statistics support evidence based policy making by enabling the
identification of environmental policy issues and the objective quantification of measures
and impacts of policy initiatives. They strengthen assessments through quantitative
metrics, making analyses more robust through the use of timely and comparable data.
The type, the level of thematic, spatial and temporal aggregation and the format of
environment statistics depend on the type of the user and the intended purpose of use.
The main products of environment statistics are detailed tabulated environment statistics
series, environmental accounts and environmental indicators.
4
Main uses and user Groups of Environment Statistics:
Different users need environment statistics at different levels of aggregation
and depths of information. They may need cross-cutting environment statistics data sets,
for instance regarding climate change. In other cases they may only be interested in
particular topics and themes pertaining to specific sectoral analysis and policy making.
Policy and decision makers, and the general public would tend to use environmental
indicators, whereas researchers, analysts, and experts may be more inclined to look at
extensive and detailed environment statistics. Environment statistics serve a variety of
users, including but not restricted to:
i. Policy and decision makers at all levels
ii. The general public, including media and civil society
iii. Analysts and researchers
iv. Academia and
v. International agencies
The field of environment statistics has no single, overarching, internationally
agreed classification of the environment for statistical purposes. Instead, there are a
number of coexisting and emerging classifications and categorizations for specific subject
areas in environment statistics. These include standardized statistical classifications as
well as less formalized groupings or categories. Some of the classifications and
categories that have been used in the environmental field have not been developed
specifically for statistical purposes, and therefore have to be linked to statistical
classifications
UNSD developed and published in ‘1984’ a Framework for the Development of
Environment Statistics (FDES).’ The FDES sets out the scope of environment statistics by
relating the components of the environment to information categories that are based on
the recognition that environmental problems are the result of human activities and
natural events reflecting a sequence of action, impact, and reaction. Relevant
information, therefore, refers to social and economic activities and natural events, their
effects on the environment, and the responses to these effects by the society. The
contents of the FDES are "statistical topics"; they are those aspects of environmental
concerns that can be subjected to statistical description and analysis. It is a flexible
framework that is used for developing and organizing environmental and related socio-
economic information.
5
The scope of environment statistics include the media of the natural
environment (air, water, land/soil), the biota found within these media, and human
settlements. Within the broad range of subject areas, environment statistics describe the
quality and availability of natural resources, human activities and natural events that
affect the environment, the impacts of these activities and events, and social responses
to these impacts.
Development versus Environment Degradation:
Developmental activities are measured in terms of national products, which in
turn are defined as production of goods and services during accounting period. However,
certain environmental functions, which are crucial for economic performance and
generation of human welfare such as provision of natural resources to production and
consumption activities, waste absorption by environmental media and environmental
services of life support and other human amenities, are taken into account only partly in
conventional accounts. The scarcities of natural resources now threaten the sustained
productivity of the economy and economic production and consumption activities. These
activities impair environmental quality by over loading natural sinks with wastes and
pollutants. The environmental consequence of development tends to offset many benefits
that may be accruing to individuals and societies on account of rising incomes. There are
direct costs on the health of individuals, their longevity and on quality of life on account
of deterioration in environmental quality to mention a few. More importantly, the
environmental damage can also undermine future attainments and productivity, if the
factors of production are adversely affected. Therefore, the private and social costs of the
use of the natural resources and the degradation of the environment may be taken into
account for the sustainable development in the conventional accounts.
Factors affecting Environmental degradation:
1. Destruction of natural resources: Agricultural development and farming activities
contribute, to soil erosion, land salinization and loss of nutrients. The green revolution
and over exploitation of land and water resources, and use of fertilizers and pesticides
have increased too many folds resulting in land degradation and water logging.
2. Water pollution and scarcity: Leaching from overuse of pesticides and fertilizers is
an important source of contamination of water bodies.
3. Deforestation: Cutting down trees for making buildings rapid and unplanned
expansion of cities. Infrastructural services such as Energy, Housing, Transport,
Communication and Education result into deforestation.
6
4. Air Pollution: Air pollution is probably one of the most serious environmental
problems confronting our civilization today. Most often, it is caused by human
activities such as mining, construction, transportation, industrial work, agriculture,
smelting, etc. However, natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and wildfires may
also pollute the air, but their occurrence is rare and they usually have a local effect,
unlike human activities that are ubiquitous causes of air pollution and contribute to the
global pollution of the air every single day.
Social Factors
Social factors such as population, Poverty, Urbanizations, Economic Factors
and Institutional Factors are also led to environmental degradation.
1. Population: is an important source of development, yet it is a major source of
environmental degradation when it exceeds the threshold limits of the support systems.
Population impacts on the environment primarily through the use of natural resources
and production of wastes and is associated with environmental stress like loss of
biodiversity, air and water pollution and increased pressure on arable land. In view of the
linkages between population and environment, a vigorous drive for population control
need hardly be over emphasized.
2. Poverty: Poverty is said to be both cause and effect of environment degradation.
The circular link between poverty and environment is an extremely complex
phenomenon. Acceleration in poverty alleviation is imperative to break this link between
poverty and the environment.
3. Urbanization: Lack of opportunities for gainful employment in villages and the
ecological stresses is leading to an ever increasing movement of poor families to towns.
Mega cities are emerging and urban slums are expanding. Such rapid and unplanned
expansion of cities has resulted in degradation of urban environment. The result is the
growing trend in deterioration of air and water quality, generation of wastes, the
proliferation slums and undesirable land use changes, all of which contribute to urban
poverty and depleting the precious environmental resource base of the cities.
Economic Factors
1. The level and pattern of economic development also effect the nature of
environment problems. To a large extent, environmental degradation is the result
of market failure that is the non-existing or poorly functioning markets for
environmental goods and services.
7
2. Transport activities have a wide variety of effects on the environment such as air
pollution, noise norm road traffic and oil spills from marine shipping
3. Direct impacts of agricultural development on the environment arise from farming
activities which contribute to soil erosion, land salinization and loss of nutrients.
The spread of green revolution has been accompanied by over exploitation of
land and water resources, and use of fertilizers and pesticides have increased
many fold.
Institutional Factors:
1. The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) in the Government is responsible
for protection, conservation and development of environment. Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 is the key legislation governing environment management.
2. There is no effective coordination amongst various Ministries/Institutions regarding
integration of environmental concerns at the inceptions/planning stage of the
project. Current policies are also fragmented across several Government agencies
with differing policy mandates.
3. Although overall quality of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and the
effective implementation of the EIA process have improved over the years,
institutional strengthening measures such as training of key professionals and
staffing with proper technical persons are needed to make the EIA procedure a
more effective instrument for environment protection and sustainable development.
Effects of Environmental degradation:
a. Water pollution and water scarcity: As per the estimation of UN, more than twomillion deaths and billions of illnesses a year are attributable to water pollution. Waterscarcity compounds these health problems. Productivity is affected by the costs ofproviding safe water, by constraints on economic activity caused by water shortages, andby the adverse effects of water pollution and shortages on other environmental resourcessuch as, declining fisheries and acquifer depletion leading to irreversible compaction.
b. Air pollution: As per the estimation of UN, urban air pollution is responsible for300,000—700,000 deaths annually and creates chronic health problems for many morepeople. Restrictions on vehicles and industrial activity during critical periods affectproductivity, as does the effect of acid rain on forests and water bodies.
c. Solid and hazardous wastes: Diseases are spread by uncollected garbage andblocked drains; the health risks from hazardous wastes are typically more localized, butoften acute. Wastes affect productivity through the pollution of groundwater resources.
8
d. Soil degradation: Depleted soils increase the risks of malnutrition for farmers.Productivity losses on tropical soils are estimated to be in the range of 0.5-1.5 per cent ofGNP, while secondary productivity losses are due to siltation of reservoirs, transportationchannels and other hydrologic investments.
e. Deforestation: Death and disease can result from the localized flooding caused bydeforestation. Loss of sustainable logging potential and of erosion prevention, watershedstability and carbon sequestration provided by forests are among the productivityimpacts of deforestation.
f. Loss of biodiversity: The extinction of plant and animal species will potentially affectthe development of new drugs; it will reduce ecosystem adaptability and lead to the lossof genetic resources.
g. Atmospheric changes: Ozone depletion is responsible for perhaps 300,000
additional cases of skin cancer a year and 1.7 million cases of cataracts. Global warming
may lead to increase in the risk of climatic natural disasters. Productivity impacts may
include sea-rise damage to coastal investments, regional changes in agricultural
productivity and disruption of the marine food chain.
The impact of environmental disasters can be devastating on the social, economic,and environmental systems of a country or region as well as the global ecosystem.Environmental disasters do not recognise man-made borders, and threaten the legacyleft to future generations of a clean and supportive environment. Because of theinterdependency of earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to prevent,and when disaster strikes, respond to relieve quickly and effectively the effects ofenvironmental disasters. Thus, Governments, International organizations andcommunities must work together – at all levels – to lessen the risks associated withenvironmental degradation and its contributing factors, such as climate change, andensure that vulnerable people are prepared to survive and adapt. At the same time,companies, organizations and individuals must also ensure that their work isenvironmentally friendly and sustainable.
9
A. FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES)INFORMATION CATEGORIES
Agenda21Issues(Clusters)
A. SocioEconomicactivities,
Events
B.Impacts andEffects
C.Responses toImpacts
D.Inventories, Stocks andBackgroundconditions
1 2 3 4 5
EconomicIssues
Real GDP percapita growth
rate
Production andconsumption
patterns
Investment sharein GDP
EDP/Eva percapita
Capitalaccumulation(Environment-ally adjusted)
Environmentalprotection
expenditure as a% of GDP
Environmentaltaxes and
subsidies as % ofGovt. Revenue
Producedcapital stock
Social/Demographic
Issues
Populationgrowth rate
Populationdensity
Urban/ruralmigration rate
Calorie supplyper capita
% of urbanpopulationexposed to
concentrationsof SO2,
particulates,ozone, CO and
Pb
Incidence ofenvironmentallyrelated diseases
Populationliving inabsolutepoverty
Infant mortalityAdult literacy
rate
Combinedprimary
& secondaryschool
Enrollmentratio
Life expectancyat birth
Females per1000 males in
secondaryschool
Air/Climate
Emissions of CO2,SO2 and NOX
Consumption ofozone depleting
substances
Ambientconcentrations
of CO, SO2,NOX, O3 andTSP in urban
areasAir Quality
index
Expenditure onair pollutionabatement
Reduction inconsumption ofsubstances and
emissions
Weather andclimate
conditions
Land/SoilLand use changeLivestock per km2
of arid and semi-arid lands
Use of fertilizers
Use ofagriculturalpesticides
Area affected bysoil erosion
Land affectedby
desertification
Area affected bysalinization andwater logging
Protected area as% of total land
area
Arable land percapita
10
A. FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES)INFORMATION CATEGORIES
Agenda21Issues(Clusters)
A. SocioEconomicactivities,
Events
B.Impacts andEffects
C.Responses toImpacts
D.Inventories, Stocks andBackgroundconditions
1 2 3 4 5
Water
Fresh waterresources
Marine WaterResources
Industrial,agricultural and
municipaldischarges
directly into freshwater bodies
Annualwithdrawals of
ground andsurface water
Domesticconsumption ofwater per capita
Industrial,agricultural water
use per GDP
Industrial,agricultural and
municipaldischargesdirectly into
marine waterbodies.
Discharges of oilinto coastal
waters
Concentrationof lead,
cadmium,mercury andpesticides infresh water
bodiesConcentration
of fecal coliformin fresh water
bodiesAcidification of
fresh waterbodies
BOD and CODin fresh water
bodiesWater qualityindex by freshwater bodies
Deviation instock frommaximumsustainable
yield of marinespecies
Loading of N &P in coastal
waters
Waste watertreatment, totaland by type of
treatment (% ofpopulation
served)
Access to safedrinking water
(% of populationServed)
Groundwaterreserves
OtherNatural
Resources
Biologicalresources
Mineral (incl.energy)
resources
Annual roundwood production
Fuel woodconsumption per
capitaCatches of
marine species
Annual energyconsumption per
capita
Extraction ofother mineral
resources
Deforestationrate
Threatened,extinct species
Depletion ofmineral
resources(% of proven
reserves)Lifetime of
proven reserves
Reforestationrate
Protected forestarea as % of
total land area
Forestinventory
Ecosystemsinventory
Fauna and florainventory
Fish stocks
Proven mineralreserves
Proven energyreserves
11
A. FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES)INFORMATION CATEGORIES
Agenda21Issues(Clusters)
A. SocioEconomicactivities,
Events
B.Impacts andEffects
C.Responses toImpacts
D.InventoriesStocks andBackgroundconditions
1 2 3 4 5
Waste Municipal wasteDisposal
Generation ofhazardous waste
Imports andexports of
hazardous wastes
Area of landcontaminated
by solidwaste
Expenditure onwaste collectionand treatment
Waste recycling
HumanSettlements
Rate of growth ofurban population% of populationin urban areas
Motor vehicles inuse per 1000
habitants
Area andpopulation in
marginalsettlements
Shelter index% of population
with sanitaryservices
Expenditure onlow-cost housing
Stock of shelterinfrastructure
NaturalDisasters
Frequency ofnatural disasters
Cost andnumber of
injuries andfatalities related
to naturaldisasters
Expenditure ondisaster
prevention andmitigation
Humansettlementsvulnerable to
naturaldisasters
B. Revision of FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS(FDES)
The Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) was
first published in 1984 by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). The 1984, FDES
and subsequent publications have been a useful framework for guiding countries in the
development their environment statistics programmes. During the time since its
publication there have been a number of scientific, political, technological, and statistical
and experience based developments which suggested that the FDES was ready for
revision.
As a consequence, the United Nations Statistical Commission, at its 41st
session (23-26 February 2010), endorsed a work programme and the establishment of an
Expert Group for the revision of the FDES. The members of the Expert Group represented
producers and users of environment statistics of countries from all regions and at
different stages of development, as well as international organizations, specialized
12
agencies and non-governmental organizations. ADG, CSO (SSD) was a member of the
Expert Group.
The Revision Process
The revision was based on an agreed set of criteria and has been supported
by extensive international expert consultation. The 1984 FDES was used as the starting
point. It was revised taking into account the lessons learned during its application in
different countries as well as improved scientific knowledge about the environment and
new requirements created by emerging environmental concerns and policy issues
including major multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). The revision has also
taken into account the increasing prominence of environmental sustainability and
sustainable development issues and concepts. Existing environment statistics and
indicator frameworks were analyzed, including major developments in the field of
environmental-economic accounting and selected thematic developments pertinent to
environment statistics.
The revised FDES is a multipurpose conceptual and statistical framework that
is comprehensive and integrative in nature. It provides an organizing structure to guide
the collection and compilation of environment statistics and to synthesize data from
various subject areas and sources. It is broad and holistic in nature, covering the issues
and aspects of the environment that are relevant for analysis, policy and decision
making. The FDES is structured in a way that allows links to economic and social
domains. Its seeks to be compatible with other frameworks and systems, both statistical
and analytical, such as for instance the System of Environmental- Economic Accounting
(SEEA), the Driving force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response (DPSIR) framework,
and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicator framework. As such, the FDES
facilitates data integration within environment statistics and with economic and social
statistics.
The revised FDES organizes environment statistics into a structure of six
components, each of them broken down into sub-components and statistical topics. The
six components cover (i) environmental conditions and quality; (ii) the availability and
use of environmental resources and related human activities; (iii )the use of the
environment as a sink for wastes and residuals and related human activities;
(iv) extreme events and disasters; (v) human habitat and environmental health; and
(vi) social and economic measures for the protection and management of the
environment. The statistical topics represent the quantifiable aspects of the components
and they are grouped into sub-components, taking into account the types and sources of
the statistics needed to describe them.
13
The revised FDES uses a multi-level approach. The first level of the structure
defines the six fundamental components. Each individual component is further broken
down into its respective sub-components (second level) and statistical topics (third level).
Each level uses numbering conventions. The final level contains the actual individual
environment statistics.
The components, sub-components, statistical topics and individual statistics of
the FDES define the scope and boundaries of environment statistics. They provide an
organizing structure for synthesizing and presenting the information in a comprehensive,
consistent and coherent manner.
India also participated in the Pilot of the Revised FDES and Global
consultation during August-October 2012. The draft revised frame work was also
discussed in a national workshop organized at Hyderabad in September 2012. The
“Compendium of Environment Statistics” will be revised in consistent with the revised UN
frame work after the same is adopted by UN Statistical commission. Accordingly and
other guidelines received from Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi, Directorate
of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada, Amaravati will also revise the
Publication on par with all India.
C. Components and Subcomponents of the FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT OFENVIRONMENT STATISTICS (FDES):
Sl. No. Component Sub-component
1 Environmental Conditionsand Quality
1.Physical Conditions2. Land Cover, Ecosystems and Biodiversity3.Environmental Quality
2 Environmental Resourcesand their Use
1.Non-energy Mineral Resources2.Energy Resources3. Land4. Soil Resources5.Biological Resources6. Water Resources
3 Residuals 1. Emissions to Air2. Generation and Management ofWastewater3. Generation and Management of Waste
4 ExtremeEvents and Disasters
1. Natural Extreme Events and Disasters2.Technological Disasters
14
5 HumanSettlements andEnvironmental Health
1. Human Settlements2. Environmental Health
6 Environment Protection,Management andEngagement
1.Environment Protection and ResourceManagement Expenditure
2. Environmental Governance and Regulation3. Extreme Event Preparedness and Disaster
Management4. Environmental Information and Awareness
An Expert Group on Environment Statistics was established in December 2013.
India is also a member of the Expert Group. The first meeting of the Expert Group was
held in March 2014. The Expert Group discussed the outline of the Methodological Manual
for the Core Set of Environment Statistics. The process of adapting the revised FDES will
be started after UNSD finalize the Methodological Manual and subsequent capacity
development.
15
TABLE - 1.1SOME IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON ENVIRONMENT
Sl.No.
DevelopmentActivities
Major ImpactsOn Environment
1. 2. 3.
1.Forest Clearingand landresettlements
Climate change in terms of meteorological parameterssuch as precipitation, temperature, humidity, Evaporation,Wind and extinction of rare species of Flora and Fauna,creation of condition for mosquito breeding leading toinfectious diseases such as Malaria, Dengue and ChickenGunya etc.
2.
Shiftingcultivation inUplandAgriculture
Soil erosion in upland areas, soil fertility declines due toshorter cultivation cycle, which is practiced due to populationpressure, flooding of low land areas. The problems could beresolved by terraced cultivation.
3. Agro Industries
Air Pollution due to burning of bagasse as fuel in sugarmills, large amount of highly polluting organic wastes, surfacewater pollution.
4.Introductionof new varietiesof cereals
Reduction of genetic diversity of traditional throughmonoculture resulting in instability, danger of multiplication oflocal strains of fungus, bacteria or virus on new variety.
5. Use of Pesticides
Organism develops resistance and new control methodsare needed (e.g. in Malaria, wide spread use of dieldrin as aprophylactic agent against pests of oil palms made the problemworse), creation of complex and wide spread environmentproblems. The pesticides used in agriculture some times gointo food chain or in water bodies which may result in harmfulhealth hazards.
6.Timberextraction
Degrades land, destroys surface soil, reduces productionpotential of future forests.
7.Urbanization
Concentration of Population in urban centers makes hugedemands on production in rural areas and put pressures onland, air and water pollution.
8. Industrialisation Heat-island effect and consequently increased energy use.
9.
Water resourceprojectse.g., Dam,ExtensiveIrrigation
Human settlement and resettlement, spread of water borndiseases, reduction of fisheries, siltation, physical changese.g., Heat-island effect and consequently increased energyuse.
16
TABLE - 1.2LOCAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTION
LocalEffects Regional Over Marine water
and Continents Global
1. 2. 3. 4.● Heavy metals in air,soil, water and plantse.g., from industrialemissions and discharges,● Noise,● Smell,● Air pollution,●Urbanization & heatIsland affect
● Eutrophication● Contaminants inthe soil and
water●Landscapechange due tomining oragriculture.
● Eutrophication● Acidification● Environment
Contamination dueto radioactivity
● ClimateChanges,Ozone
depletion.
TABLE - 1.3
WATER BORN DISEASES AND THEIR CAUSATIVE ORGANISMSl. No. Name of the Disease Causative Organism
1. 2. 3.1. WATER BORNE DISEASES BACTERIAL
› Typhoid Salmonella typhi› Gastroenteritis Vibrio cholera› Paratyphoid Slmondlla parayphi› Cholera Enterotoxigenic-Escherichia coli› Bacterial dysentery Variety of Escherichia coliVIRAL› Infectious hepatitis Hepatitis-A-virus› Pliomycetis Polio-virus› Diarrhea Diseases Rota -virus, Norwalk agent› Other symptoms of entericdiseases
Other virus Echono-Virus, Coxsackie-virus
PROTOZOAN› Amoebic Dysentery Entamoeba hystolitica
2. WATER - WASHED DISEASES› Scabies Various skin fungus species› Trachoma Trachoma infecting eyes› Bacillary dysentery E.coli
3. WATER BASED DISEASES› Schistosomiasis Schistosoma spGuinea worm Guinea worm
4. INFECTION THROUGH WATER RELATED INSECT VECTORSSleeping sickness Trapanosoma through testse flyMalaria Plasmodium through Anaphelis
5. INFECTION PRIMARILY DUE TO DEFECTIVE SANITATIONHook worm Hook worm, Ascaris
17
TABLE - 1.4SOME MAJOR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
Sl.No. Pollutant Source
1. 2. 3.
1. Carbon Monoxide Incomplete fuel combustion(e.g. two/four stroke engines)
2. Sulphur Dioxide Burning of Sulphur containing fuel like Coal in PowerPlants and emission by vehicles
3. Suspendedparticulate matter Smoke from Domestic, Industrial and Vehicular sources
4. Oxides of Nitrogen Fuel combustion of Motor vehicles, emission from powerindustry and industrial furnaces
5. VolatileHydrocarbons
Partial combustion of carbonaceous fuels (two strokeengines, industrial processes and disposal of solid wastes)
6. Oxidants and ozone Emissions from motor vehicles, photochemical reactions ofnitrogen oxides and reactive hydrocarbons
7. Lead Emissions from motor vehicles to a limited extent, batteryindustries, Vaccines, coatings on fruits etc.,
TABLE - 1.5
POLLUTANTS AND THEIR RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS
Sl.No. Pollutant Health Effects1. 2. 3.
1.Carbon Monoxide(from gasoline cars,2-wheelers,3-wheelers)
Fatal in case of large dose: aggravates heartdisorders; affects central nervous system;impairs oxygen carrying capacity of blood
2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)(from diesel vehicles) Irritation of respiratory tract
3. Ozone
Eye, Nose and Throat irritation; riskasthmatics, children and those involved inheavy exercise
4. Lead(from petrol vehicles)
Extremely toxic; affects nervous system andblood; can impair mental development inchildren, causes hypertension to a limitedextent battery industries, Vaccines, coatingson fruits etc
5.Hydrocarbons(mainly from 2-wheelersand 3-wheelers)
Drowsiness, eye irritation and coughing
6. Benzene Carcinogenic
7. Aldehydes
Irritation of eyes, nose and throat, sneezing,coughing, nausea, breathing difficulties;carcinogenic in animals
8.Polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons PAH(from diesel vehicles)
Carcinogenic
2. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICSIN ANDHRA PRADESH
19
2. DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICSIN ANDHRA PRADESH
INTRODUCTION
The whole world has now realized the threat to its precious environment due
to depletion of natural resources and growing pace of degradation of the environment.
It is necessary to develop an efficient Environmental Statistical System in the country
which can meet the growing demand of various Governmental agencies,
environmentalists and general public for data on various aspects of environment. The
Directive Principles of State Policy, an integral and significant element of Constitution of
India contains provisions, which reflect the commitment of the state to protect the
environment with regard to forests and wildlife. After the historic Stockholm Conference
on Environment held in 1972, the committee was gradually upgraded into a Department
of Environment in 1980 and five years later a full-fledged Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF) of the Govt. of India. The Andhra Pradesh Govt. also followed this
example by establishing its own Dept. of Environment to address the rapidly increasing
policy initiatives and programmes in the environment and forests sectors.
Ministry of Environment and Forests has engaged itself in the task of
managing states environment by focusing on the development of important
administrative tools and techniques, impact assessment, research, collection and
dissemination of environmental information. However, environment being a multi-
disciplinary subject involving complex subjects like Biodiversity, Atmosphere, Water,
Land & Soil and Human Settlements, it seemed difficult to collect and analyze data on
these parameters and develop interrelationships among them. Therefore, it became
necessary to develop an efficient statistical system on environment that could meet the
growing demand of data on various aspects of environment by the various Governmental
agencies, environmentalists and general public.
Setting up of Environment Statistics unit in State Directorate of Economics and
Statistics, Vijayawada, AP:
Recognizing the importance of Environment Statistics as an emerging area,
the subject was first discussed in the 5th conference of Central and State Statistical
Organizations (COCSSO) held at New Delhi in 1981. The Conference recommended the
need for developing an appropriate environment statistical system in the country. On
the recommendation of the 7th Conference of Central and State Statistical Organizations
held in 1985, a multi disciplinary working group comprising Department of Environment,
Central Statistical Organization (CSO), State Directorates of Economics and Statistics
20
and other concerned Central and State organizations and research institutions involved
in the related subjects was set up in CSO under the Chairmanship of its Director General
in July 1986. The Working Group in its report submitted in 1990 by a suggested
provisional list of variables for frame work for development of Environment Statistics.
The group also suggested a few variables on which data needed to be collected on
priority basis.
The Central Statistics Office brought out Sixteen issues of the publication
entitled “Compendium of Environment Statistics” from 1997 to 2016 presenting available
data relating to environment of the country. Basing on the guidelines of the CSO, New
Delhi, the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Andhra Pradesh has also been bringing
out the same publication from 2006 to 2016.
Natural Resource Accounting
The economy draws inputs from the environment. These consist of natural
resources, both non-renewable and renewable including mineral resources, timber and
non-timber forest produce, aquatic resources, and also the ecosystem services viz.
recycling of nutrients and supply of clean air and water necessary for sustaining life.
Besides, economy also uses the environment as a sink for dumping unwanted wastes
generated in industrial and other anthropogenic activities.
The conventional accounting [System of National Accounting (SNA)] though
operates in natural environment, hardly takes into account the environmental
components and the goods and services they contribute to the economic development.
Rather, it is entirely based on monetary considerations, which if dealt in isolation may
prove disastrous, both to the economy as well as to the environment. Hence, links
between economy and environment have to be properly understood and appreciated in
order to achieve sustainable development of the society. There is an urgent need to
generate data on environmental goods and services and their valuation in economic
terms, so that information generated can be used for proper policy formulation to
achieve overall sustainable development of the society.
As a result, concept of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting
(IEEA) has emerged on the initiative of the United Nations. The main objectives of
integrated environmental accounting are segregation and elaboration of all
environmental and economic accounts, linkages of physical resource accounts with
monetary environmental accounts and balance sheets, assessments of environmental
21
costs, benefits and accounting for the maintenance of the tangible wealth. It is, thus, a
complete accounting procedure for environmental assets. The IEEA later revised and
termed by UNSD namely, London Group as “System for Environmental and Economic
Accounting” (SEEA) taking into consideration the contributions of the environment to the
economy and the impacts of the economy on the environment.
Much of the work was done by the London Group on Environmental and
Natural Resources Accounting, through a review process that started in 1998. SEEA 2003
provides a common framework for economic and environmental accounting, permitting a
consistent analysis of contribution of environment to the economy and of the impact of
the economy on the environment. It is intended to meet the needs of policy makers by
providing indicators and descriptive statistics to monitor the interaction between the
economy and the environment as well as serving as a tool for strategic planning and
policy analysis to identify more sustainable development paths.
However, data on environmental components and the goods and services
rendered by them, and their valuation in economic terms required for Environmental
Accounting are lacking in various areas like Land, Water, Air, Energy, Agriculture, Forest,
Mining, Industry etc. At present, in the fast changing environmental and economic
scenario, data pertaining to various natural resources are highly desirable for proper
policy formulation for sustainable development.
Natural Resource Accounting in System of Environmental Economic Accounting
(SEEA) and Implementation of Natural Resource Accounting (NRA)
The SEEA 2003, revision of SEEA 1993, represented a considerable step
forward in terms of breadth of material and harmonization of concepts, definitions, and
methods in environmental and economic accounting. Although SEEA 2003 was never
formally adopted as an international statistical standard, it, however, provided a well
accepted and robust framework for the compilation of environmental and economic
accounts. Another revision process of SEEA 2003 was started in 2007 with the aim of
adopting SEEA as an international statistical standard. This latest version comprise three
parts, the main one being SEEA Central Framework.
The System of Environmental–Economic Accounting(SEEA) Central Framework
is a multi-purpose, conceptual framework that describes the interactions between the
economy and the environment, the stocks and changes in stocks of environmental
assets. This is a system that has been developed under the aegis of the UN Statistical
Commission to explicitly account for the environment at the macro level. The current
22
version of the SEEA builds on previous 1993 and 2003 revisions. The 43rd Session of the
UN Statistical Commission formally accepted the SEEA Central framework as an
international statistical standard in 2012. The SEEA allows us to examine various issues
at the macro level such as resource efficiency and productivity indicators, decomposition
analysis, analysis of net wealth and depletion, sustainable production and consumption,
structural input-output analysis and general equilibrium modeling, consumption based
input-output analysis and footprint techniques, analysis using geospatially referenced
data etc.
The SEEA Central Framework provides a structure to compare and contrast
source data and allows the development of aggregates, indicators and trends across a
broad spectrum of environmental and economic issues. Particular examples include the
assessment of trends in the use and availability of natural resources, the extent of
emissions and discharges to the environment resulting from economic activity, and the
amount of economic activity undertaken for environmental purposes.
The SEEA Central Framework represents a melding of many disciplines and
brings together, in a single measurement system, information on water, minerals,
energy, timber, fish, soil, land and ecosystems, pollution and waste, production,
consumption and accumulation. It is designed to be applicable across all countries,
regardless of their level of economic and statistical development, their economic
structure, or the composition of their environment.
In addition to the SEEA Central Framework, two related parts are being
developed:
SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounts and
SEEA Extensions and Applications.
The SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounts (which is under preparation)
describes both the measurement of ecosystems in physical terms and the valuation of
ecosystems in so far as it is consistent with market valuation principles, noting that only
those issues for which broad consensus has emerged will be included. In accounting
terms, many of the structures for ecosystem accounting will be drawn from the
structures in the SEEA Central Framework and, in this regard, the accounting
conventions of the SEEA Central Framework will be applied consistently. SEEA
Extensions and Applications will present various monitoring and analytical approaches
that could be adopted, and will describe ways in which SEEA data can be used to inform
policy analysis which will be useful for official statisticians, researchers and policy
makers. This part of SEEA will not be a statistical standard.
23
The SEEA Central Framework adopts slightly different terminology in relation
to environmental assets compared to the SNA. In the SNA, the term “Natural Resources”
is used to cover natural biological resources (e.g. timber and aquatic resources), mineral
and energy resources, water resources and land, whereas in the SEEA Central
Framework, land is separated from natural resources recognizing its distinct role in the
provision of space. Further, in the SNA, land and soil resources are considered as a
single asset type whereas in the SEEA Central Framework, these are recognized as
separate assets highlighting the role of land in the provision of space. Soil resources are
included as part of natural resources. The valuation of environmental assets is a complex
measurement task. The SEEA Central Framework adopts the same market price
valuation principles as the SNA. However, since observable market prices are usually not
available for environmental assets, the same need to be treated differently.
Both the SEEA Central Framework and the SNA recognize the change in the
value of natural resources that can be attributed to depletion. In the SNA, the value of
depletion is shown in the other changes in the volume of assets account alongside flows
such as catastrophic losses and uncompensated seizures. Thus, it is not recognized as a
cost against the income earned by enterprises extracting natural resources. In the SEEA
Central Framework, the value of depletion of is considered to be a cost against income
and hence, in the sequence of economic accounts, depletion adjusted balancing items
and aggregates are defined which deduct depletion from the measures of value added,
income and savings. The depletion deduction is made in addition to the deduction of CFC
for the cost of using fixed assets which is already deducted from measures of value
added, income and saving in the SNA. Depending on the arrangements underpinning the
ownership of specific natural resource, this differing treatment of depletion in SEEA
Central Framework may require additional entries in the sequence of economic accounts
at an institutional sector level.
Implementation of Natural Resource Accounting (NRA)/ System of
Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA)
In order to develop sector-wise uniform methodology for NRA, the MOSPI
commissioned eight studies to specialized institutes. These studies covered the sectors
viz. land, forests, air, water and mines in eight states.
SEEA prescribes two valuation methods viz., maintenance cost method and non
market valuation by stated and revealed preference methods. In fact, the projects
undertaken by CSO provided case studies using both these methods. The non-market
valuation methods used were hedonic prices method, household health production
24
function method, travel cost method etc. Also some of these studies attempted to make
estimates of maintenance cost at the sector and regional levels. The sectors covered
were thermal power generation, urban transport, industrial management, forests, land
and exhaustible resource of coal.
The efforts are on to build up a sector-wise framework for NRA through a
Technical Advisory Committee under CSO headed by Dr. Kirit Parikh, Former Member,
Planning Commission involving the Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS),
Hyderabad.
An ‘Expert Group on Green National Accounting’ was constituted in August,
2011 under the Chairmanship of Prof. Partha Dasgupta, Professor Emeritus, Cambridge
University, UK with a mandate to (a) to develop a frame work for ‘Green National
Accounts’ for India keeping in view of the previous work done on the subject, including
the findings of the studies award to CESS, Hyderabad, (b) to identify the data
requirements for the implementation of the recommended framework, and (c) to develop
a road map for the implementation of the framework.
This Expert Group on Green National Accounting for India held three meetings
in August 2011, April 2012 and December 2012. The expert Group is submitted its report
in March, 2013 to the Government.
The MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) is planning to re-structure
the environmental Departments under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. A draft
notification was circulated for comments. The name given to the new structure is
“National Environmental protection Authority in which National Green Tribunal”.
Constitution of A.P. Pollution Control Board:
The A.P. Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is a statutory authority entrusted to
implement environmental laws and rules within the jurisdiction of the State of Andhra
Pradesh, India. The Board ensures proper implementation of the statutes, judicial and
legislative pronouncements related to environmental protection within the state. The
Board was constituted on 24-01-1976 after the state legislature adopted the Water Act
on 20-7-1975. The Board was initially named “A.P. State Board for Prevention and
Control of Pollution”. The Board was re-named as Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control
Board (APPCB) after the entrustment of additional responsibility of Air (Prevention and
Control Pollution) Act 1981.
The APPCB has been implementing the following Acts and Rules in the state:
25
1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. This act was amended
in 1988.
2. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977. The Act was
amended in 1992 and again in 2003.
3. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and amended in 1987
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This Act was amended in 1991.
5. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling)1989. Thereafter the Rules
were amended twice in the years 2000 and 2003.
6. The Manufacture, Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989. The Act
was amended in 2000.
7. The Chemical Accidents (Emergency, Planning, Preparedness and Responsive)
Rules, 1996.
8. The Bio Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 and amended
in 2003.
9. Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016.
10. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
11. The Fly Ash Notification, 1999.
12. The e-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011.
13. The Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016.
14. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001. Amended to these rules
on 04-05-2010.
15. The Ozone Depleting Substances (regulation and control )Rules,2001. The rules
are amended in 2014.
16. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.
17.National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.
18. The Noise Pollution(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
The Section 4 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and
Section 5 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Provide the State
Government the right to constitute the State Pollution Control Boards in the respective
States. As per the said provisions of the Acts, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control
Board comprises the Chairman, Member Secretary and fifteen other members nominated
by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The members of the board may include the
representatives of the Government, Local Authorities, and Technical and Scientific
community.
The entire Organisation is headed by the Chairman; and Member Secretary is the
executive head of the AP Pollution Control Board working under the directions of the
26
Board and Chairman, vested with the powers as defined by the Board. Other Senior
Officers of APPCB report to the Member Secretary.
Control of Industrial Pollution:
The Board has been regulating industrial pollution in the state through
consent management, actions of task force, night surveillance and implementation of
action points of Character on Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection
(CREP).
All the industrial activities have been categorized into Red, Orange and Green.
The Board has identified 5161 industries under Red, Orange and Green categories. The
Ministry of Environment and Forests(MoE&F, GOI) has issued Environment Impact
Assessment(EIA)-2006 notification indicating the list of projects/ activities that require
Environmental Clearance from the MoE&F, GOI and State level Environment Impact
Assessment Authority(SEIAA) under the Provisions of Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 and its amendments thereof. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has notified 66
Categories of SSI polluting industries. The SSI industries other than these 66 categories
are required to obtain an acknowledgement from Industries Department to serve the
purpose of Consent of the Board. The Board has taken initiative for effective
implementation of charter for Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection in 17
categories of highly polluting industries located in the State.
Common Effluent Treatment Plant:
There is a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) operating at Ramky
Pharmacity, Parawada in Visakhapatnam district.
Hazardous Waste Management:
Due to rapid growth of Industrialization, there is a substantial generation of
Hazardous waste in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Govt. of India issued Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and
amended in the year 2000, 2003 and 2008. It is mandatory on the part of every
hazardous waste generating unit to collect, treat and dispose of hazardous waste safely.
The Board has identified 1,723 hazardous industries under Hazardous waste
Management (Management and Handling) Rules and issued authorizations. Total
quantity of hazardous waste generated from the industries in the state is estimated to be
27
2,98,397 Metric Tons Per Annum (MTA), out of which the disposable waste is 1,22,500
MTA, recyclable waste is 1,62,168 MTA and incinerable waste is 13,729 MTA. Common
Hazardous waste incinerator was installed at Pharma city with a capacity of 1.5 TPH for
incineration of Hazardous waste. Three task forces (Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, and
Kurnool) have been established to enquire into public complaints, inspecting problematic
industries/ hot spots. An incinerator was established in July, 2008 with a capacity of 1.5
TPH at Perwada, Visakhapatnam.
Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities:
If the Hazardous waste is not collected and disposed off efficiently and
effectively, it pollutes surface water, ground water resources and degrades land.
Therefore development of suitable technologies for utilization / disposal of waste are
essential to minimize adverse environmental health effects.
Management of recyclable Hazardous waste:
The recyclable waste generated by various industries are being recycled /
recovered with the industries to certain extent. Some of the waste is recycled.
Municipal Solid Waste (M.S.W.) Management:
With the enormous increasing urbanization and agglomeration and rising level
of municipal solid waste, there is an urgent need to evolve scientific approaches to the
management of municipal solid waste. The Govt. of India has notified Municipal Solid
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 under Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 to regulate management and handling of municipal solid waste. The salient
features of Rules are:
Collection of waste by organizing Door-to-Door collection system or
community bins
Segregation and storage waste by adopting three bin system
Transportation of waste in covered vehicles
Establishment of processing facilities
Construction of Sanitary landfill facilities
In the 110 Municipalities /Municipal Corporations located in the state, 10
Municipal Waste Processing Plants are grounded/awarded in 2015-16 with capacity of
4,515 TPD.
28
Municipal Sewage Management:
The total sewage plants under operation are 21 with capacity of 294 MLD and 8
plants are under construction with 183.5 MLD in Andhra Pradesh for the year 2015-16.
The sewage Quantity needs updating based on the amount of water extracted
from bore-wells. As per STPs are concerned, majority of them are not functioning.
Government is enthusiastic to install STPs by spending crores of rupees but least
bothered on operation.
Plastic Waste Management:
Govt. of India has notified Plastic Manufacture, Sale and Usage Rules 1998
under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 to regulate plastic usage.
Salient features of the Rules are as follows:
Govt. of India notified Recycled Plastics (Manufacture & Usage) Rules 1999
under Environmental Protection Act to regulate the manufacture and usage of
recycled plastic bags and containers. These rules came into force w.e.f.
02.09.1999.
These Rules were amended in 2003 and named as the Plastics Manufacture,
Sale and Usage Rules 1999.
As per the above Rules, the prescribed authority for enforcement of the
provisions related to manufacture and recycling shall be State Pollution
Control Boards and for enforcement of the provisions related to use,
collection, segregation, transportation and disposal shall be the District
Collector of the concerned District.
As per Rule - 4 of the Plastics Rules:
i) No person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell carry bags made of
virgin or recycled plastic bags which are less than 8 x 12 inches (20 x 30
cms.) in size and less than 20 microns thickness.
ii) No vendor shall use carry bags made of recycled plastic for storing,
carrying, dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs.
iii)No vendor shall use containers made of recycled plastic for storing,
carrying, dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs.
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 issued by Ministry of
Environment and Forests:
It replaces the earlier Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
(amended in 2003). These Rules have been brought out following detailed discussions
29
and consultations with a wide spectrum of stakeholders including civil society, industry
bodies, relevant Central Government Ministries and State Governments.
It is impractical and undesirable to impose a blanket ban on the use of plastic
all over the country. The real challenge is to improve municipal solid waste management
systems. In addition to the privatization and mechanization of the municipal solid waste
management systems we must be sensitive to the needs and concerns of the lakhs of
people involved in the informal sector.
The new Rules are ban on use of plastic materials in sachets for storing,
packing or selling gutkha, tobacco and pan masala, no food stuffs will be allowed to be
packet in recycled plastics or compostable plastics, recycled carry bags to have specific
BIS standards, colour to the prescription by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS),
uniform thickness shall not be less than 40 microns in carry bags etc.,
The new Rules require the municipal authority to constructively engage
agencies or groups working in waste management including these waste pickers. This is
the very first time that such a special dispensation has been made.
The Municipal authority shall be responsible for setting up, operationalisation
and coordination of the waste management system and for performing the associated
functions, This include to ensure safe collection, storage, segregation, transportation,
processing and disposal of plastic waste:, no damage to the environment during this
process, setting up of the collection centers for plastic waste involving manufacturers, its
channelization to recyclers: to create awareness among all stakeholders about their
responsibilities , and to ensure that open burning of plastic waste is not permitted.
Implementation of Plastic Units
The APPCB identified86 plastic units in the state and issued registrations to 64
plastic units and regularly monitoring the units for compliance with the plastic Rules and
22 units are not functioning. APPCB conducts awareness programmes among public of
the issue of management of plastics.
Bio Medical Waste (BMW) Management:
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, notified the Bio
Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 Under the Environment
30
(Protection) Act 1986, through Gazette Notification S.O.630 (E). These rules regulate
the generation, handling, collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal of BMW.
The same is segregated at source as per the Bio Medical Waste Rules and transported
through special vehicles to Bio Medical Waste Treatment facilities.
Compliance of Health Care Units during 2014-15:
According to the provisions of Bio-Medical Wastes (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1998 and its amendments, it was clearly mentioned that the generator of the Bio
Medical Waste (i.e. the occupier of the healthcare units) is solely responsible for the
treatment of BMW generated from their units.
Most of the HCEs except primary health centers / CHCs located in rural areashave obtained authorization from APPCB. The Board is issuing Authorization to the HCESduly stipulating conditions for proper management handling and disposal of BMW. TheAuthorizations are being granted for a period for a period of three years, including aninitial trial period of one year. The APPCB is encouraged establishment of Common BioMedical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBMWTFs) for safe disposal of BMW< as installationof individual treatment facilities by small HCEs are not only economical but also addnoxious gases to air if not properly treated. The HCEs in the state are sending the biomedical waste to the Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities within 48 hours.There are 10 (ten) Common Bio Medical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBMWTFs) locatedin the State for safe disposal of bio medical waste (Table-2.7).
The performance evaluation study of CBMWTFs by EPTRI which is engaged by
APPCB is completed and shortfalls observed by M/s EPTRI were communicated to the
respective CBMWTFs to make improvements. The E-Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 2011 came into effect from 1st May, 2012. The APPCB has issued notices to all the
major e-waste generation/ produces, major consumers/ bulk consumers to send their e-
waste to the authorized recyclers. EPTRI has conducted an inventorisation of e-waste in
Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.
Andhra Pradesh Cleaner Production Cell (APCPC):
The Board has established a separate Cleaner Production Cell in the year 1998
to promote cleaner production and waste minimization techniques in industries. The CP
cell organizes training programmes / workshops / seminars / demonstration projects
etc., to bring awareness on environment related issues among industries, nodal
departments and officers of APPCB.
31
The aim of the cell is to promote Cleaner Production by implementing the
following:
Conducting demonstration waste audits
Providing information relating and guidelines on cleaner production practices
Organizing workshops / seminars / lectures
Providing technical advice on cleaner production and recycle of waste through
waste exchange service
Managing Cleaner Production financial and Non-financial schemes
Maintaining data base on cleaner production technologies and practices
Organising Cleaner Production awards
Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI):
EPTRI was set up as an independent registered society in 1992 with the
assistance of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and Govt. of India which also facilitated the
bilateral assistance for technical collaboration between EPTRI and Swedish International
Development Agency (SIDA).
EPTRI provides one stop solutions to environment issues and offers a wide
range of services - laboratory analysis to environment management and an interface
between regulation and community participation in preserving and conserving the
environment. It undertakes various activities covering environmental issues related to
industries, protected areas, biodiversity, urban agglomeration, environmental
awareness, human resources development, capacity building and research etc. It also
serves as premier agency in advising the State Pollution Control Boards and respective
Governments in fixing environmental standards for the industry. An important function is
to encourage sustainability in development and to help in preservation of the traditions
of communities, the flora and fauna of the region and to document ethno knowledge and
biodiversity.
EPTRI is a world class body and in abreast of the wide-ranging areas of
international concerns especially on ozone depletion, climate change, integrated
environmental strategies and clean development mechanism etc. It endeavors to
sensitize communities, civil society, Govt. officials, NGO’s and other stake holders on
environment related issues in the long-term interest of poverty alleviation through
employment generation, human development and sustainable environment
management.
32
Environmental Engineering and Management:
EPTRI undertakes projects related to Water and Waste Water Treatment, Air
Pollution Control, Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management
Plan (EMP). It also focuses on waste minimization by way of resource/water
conservation, segregation etc. through in plant studies.
Services Offered:
Design, Commissioning and Stabilization of Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs),
Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) and Sewage Treatment Plants
(STPs)
Up gradation and performance evaluation studies of existing ETPs, CETPs and
STPs
In plant studies for water conservation and reduction of pollution load
Designed evaluation of air pollution control equipment
Providing overall environmental management for townships in terms of water
supply, sewerage, STPs and solid waste management
Developing standards for categorizing wastes and techniques for their
menace or disposal.
Integrated Environment Audit and Risk Assessment studies for petroleum
sites which include storage depots, seaports, filling stations etc.,
Integrated EIA studies along with risk assessment and analysis
Environment and Sustainable Development (ESD)
Environmental Quality Mapping (EQM)
Environment Information System (ENVIS)
Laboratory is accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Laboratories
(NABL) and recognized by the Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Central Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. It also
serves as a referral laboratory.
Capacity building: EPTRI conducts National and International programmes to
impart professional and need based training in environmental field with wide
outreach.
33
TABLE-2.1
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE PROCESSING PLANTS, 2015-16
Sl.No. Cluster Name Name of the
FacilityTotalTPD
Type ofProcessing
PlantDate of
Awarding Status
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1 Visakhapatnam
M/s JindalLtd
942 WtE 14.03.2016 Grounded2 Guntur 1202 WtE 14.03.2016 Grounded3 Tirupathi 374 WtE 14.03.2016 Awarded4 Vizianagaram
Essel Infra-Hitachi
203 WtE 14.03.2016 Grounded5 Tadepalligudem 357 WtE 14.03.2016 Grounded6 Machilipatnam 196 WtE 14.03.2016 Awarded7 Nellore Envikare 313 WtE 14.03.2016 Grounded
8 Kurnool NexusNovas 316 WtE 14.03.2016 Awarded
9 Ananthapur Essel Infra-Hitachi
283 WtE 14.03.2016 Grounded10 Kadapa 329 WtE 14.03.2016 Grounded
Source: Swachha Andhra Corporation, Vijayawada.
TABLE-2.2COMPOST PLANTS UNDER MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROCESSING PLANTS, 2015-16
Sl.No. Name of the Facility
Type ofProcessing
Plant
MSWProcessingCapacity(TPD)
Name of theULBs
allotted
Capacityof PowerPlants
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Vijayawada Municipal
Corporation Bio-Methanisation Plant,Vijayawada
- - - -
2. Guntakal MunicipalityAnanthapuramu District
- - - -
3. Kadapa MunicipalCorporation, YSR District
- - - -
4. Plamaneru Municipality,Chittoor District
- - - -
5. Madanapalli Municipality,Chittoor District
- - - -
6. Tenali Municipality, GunturDistrict
- - - -
7. Eluru Municipal Corporation,West Godavari District
- - - -
8. Narasapuram Municipality,West Godavari District
- - - -
9. Bobbilli Municipality,Vizianagaram District
- - - -
Total - - - -Note: No permission was issued to waste to energy plant during the year 2015-16.
Source : A.P Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
34
TABLE-2.3STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATEMENT PLANTS UNDER OPERATION
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name of theMunicipality/Mu
nicipalCorporation
Location of STP
SewageGeneration (inMLD)
Capacityin MLD Disposal Point
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.VisakhapatnamMunicipalCorporation
1) Appughar,MVP colony
200
25.0
Disposal in sea2) Old City 38.03) Mudasalova 13.04) GVMC,Madeenbagh 2.0
2.VijayawadaMunicipalCorporation
5) Ajithsingh Nagar
130
27.0 Budemeru through opennala6) Ajithsingh Nagar 40.0
7) Jawahar Autonagar 10.0 Guntattippa drain8) Ramalingeswaranagar 10.0
River Krishna9) Ramalingeswaranagar 20.0
3.TirupathiMunicipalCorporation
10) Tukivakam32
50.0Partly (5 MLD) used byLanco industries and partlydisposed into Isuka Vagu
4.Rajahmundry ,East Godavari
11) Hukumpet E.G. Dist.60
30.0
Ava drain ultimately joiningriver Godavari atDawaleswaram
5.Pulivendula,YSR District
12) Behind Govt. Hospital,Rotarypuram, Pulivedula
56.5
Used for Gardening/Fields
6.Tadipatri,AnanthapuramuDistrict
13) Near CPIcolony,Kadapa Road
7.5 8.0
Partly used for gardeningand Partly disposed intoRiver Penna
14) Yellanur Road3.5
Disposed intoJammadapadu vanka
7.Puttaparthi,AnanthapuramuDistrict
15) Durgamma Temple0.4
0.5
All 3 STPs are not inoperation. Total sewageused for gardening.
16) Sai Nagar 0.5
Used for Gardening
17) Prasanthigram 0.5
8. Tirumala
18) Annarao Cottage 0.519) Gogarbham Dam 3.020) Gangamma Temple 3.021) Balaji Nagar 3.0
Total 294.0
MLD- Million Litres per Day.Source : Annual Report of 2015-16, A.P Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
35
TABLE-2.4STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATEMENT PLANTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name of theMunicipal
Corporation
Location of SewageTreatment Plants (STPs)
Status(Operational/Non-operational/Under
construction
Capacityin MLD
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Kadapa 1 YSR colony,Akkayapalli
Underconstruction 20
2. Vijayawada
2Ajitsingh Nagar,Vijayawada, KrishnaDist
Underconstruction 20
3Jawahar Autonagar,Vijayawada, KrishnaDist
Underconstruction 10
4 Jakkampudi Underconstruction 20
3. Visakhapatnam5 Narava Under
construction 108
6 GVMC, Kommadi Nearingcompletion 4
4. Tirumala7 Annamayya Bhawan Under
construction 1
8 Dharmagiri Underconstruction 0.5
Total 183.5MLD: Million Litres per Day.Source : A.P Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
TABLE-2.5SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPs) IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS/
MUNICIPALITIES UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
Sl.No.
Location of Sewage TreatmentPlants (STPs)
No.ofSTPs
Capacityin MLD
1. 2. 3. 4.I Municipal Corporations:
1. YSR Colony, Akkayapalli, Kadapa 1 20
2. Ajith Sing Nagar,Vijayawada 1 20
3. Jawahar Auto Nagar, Vijayawada 1 10
4. Jakkampudi, Vijayawada 1 20
5. Narava, Visakhapatnam 1 108
6. GVMC,Kommadi,Visakhapatnam 1 4
7 Tirumala,Chittoor District 2 1.5Total 8 183.5
II Municipalities:
Nil - -
MLD: Million Litres per Day.Source: Engineer in Chief (PH) Department, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalli, Guntur District.
36
TABLE – 2.6
DISTRICT-WISE HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(As on 31.03.2016)
Sl.No.
Nameof theZone
Nameof theDistrict
No. ofHW
Genera-ting
indust-ries
Qty. ofDisposable
Waste(MTA)
Qty. ofRe-
cyclableWaste(MTA)
Qty. ofInciner-
ableWaste(MTA)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. Kurnool Kurnool 32 5,263 21 74
Ananthapuram 51 591 44 119
Chittoor 135 3,525 1,450 140
YSR 15 Nil 87 Nil
TOTAL 233 9,379 1,602 333
2. VijayawadaPrakasam 191 7,700 10 490
SPS Nellore 121 430 41 21
Krishna 355 3,346 1,185 565
Guntur 189 2,473 28 635
TOTAL 856 13,949 1,264 1,711
3. Visakhapat
namVisakhapatnam 120 70,616 9,495 10,762
Srikakulam 13 8,767 Nil 530
Vizianagaram 4 7,814 Nil 291
East Godavari 237 6,326 609 30
West Godavari 260 5,649 1,49,198 72
TOTAL 634 99,172 1,59,302 11,685
GRAND TOTAL 1,723 1,22,500 1,62,168 13,729
MTA : Metric Tonnes per Annum.Source : A.P Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
37
TABLE- 2.7
THE LIST OF COMMON BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES(CBMWTFs)LOCATED IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
Sl.No
Districtscovered
Name of theCBMWTF
Location ofthe plant
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Srikakulam,Vijayanagaram M/s. Rainbow Industries
Pathakunkam (V), Etcherla (M),Srikakulam District.
2. Visakhapatnam M/s. Maridi Eco IndustriesPvt. Ltd.,
Kapuluppada Dumping Yard,Madhurawada, Visakhapatnamdistrict.
3. East GodavariM/s. EVB Technologies PvtLtd,.
Kanavaram(V),Pallakadiyam,Rajanagaram(M),East GodavariDistrict.
4. West Godavari M/s. SAFENVIRON &ASSOCIATES
85-1, Nallamadu Village,Unguturu Mandal, West GodavariDistrict.
5. Krishna M/s. SAFENVIRON UNIT –II
29-3-14, Venkateswara RaoStreet, Governor Pet,Vijayawada, Krishna District.
6. Guntur, M/s. SafenvironChinakakani (V), Mangalagiri(M), Guntur Distrsict.
7. Prakasam &S.P.S Nellore M/s. S S Bio Care
Sy No.61, Plot No.2. APIIC,Attivaram (V), Ozili M), SPSRNellore District.
8. Chittoor M/s AWM Consulting LtdPachikapalem (v),Vedurukuppam (m) Chittoordistrict.
9. Kurnool M/s. Medical WasteSolutions
Sy.No.200/2 & 202/2,Chetlamallapuram (V), Kallur(M), Kurnool District.
10.Y.S.R &Ananthapuramu M/s Sriven Environ
Technologies
Sy.No: 277/1A, Dumpetla (v),Battalapalli (m), AnantapurDistrict.
Source: A.P Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
3. BIODIVERSITY
39
3. BIODIVERSITY
Introduction
Biodiversity or Biological diversity is a term that describes the variety of living
beings on earth. In short, it is described as degree of variation of life. Biological diversity
encompasses microorganism, plants, animals and ecosystems such as coral reefs,
forests, rainforests, deserts etc.
Biodiversity also refers to the number, or abundance of different species living
within a particular region. It represents the wealth of biological resources available to us. It’s
all about the sustaining the natural area made up of community of plants, animals, and other
living things that is begin reduced at a steady rate as we plan human activities that is being
reduced by habitat destruction.
The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on
Biodiversity. In biodiversity, each species, no matter how big or small has an important role to
play in ecosystem. Various plant and animal species depend on each other for what each
offers and these diverse species ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. A healthy and
solid biodiversity can recover itself from variety of disasters.
Biodiversity has three essential elements:
Genetic diversity,
Eco system diversity and
Species diversity
Recently a new aspect has also been added- ‘molecular diversity’.
Biodiversity is unevenly distributed. It varies globally and within regions. The various
factors that influence biodiversity include -temperature, altitude, precipitation, soils and their
relation with other species. For instance, ocean biodiversity is 25 times lesser than terrestrial
diversity. Biodiversity also increases its form as it moves from the poles towards the tropics.
Biodiversity is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution. It has been subject to periods
of extinction. The latest and most destructive stage of extinction is Holocene extinction, which
has occurred due to the impact of human beings on the environment.
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Functions of Biodiversity:
Maintaining balance of the ecosystem: Recycling and storage of nutrients,
combating pollution, and stabilizing climate, protecting water resources, forming
and protecting soil and maintaining ecobalance.
Provision of biological resources: Provision of medicines and pharmaceuticals,
food for the human population and animals, ornamental plants, wood products,
breeding stock and diversity of species, ecosystems and genes.
Social benefits: Recreation and tourism, cultural value and education and
research.
Importance of Biodiversity:
Biodiversity and food: 80% of human food supply comes from 20 kinds of plants.
But humans use 40,000 species for food, clothing and shelter. Biodiversity provides
for variety of foods for the planet.
Biodiversity and human health: The shortage of drinking water is expected to
create a major global crisis. Biodiversity also plays an important role in drug
discovery and medicinal resources. Medicines from nature account for usage
by 80% of the world’s population.
Biodiversity and industry: Biological sources provide many industrial materials.
These include fiber, oil, dyes, rubber, water, timber, paper and food.
Biodiversity and culture: Biodiversity enhances recreational activities like bird
watching, fishing, trekking etc. It inspires musicians and artists.
Biodiversity conservation efforts have many facets – scientific surveys, policy
reforms, legislative initiatives, international co-operation, public participation etc. National
agencies like the Forest Survey of India, Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of
India carry out extensive studies continuously to assess the extent of diversity and the
change trends across habitats, flora and fauna. The country has enacted a number of
legislations which have direct impact on biodiversity conservation efforts like the Indian Forest
Act 1927, the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, the Forest Conservation) Act 1980, the
Environmental Protection Act 1988 and the Biological Diversity Act 2002 being the most
important among them. By amending the Constitution, protection of forests and wildlife has
been made one of the Fundamental Duties. Because of being incorporated in the concurrent
List, Forests and Wildlife has been accorded a national perspective in policy making and
legislation. India is signatory and zealous participant in international efforts of biodiversity
conservation like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the
Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and the country has evolved a National Action Plan for
Combating Climate Change.
41
The enormity and intensity of these efforts notwithstanding, there is hardly any
room for complacency. Increase in population, urbanization, industrialization etc are often at
the cost of destruction of habitats. The forces of development and that of conservation
apparently bear adversarial relationships although this true only in the short term and both
have commonalities in the long term. Rapid development at the cost of environmental
degradation is doomed to be unsustainable. The country is endeavoring to balance the two.
Preventing a loss of biodiversity is important for mankind, given that humans
depend on the natural richness of the planet for the food, energy, raw materials, clean air and
clean water that make life possible and drive economies and societies. As such, a reduction or
loss of biodiversity may not only undermine the natural environment but also economic and
social goals. The challenges associated with preserving biodiversity have made this topic an
international issue.
Plant and Animal Biodiversity
Plant defines the habitat of a site, providing structure, shelter and food as well as
contributing to the overall biodiversity. Plants are a kingdom of life forms that includes
familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns and mosses. Through
photosynthesis, they convert water and carbon dioxide into the oxygen we breathe and the
sugars that provide the primary fuel for life. Plants were instrumental to evolution as a whole
in that they produced the oxygen that made life on Earth possible — not only by "breathing" it
into the atmosphere and transforming it, but also by crushing rocks with their roots, which
created soils and released nutrients on a large scale. Plant diversity is well represented in
rural areas, development pressures have reduced the amount of green space in urban and
peri-urban areas, resulting in a poorer diversity of plant communities. However, there are still
many small pockets of green space within the built environment with a rich diversity of plant
species, and other areas where improvements to green space could encourage the
establishment of plants. Management of urban green space directly influences the micro-
environment and can create conditions favorable to a range of plants, which in turn can
increase habitats for, and therefore the diversity of, other species groups.
Mangroves and Coral Reefs:
Coral reef and mangrove ecosystems function in a symbiotic relationship, which
enhances tropical and subtropical coastal environments. The health and extent of coral reefs
are largely dependent on coastal mangrove forests, which stabilize shorelines, remove
pollutants, improve water quality, and provide nursery habitat that maintain fisheries. If
fisheries are degraded due to the destruction or loss of mangrove habitat, then coral reefs will
be adversely affected. Corals are correlated with the strength of fisheries and without viable
fisheries, coral reef cannot survive. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) launched
42
Mangrove Conservation Programme in 1987 and has so far identified 38 Mangrove areas for
intensive conservation and management in the country, out of which Andhra Pradesh is
having 3, one at Coringa and the other two in East Godavari and Krishna districts.
Mangrove Area (in Sq. Kms)in Andhra Pradesh 2005 2009 2011 2015
Very density Mangrove Area - - - -
Moderately Dense Mangrove
Area- -
126 126
Open Dense Mangrove Area - - 226 226
Total 354 353 352 352
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is primarily concerned with the
implementation of policies and programmes relating to conservation of the country’s natural
resources including lakes and rivers, its biodiversity, forests and wildlife, ensuring the welfare
of animals and prevention and abatement of pollution.
Forest and Wildlife:
Forests are important natural resources and provide goods and services to
mankind. People depend on the forest for paper, timber, fuel wood, medicine and fodder for
cattle and other grazing animals. The pressure on the forests arises mainly from
encroachments and illegal tree feeling, details of which are in the report. The forest area
covered in the State is 22.80% to the total geographical area.
Importance of Forest Eco-System:
Forests play a crucial role in preserving flora and fauna. Due to increasing needs of
fire wood, fodder and timber, due to population explosion resulted in the serious depletion of
forest resources. The ecological balance of flora, fauna and forest is disturbed by the rapid
increase in the levels of population.
Forests play a major role in maintaining ecological balance. Depletion of forest
resources will cause for the cloud drifting, soil erosion, floods, wind erosion and ground water
evaporation. Majority of human settlements are dependent on their natural environment
likewise majority of the species of plants and animals also.
Coastal and Marine Ecosystems:
Coastal and marine ecosystems provide significant benefits to human well-being and
are among the most productive and highly threatened systems. The coastal and marine
43
ecosystem plays an important role in the economy of the nation by virtue of its rich
resources, both living and non-living. The people and industries are increasingly exploiting
the coastal ecosystems for fish, timber, fuel wood, construction material, oil, natural gas,
sand, strategic minerals, bioactive compounds, genetic resources etc. In addition, there is an
ever increasing demand on coastal areas for shipping, waste disposal, military and security
uses, recreation, industrialization, and even habitation. The pressure on these areas is
illustrated with the example of Visakhapatnam harbour. It is a semi-enclosed water body
on the east coast of India and is subject to a high degree of pollution due to industrial and
urban wastes. The major industries and their discharges are in below.
Industries Product EffluentDischarge area
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Steel Sea
Simhadri Project of National
Thermal Power Corporatin (NTPC)Power Sea
Coramandel Fertiliers Fertilizers Sea
National Aluminum Corporation Ltd Aluminum Sea
Pharma viz, Matix, Reddy’s Labs, Aurobindo Pharmaceuticals Sea
Vamsadhara Paper Mills, Delta Paper Mills Paper Sea
The Andhra Pradesh State is one of the nine Coastal States of India, having a
coastline of 974 km, continental shelf area of 33,227 sq. kms and the average width of
continental shelf of 32 sq. kms. Several industries like pharma, petroleum and gas, fertilizers,
shrimp hatcheries, power plants etc., have come up all along the coast near the coastal
highway.
There are 555 fishing villages with fisher folk families isolated from the main
habitation. Fisher folk largely live in thatched huts and face cyclones and tidal ravages. The
Bay of Bengal is prone to cyclones and other disasters of marine origin, and has been struck
repeatedly. The marine fish and shrimp production of 3,79,417 tonnes in 2011-12 is
increased to 5,20,274 tonnes by 2015-16. The extent of brackish water in the State is about
21,530 hectares and total aqua culture extent is 78,838 hectares in the year 2015-16.
Mangroves play an important role in protecting the shoreline from disasters and
prevention of shore erosion. The coastal ecosystem is impacted by indiscriminate human
activities, resulting in loss of habitats and services. The coastal environment witnesses major
impacts like heavy rains, flash floods, cyclone storms, sea level rise, tsunamis etc.,
44
There have been policy initiatives for conserving marine environment which are
applicable to the whole of India, and some State specific actions.
Water:
Impacts of water resources development and management include shortage of
water quantity, deterioration in water quality, and reduction in storage capacity of reservoirs,
degradation of land, salinity intrusion and contamination from urban areas.
The Government of India and the State Government have set up various
committees and implemented water sector reforms for conservation of water and sustainable
water management in the State and notable among them are:
i) The Andhra Pradesh Farmer Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1997.
ii) Water Users Associations (WUAs), 1997.
iii) Water Conservation Mission (WCM), 2000.
iv) Intensification of Watershed Development Programme (IWDP), 2000.
v) A.P Water, Land and Trees Act (APWLTA), 2002
vi) Massive Promotion of Micro Irrigation (MPMI), 2003
vii) A.P State Water Policy, 2008.
Forest Survey of India (FSI):
FSI an organization of the MoEF is engaged in generating information and database
on forest cover and forest resources in the country. The major activities of FSI are forest
cover assessment, inventory of forest areas, assessment of trees outside forests (Rural &
Urban), inventory data processing, methodology design etc.
Forestry:
Forests play an important role in moderating the soil mantle, improving soil
fertility, purifying the air, arrest soil erosion and in regulating the flow of water in rivers and
streams.
Andhra Pradesh has 37,221 sq. kms of forest area constituting 22.80 percent of the
total geographical area of the State. Out of this, the area under reserved forest is 31,035 sq.
kms; protected forest forms in 5,715 sq. kms and the rest 471 sq. kms is unclassified.
Forest Development activities have commenced on a really big scale in Andhra
Pradesh with the commencement of the 3rd Five-Year Plan. Forestry programmes involve
raising economic plantations and quick growing species. Large areas of mixed deciduous
forests of poor quality were cleared and planted with teak, eucalyptus and bamboo and high
yielding varieties of cashew are being planted on a large scale.
45
The scheme for soil conservation in River Valley Projects was taken up in
Machkhand/Sileru basin in Visakhapatnam district and up to the year 1975, over 7,850
Hects of badly eroded area have been afforested and 43,120 Hects of agricultural land was
treated with various soil conservation measures like contour bunding, bench terracing, gully
plugging, stabilization of river banks etc.
A.P. Forest Development Corporation (APFDC) was established in 1975 to
undertake large scale plantation of industrially useful species like bamboo and eucalyptus in
order to meet the growing demand for wood.
Social forestry:
The State Government has launched a massive People’s movement involving
General Public and farmers in a big way to increase Tree Cover outside the Reserve Forests to
improve the Environment and to provide gainful employment to thousands of unemployed
youth. These efforts were continued in the XI five year plan period also. Under Social Forestry
programme, Public Distribution of seedlings, Raising of community land plantations/Avenue/
Shelter Belt Plantations and rising of Institutional Plantations have been done.
The species raised mainly are Neem, Pongamia, Kanuga, Ficus species like Raavi &
Marri, Gangaraavi, Neredu, Rela, Usiri (Amla), Seethaphal, Mango, Teak, Casuraina,
Eucalyptus and others for public distribution and planting in public lands.
Vanamahostava (Two Million tree plantation)
Every year Forest Department celebrates Vanamahostava during rainy season in
the month of July to give wide publicity and to inculcate planting culture in the society.
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority(CAMPA)
Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests has constituted an
authority to be known as Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning
Authority (CAMPA) for conservation, protection, regeneration and management of existing
natural forests and wildlife and its habitat including environmental services, research, training
and capacity building. The Annual Plan of Operation (APO) is being prepared every year for
implementing the A.P.CAMPA Scheme for protection of forests and wildlife. The A.P. State
CAMPA is implemented in Andhra Pradesh from 2009-10 onwards. The main components of
APO of CAMPA are:
1. Compensatory Afforestation (CA) in compensatory areas
2. Natural Forest Management through treatments to the natural forest area
46
and regeneration of degraded areas.
3. Forest & Wildlife Protection through establishment of base camps, strike
forces, check posts to check the illicit smuggling and transportation of
timber and poaching of wildlife.
4. Forest Fire Management to improve the growth of natural forests and
improvement of habitat of wildlife.
5. Bio-Diversity Conservation.
6. Research and Development to get good quality seedlings.
7. Capacity Building by updating the skills and knowledge of the frontline
staff.
Community Forest Management (CFM):
Forest Department is implementing various development schemes to protect and
develop the existing forests, to improve its productivity and economic value, as per the
National Forest Policy 1988 and the State Forest Policy announced during 1993 and as revised
during 2002 and also keeping in view the vision 2020 of the State of Andhra Pradesh.
Enriching existing low density forests and alleviating rural poverty are main objectives of
these programmes viz., Community Forest Management (CFM), Centrally Sponsored National
Afforestation Programme (NAP) through Forest Development Agencies, RIDF Projects, Soil &
Moisture Conservation, Social Forestry, Wildlife Development and Human Resource
Development.
The concept of people’s participation envisages protecting and managing the
forests with the active co-operation and support of local communities came into force since
1990, in pursuance to the National Forest Policy, 1988. The programme of CFM started in the
state in the year 1993.
National Zoo Policy:
To give proper direction and thrust to the management of Zoos in the country, the
National Zoo Policy was framed and adopted by the Govt. of India in 1998. The main
objective of the zoos under the National Zoo Policy is to complement and strengthen the
national efforts in conservation of rich biodiversity of the country, particularly the wild fauna.
There are many ongoing conservation breeding programmes in off-display conservation
breeding centers of the zoos or specially created facilities for the purpose in the country.
Special measures for Tiger Conservation:
As per the provisions of Wildlife (P) Amendment Act, 2006 instructions of National
Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), a Steering Committee has been constituted for the
State with the Hon’ble Chief Minister as Chairman to look into Tiger Protection.
47
The state has two well-developed Zoological parks at Visakhapatnam, Tirupati and
three National Parks, one each in East Godavari, YSR and Chittoor districts, 4 Deer Parks and
13 Wildlife Sanctuaries.
Research Activities:
The Bio-diversity conservation laboratory has been setup at Nagarjunasagar,
Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Srisailam and the various research activities are being taken up. This
includes preparing an inventory of the Biodiversity of Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
and other Protected Areas.
Environmental Education:
The Curator, National Parks, Hyderabad and other Protected Area Managers have
been bringing out several Educational materials for various target groups including the school
children on environmental education.
Agro Biodiversity:
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBGR) established in 1976 as an
institution under Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) emerged as an important
organization dealing with various establishments of plant genetic resources. The organization
is entrusted with the vital responsibility of germ plasm, exchange with appropriate quarantine
measures, survey exploration, their organization, planning and coordination, comprising
evaluation, documentation and conservation of diverse plant genetic resources. The National
Gene Bank has also been established within the complex for the documentation of genetic
resources. The documentation of fish genetic resources is the responsibility of National
Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow also an institution under ICAR. The National
Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, an institution under ICAR located at Karnal, maintains
germ plasm of Indian cattle and buffalo breeds.
Despite the progress on several sectors from perspective, the environment has
continued to degrade during the past decade and environmental problems are deeply
embedded in socio-economic fabric of nations in all regions. Projected global warming is
expected to increase global sea level by expanding ocean water, melting mountain of glaciers
and causing the sheets of Greenland and Antarctica to melt or slide into the oceans. A rise in
sea level, would inundate wet lands and low lying areas, erode shore line, exacerbate coastal
flooding and increase salinity. Cyclones will be more pronounced in the Bay of Bengal are
witness for a sea level rise. Lack of biological corridors and decline in biological diversity
outside protected areas are threat to biodiversity. Water quality and Water borne diseases are
the cause of human sickness.
48
In Andhra Pradesh, the Kolleru Lake supports a rich biodiversity of aquatic flora
and fauna and has a high biomass of planktons, which form the source of food for the birds
and other aquatic fauna. The Kolleru Lake serves as a sanctuary for the migratory birds
including Grey Pelicans from Siberia.
The lake had an abundant resource of fish with an average production of 7,000
metric tonnes/year. Due to the eutrophication, caused by the polluting waters, the natural
fish population has come down drastically. The discharge of industrial effluents from the paper
mills, sugar factories etc. located in Krishna and West Godavari districts and municipal waste
from the major towns of Vijayawada, Eluru and Gudivada further polluted this lake. The
pollutants have resulted in silting up of the lakebed at a faster rate and the water holding
capacity of the lake is decreased drastically. This has led to scarcity of drinking water in many
of the villages.
The Convention inspired by the world community’s growing commitment to
sustainable development and the environment is a dramatic step forward in the sustainable
management of biological diversity at global level.
Objectives of CBD(Conservation of Biological Diversity):
The objectives of CBD are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable
use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the
utilization of genetic resources, including appropriate access to genetic resources and
appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those
resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding.
International Day of Biodiversity:
In recognition of the importance of Biodiversity at global level, the UN General
Assembly in 2002 adopted 22nd May as the international Day of Biodiversity (IDB). Since then
the global community celebrates world Biodiversity Day targeting globally important themes
such as marine and coastal Biodiversity, agricultural biodiversity, mountain ecosystems,
inland water ecosystems, etc., with a view to enhancing global awareness on biodiversity
conservation and sustainable utilization. It highlights biodiversity’s role in ensuring that
people have sustainable access to enough nutritive food to lead active and healthy lives and
sustain ecosystem goods and services and promote socio-economic development.
In its 83rd plenary meeting, the General Assembly of the United Nations declared
year 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity (IYB) and designated the secretariat of the
CBD as the focal point at global level.
49
Conference of the Parties (COP)
The “Conference of the Parties” (COP) is the governing body of the Convention, and
advances implementation of the Convention through the decisions it takes at its periodic
meetings. To date the Conference of the Parties has held 10 ordinary meetings, and one
extraordinary meeting (the latter, to adopt the Bio-safety Protocol was held in two parts).
From 1994 to 1996, the Conference of the Parties held its ordinary meetings annually. Since
then these meetings have been held somewhat less frequently and, following a change in the
rules of procedure in 2000, will now be held every two yea₹
The 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP -10) to the Convention on
Biological Diversity was held in Nagoya, Japan (18-29 October 2010).
The meeting achieved its three inter-linked goals:
Adoption of a new ten year Strategic Plan to guide international and national efforts
to save biodiversity through enhanced action to meet the objectives of the Convention on
Biological Diversity,
A resource mobilization strategy that provides the way forward to a substantial
increase to current levels of official development assistance in support of biodiversity;
And a new international protocol on access to and sharing of the benefits from the
use of the genetic resources of the planet.
The Strategic Plan of the Convention on Biological Diversity or the “Aichi Target”,
adopted and organized under five strategic goals that address the underlying causes of
biodiversity loss, reduce the pressures on biodiversity, safeguard biodiversity at all levels,
enhance the benefits provided by biodiversity, and provide for capacity-building.
Among the targets, it is important to note that the COP-10 agreed to at least halve
and where feasible bring close to zero the rate of loss of natural habitats including forests; -
Established a target of 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of marine and
coastal areas;
Through conservation and restoration, Governments will restore at least 15% of
degraded areas; and will make special efforts to reduce the pressures faced by coral reefs.
The “Aichi Target” will be the overarching framework on biodiversity not only for
the biodiversity-related conventions, but for the entire United Nations system. Parties agreed
to translate this overarching international framework into national biodiversity strategy and
action plans within two years.
50
As per the decision the 11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP
-11) to the Convention on Biodiversity was held in Hyderabad, Telangana State,
India from 8th to 19th October, 2012.
This meeting took place during the United Nations Decade (2010-2020) on
Biodiversity (UNDB), as declared by the United Nations General Assembly.
The United Nations Decade on Biodiversity serves to support and promote
implementation of the objectives of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi
Biodiversity Targets. Its goal is to mainstream biodiversity at different levels. Throughout the
United Nations Decade on Biodiversity, governments are encouraged to develop, implement
and communicate the results of national strategies for implementation of the Strategic Plan
for Biodiversity.
The provisional agenda includes consideration of: the status of the Nagoya Protocol
on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from
their Utilization; Implementation of the Strategic Plan 2011-2020 and progress towards the
Aichi Biodiversity Targets; issues related to financial resources and the financial mechanism;
issues related to cooperation, outreach and the UN Decade on Biodiversity; operations of the
Convention; Article 8(j)and related provisions; in-depth review of the programme of work on
island biodiversity; ways and means to support ecosystem restoration; marine and coastal
biodiversity; Biodiversity and climate change; Other substantive issues arising from COP 10
decisions, including dry land, forest, inland waters, mountain, and agricultural biodiversity,
protected areas, sustainable use of biodiversity, the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation,
biofuels and biodiversity, invasive alien species, the Global Taxonomy Initiative, incentive
measures, and biodiversity and development; as well as administrative and budgetary.
The Agenda of Conference of the Parties (CoP) –11
The agenda of CoP meetings is primarily drawn from the decisions of the previous
CoP.
The key issues on the agenda of CoP-11 are:
Strategic Plan: Setting national targets and updating National Biodiversity
Action Plans (NBAPs)
Status of Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing
Strategy for Resource Mobilization: Establishment of targets, review of
implementation
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High Level Segment of (HLS) Conference of the Parties (CoP)-11
High level segment of CoP–11 was held from 17-19 October, 2012. Unlike the
agenda of CoP, which is mostly from the decisions of previous CoP, the HLS is decided by the
host government in consultation with the CBD.
Key issues
Achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets: Progress at National Level and
Resource Mobilization
Biodiversity for sustainable development, livelihoods, poverty reduction
and food security
Coastal and Marine Biodiversity
Implementation of Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and
Benefit Sharing
Eleventh International CoP at India
CoP–11 was a prestigious event for both Government of India & Andhra Pradesh
State Government with the participation of nearly 8,000 delegates from 193 global countries.
An estimated amount of ₹ 1,000 crores was funded for the event collectively by the United
Nations, Government of India and Andhra Pradesh State Government.
The countries agree in the United Nations Biodiversity Conference at
Hyderabad “to double resources for biodiversity protection by 2015- Special attention for
biodiversity, rich marine areas among other key outcomes.
Environment and Sustainability targets during 12th Five Year Plan-2012-17 by the
Government of Andhra Pradesh.
1. Increase green cover (as measured by satellite imagery) by one million
hectare.
2. Add 30,000 MW of renewable energy capacity.
3. Reduce emission intensity of GDP in line with the target of 20 percent to
25 percent reduction by 2020 over 2005 levels.
The loss to biological diversity and the decrease of natural habits cannot be recovered as
a result of growing urbanization and industrialization. The ecological balance of flora and forest is
disturbed by rapid increase of population.
52
TABLE - 3.1AREA AND PRODUCTION OF SPECIES PLANTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2015-16
Sl.No. Name of Species Area in Hectares Production in
Metric Tonnes1. 2. 3. 4.1. Fruits 5,77,025 1,00,88,818
2. Vegetables 2,38,399 54,42,773
3. Aromatics & Medicinal Plants 1,174 824
4. Plantation crops 4,60,596 30,35,518
5. Spices 2,32,052 11,30,087
6. Flowers 18,254 1,47,281
Total 15,27,504 1,98,45,301
Source: Commissioner of Horticulture, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.2NUMBER AND STATUS OF PLANT SPECIES IN INDIA
Sl.No. Type
No. of known speciesin India
No. of EndemicSpecies
No. of ThreatenedSpecies
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 20151. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
I. Flowering Plants
1. Gymnosperms 75 78 8 8 7 7
2. Angiosperms 18,043 18,259 ca. 4,036 4,036 1,700 1,700
II. Non Flowering Plants
1. Bryophytes 2,523 2,550 629 629 ca. 80 ca. 80
2. Pteridophytes 1,268 1,288 47 47 ca. 414 ca. 414
III. Others
1.Virus &Bacteria 1,036 1,120 Not known
2. Algae 7,284 7,331 1,924 1,924 Not known
3. Fungi 14,883 15,053 ca. 4,100 ca.4,100 ca. 580 ca. 580
4. Lichens 2,401 2,479 ca. 520 ca. 520 Not knownSource: Compendium of Environment Statistics, India, 2016, CSO, New Delhi.
53
TABLE - 3.3REFERENCE COLLECTION OF FLORA, 2014-15 & 2015-16
Sl.No. Category
2014-15 2015-16
TotalNumber
TotalArea Covered(Area in Sq.
Kms.)
TotalNumber
TotalArea Covered(Area in Sq.
Kms.)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Biosphere Reserves - - 3 6,133.002. National Parks 3 917.483 3 1,368.833. Wildlife Sanctuaries 13 6,394.830 13 7,124.68
Total Protected Area 16 7,312,313 19 14,626.64
4.Tiger Reserves(NSTR Nagarjuna Sagar TigerReserve Srisailam)
1 1,401.720 1 3,727.00
5. Dear Parks(Govt.2,Private 2) 4 0.383 4 0.386. Zoological Parks 2 24.919 2 14.537. Reserved Forests - 29,455.00 - 29,455.008. Protected Areas - 4,897.00 - 4,897.009. Other Forests/Unclassified - 220.00 - 220.00
Total (Sl.No.7+8+9) - 34,572.00 - 34,572.00Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.4CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST AREA, 2014-15 & 2015-16
Sl.No. Region
2014-15 2015-16
Forestarea
(Sq. Kms)
Percen-tage tototal
ForestArea
Forestarea
(Sq. Kms)
Percen-tage tototal
ForestArea
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.I Legal Status:
a)Reserved 29,455 85.20 29,455 85.20b)Protected 4,897 14.16 4897 14.16c)Un-Notified 220 0.64 220 0.64
Total 34,572 100.00 34,572 100.00II Ownership:
Forest Department. 34,572 - 34,572 -
III Forest Type (Combined AP):(as per Champion & Seth’s Classification 2011)1.Plantation 689.19 1.08 689.19 1.082.Tropical Semi Ever GreenForests - - - -
3.Tropical Moist DeciduousForests 2,603.61 4.08 2,603.61 4.08
4.Litoral & Swamp Forest 363.74 0.57 363.74 0.575.Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests 56,654.07 88.78 56,654.07 88.786.Tropical Thorn Forests 2,884.39 4.52 2,884.39 4.527.Tropical dry Ever Green Forests 619.00 0.97 619.00 0.97
Total 63,814.00 100.00 63,814.00 100.00
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Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.TABLE - 3.5
CIRCLE WISE FOREST AREA COVERED IN ANDHRA PRADESH(2014-15 ASSESSMENT)
(Area in Sq.Kms)
Sl.No. Circle
VeryDenseForest(VDF)
Modera-tely
DenceForest(MDF)
OpenForest(OF)
ScrubForest(SF)
NonForest(NF)
WaterBodies(WB)
Total Encroach-ment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1. Vishakhapatnam 104.70 2,760.20 1,912.31 1,171.40 613.00 10.75 6,572.37 1.40
2. Rajahmundry 282.42 3,874.93 1,331.01 495.59 410.82 207.03 6,601.79 0.57
3. Guntur 74.33 1,073.50 1,643.86 2,788.24 429.99 55.17 6,065.09 0.34
4. Kurnool 8.37 908.61 2,297.72 1,512.51 824.95 8.51 5,560.67 0.00
5. FDPT Srisailam 8.74 507.47 1,512.15 1,501.37 292.37 84.42 3,906.52 0.26
6. Anathapuram 35.01 1,254.14 665.99 1,130.62 944.81 4.79 4,035.36 0.09
7. Wlm Tirupathi 136.21 1,413.34 1,567.96 855.51 192.13 2.42 4,167.58 1.81
Total 649.79 11,792.18 10,931.01 9,455.24 3,708.07 373.08 36,909.38 4.47
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.TABLE - 3.6
DISTRICT-WISE FOREST AREA, 2015-16(Area in Sq. Kms.)
Sl.No. District
TotalGeo-
graphicalArea
Forest Area % of Forestto Total
GeographicalArea
Reserved ProtectedOthers(un-
classified)Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 5,837 422 243 21 686 11.752. Vizianagaram 6,539 716 420 57 1,193 18.243. Visakhapatnam 11,161 2,235 2,165 12 4,412 39.534. East Godavari 10,807 2,701 531 - 3,232 29.915. WestGodavari 7,742 769 43 - 812 10.496. Krishna 8,727 430 234 - 664 7.617. Guntur 11,391 1,619 - - 1,619 14.218. Prakasam 17,626 4,385 40 - 4,425 25.109. S.P.S. Nellore 13,076 2,500 14 5 2,519 19.2610. Y.S.R 15,359 4,874 129 - 5,003 32.5711. Kurnool 17,658 3,394 37 84 3,515 19.9112. Ananthapuramu 19,130 1,922 15 34 1,971 10.3013. Chittoor 15,152 3,488 1,026 7 4,521 29.84
ANDHRA PRADESH 1,60,205 29,455 4,897 220 34,572 21.58
55
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.TABLE-3.7
FOREST COVER CHANGE MATRIX, 2014-15 ASSESMENT(Area in Sq. Kms)
2014-15
Forest Cover Change Matrix
TotalVery
DenseForest(VDF)
Modera-tely
DenceForest(MDF)
OpenForest(OF)
ScrubForest(SF)
NonForest(NF)
WaterBodies(WB)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.Very DenseForest (VDF) 649.79 - - - - - 649.79ModeratelyDense Forest(MDF) -
11,792.18 - - 3.10 - 11,795.28
Open Forest (OF) - - 10,926.75 0.07 8.17 - 10,934.99
Scrub Forest (SF)- - 2.90 9439.93 25.56 - 9,468.39
Non-Forest (NF) - - 1.36 15.24 3671.24 - 3,687.84Water Bodies(WB) - - - - - 373.08 373.08
Total of 2014-15649.79
11,792.18 10,931.01 9,455.24 3,708.07 373.08 36,909.38
Net Change - -3.10 -3.98 -13.15 20.23 - -Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.8DISTRICT-WISE FOREST AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2014-15 ASSESSMENT)(Area in Sq. Kms)
Sl.No. District
Good Forest(VDF+MDF+
OF)
DegradedForest
(Scrub + NF)WaterBodies Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 225.74 492.26 3.72 721.722. Vizianagaram 889.86 158.73 3.15 1,051.733. Visakhapatnam 3,661.62 1,133.41 3.89 4,798.924. East Godavari 4,061.23 494.14 154.29 4,709.665. West Godavari 1,055.45 191.28 0.88 1,247.616. Krishna 371.67 221.00 51.85 644.527. Guntur 475.54 1,309.87 40.80 1,826.218. Prakasam 2,700.63 1,750.92 10.25 4,461.809. S.P.S. Nellore 1,015.94 1,351.82 30.06 2,397.8310. Y.S.R 3,380.21 1,665.82 6.87 5,052.8911. Kurnool 1,810.29 1,682.46 62.04 3,554.7912. Ananthapuramu 78.55 1,863.02 4.03 1,945.6013. Chittoor 3,646.25 848.60 1.25 4,496.09
Grand Total 23,372.98 13,163.32 373.08 36,909.38VDF- Very Dense Forest MDF-Moderately Dense Forest OF- Open Forest NF- Non Forest
56
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.9DISTRICT -WISE DISRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA UNDER DIFFERENT VEGETATION
CLASSIFICATIONS IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2014-15 ASSESSMENT)(Area in Sq. Kms)
Sl.No. District Green Forest
(VDF+MDF+OF+SF) Non Forest WaterBodies Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 539.02 178.98 3.72 721.722. Vizianagaram 981.60 66.98 3.15 1,051.733. Visakhapatnam 4,426.13 368.90 3.89 4,798.924. East Godavari 4,244.05 311.32 154.29 4,709.665. West Godavari 1,194.07 52.66 0.88 1,247.616. Krishna 545.83 46.83 51.85 644.527. Guntur 1,654.82 130.59 40.80 1,826.218. Prakasam 4,383.27 68.27 10.25 4,461.809. S.P.S. Nellore 2,087.56 280.21 30.06 2,397.8310. Y.S.R 4,835.86 210.16 6.87 5,052.8911. Kurnool 2,550.07 942.69 62.04 3,554.7912. Ananthapuramu 1,069.36 872.21 4.03 1,945.6013. Chittoor 4,316.59 178.26 1.25 4,496.09
Grand Total 32,828.22 3,708.07 373.08 36,909.38Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.10DISTRICT -WISE FOREST COVER, SCRUB AND MANGROVE COVER
(2014-15 ASSESSMENT)(Area in Sq.Kms)
Sl.No. District Geographical
AreaForest Cover
(VDF+MDF+OF)ScrubForest Mangrove
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 5,837 225.74 313.28 -2. Vizianagaram 6,539 889.86 91.74 -3. Visakhapatnam 11,161 3,661.62 764.51 -4. East Godavari 10,807 4,061.23 182.82 188.005. West Godavari 7,742 1,055.45 138.62 -6. Krishna 8,727 371.67 174.16 109.007. Guntur 11,391 475.54 1,179.28 49.008. Prakasam 17,626 2,700.63 1,682.64 1.009. S.P.S. Nellore 13,076 1,015.94 1,071.61 5.0010. Y.S.R 15,359 3,380.21 1,455.65 -11. Kurnool 17,658 1,810.29 739.77 -12. Ananthapuramu 19,130 78.55 990.81 -13. Chittoor 15,152 3,646.25 670.34 -
Grand Total 1,60,205 23,372.98 9,455.24 352.00VDF- Very Dense Forest MDF-Moderately Dense Forest OF- Open Forest NF- Non ForestSource: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
57
TABLE - 3.11CIRCLE-WISE GROWING STOCK IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2012 ASSESSMENT
Sl.No.
Nameof theCircle
DenseTotal
Volume
Open totalVolume
ScrubTotal
Volume
TotalVolume
CircleAverage
(per Hect.)
(in Million Cu. M) (in Cu. M)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. Visakhapatnam 29.55 6.12 2.33 38.02 57.85
2. Rajahmundry 35.84 3.84 0.27 39.94 60.45
3. Guntur 8.34 2.32 0.25 10.91 17.99
4. Kurnool 8.00 2.25 0.47 10.72 19.28
5. FDPT Srisailam 8.54 2.03 0.31 10.88 27.85
6. Ananthapuramu 2.19 1.59 0.47 4.25 10.53
7. WLM Tirupathi 7.76 3.92 0.21 11.88 28.51
ANDHRA PRADESH 100.22 22.07 4.31 126.60 34.30
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.12DISTRICT-WISE DOR & UDOR CASES UNDER FOREST PROTECTION IN TEAK
BEARING AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl.No. District
No. ofDORcases
Value(₹ inlakhs)
“C” feecollected
No. ofUDORcases
Value(₹ inlakhs)
No. ofvehiclesseized
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 794 8.19 35.80 4 1.79 92. Vizianagaram 1,045 10.86 50.74 2 0.92 -3. Visakhapatnam 1,946 29.620 69.372 31 13.608 254. East Godavari 1,878 54.169 166.579 378 90.942 -5. West Godavari 1,011 10.818 71.751 238 24.257 586. Krishna 707 6.011 41.934 3 0.323 497. Guntur - - - - - -8. Prakasam 1,133 9.516 55.016 9 3.440 -9. S.P.S Nellore - - - - - -10. Y.S.R. Kadapa - - - - - -11. Kurnool 986 18.938 97.105 184 7.023 15612. Ananthapuramu - - - - - -13. Chittoor 1,822 57.807 132.244 - - -
ANDHRA PRADESH 17,045 337.619 1,163.689 848 137.846 491DOR - Defected Offence Record, UDOR–Un Defected Offence Record, ‘C’ – CompoundingSource: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests-Vigilance (Protection) Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
58
TABLE - 3.13CIRCLE-WISE DOR & UDOR CASES UNDER FOREST PROTECTION IN TEAK BEARING
AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name of theCircle
TotalNo. ofDORcases
Booked
TotalValue of
thematerialinvolved(₹ inlakhs)
Totalcompound
Feecollected
(₹ inlakhs)
TotalNo. ofUDORcases
Booked
TotalValue of
thematerialinvolved(₹ inlakhs)
No. ofvehiclesseized
TotalValue ofmaterialinvolved(₹ inlakhs)
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1. Visakhapatnam 24 46.63 127 1 - 1 -
2. Rajahmundry 3596 71.00 317.03 619 115.52 222 43.333. Guntur 1469 30.49 65.69 10 15.16 - 0.314. Kurnool 858 17.96 91.85 134 5.33 151 5.335. FDPT Srisailam 128 8.98 5.25 50 1.69 5 0.126. Ananthapuramu - - - - - - -7. WLM Tirupati - - - - - -ANDHRA PRADESH 6,051 175.06 606.82 813 137.70 373 49.09
DOR - Defected Offence Record, UDOR- Un Defected Offence Record.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests-Vigilance (Protection) Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.14CIRCLE-WISE ENCROACHMENTS,WILDLIFE POACHING CASES UNDER FOREST
PROTECTION IN TEAK BEARING AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESHFOR THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name of theCircle
Details of Encroachments(out of DOR & UDOR Cases)
Details of Wildlife/Poaching cases(out of DOR & UDOR Cases)
TotalNo. ofcases
Booked
TotalArea
involved(in Hect)
Total No.of
personsinvolved
TotalNo. ofCases
Booked
No. of cases prosecuted
Within theprotected
Area
Outside theprotected
Area
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Visakhapatnam - - - - - -
2. Rajahmundry 7 10.619 44 8 8 -
3. Guntur 20 135.01 148 6 2 4
4. Kurnool 2 7.901 10 8 2
5. FDPT Srisailam - - - 15 3 12
6. Ananthapuramu 1 0.28 1 4 - 4
7. WLM Tirupati - - - - - -
ANDHRA PRADESH 30 153.81 203 41 13 22DOR - Defected Offence Record, UDOR– Un Defected Offence Record.
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests-Vigilance (Protection), Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
59
TABLE - 3.15
ESTIMATION OF NON-FOREST WASTE LANDIN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON 31.03.2008
(Area in Lakh Hect.)
Saline Alkaline Lands Wind ErodedArea
Water ErodedArea Total
1. 2. 3. 4.
2.40 - 74.42 76.82Note: Data related to United Andhra PradeshSource: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE- 3.16
PHYSICAL TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF FOREST PRODUCE (DEPARTMENTALEXTRACTION OF TIMBER) FOR THE YEARS 2013-14, 2014-15 & 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name of theSpecies
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16PhysicalTargets
Achievements
PhysicalTargets
Achieve-ments
PhysicalTargets
Achieve-ments
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Teak (Cmt) 7,663.73 4,052.102 3,786.03 2,556.46 8,141.27 3,747.26
2. Non-Teak (Cmt) 6,675.00 4,681.048 1,002.00 256.06 740.00 283.03
Timber Total 14,338.73 8,733.150 4,788.03 2,812.52 8,881.27 4,030.29
3. Casuarina (Cmt) 7,589.00 445.000 7,113.00 1,982.00 8,734.00 721.00
4. Non-Teak (Cmt) - - - - - -
5. Teak (Cmt) 2,265.00 2,181.840 1,991.30 1,945.00 4,090.00 1,092.00
6. Eucalyptus (Cmt) 29,505.54 8,750.790 14,076.90 8,564.34 22,060.07 7,930.27
7. UDOR Fuel 50.00 1,35,502.000 235.00 1,126.30 212.00 -
8. AA Formis - - - - 101311.00 -
Fuel Total (Cmt) 39,409.54 24,879.630 23,416.20 13,617.64 1,36,407.07 9,743.27
9. Teak (Nos.) 32,312 521 38,633 2,528 36,111 8
10. Non-Teak (Nos.) - - - - - -
11. Casuarina(Nos.) - - - - 42,220 25,810
12. Eucalyptus (Nos.) 18,707 - 632 - 45,626 384
13. AA Formis 63,100 - - - - -
Poles Total (Nos.) 1,14,119 521 39,265 2,528 - -
14.Long Bamboo(Nos.) 99,59,673 59,90,201 41,79,829 34,73,854 89,48,690 37,69,896Bamboo IndustrialCuts (Nos.) 10,26,917 - 7,19,450 - 35,650 -
Bamboo Total (Nos.) 1,09,86,590 59,90,201 48,99,279 34,73,854 89,84,340 37,69,896
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
60
TABLE -3.17
AREA UNDER A.P. FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED WITHIMPORTANT SPECIES FROM 2013-14 TO 2015-16
(Area in Hectares)Sl.No. Species 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Teak 662.18 745.36 781.10
2. Eucalyptus(seed Origin) 5,622.37 4,584.95 5,029.863. Eucalyptus(clonal) 26,932.35 28,719.00 30,478.424. Cashew 8,258.12 7,367.98 6,264.905. Bamboo 2,380.42 2,438.15 2,412.486. Coffee 4,010.00 4,010.00 4,010.007. Medicinal Plants 505.39 505.39 581.52
8. Casuarina, Pines and otherMiscellaneous species 266.78 266.78 428.11
Total 48,640.61 48,637.61 49,986.39Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE -3.18AREA PLANTED BY A.P. FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED
(Area in Hectares)Sl. No. Species 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Eucalyptus Clonal2,256.70 2,400.30 1,804.00 997.81
2. Bamboo 70.00 80.16 65.00 63.613. Teak 75.00 80.00 95.00 50.00
Total 2,401.70 2,560.46 1,964.00 1,111.42Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE -3.19PRODUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS PLANTATIONS
Sl.No. Species 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Eucalyptus – Pulpwood (MTs) 87,942 1,52,872 13,491* -2. Bamboo- industrial cuts (MTs) 123 169 325 231
3. Bamboo- Long Bamboo (Nos.) 6,34,690 8,42,074 7,95,388 6,73,961
4. Cashew (MT) 213 210 184 -
5. Coffee (MT) 548 755 358.437 321.67
6. Pepper (MT)15 37 2.80 6.42
* - Harvesting of Eucalyptus Plantations during 2014-15 season was not taken up as thesale of resultant pulpwood is deferred due to bifurcation of the State.
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
61
TABLE - 3.20
TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER AFFORESTATIONIN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEARS FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
Sl. No. Year Details Achievements
1. 2. 3. 4.
1.
2011-12
Block Plantation in Hects. 170.11
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 531.83
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,354.92
1.
2012-13
Block Plantation in Hects. 965.00
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 347.00
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,980.05
1.
2013-14
Block Plantation in Hects. 392.28
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 775.50
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,942.62
1.
2014-15
Block Plantation in Hects. 100.00
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 613.00
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 2,212.73
1.
2015-16
Block Plantation in Hects. 4,354.60
2. Avenue Plantation in kms. 759.75
3. Seedlings in Lakhs 1,206.20Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
62
TABLE - 3.21WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. Name of Sanctuary District
Sanctuary(Area in Sq. Km.)
2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Kambalakonda WLS Vishakapatnam 71.390 70.700
2. Coringa WLS East Godavari 235.700 235.700
3. Kolleru WLSWest Godavari 237.936 308.550Krishna 70.616
Total 308.552 308.550
4. Krishna WLSKrishna 149.781
194.810Guntur 44.435
Total 194.216 194.810
5.Rajiv Gandhi WLS(Tiger Reserve)
Kurnool 411.000
2,131.310Prakasam 665.180
Guntur 325.540
Total 1,401.720 2,131.310
6.Gundla Brahmeswara WLS(Extended Core)
Kurnool 735.492 1,194.000Prakasam 458.192
Total 1,193.685 1,194.00
7. Nelapattu WLS S.P.S Nellore 4.580 4.580
8. Pulicat WLS S.P.S Nellore 600.000 600.000
9. Sri Penisula Narasimha WLSS.P.S Nellore 626.425
1,030.900Y.S.R 404.433
Total 1,030.858 1,030.900
10. Sri Lankamalleswara WLS S.P.S Nellore&Y.S.R
464.420 464.420
11. Rallapadu WLS Kurnool 6.140 6.140
12. Sri Venkateswara WLSChittoor 284.306
525.970Y.S.R 241.660
Total 525.966 525.970
13. Koundinya WLS Chittoor 357.600 357.600
Grand Total 6,394.830 7,124.68
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
63
TABLE - 3.22NATIONAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. Name Location (District)
Sanctuary Area in Sq. Kms
2014-15 2015-161. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Papikonda National Park,East Godavari
East Godavari 230.5445
1,012.9000Khammam Part(Chintur) 69.1809
West Godavari 261.8280Total 561.5534 1,012.9000
2. Rajiv Gandhi NationalPark, Kadapa Y.S.R 2.3000 2.3000
3. Sri VenkateswaraNational Park, Tirupathi
Y.S.R 232.7000 232.7000Chittoor 120.9300 120.9300Total 353.6300 353.6300
Grand Total 917.4834 1,368.8300Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.23DEER PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
Sl.No. Name Location (District)
Sanctuary Area in Sq. Kms.
2014-15 2015-161. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Kandaleru Deer Park At Kandaleru Dam,S.P.S Nellore 0.2500 0.2500
2. Chittoor RF Deer Park Chittoor, Chittoor 0.0325 0.0325
3.Deer Park , NagarjunaFertilizers and ChemicalsLimited Green Belt
Kakinada, East Godavari 0.0500 0.0500
4. Deer Park, GVK PowerPlant
Jegurupadu, EastGodavari 0.0500 0.0500
Total 0.3825 0.3825Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.24ZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. Name Location (District)
Sanctuary Area in Sq. Kms2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Indira Gandhi ZoologicalPark
Visakhapatnam,Visakhapatnam 2.559 2.529
2. Sri VenkateswaraZoological Park, Tirupathi Tirupati, Chittoor 22.390 12.000
Total: 24.919 14.529Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
64
TABLE – 3.25STOCK POSITION OF THE SPECIES, BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2005-06 TO 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name ofthe Species
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.1. Carnivores 47 52 99 47 64 111 48 59 107
2. Herbivores 116 84 200 103 88 191 86 82 168
3. Primates 2 41 63 22 35 57 23 38 61
4. Rodents 17 8 25 20 8 28 24 12 36
5. Birds 653 438 1091 647 423 1,070 696 446 1,142
6. Reptiles 141 80 221 152 86 238 149 85 234Total 996 703 1,699 991 704 1,695 1,026 722 1,748
(Contd..)
TABLE – 3.25STOCK POSITION OF THE SPECIES, BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2005-06 TO 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name ofthe Species
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total
1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.1. Carnivores 43 45 88 41 43 84 18 2 202. Herbivores 88 171 259 107 171 278 57 8 653. Primates 27 42 69 28 40 68 12 - 124. Rodents 28 8 36 28 8 36 4 14 185. Birds 619 432 1051 644 450 1094 72 495 5676. Reptiles 166 88 254 171 88 259 4 162 166
Total 971 786 1,757 1,019 800 1,819 167 681 848(Contd..)
TABLE – 3.25STOCK POSITION OF THE SPECIES, BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2005-06 TO 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name ofthe Species
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total
1. 2. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.1. Carnivores 14 7 21 85 48 133 81 45 1262. Herbivores 69 16 85 175 188 363 157 182 3393. Primates 1 - 11 24 33 57 28 41 694. Rodents 2 14 16 - 8 8 - 8 85. Birds 73 487 560 630 473 1,103 644 476 1,1206. Reptiles - 166 166 164 91 255 157 90 247
Total 169 690 859 1,078 841 1,919 1,067 842 1,909(Contd..)
65
TABLE – 3.25(Concld.)STOCK POSITION OF THE SPECIES, BIRDS AND ANIMALS IN NATIONALZOOLOGICAL PARKS IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2005-06 TO 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name ofthe Species
2014-15 2015-16
SVZP IGZP Total SVZP IGZP Total1. 2. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.1. Carnivores 55 71 126 54 62 1162. Herbivores 152 293 445 182 216 3983. Primates 35 40 75 30 40 704. Rodents 12 8 20 16 8 245. Birds 574 91 665 555 86 6416. Reptiles 152 256 408 149 243 392
Total 980 759 1739 986 655 1641SVZP – Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park, Tirupati.IGZP – Indhira Gandhi Zoological Park, Visakhapatnam.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.26NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES, DEER PARKS, ZOOLOGICAL PARKS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16(As on 31.3.2016)
Sl.No.
Name of theDistrict
National parks Wild lifesanctuaries Deer parks Zoological
parks
No Area in(sq.km.) No Area in
(sq.km.) No Area in(sq.km.) No Area in
(sq.km.)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.1. Srikakulam - - - - - - - -
2. Vizianagaram - - - - - - - -
3. Visakhapatnam - - 1 70.700 - - 1 2.53
4. East Godavari 1 1,012.900 1 235.700 2 0.10 - -
5. West Godavari - - 1 237.936 - - - -
6. Krishna - - 1 220.400 - - - -
7. Guntur - - - 734.970* - - - -
8. Prakasam - - 1 1,488.370 - - - -
9. S.P.S Nellore - - 3 1,231.010 1 0.25 - -
10. Y.S.R 1 235.000 1 1,111.054 - - - -
11. Kurnool - - 2 1,152.630 - - - -
12. Ananthapuramu - - - - - - - -
13. Chittoor 1 120.930 2 641.910 1 0.03 1 12.00
ANDHRA PRADESH 3 1,368.830 13 7,124.680 4 0.38 2 14.53*- Indicates that, the Sanctuaries Area is covering more than a District. Hence the main
Sanctuary points of the District, the areas were showed.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wildlife Section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
66
TABLE-3.27TIGER & PANTHER POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(In Number)Year Tigers/Panthers Male Female Cubs Unknown Total1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2008 Tigers 38 43 11 10 1022009 Tigers 44 45 3 14 1062010 Tigers NA NA NA NA 72
2011 Panthers 51 57 1 - 109Tigers 75 81 26 - 182
2012 Panthers 34 26 6 4 67Tigers 13 21 - 7 41
2013 Panthers 29 40 7 - 76Tigers 5 10 - - 15
2014 Panthers 33 33 11 - 77Tigers 10 13 1 - 24
2015 Panthers 35 47 10 - 92Tigers 16 33 4 - 53
2016 Panthers 54 43 16 - 113Tigers 13 8 - - 21
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Wild life section, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.TABLE- 3.28
SPECIES-WISE TALL AND VERY TALL SEEDLINGS RAISED BY ALL AGENCIES FORTHE PLANTING SEASON IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2015-16
(In Thousands)Sl.No. Name of the Species Social Forestry Territorial Other
Agencies Total1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Ravi 5,71,195 19,77,687 16,14,286 41,63,1682. Marri 2,25,446 93,435 14,14,001 17,32,8823. Neem 49,63,494 48,12,610 12,14,252 1,09,90,3564. Peltophorum 26,38,377 3,01,854 17,14,124 46,54,3555. Kanuga 59,71,634 48,25,146 16,14,143 1,24,10,9236. Raintree 19,48,069 21,12,041 - 40,60,1107. Badam 5,13,108 85,265 - 5,98,3738. Devakanchanam 6,67,134 1,32,126 - 7,99,2609. Panasa 2,95,190 84,162 - 3,79,35210. Gulmohar 16,41,151 20,76,402 13,14,235 50,31,78811. T.Maddi 15,36,990 9,73,937 - 25,10,92712. Ponna 1,02,600 - - 1,02,60013. Seemabadam 1,37,300 28,953 - 1,66,25314. Legastromia 29,500 10,500 - 40,00015. Gangaravi 16,47,540 18,79,966 - 35,27,60616. Kadamalli - 1,870 - 1,87017. Seemaruba 33,550 40,193 - 73,74318. Bandaru - 1,06,109 - 1,06,10919. Rela 4,33,300 19,77,612 17,10,156 41,21,06820. Neredu 27,69,229 38,69,394 - 66,38,62321. Kadamba 1,65,357 16,580 - 1,81,93722. Yedakulapala 3,48,830 79,618 - 4,28,44823. Chinduga 1,18,924 11,60,293 - 12,79,21724. Bagoda 87,895 2,600 - 90,49525. Eucalyptus 18,55,556 15,14,286 95,66,321 1,29,36,16326. Subabul - - 79,76,425 79,76,42527. Others 53,00,031 3,29,45,321 6,70,62,276 1,53,607,898
All Total 8,17,01,770 6,11,07960 9,52,00,219 23,80,09,949Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forest, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
67
TABLE - 3.29DISTRICT-WISE & DIVISION-WISE PROBABLE FOREST STATUS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2014-15 ASSESSMENT)(Area in Sq. Kms)
Sl.No. District Division Geographical Area VDF MDF OF
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. Srikakulam Srikakulam 5,837.00 - 11.51 214.23
Total 5,837.00 - 11.51 214.23
2. Vizianagaram Vizianagaram 6,539.00 0.06 529.38 488.56
Total 6,539.00 0.06 529.38 488.56
3. Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam 5,100.00 3.34 459.64 520.96
Paderu 2,300.00 3.16 195.74 410.06
Narsipatnam 3,761.00 98.14 1,563.93 278.50
Total 11,161.00 104.64 2,219.31 1209.52
4. East GodavariChintur 2,085.03 123.34 1,000.06 132.02
Kakinada 8,721.97 67.17 1,995.34 743.29
Total 10,807.00 190.51 2,995.41 875.32
5. West Godavari Eluru 7,742.00 91.91 876.53 87.01
Total 7,742.00 91.91 876.53 87.01
6. Krishna Krishna 8,727.00 - 2.99 368.68
Total 8,727.00 - 2.99 368.68
7. Guntur Guntur 10,753.00 - 124.13 279.17
Total 10,753.00 - 124.13 279.17
8. PrakasamGiddalur 10,776.00 23.54 462.64 886.26
Markapur 7,488.00 7.00 207.36 1186.06
Total 18,264.00 30.54 670.00 2072.32
9. S.P.S Nellore Nellore 13,076.00 50.79 486.73 478.43
Total 13,076.00 50.79 486.73 478.43
10. Y.S.R
Kadapa 4,480.00 1.24 158.05 893.11
Proddatur 7,250.00 2.55 77.29 900.11
Rajampet 3,314.00 75.22 617.50 360.70Total 15,044.00 79.01 852.84 2153.92
11.Kurnool
Kurnool 12,558.00 - 1.13 148.27
Nandyal 2,600.00 4.58 672.14 356.23
Atmakur 2,500.00 1.74 300.11 326.09
Total 17,658.00 6.32 973.38 830.59
12. Ananthapuramu Ananthapuramu 19,130.00 - 5.84 72.71
Total 19,130.00 - 5.84 72.71
13. Chittoor
Chittoor East 6,360.00 - 308.45 1,029.69
Chittoor West 7,940.00 35.01 1,248.30 593.28
Wlm Tirupathi 1,167.00 60.99 487.38 177.57
Total 15,467.00 96.00 2,044.13 1,800.54
Grand Total 1,60,205.00 649.79 11,792.18 10,931.01VDF: Very Dense Forest; MDF: Moderately Dense Forest; OF: Open Forest; SF: Scrub
(Contd)
68
TABLE - 3.29 (Concld.)DISTRICT WISE & DIVISION WISE PROBABLE FOREST STATUS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH (2014-15 ASSESSMENT)(Area in Sq. Kms)
Sl.No. District Division SF NF WB Total
1. 2. 3. 8. 9. 10. 11.
1. Srikakulam Srikakulam 313.28 178.98 3.72 721.72
Total 313.28 178.98 3.72 721.72
2. Vizianagaram Vizianagaram 122.85 75.26 3.17 1,219.28
Total 122.85 75.26 3.17 1,219.28
3. Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam 246.15 33.93 2.08 1,266.10
Paderu 367.10 34.22 1.24 1,011.52
Narsipatnam 122.02 290.61 0.55 2,353.75
Total 735.27 358.76 3.87 4,631.37
4. East GodavariChintur 146.52 70.89 1.44 1,474.28
Kakinada 36.30 240.43 152.86 3,235.39
Total 182.82 311.32 154.29 4,709.66
5. West Godavari Eluru 138.62 52.66 0.88 1,247.61
Total 138.62 52.66 0.88 1,247.616. Krishna Krishna 174.16 46.83 51.85 644.52
Total 174.16 46.83 51.85 644.52
7. Guntur Guntur 940.03 110.94 22.65 1,476.92
Total 940.03 110.94 22.65 1,476.92
8. PrakasamGiddalur 776.60 38.84 2.45 2,190.34
Markapur 1143.44 50.94 25.95 2,620.75
Total 1920.03 89.79 28.40 4,811.09
9. S.P.S Nellore Nellore 1071.61 280.21 30.06 2,397.83
Total 1071.61 280.21 30.06 2,397.83
10. Y.S.R
Kadapa 586.58 76.58 0.98 1,716.54
Proddatur 544.09 47.12 3.96 1,575.11
Rajampet 311.29 85.32 1.91 1,451.94
Total 1441.96 209.01 6.85 4,743.59
11.Kurnool
Kurnool 354.48 697.35 1.32 1,202.55
Nandyal 27.37 3.91 2.25 1,066.47
Atmakur 357.93 241.43 58.47 1,285.77
Total 739.77 942.69 62.04 3,554.79
12. Ananthapuramu Ananthapuramu 990.81 872.21 4.03 1,945.60
Total 990.81 872.21 4.03 1,945.60
13. Chittoor
Chittoor East 447.52 100.87 0.29 1,886.82
Chittoor West 139.81 72.60 0.76 2,089.76
Wlm Tirupathi 96.70 5.95 0.23 828.82
Total 684.03 179.41 1.27 4,805.40
Grand Total 9455.24 3708.07 373.08 36909.38VDF: Very Dense Forest; MDF: Moderately Dense Forest; OF: Open Forest; SF: Scrub Forest;NF: Non Forest & WB: Water Bodies.Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
69
TABLE -3.30MAJOR AND MINOR FOREST PRODUCES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 2009-10 TO 2015-16(₹ in Lakhs)
Sl.No Species 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.MAJOR PRODUCE
1. Timber 1,997.91 1,436.60 2,214.43 1,789.73 1,421.15 247.528 1,880.1842. Firewood 36.96 23.69 46.46 51.34 38.93 27.398 4.218
3. Other MajorForest produce 67.06 42.09 13.92 370.50 12.02 - 204.292MINOR PRODUCE
1. Bamboo 950.65 894.19 1,110.78 1,121.87 1,299.93 1,274.539 1,418.8392. Beedi leaves 23.76 13.77 30.99 30.33 13.34 5.156 13.930
3. Other minorForest produce 10.18 47.86 11.49 10.63 6.32 28.768 11.153MISCELLANEOUS
1. Cashew 23.16 11.52 41.27 39.87 43.67 32.717 39.0002. Others 55.70 46.20 156.32 231.74 1,063.03 265.457 -
Grand Total 3,165.38 2,515.92 3,625.65 3,646.01 3,898.37 3,138.986 3,571.616
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE- 3.31CIRCLE-WISE MAJOR AND MINOR FOREST PRODUCE IN
ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2015-16(₹ in Lakhs)
Sl.No. Name of the Circle
Major Produce
Timber Other MajorForest
ProduceTimber Teak Thinning Total Firewood
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Visakhapatnam 142.790 963.610 1.560 1107.960 0.150 61.866
2. Rajahmundry 273.470 476.810 - 750.280 0.860 10.810
4. Guntur 1.757 - - 1.757 0.965 -
5. WLM Tirupati 3.668 - - 3.668 0.015 -
6. FDPT Srisailam 16.519 - - 16.519 2.228 -
7. Kurnool - - - - - 131.616
8. Ananthapuramu - - - - - -
ANDHRA PRADESH 438.204 1440.420 1.560 1880.184 4.218 204.292(Contd..)
70
TABLE- 3.31(Concld.)CIRCLE WISE MAJOR AND MINOR FOREST PRODUCE IN
ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2015-16(₹ in Lakhs)
Sl.No.
Name of theCircle
Minor ProducesGrandTotalBamboo
Beedi
Leaves
OtherMinorForest
Produce
Miscellaneous
Cashew Other Total
1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.1. Visakhapatnam 252.641 7.720 8.863 32.960 - 32.960 1,472.160
2. Rajahmundry 579.850 4.930 1.490 2.890 - 2.890 1,351.110
3. Guntur 282.445 - 0.250 3.150 - 3.150 288.567
4. WLM Tirupati 0.780 - 0.060 - - - 4.523
5. FDPT Srisailam 303.123 1.280 0.490 - - - 323.640
6. Kurnool - - - - - - 131.616
7. Ananthapuramu - - - - - - -ANDHRA PRADESH 1,418.839 13.930 11.153 39.000 - - 3,571.616
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forest,(Production) Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE -3.32PROCUREMENT OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 2013-14 TO 2015-16(Qty in Qtls & Value in ₹ in Lakhs)
Sl.No.
Name of theCommodity
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.A Minor Forest Produces
1. Gum Karaya 264.39 44.91 160.47 30.01 99.10 15.83
2.GumKondagogu 92.71 14.50 56.19 8.45 49.85 7.76
3. Gum Olibanum - - 32.774 1.71 39.45 1.904. Bees Wax 2.05 0.24 1.03 0.12 0.40 0.05
5. Cleaning Nuts 24.93 0.38 3.11 0.06 20.10 0.37
6. Dry Amla 916.28 41.28 747.84 33.58 582.00 21.15
7. Green Amla - - - - - -
8. Honey Rock Bee 1,807.69 220.21 3,020.68 402.79 4,185.75 599.69
9. Hill Brooms 1,80,054 64.11 1,01,772 34.03 98,500 46.40
10. Maredugaddalu 243.11 24.31 90.18 9.66 137.62 17.89
11. Marking Nuts 2,160.02 25.45 1,462.07 17.56 3,896.92 46.9512. Mohwa Seed 49.36 0.69 89.49 1.33 228.98 3.53
13. Myrobolans 6,249.52 38.60 4,500.94 27.00 5622.68 33.74
14.NaramamidiBark 1,317.95 38.61 1,204.80 38.89 1832.40 58.63
15. Nuxvomica 953.51 27.21 392.71 11.78 796.62 25.04(Contd.)
71
TABLE -3.32(Contd.)
PROCUREMENT OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCES IN ANDHRA PRADESHFROM 2013-14 TO 2015-16
(Qty in Qtls & Value in ₹ in Lakhs)
Sl.No. Name of the
Commodity2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
16. Pungam Seed 92.058 0.94 294.52 2.94 29.81 0.31
17. Seeded
Tamarind
- - - - - -
18. Deseeded
Tamarind
777.98 27.20 349.54 11.21 722.15 28.38
19. Flower Tamarind - - - - - -
20. Sheekakai 438.14 2.63 231.64 1.40 179.29 3.56
21. Soapnuts 220.74 2.45 424.43 4.12 566.55 5.65
22. Tamarind Seed 26,383.01 473.01 12,025.09 233.12 9,745.48 214.40
23. Addaleaf 215.00 1.08 - - - -
24. Rellabark 590.58 3.44 1,273.78 8.69 588.97 4.05
25.WildBrooms(Kgs) 17,821.00 17.82 20,028 2.06 - -
Total - 1072.55 - 880.51 - 1135.08
B Agricultural Produces
1. Ragi 770.65 11.63 727.45 11.03 1,645.15 23.682. Soya Bean - - - - - -3. White Beans 41.20 1.24 - - - -4. Turmeric 71.93 5.04 - - 19.00 1.335. Coffee Seed Gr.1 10.85 1.03 - - - -6. Chillies 50.46 3.74 - - 543.60 54.157. Rajmah (Red) 323.56 17.53 472.68 26.43 200.66 9.938. Rajmah (White) 11.11 1.00 - - 3.00 0.179. Cuttings - - 2.45 0.07 1.96 0.0710. Annato Seed 16.76 0.79 5.85 0.27 29.06 1.3111. Paddy - - - - 94.79 2.7312. Maize - - - - 32.00 0.4513. Jowar - - - - 301.50 4.39
Total1,296.52 42.00 1,208.43 37.80 2,870.72 98.21
(Contd.)
72
TABLE -3.32 (Concld.)
PROCUREMENT OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCES IN ANDHRA PRADESHFROM 2013-14 TO 2015-16
(Qty in Qtls & Value in ₹ in Lakhs)Sl.No. Name of the
Commodity2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value
1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.C Medicinal Herbs
1. Nepalam Seed(Jatropha) - - - - - -
2. Gilli Seed 9.08 0.06 23.04 0.16 26.55 0.183. RS Roots 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.04
4. Tippateega 504.59 3.76 365.37 2.95 125.39 1.00
5. Tanikayalu 4.00 0.01 33.46 0.20 77.34 0.46
6. Dudipalagaddalu - - - - - -
7. Gatchakayalu 0.67 0.01 15.37 0.19 1.54 0.04
8. Dola Seed - - - - - -9. Sugandhipala - - - - - -
10. Chitramoolam - - - - - -
11. Tellamaddi Chekka 76.50 1.33 183.51 1.00 471.12 2.77
12. Nelamemu - - - - 29.42 0.48
13. Maredukayalu - - - - 237.63 11.88
Total 594.93 5.18 620.75 4.50 969.38 16.85Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE- 3.33REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE (PLAN & NON-PLAN)
( ₹ in Lakhs)
Sl.No. Year Gross
RevenueTotal
ExpenditureNet RevenueExpenditure
Surplus/Deficit
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 2011-12 5,207.413 17,784.439 (-)12,577.026
2. 2012-13 5,371.872 15,149.004 (-)9,777.132
3. 2013-14 5,733.010 14,007.424 (-)8,274.414
4. 2014-15 43,720.880 27,232.320 16,488.560
5. 2015-16 47,362.200 30,259.390 17,102.810Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
73
TABLE- 3.34COMPONENT-WISE EXPENDITURE UNDER COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION FOR
THE YEARS 2014-15 & 2015-16
Sl.No.
Compensatory AfforestationComponent
2014-15 2015-16
PhysicalFinancial
(₹ inLakhs)
PhysicalFinancial
(₹ inLakhs)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1.Compensatory Afforestation (CA)(Ha.) 735 906.380 714 758.48
2. Additional CA / Penal (CA) (Ha.) 35 113.110 25 102.543. Safety Zone (Ha.) 7 9.160 4 8.9684. Extraction of Tree Growth (Nos) - 18.600 - -
5.Catchment Area Treatment Plan(CAT) 35 109.920 100 437.38
6. Miscellenious - - - 68.29Total - 1,157.180 - 1,375.67
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE- 3.35COMPONENT-WISE EXPENDITURE UNDER NET PRESENT VALUE FOR THE YEARS
2014-15 & 2015-16
Sl.No. NPV Component
2014-15 2015-16Physical(Area inHects.)
Financial(₹ inlakhs)
Physical(Area inHects.)
Financial(₹ inlakhs)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1.Natural Forest Management(NFM) 18,803 3,546.67 23,703 3,586.39
2. Forest Protection (FP) 2,479 2,689.67 2,985 2,412.203. Forest Fire Management (FFM) 15,266 354.55 1,165 293.254. Bio diversity Conservation (BDC) 743 893.22 329 673.265. Research & Development (R & D) 7,413 166.11 60 259.386. Capacity Building (CB) 44 41.94 - 9.39
7.Information & Technology &Communication (IT&C) 1,509 300.34 296 305.70
8. Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) 3 29.28 - 42.79Total - 8,021.77 - 7,582.36
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE- 3.36NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME FOREST DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FDA)
Sl.No. Year Target
(In Hects.)Achievement(In Hects.)
Releases(₹ in lakhs)
Expenditure incurred(₹ in lakhs)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. 2012-13 590 595 241.855 275.064
2. 2013-14 790 720 282.900 338.526
3. 2014-15 810 665 455.68 255.906
4. 2015-16 750 745 144.58 331.840Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
74
TABLE – 3.37SEIZURE OF WILD LIFE ARTICLES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
DURING THE YEAR 2016
(Contd.)
Sl.No.
Name of theCircle
Name of theDivision
Name of the Article (Species) Description ofproduce (live,
animal, carcass,animal article
etc.,)
Quantity &unitsCommon
name Scientific Name
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 71. Visakhapatnam Srikakulam Sambar Rusa unicolor Skin, Leg 1 No.
2. Rajahmundry - - - -3. Guntur - - - - -
4. Kurnool Kurnool SambarKondgorre
CervusunocolorTetraceros
Quadricamis
Head, Skin, Legs,Meat, Intestine
etc.,
4 No’s & 2No’s
5. Srisailam Atmakur
Leopard Panthera pardus Carcass
Claws 16No’s Bones
4 Nos.PutrefiedSkin 1 No.
Spotteddeer Rusa alfredi Skin 1 No.
Mouse deer Tragulidae Carcass 1No.Wild boar Susa scorfa Live 2No.
Sambar Rusa unicolor Meat Skin 10 Kgs1 No.
Wild boar Susa scorfa Meat 4 Kgs.Wild boar Susa scorfa Meat 1 KgPeacockPheasant Polyplectron Meat 2 Kgs.
Wild boar Susa scorfa Meat 2 KgsChital Axis axis Meat 250 Gms.
Wild boar Susa scorfa Meat 4 Kgs.Spotteddeer Rusa alfredi Carcass 1 No.
Panther cub Pantherepardus Carcass 1 No.6. Ananthapuramu Anantha-
puramu - - - -
Chittoor(West)
Sand BoaSnake
Eryx Johnil,Family Boidae Live Animal 1 Nos
Sambar Rusa unicolor Carcass 4 deadbodies
StarTortoise
Geocheloneelegans Live Animals 30 Nos
Elephant Elephas maxim Carcass 1 deadbody
75
TABLE – 3.37 (Concld.)SEIZURE OF WILD LIFE ARTICLES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
DURING THE YEAR 2016
Source: Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE – 3.38PRODUCTION OF FISHERIES IN ANDHRA PRDESH
(Quantity in Tonnes)
Sl.No.
Year MarineFish
Marineshrimp
Brackishwatershrimp
Inland FishFreshwaterprawn
Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. 2010-11 2,51,826 38,727 43,379 10,55,750 34,130 14,23,812
2. 2011-12 3,26,472 52,945 56,179 8,88,309 78,781 14,02,686
3. 2012-13 3,51,585 62,764 69,871 10,22,497 81,733 15,88,450
4. 2013-14 3,73,338 64,908 88,036 11,39,708 1,02,793 17,68,783
5. 2014-15 4,06,249 69,152 1,05,162 12,76,817 1,21,198 19,78,578
6. 2015-16 4,36,723 83,551 2,31,375 14,24,891 1,75,723 23,52,263Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
Sl.No.
Name of theCircle
Name ofthe Division
Name of the Article(Species) Description of produce
(live, animal, carcass,animal article etc.,)
Quantity& unitsCommon
nameScientificName
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 6.7. WLM Tirupati Rajampet
SambarRusa
Unicolor
The meat of Samber,Head, Skin, Eight legs
and the weightapproximate becomes
150
150 Kgs
SambarCervusUnicolor
1 No. Sambr(Cervus UniColor)
Spotted Deer Axis Axis
Wild Boar SasScrofaThe WildBoar
approximately 20 Kg20 Kg
Wild Boar SasScrofa Wild Boar meet 5 Kgs
Wild Pig Sus scrofia
The Meat, Head, Fourlgs of Male Wild Pig andapproximate weight 10
Kgs with 4 knifes
10 Kgs
Konda-gorre
Quadeicomis andGallus
Sonnerati
One (Chowsinga) Fourhorned antelope-
tratracerus Quadeicomis
76
TABLE - 3.39
DISTRICT-WISE MARINE FISH AND SHRIMP PRODUCTIONIN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16.
(Quantity in Tonnes)Sl.No. District 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 205-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7
1. Srikakulam 41,402 43,306 47,358 56,963 59,8392. Vizianagaram 13,591 13,711 16,431 16,507 17,5063. Visakhapatnam 79,274 84,232 89,906 97,320 1,03,9734. East Godavari 81,128 96,710 94,445 1,01,729 1,11,7245. West Godavari 8,190 8,874 10,998 11,805 12,4756. Krishna 31,207 33,096 36,619 39,943 41,2297. Guntur 30,387 33,348 33,860 38,914 40,9128. Prakasam 22,904 26,796 26,145 29,609 41,2849. S.P.S Nellore 71,334 74,276 82,484 82,611 91,332
TOTAL 3,79,417 4,14,349 4,38,246 4,75,401 5,20,274Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 3.40
LENGTH OF COASTLINE BY DISTRICTSAND FISHING VILLAGES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(As on 31.3.2016)Sl.No. District Coastal Length
(in Kms.) No. of Fishing Villages
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Srikakulam 200 128
2. Vizianagaram 29 20
3. Visakhapatnam 136 63
4. East Godavari 161 97
5. West Godavari 20 7
6. Krishna 111 43
7. Guntur 43 36
8. Prakasam 105 67
9. S.P.S Nellore 169 94
TOTAL 974 555Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
77
TABLE – 3.41DISTRICT-WISE INLAND FISHERY WATER RESOURCES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl.No. District
Length of
Rivers (Kms.) Canals (Kms.) Total(Kms.)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Srikakulam 409.15 112 521.15
2. Vizianagaram 395 190 585
3. Visakhapatnam 45 39 84
4. East Godavari 225 254 479
5. West Godavari 150 359 509
6. Krishna 102 80 182
7. Guntur 52 74 126
8. Prakasam 444 183.34 627.34
9. S.P.S Nellore 131 1,577 1708
10. Y.S.R 270 55 325
11. Kurnool 458 756.91 1,214.91
12. Ananthapuramu 350 210 560
13. Chittoor - - -
ANDHRA PRADESH 3,031.15 3,890.25 6,921.40(Contd.)
TABLE – 3.41(Concld.)DISTRICT-WISE INLAND FISHERY WATER RESOURCES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2015-16Area (in Hects)
Sl.No. District Reservoirs Tanks
Aqua CultureFreshWater
Fish Ponds
BrackishWater Total
1. 2. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1. Srikakulam 944 4,547.5 199.87 347.75 547.622. Vizianagaram 4,009 11820 121.68 33.77 155.453. Visakhapatnam 3,150 3,045 36.50 613.41 649.914. East Godavari 6,687 7,799.6 2,557.454 43,39.3 6,896.7545. West Godavari 700 1,503 26,604 1,976 28,5806. Krishna 7,800 5,705 23,780 4,032 27,8127. Guntur 13,227 8,313 1,012 2,016 3,0288. Prakasam 3,558.8 1,643.20 354 2,790 3,1449. S.P.S Nellore 7 418 2,554 5,382 7,93610. Y.S.R 1174 16,181 - - -11. Kurnool 42314 16766.86 - - -12. Ananthapuramu 12,623 46607 68 - 68.0013. Chittoor 720.80 36156 20.21 - 20.21ANDHRA PRADESH 96914.6 1,60,504.7 57,307.714 21,530.23 78,837.944
Source: Commissioner of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
78
TABLE - 3.42LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION AS PER 2003, 2007 & 2012 CENSUS
(in Number)Sl. No. Particulars 2003 2007 2012
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Cattle
Males (over three years) 16,67,319 16,49,466 12,03,944Females (over three years) 15,67,129 20,16,832 19,24,499Young Stock 13,18,134 18,06,486 15,87,206
Total 45,52,582 54,72,784 47,15,6492. Buffaloes
Males (over three years) 2,95,198 2,53,583 1,24,499Females (over three years) 39,15,048 44,25,444 35,25,527Young Stock 27,99,605 35,50,710 28,12,345
Total 70,09,851 82,29,737 64,62,3713. Sheep 95,74,345 1,21,82,061 1,35,59,8224. Goats 31,90,482 48,24,020 44,95,5265. Pigs 2,51,092 2,05,703 1,57,3016. Other Livestock 28,138 64,850 12,6477. Total Livestock without dogs 2,46,06,490 3,09,79,155 2,94,03,3168. Dogs 8,91,596 6,14,902 12,07,1049. Rabbits 8,607 11,391 24,22610. Poultry 6,00,33,899 7,45,36,821 8,05,83,096
Source: Director of Animal Husbandry, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 3.43DISTRICT-WISE LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION, 2012 CENSUS
(in Number)
Sl.No. District
CattleMales over
3 YearsFemales over
3 Years Young Stock Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 1,79,588 3,15,530 2,94,908 7,90,0262. Vizianagaram 1,74,637 1,72,363 1,34,634 4,81,6343. Visakhapatnam 89,203 1,61,282 1,57,947 4,08,4324. East Godavari 86,689 1,55,689 1,32,869 3,75,2475. West Godavari 33,334 83,148 71,625 1,88,1076. Krishna 24,047 30,483 24,890 79,4207. Guntur 53,343 30,515 26,213 1,10,0718. Prakasam 42,099 17,167 15,579 74,8459. S.P.S Nellore 30,403 45,451 40,114 1,15,96810. Y.S.R 40,498 57,371 41,272 1,39,14111. Kurnool 1,97,071 1,21,763 89,789 4,08,62312. Ananthapuramu 1,81,203 2,55,345 1,80,722 6,17,27013. Chittoor 71,289 4,78,398 3,76,638 9,26,865
ANDHRA PRADESH 12,03,944 19,24,499 15,87,206 47,15,649(Contd..)
79
TABLE - 3.43DISTRICT-WISE LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION, 2012 CENSUS
(in Number)
Sl.No. District
Buffaloes
Sheep Goats PigsMalesover
3 Years
Femalesover 3Years
YoungStock Total
1. 2. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.1. Srikakulam 18,475 54,408 53,445 1,26,328 5,75,046 2,12,300 4,725
2. Vizianagaram 13,803 68,671 50,582 1,33,056 4,23,123 1,73,751 10,151
3. Visakhapatnam 26,756 1,56,261 1,23,248 3,06,265 2,52,610 3,24,024 7,938
4. East Godavari 10,192 3,73,547 2,58,469 6,42,208 2,46,722 2,92,201 32,153
5. West Godavari 7,131 3,30,679 2,82,374 6,20,184 4,36,810 1,93,218 10,327
6. Krishna 2,352 3,65,050 3,28,716 6,96,118 5,08,061 1,51,118 10,187
7. Guntur 13,342 5,50,362 4,44,238 10,07,942 6,21,122 2,13,249 9,222
8. Prakasam 12,540 5,23,319 4,34,507 9,70,366 14,06,578 4,06,239 10,076
9. S.P.S Nellore 8,274 3,37,057 2,79,333 6,24,664 10,51,938 3,51,426 5,364
10. Y.S.R 5,883 2,63,085 1,97,965 4,66,933 14,03,224 4,57,896 9,309
11. Kurnool 1,540 2,39,136 1,72,136 4,12,812 15,04,671 5,06,173 17,787
12. Ananthapuramu 3,362 2,18,973 1,48,792 3,71,127 38,79,840 7,85,210 21,777
13. Chittoor 849 44,979 38,540 84,368 12,50,077 4,28,721 8,285ANDHRA PRADESH 1,24,499 35,25,527 28,12,345 64,62,371 1,35,59,822 44,95,526 1,57,301
(Contd..)
TABLE - 3.43 (Concld.)LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION, DISTRICT-WISE, 2012 CENSUS
(Number)Sl.No. District Other
LivestockTotal Livestock(without dogs) Dogs Rabbits Poultry
1. 2. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.1. Srikakulam 7 17,08,432 49,308 149 27,26,0622. Vizianagaram 242 12,21,957 52,088 308 35,37,8753. Visakhapatnam 1,227 13,00,496 99,592 480 57,14,5094. East Godavari 64 15,88,595 1,77,183 11,978 1,39,87,5755. West Godavari 26 14,48,672 89,990 498 1,62,06,5326. Krishna 56 14,44,960 97,303 421 1,17,51,9917. Guntur 171 19,61,777 70,216 1,356 69,75,5278. Prakasam 204 28,68,308 60,173 1,318 12,37,8649. S.P.S Nellore 80 21,49,440 72,121 958 14,91,09310. Y.S.R 247 24,76,750 68,039 586 15,62,50911. Kurnool 3,775 28,53,841 88,760 5,041 12,01,43012. Ananthapuramu 6,483 56,81,707 1,38,057 297 15,89,27813. Chittoor 65 26,98,381 1,44,274 836 1,26,00,51
ANDHRA PRADESH 12,647 2,94,03,316 12,07,104 24,226 8,05,83,096Source: Director of Animal Husbandry, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
5837 65
39
1116
1 1280
5
8507
8727
1139
1
1762
6
1307
6
1765
8
1535
9
1515
2
1913
0
4726
4708
4724
4673
4814
10000
15000
20000
25000
AR
EA
IN
Sq.
Km
s.
TABLE-3.6DISTRICT WISE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AND FOREST AREA IN ANDHRA PRADESH-2015-16
Total Geographical Area
Total Forest Area
5837
709 11
41
4726
4708
1310
664 14
16
4724
2815 35
22 4673
4814
1999
0
5000
492.26
158.73
1133.41
494.14
191.28 221.00
1309.87
1750.92
1351.82
1665.82
1682.46
1863.02
848.60
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1600.00
1800.00
2000.00
AR
EA
IN
Sq.
Km
s
Table-3.8DEGRADED FOREST AREA IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014 -15 ASSESSMENT
158.73 191.28 221.00
0.00
200.00
DISTRICT
No. in LakhsCattle 47
Buffaloes 65
Sheep 136
Goats 45
Dogs 12Poultry 806
4765
136
45
12
Table-No-3.43LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY POPULATION IN
ANDHRA PRADESH 2012 CENSUS(No. in Lakhs)
806
Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Dogs Poultry
4. ATMOSPHERE
81
4. ATMOSPHEREIntroduction
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air,
that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere of
Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the
Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat
retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between dayand
night (the diurnal temperature variation).
The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases that completely surround the
earth. It extends to an altitude of 800 to 1000 kilometers above the earth’s surface, but
it is deeper at the equator and shallow at the poles. The earth’s atmosphere keeps the
planet warm. Without the warming cover of natural green house gases, mainly carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water vapour, life could not exist on the Earth.
Gases in the atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is made of a mixture of gases. By volume, dry air
contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen,[2] 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and
small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on
average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content
and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use
in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only
in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres.
Climate Change
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns
when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of
years). Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the
time variation of weather within the context of longer-term average conditions. Climate
change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar
radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human
activities have been identified as primary causes of ongoing climate change, often
referred to as global warming.
The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical
properties (principally its mean and spread) of the climate system when considered over
long periods of time, regardless of cause. Accordingly, fluctuations over periods shorter
than a few decades, such as El Niño, do not represent climate change.
82
The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate
change (also known as global warming). Anthropogenic climate change is caused by
human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of
Earth's natural processes. In this sense, especially in the context of environmental
policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global
warming. Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature
increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that
increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.
A related term, "climatic change", was proposed by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) in 1966 to encompass all forms of climatic variability on time-scales
longer than 10 years, but regardless of cause. During the 1970s, the term climate
change replaced climatic change to focus on anthropogenic causes, as it became clear
that human activities had a potential to drastically alter the climate.[6] Climate change
was incorporated in the title of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Climate change is now
used as both a technical description of the process, as well as a noun used to describe
the problem.
Government of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
addressed some of these under 8 activities, namely: National Solar Mission, National
Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National
Water Mission, National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, National
Mission for a “Green India”, National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture & National
Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change. The first two relate to alternate
pollution free energy production related issues and 3 to 7 relate to issues of ecological
changes. The NAPCC also describes other ongoing initiatives, including (i) Power
Generation: The Government is mandating the retirement of inefficient coal - fired power
plans and supporting the research and development of IGCC and supercritical
technologies;(ii) Renewable Energy: Under the Electricity Act 2003 and the National
Tariff Policy 2006, the central and the state electricity regulatory commission must
purchase a certain percentage of grid-based power from renewable sources; and (iii)
Energy Efficiency; Under the Energy Conservation Act 2001, large energy consuming
industries are required to undertake energy audits and an energy labeling program for
appliances has been introduced.
“Climate change is a vast subject and plays vital role in the nation’s economy
in diverse ways as well environment at local, regional, national and global scales. Some
83
of the changes are in built in nature, which are beyond human control but only needs to
adapt to them – short & long term cycles or rhythms in precipitation & temperature; and
some are due to man’s actions. Climate change presents the changes in average
weather with the time. Weather is what we observe at any given time, which is
expressed by several meteorological parameters such as precipitation & temperature,
humidity, wind, evaporation, etc. and climate is the average of such weather over time.
These are however changed due to man’s actions that include changes in land use and
land cover and changes in the atmospheric green house gases composition. These are
represented by increasing or decreasing trend in meteorological parameters at given
location or region.
Ecological changes: In addition to changes in the atmosphere’s composition,
changes in the land use & land cover, known as ecological changes, can have important
effects on climate. For example, a change in land use and cover can affect temperature
by changing how much solar radiation the land reflects and absorbs. Process such as
deforestation, reforestation, desertification, changes in topography /orography,
urbanization, mining, construction of roads including railways & infrastructure, industry,
agriculture – dry- land to wet-land & vice versa or grazing lands, water resources-
construction of dams, etc. that come under ecological changes, play important role at
local & regional scales and thus contribute to changes in temperature, humidity, wind,
precipitation, evaporation/evapotranspiration, etc. Changes in land cover and land use
can also affect the greenhouse gases balance in the atmosphere through direct and
indirect actions in addition to their impact on life forms. Some of the well known
ecological changes are acid rain, heat-island effect, and cold-island effect.
The most common form of atmospheric pollution believed to affect forests is
‘acid rain’, defined as precipitation containing high levels of sulphuric or nitric acid. Acid
rain and air pollution degrade forest vegetation and thereby weather & climate and
greenhouse gases balance in the atmosphere. Urbanization, mining & deforestation
change weather & climate – Heat-island effect--. They also contribute changes in the
greenhouse gases balance in the atmosphere. This process produces ground level
ozone, a greenhouse gas, in the presence of pollutants such as NOx, VOCs, etc.
Changes in agriculture (dry-land to wet-land) and development of reservoirs,
reforestation modifies weather & climate – cold-island effect – as well greenhouse gases
balance in the atmosphere. In urban areas through poor town planning, destruction of
water bodies and green belts in the presence of air pollution the temperatures over cities
all over the world has raised by 2 to 10 o C over their rural surroundings. This change is
not only at the surface but also higher levels by which power consumption has increased
84
multifold. With the increased personalized vehicles use, also increases the fuel
consumption. That is with the increased urbanization and associated congestion &
dryness factor & dryness factor the power and fuel consumption are increasing non-
linearly. In tropical countries like India, we must always think globally and act locally.
By 2030 the urban population is expected to double (by 100% growth) to what is in
2008 but the same in the case of China, it is expected around 50 % only.
Greenhouse Gases and their effects:
Greenhouse effect, a warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest layer of
the atmosphere) caused by the presence of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and
certain other gases in the air. Of those gases, known as greenhouse gases, water vapour
has the largest effect.
The green house effect plays a crucial role in regulating the heat balance of
the earth. It allows the incoming short-wave solar radiation to pass through the
atmosphere relatively unimpeded; but the long-wave terrestrial radiation emitted by the
earth’s surface is partially absorbed and then re-emitted by a number of trace gases in
the atmosphere. These gases known as Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) are water vapour,
carbon-dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs (Chloro floro Corbons) and ozone in the
troposphere. This natural greenhouse effect warms the lower atmosphere.
If the atmosphere were transparent to the outgoing long wave radiation
emanating from the Earth’s surface, the equilibrium mean temperature of the Earth’s
surface would be considerably lower and probably below the freezing point of water.
Mere incidence of GHGs in the atmosphere, by itself, is no concern. What is more
important is that their concentration should stay within reasonable limits so that global
ecosystem is not unduly affected. However by increasing the concentrations of natural
green-house gases the global average and the annual mean surface air temperature
(referred to as the global temperature) can be raised, although the rate at which it will
occur is un-certain. This is the enhanced green house effect, which is over and above
that occurring due to natural green house concentration. Such a rise in the atmospheric
concentration of GHGs led to an upward trend in global temperature.
It is required to follow the general commitments under the Framework
Convention on Climate Change. India is not required to adopt any GHG reduction
targets. Irrespective of international commitments, it is to be ready with the following.
85
Inventory of sinks and sources of GHG emission
Predict the cumulative impact of national and international GHG emissions
to plan for temperature and sea level rise
Devise land use plans for the coastal areas likely to be affected
Devise water and land management strategies especially in agriculture
sector.
New GHGs like Chlorofloro carbons, – though CFCs of ozone depleting
substances were replaced by ozone friendly substances, they are still come under
greenhouse gases. GoI at a recent Copenhagen meet in Dec.2009 expressed that India
will voluntarily reduce the GHGs by 20-25%, which is not legally bounding on
government of India
Ozone Layer Protection:
The Stratospheric Ozone layer absorbs all the harmful ultra violet radiation
emanating from Sun and protects human and animal life from UV radiation. UV radiation
has the potential to cause skin cancers, eye damage, suppress body’s immune system
and decrease of crop yields, more melanoma and non-melanoma and damage to ocean
eco system. In 1970 Prof. Paul Crutzen pointed out that nitrogen oxides from fertilizers
and super-sonic aircraft might deplete the ozone layer. When Chloro Floro Carbons
(CFCs) finally break in the atmosphere release chlorine atoms, which cause ozone
depletion and bromine atoms released by halons have the same effect.
India and in entire global level produce CFC 11, CFC 12, CFC 113, Halon
1211, HCFC 22, Halon 1301, Carbon Tetra Chloride (CTC), Methyl Chloroform and Methyl
bromide. These Ozone Depletion Substances (ODS) are used in refrigeration, Air
conditioning, Fire fighting, Electronics, Foams, aerosol fumigation application. India has
taken serious regulatory measures to phase out the above ODS in the country. The rules
were amended to prohibit the CFC and Halon’s manufacturing used in various products.
Commemorating closer of ODS production sites under Montreal Protocol 2005 to freeze
of CFC and Halon production. The Govt. of India has strived to achieve the Montreal
Protocol control measures without intervening industrial and economic growth and
without undue burden on consumers and public due to the technical and financial
assistance received from multilateral fund and the implementing agencies of the
Montreal Protocol.
Ozone is another important gas in the atmosphere. The stratosphere has the
highest amount of naturally occurring ozone. Ozone in the troposphere is considered a
pollutant. Ozone is made of three atoms of oxygen bonded together to make one
molecule of ozone. Ozone is destroyed by chemicals caused by Chloro Fluro Carbons
86
(CFCs). Researchers think that chlorine from these types of chemicals breaks the bonds
between the oxygen atoms. This produces one molecule of regular oxygen, and one
molecule of chlorine and oxygen bonded together. Along comes a free floating oxygen
that bumps out the chlorine and bonds with the other oxygen. Now there is another
regular molecule of oxygen and a free floating atom of chlorine. This chlorine is now
ready to go and destroy another molecule of ozone. This is bad for the ozone layer.
Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Without it, skin cancer rates would
increase. Who knows what other changes could occur.
Atmospheric pressure and thickness
The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 1 atmosphere (atm)
= 101.3 kPa (kilopascals) = 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch) = 760 torr = 29.9 inches
of mercury (symbol Hg). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×1018 kg (1.135×1019 lb),
about 2.5% less than would be inferred naively from the average sea level pressure and
the Earth's area of 51007.2 mega hectares, this defect having been displaced by the
Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above
unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with
location and time, because the amount of air above the Earth's surface varies.
If atmospheric density were to remain constant with height the atmosphere
would terminate abruptly at 8.50 km (27,900 ft). Instead, density decreases with height,
dropping by 50% at an altitude of about 5.6 km (18,000 ft). As a result the pressure
decrease is approximately exponential with height, so that pressure decreases by a
factor of two approximately every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) and by a factor of e = 2.718…
approximately every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the latter being the average scale height of
Earth's atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, because of changes in
temperature, average molecular weight, and gravity throughout the atmospheric
column, the dependence of atmospheric pressure on altitude is modelled by separate
equations for each of the layers listed above. Even in the exosphere, the atmosphere is
still present. This can be seen by the effects of atmospheric drag on satellites.
In summary, the equations of pressure by altitude in the above references
can be used directly to estimate atmospheric thickness. However, the following published
data are given for reference:
50% of the atmosphere by mass is below an altitude of 5.6 km
(18,000 ft).
90% of the atmosphere by mass is below an altitude of 16 km (52,000 ft).
87
The common altitude of commercial airliners is about 10 km (33,000 ft)
and Mt. Everest's summit is 8,848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level.
Density of air
The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m3 (1.2 g/L). Density is not
measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and
humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law). Atmospheric
density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately
modelled using the barometric formula. More sophisticated models are used to predict
orbital decay of satellites.
The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5 × 1015) tonnes
or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the National Centre for Atmospheric
Research, "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 1018 kg with an annual
range due to water vapour of 1.2 or 1.5 × 1015 kg depending on whether surface
pressure or water vapour data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate.
The mean mass of water vapour is estimated as 1.27 × 101 kg and the dry air mass as
5.1352 ±0.0003 × 1018 kg."
Emission (electromagnetic radiation)
Emission is the opposite of absorption; it is when an object emits radiation.
Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "black
body" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter
wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example,
the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), its radiation peaks near
500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. The Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C;
62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to
humans.
Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For
example, on clear nights the Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights.
This is because clouds (H2O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This
is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations. The atmosphere acts as a
"blanket" to limit the amount of radiation the Earth loses into space.
The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission (or
"blanket") effect. Some chemicals in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation,
88
but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these
chemicals are CO2 and H2O. If there are too much of these greenhouse gases, sunlight
heats the Earth's surface, but the gases block the infrared radiation from exiting back to
space. This imbalance causes the Earth to warm, and thus climate change.
Atmospheric circulation
Atmospheric Circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means
(with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around the Earth. The large-scale
structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure
remains fairly constant as it is determined by the Earth's rotation rate and the difference
in solar radiation between the equator and poles.
Currently, anthropogenic greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this increase is the main
cause of global warming.
Global warming
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's
near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation.
According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C
(1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 20th century. Most of the observed temperature increase
since the middle of the 20th century was caused by human activity such as fossil fuel
burning, deforestation land uses etc. Global dimming, a result of increasing
concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight from reaching the surface,
has partially countered the effects of greenhouse gas induced warming.
Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances
including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's
atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies and also death of humans; it may also
cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage
the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can both
generate air pollution.
Air pollution is a major problem that has been recognized throughout the
world for hundreds of years. Air pollution stems from gases and airborne particles which,
89
in excess, are harmful to human health, buildings and ecosystems. APPCB 338 Air
pollution industries provided the stack monitoring equipment and 126 units installed
continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations. This will help to watch the status of
air pollution of the unit from time to time.
Main Sources of Atmospheric Pollution:
1. The combustion of fuels to produce energy for heating and power
generation both in domestic and industrial sectors.
2. The exhaust emissions from the transport vehicles that use petrol, diesel
oil, etc.
3. Waste gases, dust and heat from many industrial sites including chemical
manufacturers, electrical power generating stations, etc.
4. Burning wood and other fuels for heating and cooking.
5. Agricultural burning, land clearing and other man-made fires; and
6. Natural sources, including volcanoes, Forest fires and dust storms.
Environmental factors have emerged as a major cause of global increase in
illness and deaths. Mosquito which causes malaria, the most deadly of insect borne
tropic diseases is claiming millions of people annually throughout the world. 23 percent
of global diseases could be associated with environmental factors. An estimated 95
percent of tuberculosis sufferers are from the developing world. It is prevalent in poor
rural regions producing recurrent inspection.
Due to exposure to climate change, air pollution both outdoor and indoor,
ambient air quality and waterborne diseases claims huge lives, due to lack of adequate
water supply and sanitation. Environmental quality has been an issue of concern in the
back drop of increasing urbanization, industrial and vehicular pollution as well as
pollution of water courses due to discharge of effluents without confirming to the
environmental norms and standards. Realizing the trend of pollution in various
environmental media like air, water and soil, MoEF, Govt. of India adopted policy for
abatement of pollution which provides strategies in the form of regulations and
legislations.
Air pollution and the resultant air quality can be attributed to emissions from
vehicles, industrial and domestic activities. The air quality has been therefore an issue of
social concern in the back drop of various development activities. The norms for ambient
air quality and industry specific emissions have been notified. Air quality monitoring
stations have been installed. Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen and respirable
suspended particulate matter are being monitored by the Pollution Control Board;
90
besides additional parameters for other toxic trace matters and also hydrocarbons are
also being monitored.
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) is monitoring the ambient air
quality in the state of Andhra Pradesh under two programmes.
1. National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP)
2. State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM)
In addition to the above, ambient air quality is monitored daily in cities
covering traffic junctions, commercial and sensitive areas in the peak areas for 8 hours.
Monitoring of ambient air quality under National Air Monitoring Program
(NAMP):
To assess the ambient air quality of the country, Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) has sponsored the NAMP. This program is being carried out in all the
states of the country. The monitoring agencies include Government departments,
scientific and technical organizations, private institutes, state pollution control boards
etc. The data generated from these stations shall be submitted to the CPCB by 10th of
every month. CPCB has also established National Environmental Data Bank (EDB). The
data generated from the NAMP station shall be fed into the EDB on monthly basis for all
stations. There are 25 NAMP stations sanctioned by CPCB to APPCB and are in operation.
The NAMP stations cover 13 districts of the state. Under the NAMP, four air pollutants
viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate matter and
respirable suspended particulate matter have been identified for regular monitoring at all
locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind
direction, relative humidity, pressure and temperature was also integrated with the
monitoring of air quality.
State Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (SAAQM):
The monitoring is carried out twice in a fortnight for 24 hours with 8 hourly
frequency of sampling. The monitoring of these stations is purely managed by the APPCB
funds. The APPCB is monitoring network of 4 (four) stations in Andhra Pradesh state.
Environment Pollution due to Energy Use:
Air pollution is due to burning of fossil fuels. The household sector is the
largest consumer of energy in India. Wood is the fossil fuel for cooking. More than 60%
of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy like fuel wood, dung and
crop residue for meeting their cooking and heating needs. Burning of traditional fuels
introduces large quantities of CO2 when the combustion is complete, but if there is
incomplete combustion and oxidation, then carbon monoxide (CO) is produced, in
91
addition to hydrocarbons. The combustion of various fuels, namely, coal, oil, nuclear etc.
in industries and vehicles has been a major source of pollution. Coal production through
opencast mining, its supply to and consumption in power stations and industrial boilers
leads to particulate and gaseous pollution which can cause pneumoconiosis, bronchitis
and respiratory diseases. Another major impact of coal mining is land degradation in
forest areas.
The combustion of petroleum products in vehicles, industries and domestic
cooking activities, results in the emission of pollutants in large quantities. Radioactive
emissions from nuclear power plants are of grave concern as they can cause serious
impact on human beings. Due to limited reserves of petroleum, main emphasis needs to
be given to non-conventional energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy and
ocean energy.
Industrial Emissions:
Air borne emissions emitted from various industries are a cause of major
concern. These emissions are of two forms viz., solid particles (SPM) and gaseous
emissions (SO2, NOx, CO, etc.). Liquid effluents, generated from certain industries
containing organic and toxic pollutants are also a cause of concern. 17 categories of
highly polluting industries are identified for the purpose of monitoring and regulation of
pollution from them. The MoEF has developed standards for regulating emissions from
various industries including thermal power stations, iron and steel plants, cement plants,
fertilizer plants, oil refineries, pulp and paper, petro-chemicals, sugar, distilleries and
tanneries.
Transport:
Tremendous growth has happened in sectors like IT, Pharmacy, Real Estate in
A.P. due to liberalization and globalization of economy, which has resulted in high growth
in employment and rise in income levels. Credit and financing facilities are easily
accessible to those with assured income. Public transport is unreliable. Personal vehicles
are also inspirational in nature. All these have resulted in an increase in the number of
personal vehicles, thereby increasing the pollution load.
The increase in number of vehicles creates adverse impacts on road
infrastructure, neighborhoods, safely and adds to air and noise pollution. Studies
conducted by National Institute of Nutrition, A.P. Pollution Control Board reveal that the
vehicular air pollution causes health hazards to school going children, traffic constables
and road side traders in particular, and the public in general. The State Government has
taken number of policy initiatives to regulate the vehicle movements by improving the
92
public transport infrastructure, and to control the vehicular air pollution. The important
initiatives are
Levy of Green Tax
Levy of additional Life Tax
Encouragement of green fuels
Installation of inspection and certification system
Construction of flyovers
Registration of Euro III model vehicles
Restriction on number of Autos
Road Transport:
Road vehicles are the second major source of pollution. They emit CO, HCs,
NOx, SO2 and other toxic substances such as TSP and lead. Diesel engines are much less
polluting than petrol engines. Both types of engines are not efficient converters of fuel
energy and they are incomplete combustion of fuels causing deterioration of health of
human beings. Stringent measures are taken to curb air pollution caused by
automobiles. Present vehicular system is to be streamlined from the poor maintenance
of vehicles. Four factors make pollution from the vehicles i.e., poor quality of vehicles,
lower quality of fuel, concentration of motor vehicles in few large cities and exposure of
population that lives and moves in the open.
With the alarming increase in the atmospheric pollution in cities, the Andhra
Pradesh Government taken some important initiatives like tightening of the auto
emissions and fuel quality specifications 1996, as recommended by the CPCB, secondly
ambient air quality standards as prescribed by national ambient air quality standards for
three distinct areas viz., industrial, residential, rural areas and sensitive areas besides
the following steps taken.
1. Reduction of lead in petrol
2. Reduction of sulphur in diesel
3. Tightening of emission norms
4. Phasing out grossly polluting vehicles
Auto Fuel Policy:
In order to control vehicular pollution, a road map has been adopted as per
the schedule proposed in Auto Fuel Policy, which includes use of cleaner fuels,
automobile technologies and enforcement measures for in use vehicles through improved
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certification system. As per the Auto Fuel Policy, Bharat
Stage-II norms for new vehicles have been introduced throughout the country from 1st
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April, 2005. However, EURO-III equivalent emission norms for all new vehicles, except
2-3 wheelers have been introduced in 11 major cities from 1.4.2005. To meet Bharat
Stage-II, EURO-III and EURO-IV emission norms, matching quality of petrol and diesel is
being made available.
Introduction of CNG buses:
APSRTC is ready to convert their buses to CNG mode and is awaiting
for supply of CNG by BGL. As on 31.03.2010 M/s Bhagyanagar Gas Limited
(BGL) is operating CNG stations. There are 13,981 CNG vehicles are registered
during the year 2016-17 which are shown in table 4.16.
Harmful Effects of Emissions:
Smoke and fumes can increase the atmospheric turbidity and reduce the
amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. The effect of air pollution on the
biosphere can be considered under three heads.
1. Buildings & Materials
2. Soil, Vegetation, Crops and Animal Life
3. Human Beings.
Steps Taken so far and Their Impact:
The decreasing trend has been observed in Sulphur Dioxide in many cities
due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel and substitute of
LPG instead of coal as domestic fuel.
The following are the air pollution measures:
Upgradation of existing Pollution Under Control (PUC) centres with
computer testing facility
Unleaded gasoline and low sulphur diesel are being supplied
Introduction of mobile task forces to monitor the visibly polluting vehicles
Bharat stage-III norms have been introduced
Ban on sale of loose 2T oil, shall be dispensed through premixed
dispensing stations
Establishment of LPG dispensing stations
Constitution of task forces to check the adulteration of oil and fuel
Introduction of multi model transport system
Urban greening is being carried out
Open space plantation is being carried out
94
Air Pollution Control Measures and Performance Status:
Coal being received by APGENCO stations is of high ash and low sulphur
category. The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the fly ash emission is of high
concern and is controlled by installing Electro Static Precipitators (ESPs). Andhra Pradesh
Pollution Control Board (A.P.P.C.B.) has prescribed new SPM limit as 115 mg/Nm3
against earlier limit of 400/200mg/Nm3. New stations such as RTPP, KTPS-V and VTPS-
III are designed for latest emission standards. Old stations designed for earlier standards
are being upgraded. Present pollution levels against statutory standards are given in
Table 4.2.
The following are the Industrial Pollution Control measures:
Intensifying monitoring by special vigilance squad under the Air Act, 1981
Determining efficacy of APC system and taking remedial actions including
upgradation of existing air pollution control measures wherever needed
Implementation character on Corporate Responsibility for Environment
Protection (CREP) Action Plan for highly polluting industries as decided by
the MoEF
Ban on burning off specification materials/wastes by scrap traders
Noise Pollution:
The increasing noise pollution may be attributed to increase in no. of vehicles,
urbanization and industrialization. The noise pollution has already reached at a high level
in most of the metropolitan cities in all the residential, commercial, industrial and silence
zones. Of late noise has been recognized as a pollutant which until recently was
considered only as a nuisance. In recent years, noise being an environment pollutant
has been receiving increased attention. Concerns were expressed about the ill-effects of
noise, and subsequently legislative regulations to control noise in western countries were
enacted in the 1960s. But in developing countries, the control exercise was initiated only
in the 1980s. In India, noise pollution is deemed to be an offence through the
promulgation of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986. Every industry, trade, transport
and process using equipment, apparatus, materials and methods that produce unwanted
and unpleasant sound, constitute to be the source of noise. In India, the major sources
of noise are industries, automobiles, domestic appliances, public address system,
religious functions, festivals and related celebrations, construction activities, use of
generators, pressure horns and fire crackers etc. Keeping in view the increasing trend in
noise levels, the MoEF has issued various regulations from time to time to control noise
pollution in ambient air at source and at manufacturing stage.
95
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has notified the ambient noise
standards in 1987 under Section 20 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981. The noise standards specify limits as 55dB(A) and 45dB(A) as limits for day and
night time respectively, for residential areas, 75 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) in the day and night
time for industrial areas and 50 dB(A) and 40 dB(A) in the day and night time for silence
zones, 65 dB(A) and 55dB(A) as limits for day and night time for Commercial areas.
Environmental Performance of Thermal Power Stations as on 01.8.2008:
Conservation of natural resources and environmental protection to achieve
sustainable development are the primary objectives of APGENCO. To achieve the
objectives, APGENCO is putting efforts on the following areas.
Optimisation of efficiency of plant and equipment
Optimisation and upgradation of pollution control systems
Improvement of the operating practices and use of better grade fuels
Compliance of statutory norms
Innovative measures for fly ash utilization
Green belt development in and around the plant
A fugitive emission from the coal storage and handling area is controlled by
menace of dust suppression and dust extraction systems.
Compliance of Ambient Air Quality Standards:
The air quality around thermal stations i.e., SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx are
meeting national ambient air quality standards. Ambient air quality status against
standards is as follows in Table No-4.3.
Water Pollution Control Measures:
Ash Pond effluent from coal and oil handling areas, colony and domestic
sewage are the main effluents being generated from Thermal Power Stations.
Decantation system in the ash pond is a general method of filtering the ash from slurry.
These systems are provided in all stations and are working efficiently. The effluent
emerging from ash pond from all stations is meeting the standards. Effluent quality
reports against A.P.P.C.B. limits are as follows in Table. No. 4.4 .
Compliance of Plant Effluent Quality Standards:
For treatment of plant effluents, sedimentation tanks are provided at
Vijayawada Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station
(RTPS) is in nearing completion and will be commissioned shortly. To conserve water,
ash pond effluent re-circulation system consisting of settling tanks and pumping system
96
is provided at Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP). All stations have been provided
septic tanks for treatment of sewage from colonies and plants. Advanced Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP) is under construction for VTPS. Oxidation Pond for better
treatment of sewage is also provided at RTPP. The effluent quality report is as follows in
Table- No.4.5.
Development of Green Belts:
Green belts have been developed at all power plants to act as a sink for
absorbing pollutants, sound barrier improve aesthetics and purify the atmosphere. The
following table shows the development of Green Belts in thermal power stations.
Fly Ash Utilization Scenario:
APGENCO is making sincere efforts to improve the ash utilization levels from
thermal power stations. The following are the measures.
1. APGENCO has entered into Memorandum of Understanding with Cement
Manufacturing and other fly ash users for upgradation of dry ash handling
systems for operation and maintenance of the system for 100 percent
extraction of fly ash.
2. All other promotional measures are being implemented.
Clean Development Mechanism and Opportunities for Industries under CDM:
Climate changes as a result of emission of Green House Gases (GHG)
particularly Carbon Dioxide. The terrestrial biosphere has a strong influence on climate
system both regional and global on land use and nature. Even a small change in
precipitation, evaporation and occurrence of extreme weather events such as storms,
drought and floods has considerable ecological and socio-economic effects. Climate
change is the biggest environmental disaster facing human kind because human beings
are heavily dependent on fossil fuels like coal and petrol. No country has been able to
de-link GDP on carbon dioxide emissions. The developed countries have been responsible
for bulk emissions of GHG hence the responsibility for GHG abatement lies directly with
these countries.
CDM is a mechanism under Kyoto protocol, which regulates countries in order
to mitigate their green house gas emissions. The CDM is the only mechanism provided
under Kyoto protocol, which allows developing countries to take part in Joint Green
House Gas Integration Projects. This mechanism enables the implementation of
technology transfer from developed to developing countries.
97
CDM Opportunities and Benefits in India:
India has 5 CDM type projects in place under pilot version of the CDM-
Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)
The projects cover the spectrum of potential CDM Activities like
Implements in industrial efficiency
Power generation using waste materials
Changes in agricultural practices
CPCB of MoEF/GoI brought out in Dec. 2009 a “Comprehensive Environmental
Assessment of Industrial clusters”. For this purpose they defined a Comprehensive
Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) to characterize the environmental quality at a
given location. The index includes various health dimensions of environment including
air, water and land, to act as an early warning tool. The index was derived for 88
selected industrial clusters/areas in which 2 such areas are included from Andhra
Pradesh. The CEPI and the ranking in 88 areas for the two areas given as follows:
Sl.
No.Area
Rank Air
CEPI
Water
CEPI
Land
CEPICEPI
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1 Vijayawada 74 52.00 41.50 43.00 60.57
2 Vishakhapatnam 40 57.00 57.50 55.00 70.82
CDM Potential in A.P:
Andhra Pradesh has large potential for energy conservation and energy
efficiency in small scale sectors using renewable energy technologies i.e., energy from
waste biomass, energy plantation, industrial waste etc. The following types of projects
have potential in Andhra Pradesh. They are eligible for attracting funds under Clean
Development Management (CDM).
1. Renewable energy projects such as biomass, energy plantation, co-
generation, small hydro, geo-thermal etc.
2. Energy efficiency projects that are aimed at reducing emissions, below the
standard bench marks of industrial prevailing standards
3. Fuel switch projects such as switching of fossil fuels to renewable energy
sources, switching of high emitting sources to low emitting sources
4. Forestation and afforestation activities.
98
Industrial Development:
There are more than one lakh small scale industries which are covered under
SSI non-polluting category. The State Government / Government of India has taken a
number of policy initiatives to promote industrial investment and regulate the
environmental degradation. Some of the important policy initiatives in this regard are
Industrial Investment Promotion Policy, 2005-2010
Eco- Industrial Parks
Food Processing Policy
Integrated Industrial Development Centers
Special Economic Zones
Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006
The above initiatives are creating an enabling environment for promotion of
industries in the State and regulating the environmental impacts and thus providing
space for sustainable industrial development.
Tourism:
Tourism is recognized as a key sector for employment generation and
promotion of infrastructure in the State. The Tourism Policy, 2006 provides the
framework for the private investment in this sector. The State also provides a single
window clearance system for enabling infrastructure development in the tourism sector.
Information on historic sites and monuments, forts, arts and crafts, fairs and festival,
National Parks, Zoos, wildlife sanctuaries, beaches, tourist arrivals, visitors to centrally
protected monuments, pilgrim services offered by APSRTC and other tourist service
across the State are available in the report.
Archaeological Survey of India has around 170 archaeological sites across the
State, of which over 600 sites are being maintained by the State Department of
Archaeology and Museums. More than 10,000 temples and places of worship exist across
the State. The State has a large number of lakes, waterfalls, beaches, hill stations,
wildlife sanctuaries and forest reserves.
Increase in influx of tourists, including pilgrims to popular religious
destinations has led to increased pollution levels due to vehicles, municipal solid waste,
sewage etc.
99
TABLE - 4.1POLLUTANTS AND THEIR RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS
Sl. No. Pollutants Affects on Human Health1. 2. 3.1. Carbon Monoxide Affects the cardiovascular system2. Nitrogen Oxides Affects the respiratory system
3. Ozone Causes increased sensitivity to infections, lungdiseases, irritation in eyes, nose and throat
4. Sulphur Dioxide Affects the functions of lungs
5.SuspendedParticulate Matter(SPM)
Small particles are poisonous. They are carriers ofcarcinogenic transfer elements
6. Volatile OrganicSubstances (VOC)
Eg: Benzene are carcinogenic
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, All India.
TABLE - 4.2STATUS OF COMPLIANCE OF FLUE GAS EMISSION
(SPM) Standard 2016-17Sl.No
Station Average SPM(mg/Nm3) levelDuring 2016-17
APPCB Limitfor SPM
(mg/Nm3)
Status of Compliance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1 Dr. NTTPS
Unit-1 104 115Units 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 aremeeting the limit. Units- 3 &4 are marginally exceedingthe limit. Measures are beingtaken to maintain the limit in2017-18.
Unit-2 107 115Unit-3 134 115Unit-4 126 115Unit-5 111 115Unit-6 109 115Unit-7 76 100
2 RTPP All the units are within thelimits.Unit-1 103 115
Unit-2 102 115Unit-3 70.6 115Unit-4 66.3 115Unit-5 80.3 115
SPM: Suspended particulate matter.Source A.P.GENCO, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada..
TABLE - 4.3NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Sl.No. Pollutants
IndustrialAreas
ug/m3*
Rural & ResidentialAreas
ug/m3*
SensitiveArea
ug/m3*1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Suspended Particulate Matter(SPM) – 500 200 100
2. Respirable SuspendedParticulateMatter (RPM) -
150 100 75
3. Sulphur Dioxide – SO2 120 80 304. Nitrogen Oxide – NO2 120 80 30
* -24-hourly/8- hourly values should be met 98%of the time in a year. However 2% oftime it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. (ug: Microgram)
100
TABLE - 4.4ASH POND EFFLUENTS QUALITY OF A.P. GENCO STATIONS FOR 2016-17
Sl.No. Station
Ash Pond effluentquality suspended solids(PPM) during 2016-17
(Max/ Min)
APPCB Limit(PPM)
Status ofCompliance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Dr.NTTPS 86/24100 Within limit
2. RTPP 20/18
Source: A.P.GENCO, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.5PLANT EFFLUENT QUALITY OF A.P.GENCO STATIONS FOR 2016-17
Sl. No. StationTotal suspended solids(PPM) during 2016-17
Average (Max/Min)APPCB Limit
(PPM)Status of
compliance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Dr.NTTPS 96/14 100Within limit
2. RTPP 82/79 100
Source: A.P.GENCO, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.Table-4.6
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS AT VARIOUSTHERMAL POWER STATIONS IN µG/NM3 ANDHRA PRADESH-2016-17
Sl.No STATION PM10
Max/MinPM2.5Max/Min
SO2Max/Min
NOxMax/Min
Remarks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.Dr. NTTPSVijayawada
All parametersare within thelimits exceptPM10.PM10 levels inPower House andB-colony areexceeding thelimit occasionally.
1. Power House 104/67 46/26 32/24 40/312. Security Colony 70/44 49/17 23/16 30/243. B-Colony 123/74 44/27 32/26 41/334. Hill Top Guest House 58/33 28/12 18/14 25/205. Railway wagon work
shop, Rayanapaduvillage 84/54 31/23 29/21 36/29RTPP :
All parametersare within limits.
1. Top of the weighBridge room 74/52 46/41 19/16 20/16
2. Top of the TXR Office 75/54 50/42 19/16 21/163. Project Hostel 71/51 43/41 17/15 19/164. Project Guest House 68/45 45/39 19/16 18/155. Police station
Kalammalla village 77/54 46/42 19/15 19/16Note: Ambient Air Quality levels in µg/Nm3 as per MoE&F, GOI Notification dated: 16th
Nov, 2009.Standards: PM10 - 100 microgram/m3 , PM2.5 - 60 microgram/m3
SO2 - 80 microgram/m3, NOx - 80 microgram/m3
Source: A.P.GENCO, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
101
TABLE - 4.7PLANTATION-AT VARIOUS THERMAL POWER STATIONS OF APGENCO
Sl.No. Station
Total no of available Plantationupto 31st, March
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20171. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Dr.NTTPS 1,62,000 1,63,795 1,74,400 1,74,400 1,74,400 1,77,500
2. RTPP 1,01,733 76,574 76,574 98,650 69,965 1,01,980
Total 2,63,733 2,40,369 2,50,974 2,73,050 2,44,365 2,79,480
Source: A.P.GENCO, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
Table – 4.8PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF A.P.GENCO
THERMAL POWER STATIONS, 2016-17.
Station Production(MU)Utilization(MU)
(Aux. Consumption)Percentage
of utilization1 2 3 4
Dr.NTTPS 8113.12 824.96 10.17%Dr.NTTPS-IV 3541.26 183.36 5.18%RTPP- Stage-I 2699.98 295.61 10.95%RTPP- Stage-II 2628.69 248.21 9.44%RTPP-Stage-III 1383.93 147.93 10.69%Source: A.P.GENCO, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada
TABLE - 4.9NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
Sl.No. Pollutant
TimeweightedAverage
Concentration in Ambient AirIndustrial
Residen-tial,Rural andOther Area
Ecologicallysensitive Area(Notified by
Central Govt.)
Methods ofMeasurement
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Sulphur Dioxide(SO2) µg/m3
AnnualAverage* 50 20
Improved westand GaekeUltra violetfluorescence24 hours** 80 80
2. Nitrogen Dioxideas (NO2 ) µg/m3
AnnualAverage* 40 30
Modified Jacob &Hochheiser(Na-Arsenite)Chemiluminesence
24 hours** 80 80
3.
Respirable ParticulateMatter (RPM)(Sizeless than 10 microns)or P M10 µg/m3
AnnualAverage* 60 60 Gravimetric TOEM
Beta attenuation24 hours** 100 100
4.Particulate Matter(Size less than 2.5um) or P M2.5 µg/m3
AnnualAverage*
40 40 GravimetricTOEMBeta attenuation24 hours** 60 60
(Contd.)
102
TABLE - 4.9(Concld.)NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
Sl.No. Pollutant
TimeweightedAverage
Concentration in Ambient Air
IndustrialResiden-tial, Rural
andOtherArea
Ecologicallysensitive
Area(notified by
CentralGovt.)
Methods ofMeasurement
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
5. Ozone (O3 ) µg/m3
8hours** 100 100 UV Photometric
ChemilminescenceChemical method1 hour** 180 180
6. Lead (Pb) µg/m3
Annualaverage* 0.50 0.50
AAS/ICP methodafter sampling on EPM2000 or equivalentfilter paper ED– XRF using Teflonfilter
24hours** 1.0 1.0
7. Carbon Monoxide(CO) in mg/m³
8hours** 02 02 _ Non Dispersive Infra
Red(NDIR)Spectroscopy1 hour 04 04
8. Ammonia ( N H3) )µg/m3
Annualaverage* 100 100 Chemilminescence
Indophenol Bluemethod24
hours** 400 400
9. Benzene(C6H6) µg/m3 Annual* 05 05
GasChromatographybased continuousanalyzerAbsorption anddesorption followed byGC analysis10.
Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP)ng/ m3 Particulatephase only ng/ m³
Annual* 01 01Solvent extractionfollowed by HPLC/GCanalysis
11. Arsenic (As) ng/ m3 Annual* 06 06
_AAS/ICP methodafter sampling on EPM2000 or equivalentfilter paper
12. Nickel (Ni) ng/ m3 Annual* 20 20
AAS/ICP methodafter sampling on EPM2000 or equivalentfilter paper
*- Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particularsite taken twice a week, 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
** - 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall becomplied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed thelimits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
Note:- Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days ofmonitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shallbe considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring andfurther investigation.
Source: A.P.Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada
103
TABLE - 4.10STATE OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2012 to 2017
1. Annual average values of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in ug/m3
Sl.No City 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
(Upto July) Standard*
1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.1. Visakhapatnam 16.7 12.3 12.8 11.7 8.0 8.4
502. Vijayawada 6.1 7.7 4.6 4.7 5.5 5.63. Kurnool - 4.0 4.2 4.8 4.6 5.0
2. Annual average values of Oxides of Nitrogen (Nox) in ug/m3
3. Annual average values of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter(RSPM) in ug/m3
Sl.No City 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
(Upto July) Standard*
1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 10.
1. Visakhapatnam 70 59 61 70 77 73602. Vijayawada 84 101 103 86 101 101
3. Kurnool - 73 85 69 67 113
4. Annual average values of Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) in ug/m3
*- National Ambient Air Quality StandardsSource: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
TABLE- 4.11AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STATUS IN MAJOR CITIES/TOWNS
OF ANDHRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2016-17Sl
No. City Area classAnnual mean concentration in ug/m3
SO2 NOx TSPM RSPM(PM10)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.1. Visakhapatnam Residential 7.9 17.1 141 762. Vijayawada Residential 5.5 39.1 212 993. Kurnool Residential 4.7 12.1 180 70
Standard* 50 40 - 60*- National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
Sl.No City 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
(upto july) Standard*
1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.1. Visakhapatnam 15.0 15.6 - 19.7 17.7 16.9
402. Vijayawada 12.4 16.7 - 24.7 43.9 34.03. Kurnool - 9.0 - 11.3 11.3 15.3
Sl. No City 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017(Upto July)
1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.1. Visakhapatnam 152 126 115 141 142 1372. Vijayawada 179 214 214 179 217 2043. Kurnool - 198 - 156 162 256
104
TABLE- 4.12INDIAN STANTDARDS FOR MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE LIMITS FOR INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENT DISCHARGES(Mg/Litre)
Sl.No.
Parameter
Into landsurfacewatersIndian
standards:2490
(1974)
Into PublicSewersIndian
Standards:3306 (1974)
On land forIrrigation
IndianStandards:
3307(1974)
MarineCoastalArea
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. pH 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.12. Biological oxygen demand
(for 5 days at 20° C) 30.00 350.00 100.00 100.00
3. Chemical Oxygen demand 250.00 - - 250
4. Suspended Solids 100 600 200 -5. Total dissolved
solids(inorganic) 2100.00 2100.00 2100.00 -
6. Temparature (°C) 40.00 45.00 - 45.007. Oil and Grease 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.008. Phenolic Compounds 1.00 5.00 - 5.009. Cyanides 0.20 2.00 0.20 0.2010. Sulphides 2.00 - - 5.0011. Fluorides 2.00 15.00 - 15.0012. Total residual chlorine 1.00 - - 1.0013. Pesticides - - - -14. Arsenic 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.2015. Cadmium 2.00 1.00 - 2.0016. Chromium (hexavalent) 0.10 2.00 - 1.0017. Copper 3.00 3.00 - 3.0018. Lead 0.10 1.00 - 1.0019. Mercury 0.01 0.01 - 0.0120. Nickel 3.00 3.00 - 5.0021. Selenium 0.05 0.05 - 0.0522. Zinc 5.00 15.00 - 15.0023. Chlorides 1000.00 1000.00 600.00 -24. Boron 2.00 2.00 2.00 -25. Sulphates 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 -26. Sodium (%) - 60.00 60.00 -27. Ammoniacal nitrogen 50.00 50.00 - 5028. Radioactive materials29. Alpha emitters (milli
curie/milliliter) 10-7 10-7 10-8 10-7
30. Beta emitters (u curie /milliliter) 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-6
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016 C.S.O. Govt. of India, New Delhi.
105
TABLE – 4.13SUMMARY OF THE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA OF THE STATIONS MONITORED
THROUGHOUT THE STATE OF ANDRA PRADESH DURING THE YEAR 2016-17
Sl.No. Station Name Area
RSPM(PM10)ug/M3
TSPMug/M3
SO2ug/M3
NOxug/M3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.Vijayawada Zone (Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam & S.P.S Nellore districts)1. Autonagar, Vijayawada Industria
l93 200 5.4 39.1
2. Benz circle, Vijayawada Res/Com 102 212 5.7 40..03. Police control room, Vijayawada Res/Com 102 223 5.5 39.14. MunicipalTravelers Bungalow,Guntur Res/Com 84 178 5.2 29.95. Near Court centre, Ongole Res/Com 65 130 5.3 29.46. Andhra Kesari Nagar, Nellore Res/Com 66 122 5.2 28.4
Standard* 60 - 50 40Visakhapatnam Zone (Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, EastGodavari and West Godavari districts)7. Mindi, Visakhapatnam Res/Com 74 132 7.5 16.68. Industrial Estate Autonagar,
Visakhapatnam Res/Com 73 135 7.3 16.2
9. Police Barracks, Visakhapatnam Res/Com 77 138 7.6 13.610. E S I, Visakhapatnam Sensitive 85 159 8.9 21.011. Gnanapuram, Visakhapatnam Res/Com 85 159 9.8 22.5
12. Seetammadhara,Visakhapatnam Res/Com 71 137 8.1 17.7
13. Pedagantyada, Visakhapatnam Res 67 124 6.8 13.9
14. Parwada (Ramky Pharma city),Visakhapatnam Ind 75 144 7.4 15.7
15. IDA, Bobbili, Vizianagaram Ind 89 165 8.2 20.3
16. IDA, Pydibheemavaram,Srikakulam Ind 70 126 8.5 19.2
17. Fire station centre, Eluru Res/Com 75 169 5.3 30.118. Ramanayya peta, Kakinada Res/Com 61 129 7.5 16.919. A.P. Paper mills, Rajahmundry Ind 62 132 8.0 18.8
Standard* 60 - 50 40Kurnool Zone (Kurnool, Y.S.R, Anathapuramu and Chittoor districts)20. Krishna Nagar, Kurnool Res/Com 70 180 4.7 12.121. Kamalanagar, Anantapuramu Res/Com 84 217 5.0 13.6
22. Regional Science Centre,Tirupati Sensitive 60 120 6.1 12.6
23. Near GNC Tollgate, Thirumala Sensitive 63 105 5.8 59.5
24. Nutrine Confectionary Factory,Chittoor
Residential 65 126 6.3 13.5
25. India Cements Limited,Yerraguntla
Industrial 70 135 6.6 15.1
Standard* 60 - 50 40* - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
RSPM: Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter , TSPM: Total Suspended Particulate MatterSO2: Sulphur dioxide, NOx: Oxides of NitrogenRes: Residential, Com: Commercial
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradsh, Vijayawada.
106
TABLE- 4.14DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CLASSES
ANDCATEGORIES ON ROAD(As on 31st March)
Sl.No. Type of Vehicle 2014-15 2015-16 2016-171. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Stage Carriages:1. APSRTC 9,987 10,308 11,3902. Hire with APSRTC 2,275 3,061 3,5203. Private 779 876 1,013
Total Stage Carriages (1+2+3) 13,041 14,245 15,9234. Goods Vehicles
(Heavy+Medium+Light+ThreeWheeler) 3,13,078 3,42,028 3,74,746
5. Tractors & Trailers 1,86,330 2,03,651 2,27,099Contract Carriages:
6. All India Tourist Buses 143 143 1457. State Permit 631 697 7448. Two Districts Permit 120 178 2119. Single District Permit 2,030 2,178 240610. Idle Buses 98 161 161
Total Contract Carriages(6+7+8) 3,022 3661 3,973Taxi Cabs:
11. All India Tourist cabs 2,432 2,650 2,93312. Taxi cabs 50,805 53,526 57,05913. Maxi cabs 20,087 21,362 22,430
Total Taxi cabs (9+10+11) 73,324 77,538 82,42214. Auto Rickshaws 3,97,126 4,44,295 4,90,24215. Education Institute Buses 20,471 20,471 23,63316. Private Service Vehicles 1,735 21,761 1,979
Total School Buses & PrivateService Vehicles (13+14) 22,206 1,824 25,612
17. Ambulances 2,573 23,585 3,65318. Others 3,286 3,642 3,825I Total Transport Vehicles 10,13,986 11,15,430 12,27,189
19. Motor Cars 4,75,929 5,23,141 5,89,55920. Jeeps 10,378 10,401 10,42921. Motor Cycles 61,47,523 68,24,016 76,71,21322. Tractors 1,26,862 1,37,732 1,54,21723. Construction Equipment 9,668 10,917 13,10524. Rig mounted 770 786 86425. Road Rollers 1,128 1,154 1,18226. Trailer for Agriculture purpose 93,155 99,932 1,10,69327. Fire Tenders 259 276 32428. Others 2,604 3,773 6,037
II Total Non-TransportVehicles 68,68,276 76,12,128 85,57,623Grand Total of Transport &Non-Transport Vehicles 78,82,262 87,27,558 97,84,812
Source: Commissioner of Transport, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
107
TABLE- 4.15DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES AND CATEGORIES(As on 31st March, 2017)
Sl.No. District
Stage Carriages GoodsCarriage
(Articulated+Heavy+Medium+Light+
Three WheelGoods)
Tractors &Trailers
Contract Carriages
A.P.S.R.T.C.
Hirewith
APSRTCPrivate Total
(Col.3+4+5)
AllIndiaTouristBuses
StatePer-mit
TwoDistrictsPermit
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)1. Srikakulam 476 159 95 730 9,124 14,632 1 5 82. Vizianagaram 321 234 22 577 9,544 13,293 16 7 403. Visakhapatnam 939 271 29 1,239 37,730 7,985 16 26 384 East Godavari 808 271 37 1,116 41,477 12,799 - 41 65. West Godavari 582 160 17 759 31,112 19,400 - 5 -6. Krishna 1,392 494 52 1,938 66,451 29,765 48 189 167. Guntur 1,237 308 204 1,749 39,912 32,956 7 114 218. Prakasam 930 198 19 1,147 20,801 16,879 16 129 29. S.P.S Nellore 963 210 120 1,293 24,649 13,191 1 30 4710. Y.S.R 781 378 31 1,190 21,193 13,335 2 101 711. Kurnool 957 232 35 1,224 22,999 25,116 - 15 -12. Ananthapuramu 939 266 148 1,353 22,385 16,147 27 54 813. Chittoor 1,065 339 204 1,608 27,369 11,601 11 28 18ANHRA PRADESH 11,390 3,520 1,013 15,923 3,74,746 2,27,099 145 744 211
( Contd..)TABLE- 4.15(Contd..)
DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENTCLASSES AND CATEGORIES
(As on 31st March, 2017)
Sl.No. District
SingleDistrictPermit
IdleBuses
TotalContractCarriages(Col.9 to
13)
CabsAll
IndiaTouristCabs
TaxiCabs Maxi Cabs
Total Cabs(Col. 15 to
17)
(1) (2) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)1. Srikakulam 23 4 41 376 1,816 1,219 3,4112. Vizianagaram 67 1 131 26 1,579 1,188 2,7933. Visakhapatnam 834 4 918 363 9,516 3,318 13,1974. East Godavari 234 25 306 25 5,631 2,032 7,6885. West Godavari 44 32 81 822 3,906 1,291 6,0196. Krishna 259 40 552 221 9,380 1,983 11,5847. Guntur 159 11 312 39 6,249 2,540 8,8288. Prakasam 80 26 253 72 2,286 1,482 3,8409. S.P.S Nellore 144 7 229 46 2,625 1,305 3,97610. Y.S.R 121 2 233 112 3,273 1,194 4,57911. Kurnool 53 1 69 136 3,529 1,361 5,02612. Ananthapuramu 127 3 219 377 2,589 1,028 3,99413. Chittoor 261 5 323 318 4,680 2,489 7,487ANDHRA PRADESH 2,406 161 3,667 2,933 57,059 22,430 82,422
108
TABLE- 4.15 (Contd..)DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES AND CATEGORIES(As on 31st March, 2017)
Sl.No. District
AutoRicksha
ws
TotalTaxis(Col.18 + 19)
PrivateServiceVehicles
EducationInstituteBuses
Amulances
Others
TotalTransportVehicles
(Col.6+7+8+14
+(20 to 24))(1) (2) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25)1. Srikakulam 19,959 23,370 55 612 113 132 48,8092. Vizianagaram 20,534 23,327 67 652 109 91 47,7913. Visakhapatna
m63,030 76,227 364 1,828 441 480 1,27,212
4. East Godavari 49,650 57,338 270 3,361 268 296 1,17,2315. West
Godavari32,078 38,097 141 2,425 177 190 92,382
6. Krishna 51,798 63,382 266 2,705 946 361 1,66,3667. Guntur 47,772 56,600 180 3,378 289 757 1,36,1338. Prakasam 27,656 31,496 90 1,802 184 225 72,8779. S.P.S Nellore 44,711 48,687 154 1,482 266 368 90,31910. Y.S.R 26,365 30,944 66 1,215 212 361 68,74911. Kurnool 39,701 44,727 53 1,175 183 145 95,69112. Ananthapura
muu25,640 29,634 54 974 193 188 71,147
13. Chittoor 41,348 48,835 219 2,024 272 231 92,482ANDHRA PRADESH 4,90,24
25,72,664 1,979 23,633 3,653 3,825 12,27,189
TABLE- 4.15 (Contd..)DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES AND CATEGORIES(As on 31st March, 2017)
Sl.No. District Motor
Cars Jeeps TwoWheelers Tractors
Trailer forAgriculture
purpose
RoadRollers
(1) (2) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31)
1. Srikakulam 12,348 95 2,55,848 980 332 482. Vizianagaram 13,624 348 2,39,634 1,220 248 343. Visakhapatnam 1,14,931 1,553 9,40,104 5,717 212 3024. East Godavari 67,816 965 9,87,391 16,882 2,787 1955. West Godavari 44,858 583 7,25,241 13,954 8,035 586. Krishna 89,854 1,205 9,19,133 15,910 9,796 1327. Guntur 59,677 1,115 8,03,066 13,067 10,020 1238. Prakasam 21,908 424 3,70,895 15,651 16,573 459. S.P.S Nellore 36,278 491 4,11,215 11,872 13,002 7210. Y.S.R 25,859 1,172 4,38,555 13,297 10,366 4811. Kurnool 30,142 722 5,16,589 12,527 7,556 5312. Ananthapuramu 28,663 837 4,96,495 9,326 7,565 2313. Chittoor 43,601 919 5,67,047 23,814 24,201 49ANDHRA PRADESH 5,89,559 10,429 76,71,213 1,54,217 1,10,693 1,182
109
TABLE- 4.15 (Concld..)DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES AND CATEGORIES(As on 31st March, 2017)
Sl.No. District Rig
MountedConstructionEquipment
FireTenders Others
Total Non-TransportVehicles
(Col. 26 to34)
Grand Totalof Transport
& NonTransportVehicles
(Col. 25+35)(1) (2) (32) (33) (33) (34) (35) (36)1. Srikakulam 26 497 18 195 2,70,387 3,19,1962. Vizianagaram 18 358 8 150 2,55,642 3,03,4333. Visakhapatnam 95 2,389 81 599 10,65,983 11,93,1954. East Godavari 101 993 53 282 10,77,465 11,94,6965. West Godavari 15 616 18 363 7,93,741 8,86,1236. Krishna 54 993 40 828 10,37,945 12,04,3117. Guntur 43 844 15 641 8,88,611 10,24,7448. Prakasam 38 752 7 424 4,26,717 4,99,5949. S.P.S Nellore 41 1,367 23 457 4,74,818 5,65,13710. Y.S.R 45 985 9 356 4,90,692 5,59,44111. Kurnool 64 787 23 516 5,68,979 6,64,67012. Ananthapuramu 279 825 12 691 5,44,716 6,15,86313. Chittoor 45 1,699 17 535 6,61,927 7,54,409ANDHRA PRADESH 864 13,105 324 6,037 85,57,623 97,84,812
Source: Commissioner of Transport, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE – 4.16DISTRICT-WISE NO. OF CNG VEHICLES REGISTERED IN ANDHRA PRADESH
AS ON 31-03-2017
Sl.No. District
Number of CNG vehicles (Vehicle type)
Ambulances
AutoRickshaw
Contr-act
Carria-ges
EducationInstitute
Bus
Goods
Carriage
LuxuryTourist
CabMaxicab
MotorCab
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.1. Srikakulam 0 4 0 1 4 1 2 02. Vizianagaram 0 5 0 1 0 0 03. Visakhapatnam 0 2 5 8 2 0 0 04. East Godavari 0 62 0 3 17 3 3 15. West Godavari 0 0 0 15 2 0 0 06. Krishna 0 9,833 2 1 20 2 6 257. Guntur 0 53 0 2 6 0 1 28. Prakasam 1 9 0 2 4 0 0 09. SPS Nellore 0 1 0 4 3 0 0 010. YSR 0 8 0 8 2 0 0 011. Kurnool 0 2 0 4 9 0 0 012. Ananthapuramu 0 19 0 2 3 0 0 013. Chittoor 0 35 1 5 11 0 0 0ANDHRA PRADESH 1 10,033 8 56 83 6 12 28
(Contd..)
110
TABLE – 4.16(Concld.)
DISTRICT-WISE NO. OF CNG VEHICLES REGISTERED IN ANDHRA PRADESH
AS ON 31-03-2017
Sl.No. District
Number of CNG vehicles (Vehicle type)
MotorCar
OmniBuses
OmniBus forprivate
Use
PrivateServiceVehicles
StageCarriages
ThreeWheeledGoods
vehiclesTotal
1. 2. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.1. Srikakulam 5 - - - - 5 222. Vizianagaram 3 - - - - - 93. Visakhapatnam 35 - - 1 - 4 574. East Godavari 1,949 - 4 1 1 3 2,0475. West Godavari 59 - - - - 3 796. Krishna 1,133 1 12 7 311 29 11,3827. Guntur 97 - - 1 - 1 1638. Prakasam 19 - 1 - - - 369. SPS Nellore 9 - - - - 3 2010. YSR 6 - - 2 - - 2611. Kurnool 11 - - - 1 1 2812. Anantapuramu 5 - - - - - 2913. Chittoor 24 - - - - 7 83ANDHRA PRADESH 3,355 1 17 12 313 56 13,981Source: Commissioner of Transport, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.17URBAN AIR POLUTION FROM VEHICULAR EMISION
Sl.No. Pollutant Source of
Emission
Contribution(percent) of thesource to total
emissions
Remarks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Carbon Monoxide Petrol - DrivenVehicles 85 Contribution of two wheel
ers is expected to rise.
2. UnburntHydrocarbons
Two and ThreeWheelers 35 to 65 -
3. Nitrogen Oxides Diesel DrivenVehicles 90 or more -
4. Particulates Diesel DrivenVehicles - -
Note-In Andhra Pradesh, Two Wheelers which have generally two stroke engines aregetting popular because of more fuel economy, better specific power, loweroperational and maintenance costs and lower production costs. However, in twoand three wheelers powered by two stroke engines, exhaust emissions are theprincipal source of pollutants. Diesel vehicular exhaust pollution is due toparticulate matter, aldehydes and other toxic pollutants like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of Nitrogen.
Source: Teri Energy Data Directory of Year Book 1996-97.
111
TABLE - 4.18EMISSION STANDARDS NOTIFIED
1. Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWhYear Reference Test CO HC NOx PM1992 - ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -1996 - ECE R49 11.2 2.40 14.4 -2000 Euro I ECE R49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*2005 Euro II ECE R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
2010 Euro III ESCETC
2.15.45
0.660.78
5.05.0
0.100.16
2010 Euro IV ESCETC
1.54.0
0.460.55
3.53.5
0.020.03
2. Emission Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWhYear Reference Test CO HC NOx PM1992 - ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -1996 - ECE R49 11.2 2.40 14.4 -
2000 BharatStage I ECE R49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
2005 BharatStage II ECE R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
2010 BharatStage III
ESCETC
2.15.45
0.660.78
5.05.0
0.100.16
2010 BharatStage IV
ESCETC
1.54.0
0.460.55
3.53.5
0.020.03
3. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, g/kmYear Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - - -
1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - -
2000 Euro I 27.2-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25 -
2005 Euro II 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 0.08-0.17 -
2010 Euro III0.640.800.95 -
0.560.720.86
0.500.650.78
0.050.070.10
2010 Euro IV0.500.630.74 -
0.300.390.46
0.250.330.39
0.0250.040.06
4. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles, g/kmYear Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - - -
1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - -
2000 BharatStage I
27.2-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 0.14-0.25 -
2005 BharatStage II 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 0.08-0.17 -
2010 BharatStage III
0.640.800.95 -
0.560.720.86
0.500.650.78
0.050.070.10
2010 BharatStage IV
0.500.630.74 -
0.300.390.46
0.250.330.39
0.0250.040.06
112
TABLE - 4.18 (Contd…)EMISSION STANDARDS NOTIFIED
5. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWhYear Reference CO HC NOx PM1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*2005 Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
6. Emission Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWhYear Reference CO HC NOx PM
1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
2000 BharatStage I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*
2005 BharatStage II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
7. Emission Standards For Gasoline vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg),g/kmYear Reference CO HC HC+ NOx NOx1991 - 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 - -1996 - 8.68-12.4 - 3.00-4.36 -1998 - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18 -2000 Euro I 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 -2005 Euro II 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7 -
2010 Euro III2.3
4.175.22
0.200.250.29 -
0.150.180.21
2010 Euro IV1.0
1.812.27
0.10.130.16
-0.080.100.11
8. Emission Standards For Gasoline vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg),g/kmYear Reference CO HC HC+ NOx NOx1991 - 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 - -1996 - 8.68-12.4 - 3.00-4.36 -1998 - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18 -
2000 BharatStage I 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 -
2005 BharatStage II 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7 -
2010 BharatStage III
2.34.175.22
0.200.250.29 -
0.150.180.21
2010 BharatStage IV
1.01.812.27
0.10.130.16
-0.080.100.11
9. Emission Standards for 3-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/kmYear CO HC HC+NOx1991 12-30 8-12 --1996 6.75 - 5.402000 4.00 - 2.00
2005.04(BS II) 2.25 - 2.002010.04(BS III) 1.25 - 1.25
113
TABLE - 4.18 (Concld…)EMISSION STANDARDS NOTIFIED
10. Emission Standards for 2-Wheel Gasoline Vehicles, g/kmYear CO HC HC+ NOx1991 12-30 8-12 -1996 5.50 - 3.602000 2.00 - 2.00
2005.04(BS II) 1.5 - 1.52010.04(BS III) 1.0 - 1.0
11. Emission Standards for 2-Wheel and 3-Wheel Diesel Vehicles, g/kmYear CO HC+ NOx PM
2005.04 1.00 0.85 0.102010.04 0.50 0.50 0.05
Co: Carbon Monoxide, HC: Hydro Carbon, NOX: Oxides of Nitrogen PM: Particulate MaterSource: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.19NEW NORMS
Sl.No. Vehicle Type CO
%HC
ppm1. 2. 3. 4.1. Two-Wheelers - (2/4S) Manufactured on or before 31st March 2000 4.5 9,0002. Two-Wheelers - (2S) Manufactured after 31st March 2000 3.5 6,0003. Two-Wheelers - (4S) Manufactured after 31st March 2000 3.5 4,5004. Bharat Stage - II compliant 4-wheelers 0.5 7505. 4 - wheelers other than Bharat Stage - II compliant 3.0 1,500
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.20ANNUAL GROSS GENERATION OF POWER BY VARIOUS SOURCES
(In Million Units)Sl.No. Year Hydro Thermal Gas Private
SectorCentralSector Others Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1. 2010-11 7,718 26,846 1,681 18,005 19,986 3,529 77,7642. 2011-12 6,376 32,893 1,448 16,406 24,953 3,085 85,1603. 2012-13 3,207 34,730 1,140 11,785 30,414 923 82,1984. 2013-14 7,115 31,838 5,072 4,612 25,808 14,378 88,823
5.
2014-15(April’14 &May’14) 627 5,728 179 1,526 4,774 2,726 15,560
6.
2014-15(June, 14 toMarch’15) 3,177 16,285 467 5,748 14,553 397 40,627
7. 2015-16 2,441 22,044 682 9,200 15,301 720 50,388
8. 2016-17 2,313 24,729 674 14,047 14,600 -1123 55,240Note: Sl. No. 1 to 5 data pertaining to Combined Andhra Pradesh State.Source: A.P Transco, Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada.
114
TABLE - 4.21GENERATION CAPACITY & ELECTRICITY GENERATION
OF A.P.TRANSCO FROM 2012-13 TO 2016-17Sl.No. Parameters 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16* 2016-17*1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
I. Generating capacity Non-Utilities (MW)
a.
Public Sector G.O.I(from CentralSector) 312.43 72.43 64.13 1795.95 1750.85
b. Private Sector 6.48 - - 2996.36 3527.13
c. Wind (Pvt.) 193.90 232.60 285.20 1995.51 5,478.72d. Solar - 23.00 72.70
Total (a+b+c+d) 512.81 328.03 422.03 6787.82 10,756.70
II. Generating Capacity Utilities (MW) -APSEB
a. Hydro - - - 1671.29 1721.29
b. Thermal - - 800.00 3948.15 3948.15
c. Gas(APGPCL) - - - 34.29 34.29
d. Wind - - - 2 -
e. Other - - - - 5.426
Total (a+b+c+d) - - 800.00 5,655.73 5,709.156
A.P. Total 512.81 328.03 1,222.03 12,443.55 16,465.856
III. Electricity Generation Non-Utilities Net(MU)
Com-binedA.P.
A.P.
a. Public Sector G.O.I 30,413.50 25,807.70 47,74.49 14,553.46 15,300.89 14,600.51
b. Private Sector 12,708.29 3,806.41 1,526.09 5,747.81 7,081.37 10,862.27c. Wind - 2,118.29 3,184.78d. Other - 14,378.21 2,726.41 396.75 720.22 -1,122.77
Total(a+b+c) 43,121.79 43,992.32 9,026.99 20,698.02 25,220.77 27,524.79
IV. Utilities including of Railways – Gross (MU)- APSEB
a. Hydro 3,206.64 7114.91 626.87 3,177.08 2441.01 2,312.58
b. Thermal 34,729.55 31,837.94 5,727.73 16,285.25 22044.42 24,728.76
c. Gas 1,140.08 5,072.35 178.64 466.98 681.46 673.82d. Wind - 805.39 - - - -
Total (a+b+c+d) 39,076.27 44,830.59 65,33.24 19,929.31 25,166.89 27,715.16
ANDHRA PRADESH 82,198.06 88,822.91 15,560.23 40,627.33 50,387.66 55,239.95
* All figures are provisional and installed capacity is as per share with TSTRANSCO .
Source: A.P Transco, Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada.
115
TABLE - 4.22GENERATION CAPACITY AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION
OF A.P.TRANSCO FROM 2012-13 TO 2016-17(as on 31st March)
*-All figures are provisional and installed capacity is as per share with TSTRANSCO.Source: A.P Transco, Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada.
Sl.No. Parameters 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16* 2016-17*1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.I. Generating Capacity Non-Utilities (MW)
a. Public Sector G.O.I 3,428.97 3,501.40 1,679.86 1,795.95 1,750.85b. Private Sector:
(i)Non-conventional
(inclu.wind) 1,163.13 1,418.73 1,710.70 2,533.34 6,047.32
(ii) Hydel 105.64 105.64 89.10
2,438.532,958.53
(iii) Gas 2,494.70 2,494.70 1,510.31
Total 7,192.44 7,520.47 4,629.97 6,787.82 10,756.70II. Generating Capacity of Utilities (MW)–AP GENCO
a.Hydro 3,829.36 3,829.36 1,671.29 1,671.29 1,721.29b.Steam 5,092.50 5,092.50 3,148.15c. Thermal - - - 3,948.15 3,948.15d.Wind + Solar 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 5.43e. Gas Joint Sector
(APGPCL) 272.00 272.00 34.29 34.29 34.29Total 9,196.86 9,196.86 4,855.73 5,655.73 5,709.16
Total(Utility + Non-Utility) 16,389.30 16,717.33 9,485.70 12,443.55 16,465.86
III. Electricity Generation Non-utilities (MU) CombinedA.P. A.P.
a. Public Sector G.O.I 30,413.50 25,807.70 4,774.49 14,553.46 15,300.89 14,600.51
b. Private Sector 11,784.88 3,806.41 1,526.09 5,747.81 9,199.66 14,047.05
c.Others 923.41 14,378.21 2,726.41 396.75 720.22 -1,122.77Total Non-Utilities 43,121.79 43,992.32 9,026.99 20,698.02 25,220.77 27,524.79IV. Utilities incl. of Railways–APGENCO
a.Hydro 3,206.64 7,114.91 626.87 3,177.08 2,441.01 2,312.58
b. Thermal 34,729.55 31,837.94 5,727.73 16,285.25 22,044.42 24,728.76
c.Steam - - - - - -
d.Gas 1,140.08 5,072.35 178.64 466.98 681.46 673.82
e. Wind - 808.39 - - - -Total Utilities 39,076.27 44,830.59 6,533.24 19,929.31 25,166.89 27,715.16Total(Utility + Non-Utility) 82,198.06 88,822.91 15,560.23 40,627.33 50,387.66 55,239.95
116
TABLE - 4.23
POWER SUPPLY POSITION FROM 2011-12 TO 2016-17 IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. Year Requirement
(MUs)Availability
(MUs)Surplus
/Deficit(MUs)Surplus/
Deficit (%)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. 2011-12 91,663 85,868 -5,795 -6.32
2. 2012-13 99,849 83,030 -16,819 -16.84
3. 2013-14 95,374 88,191 -7,183 -7.53
4. 2014-15 41,798 40,627 -1,171 -2.80
5. 2015-16 50,409 50,388 -21 -0.04
6. 2016-17 55,275 55,240 -35 -0.06Note: Sl. No. 1 to 4 data pertaining to Combined Andhra Pradesh State.Source: A.P Transco, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.24
CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROMTHERMAL POWER STATIONS DURING THE YEAR 2016-17
Sl.No.
Name ofthe
Project/Location
Coal(MT)
FurNaceOil
(KL)
LDO(KL)
LSHS/HSD(KL)
Heat Input(Million Kcal)
GrossGenera
tion (MU)
AvergeHeatInput(K.Cal/KWH)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1.Vijayawada,TPSIbrahimpatnam,Krishna District
7281187.00 7520.93 28235251.64 11654.39 2422.71
2.
Rayalaseema,TPSV.V.ReddyNagarY.S.R District 3570698.00 3937.9 15394723.00 6712.59 2293.4
3.
Krishnapatnam,AP PDC Ltd.S.P.S NelloreDistrict 5100332.60 2926.51 22054977.38 8597.26 2565.34
Source: A.P Transco, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
117
TABLE - 4.25CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM
THERMAL STATIONS (BY KIND OF FUELS) IN ANDHRA PRADESH(IPPs ONLY)DURING THE YEAR 2016-17 (GAS & DIESEL)
Sl.No. APS
Gas Stations Diesel Stations
NaturalGas
(MMSCM)
HSD(Kilo
Litres)
Naphtha(MT)
Genera-tion (MU)
DieselOil(kilolitres)
Gene-ration(GWH)
AverageOil Con-sumed(Lts/Kwh)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1.M/s APGPCL(A.P. TRANSCOshare 21.62%) 34.00 - - 146.00 - - -
2.M/s. GVK Power& InfrastructureLtd. 215.75 - 500 924.18 - - -
3.M/s. LancoKondapalli PowerPrivate Ltd.
186.14 - 2488 835.99 - - -
4.M/s. RelianceInfrastructureLtd.
- - - - - - -
5.M/s. SpectrumPower GenerationLtd.
209.63 - 171 928.94 - - -
6.M/s SrivasthaPower ProjectsLtd. 11.35 - - 43.68 - - -
NaturalGas/e-
bid RLNG - - -
7. Vemagiri 0/27 - - 135.00 - - -
8. Goutami 0 - - 0 - - -
9. GVK. Extension -I 0/7 - - 34.00 - - -
10. Konaseema GasPower Ltd. - - - - - - -
11. GMR RajamundryEnergy Ltd 0/128 - - 639.46 - - -
12. Lanco Stage II &III 0/95 - - 472.91 - - -
MMSCM: Million Metric Standard Cubic MetreSource: A.P. Transco, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
118
TABLE – 4.26CATEGORY-WISE INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF AP TRANSCO
(As on 31st March)
Sl.No. Year Hydro
ThermalNuclear
Wind&Solar
(GENCO)Others Total
Steam Diesel Gas1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1. 2011-12 3,829 5,092 - 272 - 2 6,681 15,876
2. 2012-13 3,829 5,092 - 272 - 2 7,194 16,389
3. 2013-14 3,829 5,092 - 272 - 2 7,521 16,717
4. 2014-15 1,671 3,148 - 34 - 2 4,630 9,486
5. 2015-16 1,671 3,948 - - - 2 6,822 12,445
6. 2016-17 1,721 3,948 - - - 5 10791 16466Note: Sl.No. 1 to 3 data pertaining to Combined Andhra Pradesh State.Source: A.P. Transco, Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.27DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES ELECTRIFIED IN
ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. District
Total No. of Towns(Statutory and Census) as
per 2011 CensusInhabited Villages as per
2011 Census
Total Electrified Total Electrified1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 12 12 1,701 1,701
2. Vizianagaram 14 14 1,452 1,452
3. Visakhapatnam 15 15 3,072 3,072
4. East Godavari 19 19 1,312 1,312
5. West Godavari 13 13 842 842
6. Krishna 17 17 934 934
7. Guntur 14 14 691 691
8. Prakasam 13 13 985 985
9. S.P.S Nellore 10 10 1,093 1,093
10. Y.S.R 18 18 830 830
11. Kurnool 12 12 870 870
12. Ananthapuramu 16 16 921 921
13. Chittoor 22 22 1,455 1,455
ANDHRA PRADESH 195 195 16,158 16,158100% Electrification of villages since 1992.Source: A.P. Transco, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
119
TABLE - 4.28DISTRICT- WISE WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY
(As on 31.03.2017)
Sl.No. District
APGENCOProjects
CommercialProjects
TotalProjects
Deve--lopers
Capacity(MW)
Deve--lopers
Capacity(MW)
Deve--lopers
Capacity(MW)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.2. Vizianagaram - - - - - -3. Visakhapatnam - - - - - -4. East Godavari - - - - - -5. West Godavari - - - - - -6. Krishna - - - - - -7. Guntur - - - - - -8. Prakasam - - - - - -9. S.P.S Nellore - - 1 2.50 1 2.5010. Y.S.R - - 11 135.90 11 135.9011. Kurnool - - 43 128.75 43 128.7512. Ananthapuramu 1 2.00 119 1,179.69 120 1,181.6913. Chittoor - - 1 6.00 1 6.00
ANDHRA PRADESH 1 2.00 175 1,452.84 176 1,454.84Source: A.P. Transco, Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.29ESTIMATED POTENTIAL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON 31.03.2017Sl.No. Sources / Systems Estimated
Potential (MW) Remarks1. 2. 3. 4.1. Wind 44,229 3,801.9
2. Biomass Projects includingBiomass Co- generation 500 226.4
3. Ba-gasse based Co-generation 300 203.954. Municipal solid waste 100 6.155. Industrial waste 100 34.016. Small Hydro Power 500 87.4387. Solar Energy 38,440 1,880.376
TOTAL 84,169 6,240.224Source: A.P Transco, Andhra Pradesh ,Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.30LIGHTING FACILITIES (HOUSE HOLDS) IN ANDHRA PRADESH
AS PER CENSUS 2011Sl. No. Item Rural Urban Total*
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Electricity 81,12,273 34,96,726 1,16,08,9992. Kerosene 8,10,043 88,028 8,98,0713. Solar Energy 18,995 10,449 29,4444. Other Oil 18,154 3,649 21,8035. Any Other 5,360 1,557 6,9176. No Lighting 32,198 6,440 38,638
Total Number of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872* Data excludes merged villages of Khammam.Source: Director of Census Operations,Andhra Pradesh,Hyderabad.
120
TABLE - 4.31SUMMARY STATUS OF POLLUTION IN 17 CATEGORIES
OF INDUSTRIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2016-17
Sl. No. Category Total Numberof Units
Status of IndustriesNo. of Units
Under OPRNS** Closed1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Alluminium 1 - -2. Cement 22 - -3. Chlor-Alkali 3 - -4. Copper - - -5. Distillery 19 - 56. Dye & Dye Intermediates 0 - -7. Fertilizers 4 - -8. Integrated Iron and Steel 7 - -9. Oil Refineries 2 - -10. Pesticides 4 - 111. Petro Chemicals 2 - -12. Pharmaceuticals 114 - 813. Paper & Pulp 4 - 114. Sugar 23 - 515. Tannery 2 - -16. Thermal Power Plants 9 - -17. Zinc - - -
ANDHRA PRADESH 216 - -**-OPRNS-Effluent treatment/Emissions control systems installed but not complying
with the standardsSource: Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.32NUMBER OF REGISTERED FACTORIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 2004 TO 2015
Sl.No. Year Registered
Factories
Working Factories
ManufacturingProcess
Electricity,Gas andWaterSupply
RepairServices
andStorage
OtherActivities Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. 2004 21,777 14,991 120 369 1,608 17,088
2. 2005 22,187 15,148 117 396 1,052 16,713
3. 2006 22,783 14,651 121 404 989 16,165
4. 2007 23,548 15,112 124 412 1,072 16,720
5. 2008 24,217 15,941 129 449 1,194 17,713
6. 2009 24,794 15,920 138 456 1,442 17,956
7. 2010 24,974 15,885 138 456 1,953 18,432
8. 2011 25,570 16,883 130 490 1,322 18,825
9. 2012 26,469 19,037 130 200 1,737 21,104
10. 2013 26,469 19,014 140 168 1,782 21,104
11. 2014 26,921 20,260 128 164 578 21,130
12. 2015 27,370 18,927 122 160 477 19,686Source: Director of Factories, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
121
TABLE - 4.33DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF REGISTERED FACTORIES, AS ON DECEMBER 2015
Sl.No.
DistrictNo. of Factories
2 m(i) 2 m(ii) 85 (i) Total1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Srikakulam 879 146 278 1,303
2. Vizianagaram 409 10 248 667
3. Visakhapatnam 1,281 4 379 1,664
4. East Godavari 1,760 10 1,052 2,822
5. West Godavari 1,152 73 1,088 2,313
6. Krishna 1,480 7 1,506 2,993
7. Guntur 2,668 98 1,652 4,418
8. Prakasam 1,801 178 987 2,966
9. S.P.SNellore 905 1 547 1,453
10. Y.S.R 925 - 289 1,214
11. Kurnool 1,623 26 799 2,448
12. Ananthapuramu 330 7 1,244 1,581
13. Chittoor 1,245 4 279 1,528
ANDHRA PRADESH 16,458 564 10,348 27,370
Source: Director of Factories, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.34
CONTRIBUTION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES TO ATMOSPHERE
Sl.No. GREEN HOUSE GASES CONTRIBUTION TO
ATMOSPHERE (%)1. 2. 3.
1. Carbon Dioxide 55
2. Methane 15
3. CFCs 11 & 12 17
4. Nitrous Oxide 6
5. Others 7Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2013, Central Statistical Organisation,
New Delhi.
122
TABLE – 4.35A SUMMARY OF KEY GREEN HOUSE GASES
SlNo Concentration CO2 CH4 N2O CFC-11
HC FC.22(CFC)
(Substitute)
CF4(a per)(FluoroCarbon)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Pre IndustrialConcentration
280PPMV
700PPbV
275PPbV Zero Zero Zero
2. Concentration in1994 PPMV
358PPBV
1720PPbV
312$PPtV
268$PPtV
110PPtV 72$
3.Rate of Changeof Concentration0.4% / year
1.5PPMV/yr0.6%/yr
10PPbV/yr
0.25%/yr
0.8PPbV/yr 0%/yr
0.0PPbV/yr
5%/yr
5.0PPTV/yr
2%/yr
1.2PPtV/yr
4. Atmospheric lifetime(years)
(50-200)* 12# 120 50 12 5000
*-No single life time for CO2 can be defined because of the different rates of uptake bydifferent sink processes.
$-Estimated from 1992-93 data#-This has been defined as on adjustment time which takes into account the indirect
effect methane on its own life time.Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2003, Central Statistical Organisation,
GOI, New Delhi.TABLE – 4.36
PRODUCTION OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES
Sl.No.
CFC/HCFC 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. CFC-11 83.5* - - - - -2. CFC-12 234.8* - - - - -3. CFC-113 - - - - - -4. H-1211 - - - - - -5. H-1301 - - - - - -6. CTC 15,222.8 17,741.0 15,412.0 17,663.8 19,621.3 19,324.79
7. MCh - - - - - -8. HCFC-22 47,613.3 48,476.6 48,177.8 40,650.6 54,937.9 53,313.73
9. MethylBromide
425.598** 460.330** 543.918** 848.071
**1,248.342
**1,332.632
**
Total 63,580.00 6,6677.93 64,133.72 59,162.47 75,807.54 73,971.15CFC-Chloro Fluoro carbon,CTC-Carbon Teracloride, HCFC-HydroChloro Fluoro Carbon*- For Essential Use Nominations(EUN),**-The quantities for pre-shipment & quarantine
application.Source: Envistas, 2018, Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.
123
TABLE – 4.37CONSUMPTION OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES
Sl.No. CFC/HCFC 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. CFC-11 78.616* - - - - -2. CFC-12 212.117 * - - - - -3. CFC-113 - - - - - -4. CTC - - - - - -5. HCF-22 12503.0 10266.39 15646.511 8029.435 8050.091 11777.726. HCF-123 115.085 - 136.0 196.952 180.817 174.877. HCF-124 603.2 288.7 69.2 - - -8. HCF-141b 7836.8 7924.0 6400.0 4568.216 4112.563 3028.009. HCF-142b 805.0 645.0 1308.4 428.9 120.319 126.00
10. MethylBromide 703.978** 864.566** 1054.132** 1175.785** 968.512**
329.542**
Total 22857.78 19988.66 24614.24 14399.29 13432.30 15436.13CFC: Ch:prp-Floro-Carbon CTC: Carbon Teracloride HCFC: HydroChloro Fluoro Carbon*- For Essential Use Nominations(EUN),**-The quantities for pre-shipment & quarantine
application.Source: Envistas, 2018, Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi.
TABLE - 4.38NOISE (AMBIENT STANDARDS)
AreaCode
Categoryof Area/Zone
Limit in dB(A) Leq*Day time Night time
1. 2. 3. 4.A Industrial Area 75 70B Commercial Area 65 55C Residential Area 55 45D Silence Zone 50 40
*-1. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 mtrs around hospitals,
education institutes, courts, religious places or any other area which declared assuch by the competent authority.
2. dB (A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels(units in which noise is measured) on scale A which is relatable to humanhearing.
3. “A” in dB (A) Leq, denotes the frequency waiting in the measurement of noiseand corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.
4. “Leq” denotes the energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.39LAND AREA & POPULATION AFFECTED BY ONE METER SEA LEVEL RISE
Sl. No. State % of State'sarea inundated
% of State'sPopulation affected
1. 2. 3. 4.1. Andhra Pradesh 0.19 0.93
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 1999, Central Statistical Organisation,New Delhi.
124
TABLE-4.40MONTHWISE AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2016-17
Sl.No. Month
Tirupathi(GNC
Building)
Vijayawada(All India
radio)
Visakhapatnam(Siripuram)
Visakhapatnam(Zoo Park)
Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.1. April,2016 74 70 70 65 75 69 66 65
2. May,2016 75 71 69 65 74 67 63 58
3. June,2016 59 55 70 65 75 66 59 55
4. July,2016 61 58 70 65 75 67 61 58
5. Aug,2016 74 70 72 66 75 66 61 56
6. Sept,2016 73 69 69 64 75 66 58 54
7. Oct,2016 74 70 69 64 74 66 58 53
8. Nov,2016 74 70 69 64 75 66 59 54
9. Dec,2016 75 70 69 64 75 66 59 54
10. Jan,2017 74 69 69 64 75 65 58 53
11. Feb,2017 74 69 69 64 75 66 59 47
12. Mar,2017 74 69 70 64 75 67 64 57
*Standards 65 55 65 55 65 55 50 40*-1.Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise
2 .All values are expressed in d/B (A)Leg.3. Day time means 6.00A.m. To 10.00P.M.4. Night time means 10.00P.M to 6.00A.M.
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 4.41AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2014 to 2017 (Upto July)
Sl.No. Year
Tirumala(Commercial)
Vijayawada(Commercial)
Visakhapatnam(Commercial)
Visakhapatnam(Silence Zone)
Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night
1. 2014 73 71 70 66 73 69 66 65
2. 2015 73 71 70 65 74 68 67 65
3. 2016 71 67 70 65 75 67 60 56
4.2017(UptoJuly) 75 70 69 65 75 67 65 59
*Standards 65 55 65 55 65 55 50 40
*-1.Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise2 .All values are expressed in d/B (A)Leg.3. Day time means 6.00A.m. To 10.00P.M.4. Night time means 10.00P.M to 6.00A.M.
Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
125
TABLE - 4.42EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH
A. Noise HazardsStage – I Stage – IIThreat to Survival
(a) Communication interference(b) Permanent hearing loss
Causing Injury(a) Neural-humoral stress response(b) Temporary hearing loss(c) Permanent hearing loss
B. Noise NuisancesStage – III Stage - IV
Curbing Efficient Performance(a) Mental Stress(b) Task Interference(c) Sleep Interference
Diluting Comfort and Enjoyment(a) Invasion of Privacy(b) Disruption of Social Interaction(c) Hearing Loss
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2008/2009, C. S. O, New Delhi.
TABLE- 4.43DISTRICT-WISE & SEASON-WISE RAINFALL DATA, 2016-17
(In Millimeters)
(Contd..)
Sl.No. District
South West Monsoon(June to September)
North-East Monsoon(October toDecember)
Winter Period(January & February)
Actual Normal% of
Devia-tion
Actual Normal% of
Devia-tion
Actual Normal% of
Devia-tion
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
1. Srikakulam 627.3 705.7 -11 93.7 276.0 -66 0.3 25.9 -99
2. Vizianagaram 790.0 692.7 14 105.4 245.8 -57 0.2 25.5 -99
3. Visakhapatnam 850.7 712.6 19 92.9 297.2 -69 0.6 22.3 -97
4. East Godavari 801.6 768.0 4 59.4 305.4 -81 0.2 19.7 -99
5. West Godavari 796.5 791.9 1 44.3 239.4 -81 0.0 17.7 -100
6. Krishna 668.8 685.1 -2 93.4 249.4 -63 0.0 15.8 -100
7. Guntur 653.9 525.8 24 66.0 228.9 -71 0.2 18.4 -99
8. Prakasam 341.6 388.3 -12 102.9 393.7 -74 0.4 16.3 -98
9. S.P.S Nellore 160.4 331.3 -52 197.6 661.4 -70 3.9 19.9 -80
10. Y.S.R 384.1 393.6 -2 77.5 251.0 -69 1.3 3.4 -62
11. Kurnool 466.8 455.1 3 14.6 149.6 -90 0.3 4.6 -93
12. Ananthapuramu 257.4 338.4 -24 26.5 155.3 -83 0.3 2.9 -90
13. Chittoor 342.2 439.4 -22 158.1 395.4 -60 9.9 12.1 -18ANDHRAPRADESH 533.8 556.0 -4 85.3 296.0 -71 1.6 15.7 -90
126
TABLE-4.43 (Concld..)DISTRICT-WISE & SEASON-WISE RAINFALL DATA, 2016-17
(in Millimeters)
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Vijayawada.
TABLE- 4.44DISTRICT-WISE ANNUAL AVERAGE RAINFALL
(In Millimeters)
Sl.No. District Normal
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Actual % ofDeviation Actual % of
Deviation Actual % ofDeviation
(1) (2) (3) (6) (7) (6) (7) (8) (9)
1. Srikakulam 1,161.6 970.9 -16 897.1 -23 793.0 -322. Vizianagaram 1,130.7 1,013.8 -10 1,058.8 -6 995.1 -123. Visakhapatnam 1,202.3 969.5 -19 1,202.9 - 1,063.2 -124. East Godavari 1,217.6 642.3 -47 1,138.2 -7 905.9 -265. West Godavari 1,153.0 604.0 -48 980.8 -15 871.4 -246. Krishna 1,033.5 587.1 -43 905.9 -12 794.7 -237. Guntur 853.0 497.6 -42 714.5 -16 756.5 -118. Prakasam 871.5 470.6 -46 668.3 -23 495.0 -489. S.P.S Nellore 1,080.4 620.2 -43 1,358.0 26 388.5 -6410. Y.S.R 699.6 409.6 -41 821.4 17 601.8 -3611. Kurnool 670.5 473.9 -29 479.0 -29 517.7 -2612. Ananthapuramu 552.3 401.3 -27 608.0 10 333.8 -4013. Chittoor 933.9 583.1 -38 1,176.8 26 530.8 -21ANDHRA PRADESH 966.0 606.1 -37 912.5 -6 677.2 -30Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Prdesh, Vijayawada.
Sl.No. District
Hot Weather Period(March to May)
Total(June to May)
Actual Normal % ofDeviation Actual Normal % of
Deviation(1) (2) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
1. Srikakulam 71.7 154.0 -53 793.0 1,161.6 -322. Vizianagaram 99.5 166.7 -40 995.1 1,130.7 -123. Visakhapatnam 119.0 170.2 -30 1,063.2 1,202.3 -124. East Godavari 44.7 124.5 -64 905.9 1,217.6 -265. West Godavari 30.6 104.0 -71 871.4 1,153.0 -246. Krishna 32.5 83.2 -61 794.7 1,033.5 -237. Guntur 36.4 79.9 -54 756.5 853.0 -118. Prakasam 50.1 73.2 -32 495.0 871.5 -439. S.P.S Nellore 26.6 67.8 -61 388.5 1,080.4 -6410. Y.S.R 54.8 51.5 6 517.7 699.5 -2611. Kurnool 49.1 61.1 -20 530.8 670.4 -2112. Ananthapuramu 49.6 55.7 -11 333.8 552.3 -4013. Chittoor 91.6 87.1 5 601.8 934.0 -36ANDHRA PRADESH 56.5 98.3 -43 677.2 966.0 -30
127
TABLE- 4.45
MONTH-WISEMAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENTSTATIONS, 2016
(In Celsius)Sl.No.
Station Maxi./Mini. January February March April May June
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
1. AnanthapuramuMaximum 32.1 36.7 39.9 43.1 40.2 33.9Minimum 16.7 20.0 23.5 27.0 26.1 23.3
2. Arogyavaram Maximum 27.9 32.8 35.6 39.0 35.5 31.3Minimum 14.2 16.2 20.6 24.0 24.0 23.1
3. BapatlaMaximum 30.5 32.2 33.7 35.6 37.6 35.1Minimum 17.7 20.0 23.2 26.8 27.0 25.5
4. GannavaramMaximum 30.9 33.8 36.8 39.6 39.4 34.2Minimum 19.5 21.2 24.1 26.8 29.7 27.3
5. KadapaMaximum NA NA NA NA NA NAMinimum NA NA NA NA NA NA
6. KakinadaMaximum 30.9 33.4 34.9 37.3 37.7 33.6Minimum 20.4 22.5 24.5 27.0 28.0 27.0
7. KalingapatnamMaximum 29.6 31.8 33.3 34.0 35.1 33.4Minimum 18.2 21.5 23.8 25.8 26.5 26.2
8. Kavali Maximum 30.2 31.7 33.9 38.0 38.4 34.6Minimum 20.8 22.3 24.5 26.7 27.8 26.0
9. KurnoolMaximum 32.6 36.4 39.3 42.7 40.2 34.2Minimum 19.2 22.8 26.1 29.5 28.0 25.1
10. MachilipatnamMaximum 30.3 32.3 33.7 36.4 37.6 34.6Minimum 20.9 22.7 24.5 27.1 28.4 26.9
11. NandigamaMaximum 32.8 35.8 37.7 40.9 40.2 35.2Minimum 15.0 17.6 20.7 23.2 24.1 22.6
12. NandyalMaximum 31.9 36.1 39.4 42.8 39.7 34.0Minimum 17.3 19.9 23.7 27.7 27.3 25.3
13. NarsapurMaximum 30.2 32.2 33.5 35.1 36.3 33.0Minimum 20.6 22.5 24.3 27.2 28.1 26.7
14. NelloreMaximum 30.8 33.3 35.6 39.5 39.0 35.9Minimum 22.0 23.4 25.3 27.1 28.8 27.8
15. OngoleMaximum 31.6 32.7 34.4 37.1 38.4 36.0Minimum 20.9 2.7 25.3 27.5 28.6 27.6
16. RentachintalaMaximum NA NA NA NA NA NAMinimum NA NA NA NA NA NA
17. Tirupati(Airport)
Maximum 30.6 34.1 37.3 40.9 39.3 34.5Minimum 19.3 21.2 24.6 28.0 28.3 25.7
18. TuniMaximum 31.0 33.9 36.0 39.1 38.4 34.7Minimum 20.2 22.4 24.6 27.4 27.6 26.7
19. VisakhapatnamC.W.C
Maximum 29.0 30.3 31.4 31.6 33.4 32.4Minimum 21.0 23.5 25.2 26.9 27.5 26.7
20. Visakhapatnam(NAS)
Maximum 30.4 32.7 34.9 36.3 36.5 34.2Minimum 19.8 22.6 24.8 27.4 27.9 27.2
(Contd..)
128
TABLE- 4.45 (Concld..)MONTH –WISE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT DIFFERENT
STATIONS, 2016(In Celsius)
Sl.No. Station Maxi./Mini. July August Septemb
erOctobe
rNovembe
r December
(1) (2) (3) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
1. AnanthapuramuMaximum 33.1 34.1 31.8 35.0 33.4 31.5Minimum 23.0 23.4 23.4 21.0 18.3 17.3
2. Arogyavaram Maximum 30.3 30.8 30.1 31.3 30.0 27.0Minimum 22.2 22.5 22.4 20.6 18.0 16.8
3. BapatlaMaximum 35.1 35.7 32.6 33.9 32.4 30.7Minimum 25.9 25.8 25.0 23.0 20.5 18.5
4. GannavaramMaximum 33.3 34.5 32.2 33.1 32.1 31.2Minimum 26.4 26.5 25.5 23.5 21.0 20.3
5. KadapaMaximum NA NA NA NA NA NAMinimum NA NA NA NA NA NA
6. KakinadaMaximum 32.5 33.9 31.2 33.5 31.7 30.2Minimum 26.5 27.0 25.3 24.6 21.4 20.8
7. KalingapatnamMaximum 32.4 33.1 32.1 32.5 30.6 28.7Minimum 26.1 26.0 25.6 23.4 18.5 17.5
8. KavaliMaximum 35.7 36.0 34.0 34.9 32.0 29.5Minimum 26.9 27.3 26.0 24.8 22.0 20.4
9. KurnoolMaximum 32.7 33.2 30.6 33.6 33.0 31.5Minimum 24.6 24.9 23.9 22.4 19.9 18.4
10. MachilipatnamMaximum 35.2 36.0 32.9 33.4 32.6 30.4Minimum 27.6 27.2 26.3 24.8 22.5 21.1
11. NandigamaMaximum 33.3 33.7 31.8 32.7 32.1 31.0Minimum 22.2 22.3 21.5 19.0 15.9 15.2
12. NandyalMaximum 33.3 33.6 30.3 33.2 32.7 31.3Minimum 25.0 24.9 24.3 23.0 20.0 18.2
13. NarsapurMaximum 33.2 34.0 31.9 32.4 31.5 30.3Minimum 27.1 27.0 26.3 24.7 21.2 20.4
14. NelloreMaximum 35.5 35.5 34.8 36.4 33.1 30.2Minimum 27.8 28.1 27.6 26.4 23.5 22.0
15. OngoleMaximum 35.9 36.2 32.7 36.1 33.9 31.9Minimum 27.9 27.9 25.6 25.4 23.2 21.6
16. Rentachintala Maximum NA NA NA NA NA NAMinimum NA NA NA NA NA NA
17. Tirupati(Airport)
Maximum 35.5 36.3 34.9 36.6 33.7 30.2Minimum 26.0 27.0 25.7 24.4 21.1 20.0
18. TuniMaximum 32.9 34.9 32.5 34.2 32.9 31.1Minimum 26.2 26.9 25.9 24.4 21.1 20.2
19. Visakhapatnam(C.W.C.)
Maximum 31.6 32.9 32.0 33.0 31.5 30.3Minimum 25.9 26.9 26.6 25.3 22.1 21.3
20. Visakhapatnam(NAS)
Maximum 33.1 34.5 32.3 33.4 31.6 30.3Minimum 26.7 27.0 26.2 24.8 20.1 19.5
NA: Not AvailableSource:Meteorological Centre, India Meteorological Department, Govt. of India,Hyderabad.
129
TABLE- 4.46
MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT DIFFERENT STATIONS,2016
Sl.No. Station
Relative Humidity-08.30-17.30 Mean
Wind Speed 24 Hrs.k.m.p.h.
Janu-ary
Febru-ary March April May June July
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1. Ananthapuramu
RH- 08.30% 80 64 50 54 70 82 73RH-17.30 % 42 34 24 27 48 68 54MWS 5 6 6 7 12 15 10
2. Arogyavaram
RH- 08.30% 87 79 82 79 80 82 81RH-17.30 % 57 48 44 49 59 72 70MWS 3 3 6 6 5 5 6
3. Bapatla
RH- 08.30% 88 87 79 72 69 78 74RH-17.30 % 65 68 70 71 63 68 64MWS 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA
4. Gannavaram
RH- 08.30% 85 86 78 73 68 81 84RH-17.30 % 55 52 45 44 45 69 67MWS 3 2 3 4 3 2 4
5. Kadapa
RH- 08.30% NA NA NA NA NA NA NARH-17.30 % NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMWS NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
6. KakinadaRH- 08.30% 90 87 85 80 78 81 84RH-17.30 % 69 66 67 64 63 75 76MWS 1 2 3 6 5 5 6
7. Kavali
RH- 08.30% 84 79 80 75 69 69 65RH-17.30 % 67 61 67 68 58 56 51MWS NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
8. Kalingapatnam
RH- 08.30% 81 84 80 78 75 83 83RH-17.30 % 70 73 75 82 77 81 82MWS 6 8 10 19 12 8 11
9. Kurnool
RH- 08.30% 72 65 57 46 56 76 75RH-17.30 % 34 28 23 19 31 52 61MWS 3 4 5 5 8 10 10
10. Machilipatnam
RH- 08.30% 88 84 79 72 69 81 75RH-17.30 % 67 65 67 70 65 70 66MWS 5 7 10 14 13 8 9
(Contd..)
130
TABLE- 4.46(Contd..)
MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT DIFFERENT STATIONS,2016
Sl.No. Station
RelativeHumidity- 08.30-17.30 Mean Wind
Speed 24 Hrs.k.m.p.h.
August September October November December
(1) (2) (3) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
1. Ananthapuramu
RH- 08.30% 82 76 58 66 73RH-17.30 % 68 62 36 38 41MWS 15 8 4 5 5
2. Arogyavaram
RH- 08.30% 79 78 77 77 77RH-17.30 % 63 70 61 59 56MWS 5 5 4 3 3
3. Bapatla
RH- 08.30% 69 82 78 82 86RH-17.30 % 56 73 63 62 64MWS NA NA NA 2 2
4. Gannavaram
RH- 08.30% 74 82 76 76 75RH-17.30 % 59 75 62 64 55MWS 5 4 2 3 4
5. Kadapa
RH- 08.30% NA NA NA NA NARH-17.30 % NA NA NA NA NAMWS NA NA NA NA NA
6. KakinadaRH- 08.30% 80 82 81 81 84RH-17.30 % 67 76 66 65 69MWS 6 4 2 2 3
7. Kavali
RH- 08.30% 63 68 64 75 82RH-17.30 % 48 58 60 61 68MWS NA NA NA NA NA
8. Kalingapatnam
RH- 08.30% 83 86 79 70 74RH-17.30 % 83 85 73 69 66MWS 8 6 4 5 6
9. Kurnool
RH- 08.30% 74 80 69 68 73RH-17.30 % 53 64 42 33 36MWS 11 9 5 3 3
10. Machilipatnam
RH- 08.30% 73 83 77 79 86RH-17.30 % 63 74 66 66 68MWS 10 8 5 6 6
131
TABLE- 4.46(Contd..)
MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT DIFFERENT STATIONS,2016
Sl.No. Station
Relative Humidity-08.30-17.30 Mean
Wind Speed 24 Hrs.k.m.p.h.
Janu-ary
Febru-ary March April May June July
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
11. Nandigama
RH- 08.30% 85 86 80 75 68 81 82RH-17.30 % 45 43 42 35 44 66 69MWS 3 5 6 7 6 5 5
12. Nandyal
RH- 08.30% 83 83 70 69 69 82 79RH-17.30 % 51 67 34 31 38 57 58MWS 4 5 6 7 8 9 11
13. Narsapur
RH- 08.30% 92 89 84 75 75 85 81RH-17.30 % 67 66 68 69 68 76 75MWS 1 1 1 2 2 1 2
14. Nellore
RH- 08.30% 84 83 80 72 66 70 68RH-17.30 % 65 64 67 63 54 56 56MWS 3 4 5 8 8 8 8
15. Ongole
RH- 08.30% 83 81 78 74 66 71 67RH-17.30 % 61 61 61 60 52 56 52MWS 2 3 4 5 6 6 6
16. RentachinthalaRH- 08.30% NA NA NA NA NA NA NARH-17.30 % NA NA NA NA NA NA NAMWS NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
17. Tirupati(AirPort)
RH- 08.30% 81 77 68 64 62 67 70RH-17.30 % 56 49 41 30 41 53 54MWS 4 5 5 6 6 5 5
18. Tuni
RH- 08.30% 82 77 74 70 70 82 83RH-17.30 % 69 66 66 70 70 77 76MWS 3 3 4 5 4 3 4
19.Visakhapatnam(CWC)
RH- 08.30% 72 73 72 68 73 77 77RH-17.30 % 67 69 73 76 76 78 75MWS 6 7 9 8 5 4 9
20.
Visakhapatnam(NAS)
RH- 08.30% 78 77 74 68 71 78 78RH-17.30 % 64 62 63 66 67 75 75MWS 5 5 7 7 8 4 5
132
TABLE- 4.46(Concld..)
MONTH-WISE HUMIDITY AND VELOCITY OF WIND AT DIFFERENT STATIONS,2016
Sl.No. Station
Relative Humidity-08.30-17.30 Mean
Wind Speed 24 Hrs.k.m.p.h.
August September October November December
(1) (2) (3) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
11. Nandigama
RH- 08.30% 77 92 82 83 83RH-17.30 % 65 80 63 62 63MWS 5 3 3 3 3
12. Nandyal
RH- 08.30% 81 84 78 74 79RH-17.30 % 68 70 49 50 45MWS 10 6 3 3 3
13. Narsapur
RH- 08.30 % 80 84 82 84 87RH-17.30 % 71 78 71 66 66MWS 4 1 - NA NA
14. Nellore
RH- 08.30% 66 66 67 76 85RH-17.30 % 52 58 51 61 69MWS 9 8 6 5 5
15. Ongole
RH- 08.30% 66 73 64 72 79RH-17.30 % 52 60 52 60 63MWS 5 3 3 3 3
16. RentachinthalaRH- 08.30% NA NA NA NA NARH-17.30 % NA NA NA NA NAMWS NA NA NA NA NA
17. Tirupati(AirPort)
RH- 08.30% 66 72 64 74 82RH-17.30 % 49 56 43 49 64MWS 5 4 4 6 6
18. Tuni
RH- 08.30% 77 86 74 70 76RH-17.30 % 68 81 67 63 65MWS 5 2 2 4 4
19. Visakhapatnam(CWC)
RH- 08.30% 73 80 67 63 66RH-17.30 % 73 81 66 61 68MWS 9 6 5 6 7
20. Visakhapatnam(NAS)
RH- 08.30% 74 82 70 68 69RH-17.30 % 71 79 67 58 59MWS 5 3 5 7 7
NA: Not AvailableSource: Meteorological Centre, India Meteorological Department, Govt. of India,
Hyderabad.
5. LITHOSPHERE
133
5. LITHOSPHEREIntroduction
Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is the 8th largest state in India with an area
of 1,62,975 sq. kms. The state is bordered by Tamil Nadu on the south, Karnataka on
the west, Telangana on the north and north-west and Telangana & Orissa states on the
north-east and Bay of Bengal Ocean on eastern side. The state of Andhra Pradesh has a
series of mountain ranges including Eastern Ghats, the Nallamalais, Yerramalais and the
Seshachalam range of hills. The climate is hot and humid with a normal rainfall of 966.0
mms c.ms but actual rainfall during the years 2013-14, 2014-15 & 2015-16 is 968.1
mms, 606.1 mms,912.5mms respectively in Andhra Pradesh. Krishna, Godavari and
Penna are the major river systems with their respective tributaries contributing to the
river line habitats in the state. The Bay of Bengal runs along the eastern coast stretching
over 974 kilometers. Andhra Pradesh has been divided into three major geographic
zones.
1. Deccan Plateau
2. Eastern Ghats
3. Coastal Plains
Deccan Plateau:
The Deccan Plateau characterized with open thorny scrub jungle dominated
by the Acacia, Albizia, Hardwickia and allied species. It is interspersed with huge rocky
outcrops and grasslands locally called as the kanchas. This area supports a variety of a
rich avifauna and endangered herbivores like blackbuck, chinkara, chowsinga etc. Due to
extensive hunting, the Asiatic cheetah that once thrived here has become extinct. The
Southern Deccan Plateau in Andhra Pradesh locally known as Plateau covers Chittoor,
Ananthapuramu, Kurnool districts. The plateau has two erosional surfaces with altitudes
of 150-600 meters and 300-900 meters above Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Eastern Ghats:
The Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh representing hill ranges extend from
Chittoor district in the south to Srikakulam district in the north cover about 33 percent
area of the state. There are series of broken hill ranges, hills and ridges largely covered
by forests and uncultivable rocky wastes. The Eastern Ghats have 3 elevation surfaces,
viz., 600-900 meters, 900-1200 meters and 1200 - 1600 meters above MSL. The hill
ranges are highest in the north, in the interior of Chintapalli and Paderu of
Visakhapatnam district (highest peak 1680 meters). Eastern Ghats is a home to a few of
the rarest plants in the world like Tree ferns, Cycas beddomeli and Red sanders etc.
134
Coastal Plains:
Coastal plains including the wetlands and the Bay of Bengal in the east
stretch about 974 kms and cover about 13 percent area of the state. The east coast
plain has been divided into six landforms; they are marine, inland plains, Krishna delta,
Godavari delta, laterite and sandstone (Rajahmundry). The mangroves of the Godavari
and Krishna are extending over an area of 333 sq.kms constitute one of the most fragile
ecosystems. About 90 percent of the total catch of fish, crustaceous and molluscas are
obtained from these coastal areas. Wetlands are the most productive life supporting
systems in the world that render immense socio-economical, ecological and bio-aesthetic
value to man kind. They are mostly useful for the survival of natural biodiversity and
playing an important role in improvement of water quality, removal of sediment load,
production of oxygen, control of floods, recharge of aquifers and treatment of pollution
abatement.
On the basis of nine-fold land-use classification, out of the total geographical
area of 162.96 lakh hectares, the area of cultivable land (i.e., net area sown, current
fallows and other fallow lands) is 84.51 lakh hectares and it accounts for 51.86 percent
of the total geographical area of the state and land available for cultivation but not
cultivated (culturable waste, permanent pastures and other grazing lands and
miscellaneous tree crops and groves not included in net area sown) was 7.79 lakh
hectares, which accounts for 4.78 percent and land not available for cultivation (forests,
barren and un-cultivable land and land put to non-agricultural uses) was 70.67 lakh
hectares and it is accounted for 43.36 percent during 2015-16 is shown Table N0. 5.7.
Land Degradation:
Land is one of the basic components of the environment and performs three
major functions as far as the interface between environment and economic
development; it provides retention of water and moisture as well as retention of soil
nutrients to support vegetation cover, maintenance and sustenance of biodiversity and
geological properties. Land is degraded when it suffers a loss of intrinsic qualities,
decline in its capabilities or loss in its productive capacity. Land degradation may be due
to natural causes or human causes or it may be due to combination of both. Land
degradation is an global problem, largely related to agricultural use. The major causes
include i) Land clearance such as deforestation ii) Agriculture depletion of soil nutrients
through poor farming practices Livestock including over grazing. iv) Inappropriate
irrigation v) Urban sprawl and commercial development vi) Land pollution including
industrial waste vii) Vehicle off-roading viii) Quarrying of stone, sand ore and minerals
etc., Soil erosion is the major cause of land degradation and due to deforestation and
conversion of large tracts of fertile, agricultural and forest land into urbanization and
human settlements.
135
Soil Degradation:
Soils is the most precious and non-renewable natural resource which support
life on earth. Due to tremendous pressure on land and water resources, which is causing
decline in soil health and stagnation in productivity. Secondly, problems relating to soil
degradation, soil pollution and environmental imbalances are posing serious challenges
to sustainable agricultural production.
Soil degradation refers to the decline in productive capacity of soils due to
natural processes like floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or human induced
processes such as large scale irrigation leading to salinity and alkalization, deforestation,
over grazing, enhanced industrial growth and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides to meet the demands of the ever increasing population. This has resulted in
over exploitation of natural resources with very little consideration for maintaining the
eco balance causing salinity and alkalization, flooding, water logging, recurrence of
drought, accelerated erosion, loss of nutrients and toxicity problems.
Soil is the non-renewable natural resource which supports life on earth.
Mainly soils are degraded by water and wind erosion, through gully and ravine, siltation
of dams, pollution of water- courses by agricultural chemicals, shifting cultivation, sandy
areas, deserts and water logging and cultivated waste land. Soil erosion by rain and river
that takes place in hill areas causes landslides and floods, due to cutting of trees for
firewood, grazing of large number of livestock on grass lands, traditional agricultural
practices, formation of roads, mining and quarrying and construction of dams have led to
the opening of hill faces to heavy soil erosion. Wind erosion causes expansion of deserts,
dust storms, whirl winds and destruction of crops, while moving sand covers the land
and makes it sterile. Excessive soil erosion with consequent high rate of sedimentation in
the reservoirs and decreased fertility has become serious environmental problem with
disastrous economic consequences.
Soil erosion results in huge loss of nutrients in suspension or solution, which
are removed away from one place to another, thus causing depletion or enrichment of
nutrients. Besides, there is also degradation through the creation of gullies and ravines,
which makes land unsuitable for agricultural production. Subsidence of the land in some
areas and landslides in the hilly tracts are problems effecting highways, habitations and
irrigation dams.
The use of pesticides particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT above
permissible limits enters into the food chain causing health hazards. Pesticide residues in
food chain even small quantities or these residues ingested daily along with food can
buildup high levels in the body fat. In long term effects results in carcinogenicity,
reducing life span, increased cholesterol, high infant mortality and varied metabolic and
genetic disorders.
136
Among fertilizers, the conversion of fertilizer to gaseous forms - ammonia
(NH3) and various oxides of nitrogen lead to atmospheric pollution. The presence of
ammonia and sulphur dioxide may lead to acid rains, which ultimately degrade the soil.
Atmospheric ammonia contaminates water bodies, impairs visibility and causes
corrosion. Nitrous oxide also contributes to global warming.
Soil Testing:
Soil testing is carried out in the laboratory for evaluation of nutrient
content and fertilizer recommendation. There are 16 Soil Testing Labs (STLs) 1 (one)
Regional Soil Testing Lab in Guntur District, and 9 Mobile Soil Testing Labs except in
Vizianagaram, Krishna, SPS Nellore and Kurnool districts and 30 Agriculture Market
Committee (AMC) Labs in the state. Analysis is carried out for Electrical Conductivity
(Soluble salt content), pH (Index for acidity / alkalinity), Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium (Macronutrients) in all the labs. In addition, the District STLs have the facility
for analysis of micro-nutrients (Zinc, Iron, Copper and Manganese) and water analysis.
The target and achievements for the years 2012-13 to 2015-16 are shown in Table - 5.1.
Testing Labs:
There are notified labs functioning in the state for land enforcement analysis
including DNA Finger Printing lab at Hyderabad and in addition to them Seed
Testing Labs and Fertiliser Testing Labs are established. These labs will take up the
analysis of seed samples and fertilizer samples other than law enforcement samples. The
farmers, producers, dealers or any person interested can know the status of seed lots &
fertilizers. Achievements under seed testing are given in Table-5.2.
Fertilizer Consumption:
Product-wise consumption of fertilizer during the years 2014-15 and 2015-16
is given in Table–5.4.
Pesticides:
The pesticide consumption has been decreasing gradually by adopting
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) up to 2009-10, but later on during the recent years
it is increased to 4,050 & 2,713 Metric Tonnes respectively during 2014-15 & 2015-16
was utilized for crop protection. Utilization of pesticides in Andhra Pradesh from
2011-12 to 2015-16 is shown in Table - 5.6.
Agriculture:
Extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused harmful effects
on human beings, and led to surface and groundwater pollution. Water logging causes
methane emissions. The result of the ICAR–AP Cess fund project show that methane
137
emission was lower in upland rice, as compared to wet land and irrigated rice. The
database on methane emission has disproved the apprehension that rice crop is the main
culprit in environmental pollution, as the methane emission was much lower than the
projected level of 11.65 percent.
The State Government is implementing a number of programmes to improve
the agricultural output, reducing the water use, soil protection, farm mechanization;
wasteland development etc. and some of them are as under:
System of Rice Intensification (SRI technology)
Organic farming
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
Farmer trainings.
Agricultural Technology Mission (ATM)
Soil Testing Program (AGRISNET)-Agricultural Resources Information
System-Net Work)
Dry Land farming
Waste land development
Multi State Agriculture Competitiveness Project(MSACP)
Andhra Pradesh Livestock Development Agency (APLDA)
Raitu Chaitanya Yatra
Raithu Sadassulu
Raithu bata
On Line Soil Health Card Generation System etc.
NTR Jala Sidhi
Raithu Ratham
Polam Badi
Farm Mechanization Scheme:
Farm Mechanization is gaining much importance during the last decade for
carrying out various farm activities effectively in less time with less effort. There is
increased demand for improved farming implements from the farming community. This
would result in efficiency and timeliness in the field operations, reduction in the cost of
cultivation and improvement in the quality of produce for better marketability.
Depending on the type of cropping pattern and grown, soil conditions, local situations
and requirements in the districts, the Agriculture Department has been distributing
various farm machinery and implements through A. P. State Agro Industries
Development Corporation Ltd.,
138
Mining:
Minerals contribute significantly for the state resources and its economic
growth. Andhra Pradesh is renowned as the mineral storehouse of the south and is
recognized as the prime mineral producer in the country. So far, 48 varieties of
minerals(both major & minor minerals) have been identified in the state, important
among them are Barytes, Dolomite, Clay, Laterite, Limestone, Manganese, Oil and
Natural Gas, Sand, Quartz, etc. The activity of mining and quarrying covers underground
and surface mines, quarries and wells and includes extraction of minerals and also all the
supplemental activities such as dressing and benefaction of ores, crushing, screening,
washing, cleaning, grading, milling floatation, melting floatation and other preparations
carried out at the mine site which are needed to render the material marketable.
The mining activities in the country are governed by the Mineral Conservation
Development Rules (MCDR), 1988. Every license holder of mining lease shall take all
possible precautions for protection of environment and control of pollution while
conducting prospecting, mining beneficiation or metallurgical operations in the area.
Specific provisions for proper removal and utilization of top soil, storage of overburden
and waste rocks, reclamation and rehabilitation of lands, precautions against air
pollution, noise and ground vibrations, restoration of flora, discharge of toxic liquid,
control of surface subsidence have been provided under MCDR. The Indian Bureau of
Mines collects the statistics on all these aspects under the above rules.
Earthquake
Earthquakes occur due to slippage of rocks in the earth’s crust or in the upper
part of the mantle. Strong vibrations occur on the ground consequent to these sudden
movements in a short span of time. According to seismic zoning of India, the country has
been divided into five zones basing on intensity from moderate to severe. The Himalayan
Range, the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Kuthch and Kathaiwar region of Western India
are the most prone to earthquakes. Andhra Pradesh falls into the third zone of relatively
low seismicity as compared to the Himalayan zone. Earthquake is not predictable by the
seismologists accurately as expected by the public. Indian sub-continent has suffered
over 1,00,000 deaths due to earthquakes since the year 1803. South Indian peninsular
region was believed to be stable continental crust region and are away from tectonic
activity of the boundaries i.e., not prone to earthquakes. However, this concept was
completely shaken by the Koyana earthquake of 1967, Lathur earthquake of 1993 of
magnitude 6.3 in the Richter scale and Jabalpur earthquake of 1997 of magnitude 6.0 in
the Richter scale. During recent time, Gujarat earthquake of 2005 has claimed over
20000 causalities. In the recent times Andhra Pradesh witnessed an earthquake on
26.08.2015 in Srikakulam District of magnitude 3.3 in the Richter Scale.
139
The state of Andhra Pradesh is fortunate in having the Geological Survey of
India, National Remote Sensing Agency and Environment Protection Training and
Research Institute (EPTRI). To avoid loss of human life and injuries, it is advisable to
built quake resistant housing. High level of awareness in the public will be of great help
in reducing the number of people getting trapped in collapsed houses.
Drought:
India is prone to natural disasters. Among these, drought is a phenomenon
associated with scarcity of water. The National Commission on Agriculture has classified
drought into metrological, hydrological and agricultural drought. In a metrological
drought there is a significant (25 percent) decrease from normal precipitation over an
area. When prolonged, it leads to hydrological drought with marked depletion of surface
water consequent drying up of reservoirs, lakes, rivulets and rivers and fall in ground
water levels. In agricultural drought, soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate during the
growing season to support favourable crop growth.
Drought is a natural hazard, which recurs frequently in India. According to an
appraisal made by the World Bank about 60 million hectares in 72 districts are classified
as drought prone districts. Droughts are recurrent feature in Andhra Pradesh and make
the state’s agricultural scenario dismal despite the tremendous efforts made by the
farmers. The state has experienced several droughts; the worst in the last 50 years were
in 1952-53, 1955-56, 1970-71 and 1984-86. The areas are periodically affected by
drought are Rayalaseema and Telangana regions. Several attempts have been made by
climatologists, hydrologists and others to identify drought prone areas taking into
account mostly the weather parameters. It has tentatively identified 3 drought prone
zones based on the frequency and intensity of droughts.
They are mild, moderate and chronic droughts. Mild are those in which
drought recurs once in 6-10yrs, moderate once in 5yrs & chronic once in 3 yrs.
In Andhra Pradesh number of drought Mandals in 2013 is 218, 2014 is 123,
2015 is 238 and in 2016 is 359 Mandals declared as Drought Mandals.
Management of Drought:The Govt. of India started the Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) in Fifth
Five Year Plan on a massive scale with an idea of optimizing use of available resources
and improving the living conditions of the rural poor. 94 blocks in 11 districts of the state
are covered under DPAP. And Desert Development Programme (DDP) is being
implemented in the 16 Blocks if Ananthapuramu District since 1995-96 .The strategy
140
was aimed at bringing back ecological equilibrium and to improve the socio-economic
conditions of people. Recently efforts were made to overcome drought through water
harvesting and conservation, alternate crop planning and other compensatory
programmes on watershed basis. Utilization of rain water is reducing evaporation from
soils, drought tolerant crops that suit the soil. Dry land farming practices are adopted in
the state to mitigate the drought.
Cyclone:Due to the location and geographical features, it is vulnerable to be happened
a number of natural disasters like, cyclones, floods during rainy season and also off
season, in most of the districts in Andhra Pradesh. Natural disasters result in heavy
economic loss apart from the loss of human life and the hardship inflicted on the
survivors.
Severe cyclonic storms are more frequent in the Bay of Bengal. Andhra
Pradesh with 974 kilometers of coast line covering the nine coastal districts of
Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna,
Guntur, Prakasam and Nellore is highly vulnerable to these cyclones and storms. These
cyclones generally occur in the Bay of Bengal during May, October and November
months. Cyclones are some times accompanied by tidal waves which inundate coastal
areas causing huge loss to human life, huts and houses, crops, cattle and damage to
irrigation sources, roads and public buildings by causing very inconveniences. It is
difficult to forecast much in advance in spite of advance technology with definite
occurrence of a cyclone or tidal wave in the exact area that would be affected. To
combat the situation arising out of such natural disasters, the State Government making
preventive measures in disaster prone areas in the state. During 2013 in the month of
October, November due to Heavy rains and ‘Helen Cyclone and Leher Cyclone’ many
districts affected with loss of Rs. 7,675.63 crores. During the year 2014 in the month of
October, due to very severe cyclone storm ‘Hud Hud’ affected 4 districts with loss of Rs.
21,908.49 crores and heavy damages to houses, roads, crops, cattle etc.,
A state level high Power Standing Committee, functions under the
Chairmanship of the Chief Secretary deals with all matters such as controlling,
monitoring, rescue, relief and rehabilitation measures due to situations arising out of
natural calamities.
141
TABLE - 5.1SOIL TESTING FROM 2012-13 TO 2015-16
(In Number of samples)
Item2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Target Achieve-ment Target Achieve-
ment Target Achieve-ment Target Achieve-
ment1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Macronutrient,E.C, pH &N,P,K.
1,27,000 1,97,533 1,66.800 1,69,669 4,00,000 4,01,782 4,49,461 6,40,764
2Micronutrients Analysis Fe,Zn, Cu, Mn
1,29,000 93,758 96,400 68,023 2,00,000 2,00,000 4,49,461 4,40,769
WaterSamplesAnalysis
13,220 7,036 13,220 15,404 13,220 18,259 - -
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 5.2SEED TESTING FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
(In Number of samples)Sl.No. Year Target Achievement Substandard
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 2011-12 13,560 12,188 2962. 2012-13 7,160 6,424 2963. 2013-14 7,520 7,204 2704. 2014-15 7,535 7,478 2695 2015-16 7,535 7,443 149
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.TABLE - 5.3
SOIL TESTING LABORATORIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH(In Number)
Sl. No. District AMC STL RSTL MSTL TOTAL1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. Srikakulam 2 1 - 1 42. Vizianagaram 1 2 - - 33. Visakhapatnam 2 1 - 1 44. Eastgodavari 5 1 - 1 75. Westgodavari 2 1 - 1 46. Krishna 4 1 - - 57. Guntur 1 1 1 1 48. Prakasam 2 1 - 1 49. SPS Nellore 2 2 - - 410. YSR 2 1 - 1 411. Krurnool 2 2 - - 412. Ananthapuramu 2 1 - 1 413. Chittoor 3 1 - 1 5
ANDHRA PRADESH 30 16 1 9 56STL:Soil Testing Lab, RSTL:Regional Soil Testing Lab, MSTL:Mobile Soil Testing Lab,AMC: Agricultural Market CommitteeSource: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
142
TABLE - 5.4
FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION, 2014-15 & 2015-16( In Lakh MTs.)
Sl.No. Product
2014-15 2015-16
Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Urea 6.78 9.96 16.74 7.47 8.01 15.48
2. Di-ammoniumPhosphate (DAP) 1.08 1.75 2.83 1.76 2.01 3.77
3. Murate of Potash(MOP) 1.36 1.47 2.83 1.07 1.06 2.13
4. Single SuperPhosphate (SSP) 0.98 1.00 1.98 1.06 1.07 2.13
5. Complexes 4.53 7.55 12.08 4.95 6.86 11.81
6. Others 0.35 0.44 0.79 0.18 0.39 0.57
Total 15.08 22.17 37.25 16.49 19.40 35.89
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh,Guntur.
TABLE - 5.5
FERTILIZERS TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(In Metric Tonnes)Sl. No. Year Target Achievement Non-Standard
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 2011-12 9,712 10,064 1782. 2012-13 8,972 9,186 1443. 2013-14 10,155 10,582 3304. 2014-15 8,694 9,701 1335. 2015-16 9564 10532 89
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 5.6
UTILISATION OF PESTICIDES IN ANDHRA PRADESHFROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
(In Metric Tonnes)
Sl. No. YearConsumption
(Technical Grade-Revised)
1. 2. 3.1. 2011-12 4,8822. 2012-13 4,2493. 2013-14 4,2534. 2014-15 4,0505. 2015-16 2,713
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
143
TABLE - 5.7LAND UTILISATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(Area in Hectares)Sl.No. Category 2011-12* 2012-13* 2013-14* 2014-15 2015-16
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1. Total Geographical Area 1,60,20,400 1,60,20,400 160,20,400 1,62,96,690 1,62,96,6902. Forests 34,87,043 34,84,363 34,93,475 36,63,278 36,88,461
3.Barren and Un-culturableLand 14,07,310 13,42,707 13,40,559 13,50,579 13,46,606
4.Land put to Non-agricultural Uses 19,21,496 19,87,441 19,82,435 20,02,151 20,31, 758
5. Culturable Waste 4,48,703 4,13,505 3,91,500 3,91,405 4,10,349
6.Permanent Pastures andother Grazing Lands 2,50,458 2,12,157 2,12,129 2,13,671 2,11,554
7.
Land under MiscellaneousTree Crops and Groves notincluded in Net Area Sown 1,74,705 1,64,534 1,60,057 1,59,399 1,57,073
8. Current Fallows 10,36,986 11,33,765 10,87,497 14,01,455 14,10,0919. Other Fallow Lands 7,32,497 8,19,106 7,91,619 8,58,334 8,32,196
10.Net Area Sown(including fish ponds) 65,61,202 64,62,822 65,61,129 62,36,050 62,08,602
11. Area sown more than once 16,04,589 16,06,244 16,79,662 15,76,686 14,50,34612. Total Cropped Area 80,57,509 79,59,907 81,27,748 76,89,820 75,31,587
*-Data for the years from 2011-12 to 2013-14 excludes merged villages of KhammamNote: Forest, Barren& Uncultivable land and land put to non-Agricultural use are yet to
be finalized for East Godavari district and the gap of 20,368 hectares is included inGeographical Area for 2014-15.
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 5.8INFORMATION ON RAPID RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015(Area in Lakh Hectares)
SurveysArea
Priority AreaTotal Priority % PriorityVery high High
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1,76,371 7,945 18,670 26,695 15.09Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O.,Govt.of India, New Delhi.
TABLE - 5.9AREA UNDER HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 2012-13 TO 2015-16(‘000' Hects.)
Sl.No. Crop 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.1. Paddy 1,530 679 1,706 878 1,598 317 1,260 6782. Jowar 28 136 33 86 25 92 38 83. Bajra 54 3 47 2 24 1 - -4. Maize 91 218 110 242 94 118 75 1585. Ragi 34 4 37 5 27 2 - -
Total 1,737 1,040 1,933 1,213 1,768 530 1,373 844
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
144
TABLE - 5.10
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SEED REPLACEMENTFROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
(Average of Kharif and Rabi Percentage)Sl.No. Crop 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 71. Paddy 88 89 89 90 892. Jowar 89 91 96 62 623. Bajra 93 87 100 100 1004. Maize 100 100 100 100 1005. Red gram 79 78 78 73 786. Green gram 50 51 51 53 507. Black gram 60 66 66 60 608. Bengal gram 85 87 87 85 859. Groundnut 62 63 63 63 6310. Sesamum 33 35 35 34 3411. Sunflower 100 100 100 100 10012. Safflower 34 35 35 35 3513. Soyabean 100 100 100 100 10014. Castor 80 72 95 43 10015. Cotton 100 100 100 100 100
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 5.11PERFORMANCE OF CROP PRODUCTION FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
(In Tonnes)Sl.No.
Crop 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. Rice 1,16,16,393 1,02,94,281 1,19,90,138 1,26,83,376 1,12,32,932
2. Wheat 365 574 336 256 115
3. Millets 22,23,173 24,99,415 26,24,850 23,70,028 19,16,221
4. Pulses 9,32,660 11,32,517 10,79,076 9,49,207 12,29,017
5.Total Foodgrains 1,47,72,591 1,39,26,787 1,56,94,400 1,60,02,867 1,43,78,285
6. Oilseeds 17,42,749 19,88,286 22,42,246 19,03,524 21,80,214
7. Cotton (Lint)* 8,88,316 15,43,271 21,88,598 27,51,284 18,17,283
8.Sugarcane(Gur) 13,01,207 12,15,919 12,03,207 10,02,293 9,37,211
*- Production lakh bales of 170 Kgs. (Lint)Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
145
TABLE - 5.12
AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16(In Hectares)
Sl.No. Crop 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.I Food Crops
1. Rice 23,46,300 22,09,237 25,83,440 23,93,955 21,60,7952. Wheat 314 450 348 320 1643. Jowar 1,48,157 1,64,148 1,18,245 1,41,461 1,74,6114. Bajra 31,820 56,714 49,227 28,178 36,7405. Maize 2,72,375 3,09,123 3,52,115 3,03,326 2,32,6456. Ragi 40,240 38,505 41,559 33,440 31,1727. Total Minor Millets 28,792 37,675 27,498 20,099 50,626
A .Total Cereals and Millets 28,67,998 28,15,852 31,72,432 29,20,779 26,86,7618. Bengal gram 4,79,896 5,68,792 4,72,380 3,41,766 4,71,1319. Red gram 1,82,863 2,04,246 1,84,124 1,50,544 2,20,318
10. Green gram 1,35,625 1,28,517 1,33,706 1,71,444 2,11,14011. Black gram 4,69,776 3,87,502 2,64,773 3,15,838 4,55,60212. Horse gram 27,556 27,800 28,206 35,091 57,76713. Cowgram 7,955 11,715 12,123 14,035 19,04614. Other Pulses 8,096 9,519 13,250 13,582 14,477
B. Total Pulses 13,11,767 13,38,091 11,08,562 10,42,300 14,49,481Total Food grains (A+B) 41,79,765 41,53,943 42,80,994 39,63,079 41,36,242
15. Chillies 1,58,630 1,21,221 1,31,316 1,34,959 1,56,05516. Turmeric 26,043 18,062 17,822 16,534 17,01817. Banana 60,325 62,400 60,626 61,607 59,42818. Mango 2,39,257 2,37,811 2,55,559 2,59,551 2,68,41819. Cashewnut 1,28,921 1,21,802 1,20,012 1,13,953 1,09,82320. Potato 1,247 1,201 1,458 1,385 2,04621. Onions 40,248 25,311 26,285 33,428 41,24222. Sugarcane 1,58,591 1,55,048 1,52,847 1,39,226 1,21,685
II Non – Food Crops23. Groundnut 11,35,675 11,57,484 11,76,377 8,74,090 7,74,71824. Coconut 97,318 99,825 99,066 99,105 1,00,32025. Gingelly 52,855 43,516 61,133 84,753 53,13126. Sunflower 1,33,224 1,14,053 79,950 50,039 26,29327. Castor 1,61,758 1,09,982 48,883 47,837 50,72528. Mesta 25,659 14,657 9,164 6,689 5,37029. Cotton 4,72,789 5,89,099 6,76,614 8,21,077 6,66,06530. Tobacco 1,23,330 1,29,863 1,43,033 1,39,505 97,769
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
146
TABLE - 5.13
CONSUMPTION OF TECHNICAL GRADE PESTICIDESFROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
(In MTs.)Sl.No. Name 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. Insecticides 2,453 2,204 2,202 2,167 1,404
2. Fungicides 1,125 929 933 859 595
3. Herbicides 916 781 782 712 498
4. Rodenticides 13 12 13 11 8
5. Others 375 323 323 301 206
Total 4,882 4,249 4,253 4,050 2,712
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
TABLE - 5.14
DISTRICT-WISE CONSUMPTION OF PESTICIDES(TECHNICAL GRADE)FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
(In MTs.)Sl.No. District 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7
1. Srikakulam 338 51 231 193 145
2. Vizianagaram 193 58 169 135 117
3. Visakhapatnam 225 151 179 157 156
4. East Godavari 255 760 368 413 227
5. West Godavari 378 163 305 225 227
6. Krishna 522 209 286 300 241
7. Guntur 698 58 402 344 295
8. Prakasam 328 672 441 450 216
9. SPS Nellore 321 594 337 400 212
10. Y.S.R 189 515 369 326 231
11. Kurnool 632 381 366 453 247
12. Ananthapuramu 396 350 316 334 206
13. Chittoor 407 287 484 320 193
ANDHRA PRADESH 4,882 4,249 4,253 4,050 2,713Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
147
TABLE - 5.15
DISTRIBUTION OF CERTIFIED SEEDS FROM 2012-13 TO 2015-16
(In Lakh Qtls.)Sl.No. CROP
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
1. Paddy 1.5800 0.3400 1.7000 0.4200 1.4586 0.0509 1.850 0.650
2. Jowar 0.0014 0.0030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0114 0.0000 0.002 0,010
3. Maize 0.0068 0.0016 0.0053 0.0012 0.0133 0.0000 0.010 0.000
4. Bajra 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000
5. Ragi 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.001 0.000
6. Red gram 0.1323 0.0000 0.0950 0.0000 0.6297 0.0000 0.135 0.003
7. Green gram 0.0131 0.0475 0.0038 0.0316 0.0179 0.0686 0.100 0.086
8. Black gram 0.0153 0.2190 0.0016 0.1600 0.0364 0.1530 0.050 0.040
9. Bengal
gram0.0000 2.0500 0.0000 0.1592 0.0000 0.5794 0.000 2.720
10. Groundnuts 5.0400 0.3680 3.2800 0.0797 1.9674 0.2057 4.450 0.540
11. Castor 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.001 0.001
12. Sunflower 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.001
13. Safflower 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000
14. Soyabean 0.0054 0.0000 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.210 0.000
15. Sesamum 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0023 0.000 0.001
16. Cotton 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000
17. Other Crops 0.0218 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.2144 0.0162 0.000 0.002
TOTAL 6.8178 3.0303 5.0904 0.8520 4.3492 1.0761 6.809 4.054
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
148
TABLE - 5.16
PRODUCTION OF FOUNDATION SEEDS FROM 2012-13 TO 2015-16(In Qtls.)
Sl.No. Crop
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1. Paddy 41,132 22,967 56,469 31,530 47,451 47 5,156 5,506
2. Jowar 149 479 97 312 - 409 - 40
3. Maize 257 688 48 127 44 200 - 12,576
4. Bajra 37 28 4 3 - 25 - -
5. Ragi - - 53 8 - 173 162 -
6. Korra 56 - - - - - - -
7. Red gram 915 - 1974 - 682 - 426 -
8. Greengram 97 225 240 560 - 59 - 190
9. Black gram 469 6,235 64 856 94 656 330 541
10. Bengalgram - 31,807 - 40,000 - 953 - 12,576
11. Cowpeagram - - 49 - - 17,568 - -
12. Castor 133 - - - - 26 - -
13. Groundnuts 93,869 9,284 63,363 6,267 20,771 - 5,422 18,472
14. Safflower - 2 - - - 16,941 200 45
15. Sesamum - 4 - 34 - - - -
16. Soyabean 4 - 24 - 517 - - -
17. Cotton - - - - - - - -
18. Jute 501 - 376 - 613 - 120 -
19. Vegetables 170 - 383 - 3 - - -
TOTAL 1,37,789 71,719 1,23,144 79,697 70,175 37,057 11,816 49,946
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
149
TABLE - 5.17
PRODUCTION OF CERTIFIED SEEDS FROM 2012-13 TO 2015-16
(In Qtls)
Sl.No. CROP
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Khatif Rabi1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12
1. Paddy 2,62,887 1,46,786 2,42,502 1,35,404 93,259 3,16,831 5,24,227 1,09,431
2. Jowar 4,378 14,095 4,982 16,039 - 33,140 - 3,000
3. Maize 9,841 26,379 5,719 15,330 - 12,005 - 2,256
4. Bajra 10,897 8,174 6,451 4,838 - 17,543 - -
5. Ragi - - 53 8 - - - -
6. Red gram 28,815 - 24,203 - 9,370 74 23,390 -
7. Greengram 8,466 19,754 2,259 5,271 214 15,792 82 21,295
8. Black gram 5,889 78,244 1,453 19,306 1,648 20,104 1,734 28,573
9. Bengalgram - 3,26,148 - 1,74,364 - 1,79,504 - 2,26,320
10. Cowpea 502 - 299 - - 280 - -
11. Castor 422 - - - - - - -
12. Groundnuts 10,73,798 1,06,200 5,34,939 52,906 66,482 2,96,948 14,558 6,84,868
13. Sunflower - - - - - - - -
14. Safflower - 2 - - - - - 100
15. Sesamum 123 61 - 101 - - - 225
16. Soyabean 4 - 33,408 - 3,893 - - -
17. Cotton - - - - - - - 00
18. Jute 57,948 - 44,915 - 41,915 - - 5,097
19. Mesta - - - - - - - -
20. Vegetables 952 - 2,091 - - 551 - -
TOTAL 14,64,922 7,25,843 9,03,274 4,23,567 2,16,781 8,92,771 5,63,991 10,81,165
Source: Commissioner of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
150
TABLE - 5.18
ACHIEVEMENTS MADE UNDER SERICULTURE SECTORFROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
Sl.No. Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.I. Mulbery Sector
1.EmploymentGeneration(Lakh Persons)
4.90 4.192 4.562 3.40 3.72
2.Area under MulberryCultivation(Cumulative in acres)
97,951 99,651.5 1,06,217 68,526̂ 74,573
3.Cross Breed DiseaseFree Layings (CBDFLs)Production(In Lakh Numbers)
93.21 61.17 34.783 36.551 33.746
4.Cross Breed DiseaseFree Layings (CBDFLs)Brushing(In Lakh Numbers)
864.75 902.72 813.94 504.00 549.52
5. Cocoon Production (InMTs.) 51,186 51,522.96 47,726.20 31,098.20 36,490.89
6. Raw Silk Production(In MTs.) 5,740 7,360.42 6,818.02 4,212.48 5,086.02
7. Sericulture Farmers(Number) 95,991 76,792 81,851 53,920 61,090
II. Tassar Sector
8.Tasar Food Plantationavailablefor rearing (In acres)
20,500 1,800* 2,000* 1,440 2,070
9.Tasar Disease FreeLayings (DFLs)Brushed (In LakhNumbers)
9.37 - - 2.36 2.32
10.Tasar CocoonProduction(In Lakh numbers)
159.61 - - 19.28 20.18
11. Tasar Rearers (No.) 2,275 - - - 955
III. Eri
12. Eri DFLs Brushed (No.) 0.57 - - - -
13. Eri Cocoons Production(MTs.) 8.63 - - - -
*-Hectares^-Totally 46860 acres are un productive & Uprooted out of 1.14316 lakhs acres.
Source: Directorate of Sericulture, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
151
TABLE - 5.19
HISTORICAL RECORD OF EARTHQUAKES IN ANDHRA PRADESHDate Lat Long. Location Intensity Mag Ref.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2009 - 2015 - - No events as per IMD Web site
26-08-2015 18.7N 84.5E Srikakulam, AP - 3.3 HYB
Source: Revenue (Disaster Management), Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, Velagapudi.
TABLE - 5.20DISTRICT-WISE MANDALS DECLARED AS DROUGHT AFFECTED AREAS
IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2011-12 TO 2015-16
Sl.No. District
TotalNo of
Mandals2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 38 30 - - - 18
2. Vizianagaram 34 15 - 5 - 3
3. Visakhapatnam 43 31 - - - -
4. East Godavari 64 14 - - - -
5. West Godavari 48 15 - - - -
6. Krishna 50 32 - - - 14
7. Guntur 57 41 4 - 4 26
8. Prakasam 56 56 35 4 54 56
9. S.P.S Nellore 46 9 9 2 7 33
10. Y.S.R 51 51 43 16 48 51
11. Kurnool 54 54 36 - 20 40
12. Ananthapuramu 63 63 63 63 63 63
13. Chittoor 66 49 28 33 42 55
ANDHRA PRADESH 670 460 218 123 238 359
Source: Revenue (Disaster Management), Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, Velagapudi.
152
TABLE – 5.21DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance
Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.1 April 18,
1700Severe CyclonicStrom (MoreDreadfulStrom)
Coast: This cyclone crossed VisakhapatnamCoast in Andhra Pradesh.
Loss and Damage: All vessels in the seaalong the coast were lost and many in therivers by the force of current and tide. A shipbound for Bengal was driven ashore.
2 December1706(date notknown)
Severe CyclonicStorm
Coast: It crossed Kakinada Coast of AndhraPradesh.
Loss and Damage: A great number ofpeople were lost at Kottapalam and otherneighboring villages. Paddy fields, springs offresh water were all spoiled.
3 October12, 1779
Severe CyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricane winds
(It wasmentioned as ahurricane in thereferences)
Coast: The cyclone crossed the coast ofMachilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
Surge Height: Sea flowed 3.63 m (12ft.)deep inland (Inside a Dutch Factory).
Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000(drowned)
Many houses were destroyed.4 May 20,
1787Severe CyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricane winds(It wasmentioned as aGreat Storm inthe references)
Coast: The cyclone crossed the CoringaIsland near Injaram, Andhra Pradesh.
Surge Height: Coringa Island and Countrynear Injaram were flooded and so was Injaram,Andhra Pradesh.
Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000(Enquiry by Mr. Topping Astronomer in 1789)
5 December,1789
Severe CyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricane winds
Coast: It crossed the Coringa coast, AndhraPradesh.
Surge Height: Several feet of waterentered the town. All low lying areas wereinundated. The whole Coringa village wasdestroyed in single day. (The hurricane startedat the time high tides and it generated threeincredibly high waves moving towards thetown. The first destroyed everything enrootinundated the city to a depth of 1-2 m, thesecond covered the entire city and penetrateddeep into plain, the third inundated everythingthat remained. All the boats anchored on theshore were driven far inland into the plain andsailors drowned.
Loss and Damage: People killed = 20,000(Contd.)
153
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.93 November
6-10,1995
SevereCyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricanewinds
Formation: It was detected as a lowpressure area over the Andaman Sea andadjoining area at 0300 UTC on November 6,became a depression near 11.0o N and 91.5o Eat 0300 UTC on November 7 over theSoutheast Bay of Bengal and neighborhood. Itconcentrated into a cyclonic storm at 0000UTC on November 8 and was centered near13.5o N and 87.5o E at 0300 UTC on the sameday. It intensified into a severe cyclonic stormnear 15.50 N and 85.50 E about 350 Km.southeast of Visakhapatnam at 1200 UTC onNovember 8 and further intensified into asevere cyclonic storm with a core of hurricanewinds at 1500 UTC on the same day and layclose to North Andhra Pradesh - South Orissacoast with its center near 19.0 0 N and 85.0 0
E at 0300 UTC on November 9.
Movement: Moved North West and North.
Coast: It crossed North Andhra Pradesh -Orissa coast near Ichchaturam inKalingapatnam district between 0400 and0500 UTC on November 9 and weakened intoa cyclonic storm.Maximum wind: S’ly/111 kph (60 kts) atGopalpur at 0500 UTC of 9th.
Intensity: T 4.5Loss and Damage: In Nepal:
IMD website gave:93 persons and 81 boats were affected.2,631 houses damaged.153 fishermen were missing.
June 13-16, 1996
CyclonicStorm
Formation: Formed as a monsoondepression over the South West Bay andadjoining area at 0000 UTC near 12.50 N and84.00 E on June 13, became a deepdepression near 13.50 N and 82.50 E at 1200UTC on the same day. It concentrated into acyclonic storm near 14.00 N and 81.50 Eat 1500 UTC on June 14.
Movement: Moved North West, NorthNorth East, North East and North.
Coast: It crossed Andhra coast as acyclonic storm near Kalingapatnam at 1200UTC on June 1996.
154
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.95 November
5th-6th,1996
SevereCyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricanewinds
Formation: Initially it was detected as awell-marked low over the West Central Bayand adjoining Bay on November 4 and thiswell-marked low concentrated into adepression near (about 810 kms. southwest ofChittagong port and 700 kms. southwest ofKhulna town) 17.00 N and 86.00 E at 0300 UTCon November 5. It became cyclonic stormnear 17.00 N and 85.50 E at 1200 UTC on thesame day. It intensified into a severe cyclonicstorm near 17.00 N and 84.50 E at 0600 UTCon November 6. It further intensified intosevere cyclonic storm with a core of hurricanewinds near 17.00 N and 83.50 E at 1200 UTCon the same day.
Movement: Moved in a W’ly direction.Coast: Crossed Andhra coast near
Kakinada of India at midnight (1800 UTC) ofNovember 6th.
Maximum Wind: Reported wind speed =200 kph.
Surge Height: 12 ft. ECP: 990 hPa
Loss and damage:People feared killed = 2,000Dead bodies recovered = 710People missing = 900People were stranded by flood water = 0.5millionCrops destroyed were 3,20,000 hectaresHouses destroyed = 10,000(almost all housesexcept pucca buildings)Villages under water = 300Worst affected area: Coastal city of Kakinada(300 miles east of Hyderabad).
Duration of the cyclone’s destructionperiod was 5hrs.
Timely estimate of the loss for crops (Rice,oil seeds and some sugarcane) andproperty = Rs. 150 croresIMD website gave:978 persons died1,375 persons reported to be missing1,380 villages affected6,464 boats lost at seaRao et al (1997) gave:^P= hPa, R = 20 Km,Wmax= 90 knotsLatitude of landfall = 16.70 N(South of Kakinada)
155
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.96 Nov 28
-Dec 6,1996
SevereCyclonicStorm with acore ofhurricanewinds(Unusualmovement ofthe cyclonein thehistory)
Formation: A depression was formed onthe morning of 28 November with center near11.50 N and 86.50 E. Moving initially in anortheast and intensified into a deepdepression by November 29 and later in theafternoon of November 30, it movedsouthwards when it was centered near 14.50 Nand 89.00 E as a depression up to the morningof December 1. Thereafter, it moved almost ina westerly direction. Thus it executed a looparound the point 15.00 N and 88.00 E. Furthermoving in a westerly direction, it intensifiedinto a cyclonic storm on December 2nd andsevere cyclone in the morning of December3rd with its center near 14.0o N and 81.4o E.By the same evening it attained the intensityof a severe cyclonic storm with a core ofhurricane winds and was centered near 14.50
N and 83.00 E. At this point, it came close toAndhra Pradesh coast 15.40 N and 81.40 E bythe evening of December 4th. During the nightof December 4th, the system showed sign ofweakening and made a small loop there andmoved slowly in a SE’ly direction. It is locatednear 14.50 N to 82.00 E at 0300 UTC onDecember 5th. Thus it took another clock-wiseloop close to the Andhra Pradesh coast at1200 UTC on December 4th. Moving in a SW’lydirection, it crossed the coast.Note: This cyclone created a record in thehistory of the state due to its unusual behaviorof movement over the Bay of Bengal. This wasthe first time that a cyclone made two loopsover the Bay of Bengal. Though the system didnot cause any severe damage to the life andproperty, it kept alive the anxiety and interestduring its life period of 9 days.
Movement: Moved NW, NE, S, W, WNW,NW, SE and SW.
Coast: Crossed the coast close toMahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu on the eveningof December 6th.
Intensity: T 4.5
Loss and Damage: The cyclone did notcause any severe damage to the life andproperty.
IMD website gave:Cyclone crossed the coast near Chennai
around 2100 UTC on 6th December 1996. Thecyclone persisted for 9 days which is reportedto be very long life compared to any cyclone inIndian Ocean. It caused severe damage to lifeand property.
156
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.October15th-17th,2001
CyclonicStorm
Under the influence of the North EastMonsoon, the state has been lashed bycyclonic weather accompanied by very heavyand incessant rains due to depression in theBay of Bengal. This depression turned up intodeep depression on 15th October.
September18th-19th,2005
Heavy Rains /Flash Foods
The deep depression over North West Bayof Bengal moved slightly west wards and laycentered at about 125 kms. South East ofParadeep at 14.30 hrs. IST. The cyclonicstorm crossed the coast near Kalingapatnamat 08. hrs. on 19th September 2005.
August2nd-5th,
2006
CycloneStorm/Floods
The low pressure area formed in the Bayof Bengal intensified into depression on2.8.2006 and lay close to Orissa. Under itsinfluence, the South West monsoon turnedactive over Orissa and Coastal districts ofAndhra Pradesh.
Oct. 28th
-Nov.4th
2006
Ogni Cyclone A Cyclonic storm Ogni has formed overSouth West Bay of Bengal, which lay centredat 08.30 hrs. IST on 29th October 2006 nearlatitude 14.50 N and longitude 80.50 E about50 kms. east of Nellore in South CoastalAndhra Pradesh.
June21st-24th
2007
Heavy Rains/Flash Floods
A well marked low pressure formed overEast Central and adjoining West Central Bayof Bengal on 20th June 2007 and lay centeredat 2.30 hrs. IST of 21st June 2007 nearlatitude 16.50 N and longitude 82.60 E close tocoast.
September17th-22nd
2007
Heavy Rains/Floods
A well marked low pressure formed overWest Central and adjoining North West Bay ofBengal at 17.30 hrs. IST of 21st September2007. It moved towards Northwest wards andlay centered at 08.30 hrs. IST of 22nd
September 2007 over north West andadjoining.
October5th-7th
2007
Heavy Rains/Floods
Under the influence of cyclonic circulationextending up to mid troposphere level overWest Central Bay of Bengal off Coast, atrough of low pressure developed and existedover West Central Bay of Bengal and NorthCoastal Andhra Pradesh.
157
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.October29th
-Nov,1st
2007
Heavy Rains/Floods
Depression over South West Bay of Bengalmoved further westwards and centered at05.30 hrs. IST of 29th October 2007 over WestCentral Bay and adjoining South West Bay ofBengal close to coast. This depression movedslightly north westwards and weakened.
February9th-13th
2008
Heavy Rains Due to persistence of upper air troughextending from Vidarbha to south Tamil Nadu,there was heavy rainfall from February 9-13,2008.
March22nd-29th
2008
UnseasonalHeavy RainsandHailstorm
Under the influence of low pressure airtrough near the South Coast of AndhraPradesh and neighborhood, fairly wide spreadrainfall with isolated heavy falls occurred inthe state during 22nd to 29th March 2008.Rains with hailstorm during 1st week of April.
August3rd-11th
2008
Heavy Rains /Floods
Due to low pressure formed over WestCentral and adjoining North West Bay ofBengal and adjoining coastal areas of SouthOrissa and North Andhra Pradesh during 3-5th
August and subsequent depression in Bay ofBengal on 9th August 2008
November14th-16th
2008
Khaimuk-Cyclone
The deep depression over South West andadjoining South East Bay of Bengal movedNorth West wards and lay centered at 14.30hrs. IST of 14thNov,2008 over South West&adjoining west central Bay near latitude 13.50
N & Longitude 84.50 ENovember25th-30th
2008
Nisha-Cyclone
Due to Cyclonic Storm “Nisha” over interiorTamil Nadu on 27th November 2008, SouthCoastal districts have received heavy to veryheavy rains on 28th, 29th and 30th November2008.
29th Septto 4th Oct2009
Floods/Heavy Rains
A low Pressure system developed in WestCentral Bay of Bengal and Adjoining Areas on29th Sept-2009 and persisted till 4th Oct-2009 under its influence the South WestMonsoon became active /Vigorous overAndhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The torrentialand incessant rains received during this periodin Mahabubnagar and Kurnool Districts, Whichare part of Krishna river catchment upstreamof Srisailam reservoir,caused floods to Krishna& its tributaries such as Kundu River inAndhra Pradesh.
158
TABLE - 5.21(Contd..)
DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRINGIN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.
17th to22nd
May2010
Laila-Cyclone A low pressure area over southeast Bay ofBengal and neighbourhood has concentratedinto depression over southeast Bay of Bengaland lay centerd at 11.30 hours IST on 17-5-2010 near Lattitude 10.50 N & 88.50 E about930 KM east south east of Chennai. TheSystem was intensify further into cyclonicstorm and moved north westerly towardsAndhra Pradesh coast. The cyclonic stormwas named as LIALA which lay over southEast and adjoining South west. The Bay ofBengal, moved west north west wards andlay centered at 8.30 hrs. IST on 18th May,2010 over south east and adjoining southwest Bay of bengal near lattituded 12.00 Nand 85.50 E about 690 Km south East ofVisakhaPatnam. On 19-5-2010, it lay oversouth west and adjoining west central Bay ofBengal near lattitude 13.50 N and long 82.00
E about 480 kms west South west ofVisakhapatnam. By 20-05-2010 evening thesevere cyclonic storm was over west centraland adjoining south west Bay of Bengal andlay centered at 14.30 hrs, near lattitude15.80 E & 80.50 E, close to Bapatla. By 21-05-2010. the afore said Laila Cyclone hadweakend into a deep depression, movednorth northeast wards ans centered at 08.30hrs over north coastal A.P about 50 kmsnorth of Machilipatnam. The Laila Cyclonecrossed the AP coast in the after noon on 22-05-2010 between Bapatla of Guntur Dist andOngole town. The crossing of Cycloneresulted in large scale damage to public andprivate properties.
159
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year
Type ofDisturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.SouthWestMonsoon,2010
Heavy Rains/Floods
The unprecedented highest stateaverage rainfall of 808 mm in South westmansoon of 2010 resulted in naturally, inan unprecedented damages to Agricuturalcrops, Horticultural crops, Milch Animals,draught animals and Poultry Birds of AHdepartment extensive damages to theinfrastructure of the fishermen besidescausing extensive damages to public andprivate proporties of roads, bridges,buildings,panchayathraj works of roadsand buildings irrigation and commandarea sources etc.
29th Oct.-8th Nov.2010
Heavy Rains/Floods/Jal Cyclone
A well marked low pressure area oversouth Andaman Sea concentrated into adepression on 4th Nov.2010 near Lat. 8.50
N & 91.00 E and gradually intensified intoa cyclone JAL on 5th Nov. 2010, laycentered near Lat 9.00 N & 87.50 E andfurther intensified into a severe CyclonicStorm and lay centered at 8.30hrs. IST of6th Nov. 2010 near Lat 10.00 N & 85.50 E.It weakened into a Cyclone Storm on 7th
Nov-2010 over south west Bay of BengalLat 12.50 N & 82.50 E. The systemcrossed north Tamilnadu and south APcoast close to Chennai in the night of 7th
Nov.-2010.5th Dec.to8th Dec.2010.
Heavy Rains/Floods due todepression in Bayof Bengal
The depression in the Bay of Bengalduring the period from 5th Dec. 2010 to8th Dec. 2010 resulted in heavy rainfall of82.5 mm in 15 out of 23 districts which ismore than 16 times of the normal rainfallof 5.2mm.
2011-12 Thane Cyclone A very severe Cyclonic developed overthe Bay of Bengal during the last week ofDecember,2011.It crossed NorthTamilNadu and Pudducherry coastbetween Pudducherry and Cuddalore within 6.30 to 7.30 hrs. IST of 30th Dec,2011with a wind speed of 120-140 Kmph.
160
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.2012 Nilam Cyclone The Cyclonic Storm ‘NILAM’ developed
over Southwest Bay of Bengal on 30th
October, 2012 near latitude 10.0 N andlongitude 82.0oE.about 400 km southsouth-east of Chennai and 180 km northnorthest of Trincomalee ( Srilanka). Thesystem crossed north Tamilnadu coastnear Mahabalipuram sourth of Chennai(near latitude 12.50 N and longitude80.20E) between 1600 and 1700hrs ISTon 31st October, 2012.
Unseasonal HeavyRains and Hailstorm
The IMD in its weather forecast reportdated 15-02-2013 has informed thatthe Western Disturbance as a mid-tropospheric system (5-6 kms abovemean sea level) an induced cycloniccirculation has formed over Rajasthan &neighbourhood. Under its influence, alow pressure area developed over thesame area. There is high moistureincursion taking place from Arabian Seaas well as Bay of Bengal over northwest,central and east India.
Phailin Cyclone Cyclonic storm, PHAILIN over eastcentral Bay of Bengal moved westwards,intensified into a severe cuclonic stormand laid centred at 0830 Hours IST of10th near Lat. 14.5N and Long.91.0°E. Itmoved west northwestwards, laidcentred over east central Bay of Bengalat 0830 Hours IST of 11th near Lat.16.0N and Long.88.5°E. It moved west-northwestwards and further intensifiedinto a veru severe cuclonic storm andlaid centred over west central andadjoining northwest Bay of Bengal at0830 Hours IST of 12th near Lat. 17.8°Nand Long.86°E. Then it moved north-northwestwards and crossed the coastnear Gopalpur (Odisha) about 40 kmsfrom border of Andhra Pradesh State,from Itchapuram (Srikakulam District)between 2030 to 2130 hours IST of 12th.
161
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.
2013 Heavy Rains /Floods A well marked Low Pressure area over
West Central Bay Bengal & adjoining
areas of south coastal Andhra Pradesh,
laid over Rayalseema & adjoining areas
of Telangana with associated cyclonic
circulation extending upto mid-
tropospheric levels on 24th Oct,2013 and
over Telangana and adjoining
Rayalseema & coastal Andhra Pradesh
on 25th Oct,2013. It weakened into a low
pressure area and laid over Telangana &
neighbourhood on 26th Oct,2013. It laid
over north coastal Andhra &
neighbourhood with associated cyclonic
circulation extending upto mid-
tropospheric levels on 27th morning and
became less marked on 27th night.
However, its associated upper air
cyclonic circulation laid over north
coastal Andhra Pradesh & neighbourhood
extending upto 3.1 km above mean sea
level. The upper air cyclonic circulation
over west central Bay of Bengal &
adjoining coastal areas of Andhra
Pradesh extending upto 1.5 km above
mean sea level on 28th persisted over
the same region on 29th & 30th October,
2013.
162
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.2013 Helen Cyclone &
Leher Cyclone
Helen: A depression formed over westcentral Bay of Bengal and lay centred at05.30 am, on 19-11-2013 about 700kmEast Northeast of Chennai, 600 km east-south east of Machilipatnam and 500kmsoutheast of Visakhapatnam and turnedinto a deep depression and movedcloser to Chennai Machilipatnam,Visakhapatnam and Kavali by 5.30 a.m20-11-2013, It intensified into aCyclonic storm HELEN and lay centred at8.30. am and further intensified into asevere cyclonic storm and lay centred at5.30 am on 21-11-2013 about 460 kmEast North East of Chennai, 360 km Eastof Ongole, 260 km East Southeast ofMachilipatnam and 230 km Southeast ofVisakhapatnam and further movedslightly westwards and lay centred at11.30 am on 22-11-2013 about 15 kmof East of Machilipatnam and crossed APCoast close to south of Machilipatnambetween 1-30 pm and 2.30 pm as acyclonic storm with a wind speed of 80-90 kmph.LEHER: A depression formed over southAndaman sea and lay centred at 1730hrs IST on 23rd November,2013 nearlatitude 8.50N and longitude 96.50E,about 550 km south-southeast of PortBlair and moved northwestward,intensified into deep depression and laycentred at 2330 hrs IST near latitude9.00N and longitude 96.00E, about 470km south southest of Port Blair. Itfurther intensified into a cyclonic storm“LEHER” and lay centred at 0530hrs ISTof 24th November, 2013, over AndamanSea near latitude 10.00N and longitude95.00E, about 300 km south-southeastof Port Blair. It intensified into a severecyclonic storm crossed Andaman andNicobar Islands, close to Port Blair in theearly morning.
163
TABLE - 5.21(Contd.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.
2014 Damages due to
unseasonal Rains/
Thunderbolt/Hailstorm
State experienced Unseasonal Heavy
rainfall/ Thundershowers/ Hailstorm
from 28-03-2014 to 10-03-2014. Rain or
thundershowers with or without hail
would occurred at a few places over
Telangana at isolated placed over
Coastal Andhra Pradesh and
Rayalseema.
2014 Very severe Cyclone
storm ‘HUDHUD”
cyclone
The deep depression over north
Andaman Sea & neighbourhood moved
west north westward (11-10-2014 to
13-10-2014) intensified into a Cyclonic
Storm ‘HUDHUD’ which is and lay
centered at 8.30 hrs IST of 8th October,
2014. At 8.30 hours on 9-10-2014, the
Cyclonic Storm ‘HUDHUD’ over east
central Bay of Bengal moved west north
westward and intensified into a Severe
Cyclonic Storm and lay centered. At
14.30 hrs IST of 10-10-2014, the
severe Cyclonic Storm, ‘HUDHUD’ over
west central Bay of Bengal moved
northwestwards and intensified into a
very severe cyclonic storm ‘HUDHUD’
and crossed over Visakhapatnam coast
between 1200 hrs and 1300 hours IST
and lay centered near latitude 17.8 N
and longitude 83.0 E, about 30 km
west- northwest of Visakhapatnam.
164
TABLE - 5.21(Concld.)DETAILS OF CYCLONES AND DEPRESSIONS FREQUENTLY RECURRING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH SINCE 1700 TO 2015
Sl. No.(SMRC)(EvenNo.)
Date/Year Type of Disturbance Relevant Information
1. 2. 3. 4.
09-11-
2015
Deep Depression and
low Pressure+
The deep depression that was formed
over North Coastal Tamilnadu during 9th
to 13th November 2015, particularly in
Nellore, Prakasam, Chittoor and Kadapa
districts. A maximum of 400 mm. rainfall
received in Bodipadu of Nellore District
during 9th to 12th of November 2015. A
Low Pressure was formed over South-
West Bay of Bengal on 15-11-2015. It is
association with upper air circulation
extending up to mid Troposphere further
intensified the system into a well marked
Low on 23-11-2015 and persists along
Tamilnadu Coast and South Coastal
Andhra Pradesh. This resulted in a heavy
rainfall even from 15-11-2015 to 23-11-
2015 in Districts of Nellore, Chittoor,
Kadapa and Prakasam districts of Andhra
Pradesh towards the end of the event,
heavy rainfall had also been reported in
parts of other districts viz.
Anantapuram, East Godavari, West
Godavari and Krishna.
Source: Revenue (Disaster Management), Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, Velagapudi.
165
TABLE - 5.22DETAILS OF DAMAGES AND ESTIMATED LOSS BY CYCLONE/HEAVY
RAINS AND FLOODS FROM 1977 TO 2015 IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No.
Periodof Cyclone/Heavy rains
EventDists.affe-cted
Popu-lationaffect-
ted(in
Lakh)
No ofHu-man
Death
LiveStockLoss
No ofHousesdama-
ged
CropDa-
mage(Lakh)(Hec)
Esti-matedLoss
(in Cr)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1.
197728th Oct.-1st Nov.
Severe CyclonicStorm with core
of Haricane8 34.00 10,000 2,50,000 10,14,800 13.51 172.00
197715-20 Nov.
Severe CyclonicStorm with Core
of Haricane- - - - - - -
2. 1978August
Severe CyclonicStorm 16 0.49 52 1,465 22,000 9.51 150.00
3.1979
13-15 May
Heavy Rains /Floods
Severe CyclonicStorm with Core
of Haricane
10 37.40 706 - 7,48,000 - 242.65
197924-25 Nov. Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -
4. 198016-18 Oct.
Severe CyclonicStorm
With Core ofHaricane
- - - - - - -
5 198216-18 Oct. Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -
6.1983
AugustHeavy Rains /
Floods 8 1.58 58 1,726 94,218 7.14 89.561983
3-5 Oct. Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -
7. 198411-15 Nov.
Severe CyclonicStorm
With Core ofHaricane
3 19.00 7 3,976 8,244 1.92 55.53
8.1985
10-11 Oct. Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -1985
11-13 Dec.Severe Cyclonic
Storm 11 11.75 16 4 3196 2.14 40.50
9. 1986August
HeavyRains/Floods 13 21.15 309 22,000 4,23,000 8.53 1,686.74
10.
198715-16 Oct. Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -
19872-3 Nov.
Severe CyclonicStorm 10 32.04 119 - 1,10,550 9.61 126.48
198712-13 Nov.
Severe CyclonicStorm - - - - - - -
11. 1988July
Heavy Rains /Floods 11 23.43 88 4,233 48,694 4.06 245.40
12.
1989July
Heavy Rains /Floods 22 89.44 232 10,905 2,27,000 5.93 913.50
19893-6 Nov Cyclonic Storm - - - - - - -
19895-8 Nov
Severe CyclonicStorm
With Core ofHaricane
- - - - - - -
(Contd.)
166
TABLE - 5.22 (Contd.)DETAILS OF DAMAGES AND ESTIMATED LOSS BY CYCLONE/HEAVY
RAINS AND FLOODS FROM 1977 TO 2015 IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No.
Periodof Cyclone/Heavy rains
EventDists.affe-cted
Popu-lationaffect-ted(inLakh)
No ofHu-man
Death
LiveStockLoss
No ofHousesdama-
ged
CropDa-
mage(Lakh)(Hec)
Esti-matedLoss
(in Cr)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
13.1990
5-10 MaySevere CyclonicStorm With Core
of Haricane14 77.81 817 27,625 14,39,659 5.63 2,137.27
1990 Aug. Heavy Rains/Floods 10 12.45 50 - 76,420 1.73 179.86
14.1991
11-15 Nov. Cyclonic Storm 9 0.18 192 - 97,470 4.09 367.32
15.1993 Oct.
Nov. & Dec. Cyclonic Storm 5 - - - - 0.37 70.87
16.1994 July,Aug.& Sep.
Heavy Rains /Floods 6 2.81 12 - - 0.52 130.45
199429-31 Oct.
Severe CyclonicStorm 7 2.86 3 - 79,172 4.52 625.93
17.
1995May
Severe CyclonicStorm
With Core ofHaricane
10 2.56 26 3260 43,179 3.2 471.86
19956-18 Oct. &9-10 Nov.
Heavy Rains /Floods 19 2.30 229 3663 1,46,525 6.65 917.00
18.
199612-16 June Cyclonic Storm 10 0.22 100 1607 21,517 0.15 129.10
1996Aug. & Sep.
Heavy Rains /Floods 13 0.21 140 188 12,100 1.34 159.00
19961-3 Oct.
Heavy Rains /Floods 14 0.27 61 154 18,058 4.49 262.53
199617-21 Oct.
Heavy Rains /Floods 11 87.37 338 1,46,621 1,30,731 11.28 843.27
19966-7 Nov.
Severe CyclonicStorm
With Core ofHaricane
4 80.62 1077 19,856 6,16,553 5.11 6,129.25
199628 Nov.-7th
Dec.
Severe CyclonicStorm
With Core ofHaricane
3 0.37 27 293 7,569 0.21 53.59
19.1997
23-26Sept.Severe Cyclonic
Storm 6 9.47 40 93 7,725 1.35 255.87
20.1998
Sep.-Oct.Heavy Rains /
Floods 22 16.34 260 5,126 1,50,196 14.05 2,525.20
199813-15 Nov.
Very SevereCyclonicStorm
5 0.68 16 5,874 13,543 3.39 305.99
21.1999
16-17 Oct. Cyclonic Storm 1 1.89 3 388 3,425 - 237.76
22.2000
22-31 AugustHeavy Rains /
Floods 17 1.98 207 6,156 99,800 1.78 966.15
167
TABLE - 5.22(Contd.)DETAILS OF DAMAGES AND ESTIMATED LOSS BY CYCLONE/HEAVY
RAINS AND FLOODS FROM 1977 TO 2015 IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No.
Periodof Cyclone/Heavy rains
EventDists.affe-cted
Popu-lationaffect-
ted(in
Lakh)
No ofHu-man
Death
LiveStockLoss
No ofHousesdama-
ged
CropDa-
mage(Lakh)(Hec)
Esti-matedLoss
(in Cr)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
23.2001
15-17 Oct.Heavy Rains/Flash Floods 5 - 119 - 1,11,340 - -
24.2003
15-16 Dec.Cyclonic Storm/ Flash Floods 6 42.68 44 1,02,324 17,147 2.65 765.92
25.2005
18-19 Sept.Heavy Rains/Flash Floods 10 350.00 107 14,416 1,18,618 5.51 2,697.97
26.
20062-5 Aug.
Cyclonic Storm/ Floods 10 13.84 165 20,530 2,76,567 2.20 3,455.23
200614-22 Sept. Heavy Rains 8 0.23 52 4,849 29,837 2.20 188.44
200628 Oct.-4 Nov.
Ogni Cyclone 5 13.85 41 3,50,000 95,218 3.85 7,173.25
27.
200721-24 June
Heavy Rains/Flash Floods 16 8.35 50 47,172 1,95,456 0.52 1,296.20
200717-22 Sept.
Heavy Rains/Floods 15 2.40 77 745 33,241 0.62 -
20075-7 Oct.
Heavy Rains/Floods 6 0.94 9 3126 9,246 0.17 1,156.11
200729 Oct.-1 Nov.
Heavy Rains/Floods 4 27.32 36 - 6,11,907 0.23
28.
20089-13 Feb.
Heavy Rains/Floods 11 0.13 4 3000 122 2.93 741.47
200822-29 March
UnseasonalHeavy Rain
& ConsequentFloods
22(Except)
(VSP)0.01 36 1,643 3,556 2.28 929.88
20083-11 Aug.
Heavy Rains/Floods 15 44.28 130 6,692 44,364 1.96 1,116.00
200814-16 Nov.
KhaimukCyclone 9 1.00 - 37 1,190 0.59 36.00
200825-30 Nov. Nisha Cyclone 5 1.00 9 28 8,258 2.20 80.00
29. 2009Sept-Oct.
Floods/Heavy Rains 13 20.72 90 49,686 2,59,095 2.26 12,455.75
30.
201017-22 May Laila Cyclone 14 17.80 22 2,075 14,298 0.27 1,603.22
2010June-Sept.
South westMonsoon
HeavyRains/Floods
22 8.95 65 7,236 11,022 2.77 5,776.60
201029 Oct.-8 Nov.
Heavy Rains/Floods/
JaL Cyclone13 16.98 63 1,140 20,554 4.83 2,496.98
20105thDec to8thDec.
HeavyRains/Floods/
due todepression inBay Bengal
15 8.16 21 3,076 3,169 12.08 2,739.33
31.2011
25-31Dec. Thane Cyclone 9 - - - - 0.63 56.92
168
TABLE - 5.22(Concld.)DETAILS OF DAMAGES AND ESTIMATED LOSS BY CYCLONE/HEAVY
RAINS AND FLOODS FROM 1977 TO 2015 IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No.
Periodof Cyclone/Heavy rains
EventDists.affe-cted
Popu-lationaffect-
ted(in Lakh)
No ofHu-man
Death
LiveStockLoss
No ofHousesdama-
ged
CropDa-
mage(Lakh)(Hec)
Esti-matedLoss
(in Cr)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
32.2012
29 October-6 November
Nilam Cyclone 13 20.39 56 1829 30526 8.36 4,038.60
33.
201316 & 17February
UnseasonalHeavy rains
and Hailstorm7 0.27 10 19 41 0.16 26.66
201310-13 October
PHAILINECyclone 3 3.71 2 99 1720 0.12 92.02
201321-27 October
Heavy Rains/Floods 11 5.13 39 1,130 35,976 6.84 6,928.77
201319-28
November
HELENCyclone &
Leher Cyclone7 7 9 85 4995 2.75 746.86
34.
201428 February-
10 March
Damages dueto unseasonal
rains/Thunderbolt/
Hailstorm
5 0.01 2 119 8 0.03 5.12
201411-13 October
Very severeCycloneStorm
‘HUDHUD’Cyclone
4 92.77 61 5,874 20,0673 3.26 21,908.49
35.2015
9 November-13 December
Heavy Rains/Floods 8 850.80 88 4,820 32,743 2.18 5,129.35
36. 09-11-2015 to03-12-2015
DeepDepressionand LowPressure
08 85.08 88 48.30 32743 2.18 426.94
Source: Revenue (Disaster Management), Andhra Pradesh Secretariat, Velagapudi.
169
TABLE - 5.23MINERAL-WISE EXTENT OF LEASE GRANTED (MAJOR MINERALS) IN
ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 2015-16(In Hects)
Sl.No.
Nameof the Mineral
Govt.Land
PattaLand
ForestLand
Total Extent(Col 3+4+5)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Amethyst - - - -
2. Apatite - - - -
3. Asbestos - - - -
4. Ball Clay - - - -
5. Barites - - - -
6. Beach Sand - - - -
7. Calcite - - - -
8. China Clay - - - -
9. Clay - - - -
10. Coal - - - -
11. Corrndum - - - -
12. Dolomite - - - -
13. Feldspar - - - -
14. Ferrogenous shale - - - -15. Fire clay - - - -16. Garnet - - - -17. Graphite - - - -18. Grey Barites - - - -19. Iron Ore - - - -20. Laterite - - - -21. Lime Kankar - - - -22. Lime Shell - - - -23. Lime stone 52.96 401.63 - 454.5924. Manganese - - - -25. Mica - - - -26. Micacious Hematite - - - -27. Moulding sand - - - -28. Mica, Quartz, Feldspar - - - -29. Pyrophylite - - - -30. Quartz - - 7.46 7.4631. Quartzite - - - -32. Quartz & Feldspar - - - -33. Red Oxide - - - -34. Semi-Precious Stone - - - -35. Shale - - - -
(Contd.)
170
TABLE - 5.23 (Concld.)MINERAL-WISE EXTENT OF LEASE GRANTED (MAJOR MINERALS) IN
ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 2015-16(In Hects)
Sl.No.
Nameof the Mineral
Govt.Land
PattaLand
ForestLand
Total Extent(Col 3+4+5)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.36. Silica Sand - - - -37. Slate - - - -38. Steatite - - - -39. Stowing Sand - - - -40. Soap Stone - - - -41. Serpentine - - - -42. White clay - - - -43. White Shale - - - -44. Yellow Orche - - - -45. Quartz White - - - -46. Vermiculite - - - -47. Uranium - - - -48. Other Minerals - - - -
ANDHRA PRADESH 52.96 401.63 7.46 462.05Source: Directorate of Mines and Geology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
171
TABLE - 5.24MINERAL-WISE EXTENT OF LEASE GRANTED
(MINOR MINERALS) DURING 2015-16 IN ANDHRA PRADESH(In Hects)
Sl.No.
Name of theMineral
Govt.Land
PattaLand
ForestLand
Total Extent(Col.3+4+5)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Black Granite (Galaxy) - 3 - 3
2. Black Granite(Other than Galaxy) 73.380 19.427 7.000 99.807
3. Colour Granite 389.551 2.413 - 391.964
4. Building Stone 57.596 - - 57.596
5. Building stone/Gravel 20.112 - - 20.112
6. Dimensional Stones 2.000 - - 2.000
7. Fuller's Earth - - - -
8. Gravel 57.260 90.939 - 148.199
9. Lime Kankar - - - -
10. Limestone slabs (Black) 137.706 4.273 - 141.979
11. Lime stone (Minor) - - - -
12. Limestone slabs (Colour) 9.089 - - 9.089
13. Marble 1.700 - - 1.700
14. Mosaic chips - - - -
15 Morrum - - - -
16. Napa slabs (Black) 3.172 - - 3.172
17. Napa slabs (Colour) - - - -
18. Road metal 493.721 107.370 - 601.091
19. Rough stone - - - -
20.. Cubes and Kerbs - - - -
21. Slate(Minor Mineral) 1.930 0.400 - 2.330
22. Bentonite - - - -
23. Shingle - - - -
24. Earth - - - -
25. Other Minerals - - - -
ANDHRA PRADESH 1,247.220 227.822 7.000 1,482.039
Source: Directorate of Mines and Geology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
172
TABLE - 5.25MAJOR MINERAL PRODUCTION
FROM 2010-11 TO 2015-16 IN ANDHRA PRADESH( In 000’tonnes /M3 )
Sl.No
MajorMineral Units 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.1. Apatite Tonnes 2,654 2,985 575 750 845 -2. Asbestos Tonnes 281 274 311 129 1,063 203. Ball Clay Tonnes 3,26,008 2,30,913 1,98,163 1,05,655 1,83,538 1,83,0674. Barytes Tonnes 11,91,76
124,21,743 16,76,184 15,80,336 9,90,853 12,23,25
65. Beach Sand Tonnes 3,35,858 1,900 30 - - -6. Calcite Tonnes 12,466 6,850 4,210 600 23,132 7,60,0627. China Clay Tonnes 15,855 16,625 12,733 8,374 17,532 19,6708. Crude Oil Tonnes 3,04,357 3,03,584 2,95,329 2,22,485 2,56,662 2,70,65
49. Dolomite Tonnes 7,34,506 6,68,521 8,68,124 22,43,008 10,27,203 11,37,25510. Feldspar Tonnes 77,681 1,27,619 1,04,849 1,01,982 2,49,072 1,34,813
11. Fire Clay Tonnes 56,548 60,184 63,154 40,906 63,717 36,26312. Garnet Tonnes - 62,756 64,369 1,01,150 84,694 56,49313. Iron Ore Tonnes 13,71,812 14,21,501 16,32,988 7,61,057 7,23,590 4,68,29114. Latarite Tonnes 16,63,750 10,52,584 17,37,160 4,72,959 25,56,739 22,71,28815. Lead Tonnes - - 20 - - -16. Lime Shell Tonnes 4,630 2,900 6,100 306 33,140 -17. Lime Stone Tonnes 2,76,64,78
82,82,85,093 3,74,01,796 2,80,33,140 3,19,25,340 3,09,65,3
9618. Lime Kankar Tonnes 490 550 370 - - -19. Manganese
OreTonnes 6,42,928 2,67,342 2,88,778 2,97,321 2,55,337 1,80,283
20. Mica Tonnes 8,997 11,260 9,118 48,965 59,791 36,02921. Moulding
SandTonnes 500 650 8,270 6,000 10,600 4,600
22. Natural Clay Tonnes 25,007 28,500 19,000 13,500 14,000 7,00023. Natural Gas MM3 2,404 1,353 1,228 944 514 52024. Phyrophillite Tonnes 1,677 179 9,713 291 1,795 4,72225. Quartz Tonnes 3,09,675 4,49,847 6,79,873 7,33,400 7,99,640 5,09,66526. Quartzite Tonnes 33,431 98,793 1,42,605 2,00,190 3,97,221 4,60,66527. Silica Sand Tonnes 21,66,719 22,38856 27,00,782 17,17,115 36,30,958 23,32,15028. Steatite Tonnes 91,156 1,02,085 91,311 67,713 86,062 45,46429. Slate Tonnes 4,370 5,160 22,681 13,000 7,220 21,22030. Serpentene Tonnes - - - - - -31. Vermiculite Tonnes 16,843 26,242 17,720 14,366 1,25,586 12,00632. W. Shale Tonnes 94,527 88,783 2,25,070 1,66,013 1,60,836 2,17,23133. White Clay Tonnes 2,75,352 1,69,471 1,05,766 57,098 1,53,296 1,60,34034. Yellow Ochre Tonnes 1,56,366 2,08,954 2,32,625 1,34,180 2,18,061 2,55,56935. Illiminite Tonnes - 2,71,130 1,87,370 2,32,333 2,15,492 2,53,87736. Silliminite Tonnes - 25,880 29,517 36,388 33,433 37,89837. Rutile Tonnes - 9,044 3,665 12,141 6,193 9,16238. Zircon Tonnes - 23,989 95,908 4,146 3,942 4,311Source: Directorate of Mines and Geology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
173
TABLE - 5.26MINOR MINERAL PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 2010-11 TO 2015-16(In ‘000’tonnes /M3 )
Sl.No.
MinorMineral Units 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1. B. Granite M3 3,46,824 5,11,703 4,16,186 3,54,442 4,41,047 4,96,854
2. C. Granite M3 1,34,657 1,99,430 2,64,787 2,51,299 5,09,300 4,24,526
3. Cubes & Kerbs M3 69,767 67,826 75,262 45,442 6,286 5,21,366
4. Gravel/Earth Tonnes 4,72,25,899 4,28,40,965 3,63,58,187 2,61,29,315 3,74,25,880 4,45,83,162
5. L. Stone Slabs M3 1,39,07,414 1,33,71,812 1,92,65,256 1,12,50,227 1,25,99,745 1,58,86,026
6. Limekankar Tonnes 773 1,,247 1,152 964 - -
7. Limestone M2 50,800 74,250 69,865 61,250 81,250 1,02,380
8. Mosaic Chips Tonnes 2,48,284 2,61,662 29,4,197 2,94,973 3,88,349 4,30,780
9. Marble Tonnes 118 63,394 9,715 19 60 -
10. Road Metal Tonnes 8,93,22,976 7,43,36,866 7,25,67,960 4,03,92,870 6,29,23,731 5,33,69,014
11. Slate Stone Tonnes 5,1264 35,131 11,415 9,180 44,100 4,451
12. Ordinary Sand M3 2,94,52,812 2,30,05,291 35,97,881 88,338 - -
Source: Directorate of Mines and Geology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 5.27CONSUMPTION OF EXPLOSIVES FROM 2006-07 TO 2008-09 IN
ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. Year
No. ofMines
GunPowder
LiquidOxygen
HighExpo
Ord.Deto.
ElectricDeto.
SafetyFuse
Deto.Fuse
Oth.Deto
No. ‘000Kgs
‘000Kgs
‘000Kgs
‘000Nos.
‘000Nos.
‘000Mtrs
‘000Mtrs
‘000Nos.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
1. 2006-07 81 6 - 8,059 230 397 4,789 2,073 114
2. 2007-08 92 - - 6,747 253 405 280 1,984 121
3. 2008-09 93 - - 9,720 213 380 163 2,140 217
Source: Indian Bureau of Mines, Govt. of India, Nagpur.
6. HYDROSPHERE
Araku Valley
-
Araku Valley
-
Araku Valley
-
175
6. HYDROSPHEREIntroduction
A hydrosphere (from Greek hydor, "water" and sphaira, "sphere") in
physical geography describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the
surface of a planet.
Discontinuous layer of water at or near the Earth's surface is hydrosphere. It
includes all liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and rock, and
atmospheric water vapour. Virtually all of these waters are in constant circulation
through the hydrologic cycle. Although the components of the hydrosphere are
undergoing continuous change of state and location, the total water budget remains in
balance.
The Hydrosphere represents all the surface water sources on earth like
oceans, lakes, rivers, snow and ice and also atmospheric water consists of water vapour
and rain including ground water and glaciers. The consumption of fresh water is a gift of
God.
The main use of water is public water supply; out-door bathing and
recreation, fisheries, wildlife propagation, irrigation and agricultural uses, cooling in
power plants and navigation.
Other hydrosphere
A thick hydrosphere is thought to exist around the Jovian moon Europa. The
outer layer of this hydrosphere is almost entirely ice, but current models predict that
there is an ocean up to 100 km in depth underneath the ice. This ocean remains in a
liquid form because of tidal flexing of the moon in its orbit around Jupiter. The volume of
Europa's hydrosphere is 3 × 1018 m3, 2.3 times that of Earth.
Hydrological cycle
Isolation, or energy (in the form of heat and light) from the sun, provides the
energy necessary to cause evaporation from all wet surfaces including oceans, rivers,
lakes, soil and the leaves of plants. Water vapour is further released as transpiration
from vegetation and from humans and other animals.
The components of the hydrosphere have been seriously affected by the
water-polluting activities of modern society.
176
Water Pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers,
oceans, ground water).
The domestic sewage, industrial effluents and agricultural run-off from
activities are also the major sources of pollution. Effluents from tanneries, pulp, paper,
chemical industries are cause of concern for the water pollution. Diarrhea, Trachoma,
Intestinal worms, Hepatitis etc. are common diseases due to water pollution. The
increase in global warming predict rise in sea level which would inundate wet and low
level areas, erode shoreline.
Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water;
and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and
populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly
into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
In certain industrial zones government banned to come up new industries and
existing industries were not permitted to increase the pollution load as those areas are
saturated with pollution. To overcome this ban order industries come out with
innovative ideas such as zero-discharge, Research & Development, change in product
mix, etc. All these paths are used to produce in excess of consented quantity and the
excess is dumped. Haphazardly causing severe water ( Sea, Surface, Ground water) &
Soil pollution.
Pollution Categories
Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as
separate resources, although they are interrelated. Sources of surface water pollution
are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.
1. Point source pollution
Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway through a
discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category
include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain.
2. Non-point source pollution
Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination that does not
originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of
small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. The leaching out of nitrogen
177
compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical example. Nutrient
run off in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also
cited as examples of NPS pollution.
Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways,
called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS pollution. However,
this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes
to local surface waters, and is a point source. However where such water is not
channeled and drains directly to ground it is a non-point source.
Causes of water pollution
The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide
spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or sensory changes such as elevated
temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances that are
regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, etc.) the
concentration is often the key in determining what is a natural component of water, and
what is a contaminant.
Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials, such as plant matter
(e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made chemicals. Other natural and
anthropogenic substances may cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and
disrupts plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species.
Pathogens
Coliform bacteria are a commonly used bacterial indicator of water pollution,
although not an actual cause of disease. Other microorganisms sometimes found in
surface waters which have caused human health problems include:
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Salmonella
Novovirus and other viruses
Parasitic worms (helminths).
High levels of pathogens may result from inadequately treated sewage
discharges. This can be caused by a sewage plant designed with less than secondary
treatment (more typical in less-developed countries). In developed countries, older cities
with aging infrastructure may have leaky sewage collection systems (pipes, pumps,
valves), which can cause sanitary sewer overflows. Some cities also have combined
sewers, which may discharge untreated sewage during rain storms.
178
Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestock
operations
Chemical and other contaminants
Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances.
Organic water pollutants include
Detergents
Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water,
such as chloroform
Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances,
fats and grease
Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other
chemical compounds
Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels,
and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts,
from stormwater runoff
Tree and bush debris from logging operations
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as industrial solvents, from
improper storage. Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous
phase liquids (DNAPLs), may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they
don't mix well with water and are denser.
Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic
products.
Inorganic water pollutants include
Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfur dioxide from
power plants)
Ammonia from food processing waste
Chemical waste as industrial by-products
Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and phosphates--which are found
in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and
residential use
Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban storm water runoff) and acid
mine drainage
Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn
practices or land clearing sites
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Macroscopic pollution
Large visible items polluting the water—may be termed "floatables" in an
urban storm water context, or marine debris when found on the open seas, and can
include such items as:
Trash (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste) discarded by people on the
ground, and that are washed by rainfall into storm drains and eventually
discharged into surface waters
Nurdles, small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets
Shipwrecks, large derelict ships
Micro Pollutants:
As there is growing concern about pesticide residues and heavy metals in
water resources, the CPCB has directed to collect samples of water and sediments in
addition to the routine schedule samples once in a year preferably in the month of April.
Micro pollutants i.e., heavy metals and pesticide analysis is proposed for all the stations
in Andhra Pradesh in view of the increased use of chemicals in agriculture and their
subsequent contribution to the water bodies.
List of Micro PollutantsA. Heavy Metals B. Pesticides
1 21. Mercury 1. Alpha BHC2. Arsenic 2. Beta BHC3. Chromium 3. Gama BHC(Lindane)4. Cadmium 4. OP DDT5. Lead 5. PP DDT6. Copper 6. Alpha Endosulphan7. Nickel 7. Beta Endosulphan8. Zinc 8. Dieldrin9. Iron 9. Carboryl(Carbamate)
10. 2,4D-Malathian11. Aldrin12. Total BHL13. Methyl Parathian14. Anilophos15. Chloropyriphos
Measurement of water pollution
Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of
methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed
by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without
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sampling, such as temperature. Government agencies and research organizations have
published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability
of results from disparate testing events.
Sampling
Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several
methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant.
Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association
with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully
quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-
sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals.
Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals
from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may
be identified for bio surveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they
may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity.
Physical testing
Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentration
like total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity.
Chemical testing
Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry.
Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds.
Frequently used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals
(including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.
Biological testing
Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial
indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem.
Control of water pollution
Domestic sewage
Domestic sewage is 99.9% pure water; the other 0.1% are pollutants. While
found in low concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. In urban areas,
domestic sewage is typically treated by centralized sewage treatment plants. Cities with
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sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows employ one or more engineering
approaches to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including:
utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve storm water
management capacity throughout the system, and reduce the hydraulic
overloading of the treatment plant
repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment
increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system (often
a very expensive option).
A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have
an individual septic tank, which treats the wastewater on site and discharges into the
soil. Alternatively, domestic wastewater may be sent to a nearby privately owned
treatment system (e.g. in a rural community).
Industrial waste waterSome industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be
treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high
concentrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g.
heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional pollutants such as
ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-
treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send the partially treated
wastewater to the municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater
typically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems.
Some industries have been successful at redesigning their manufacturing
processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution
prevention.
Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be
controlled with:
cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by
evaporation, convection, and radiation
cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the atmosphere through
evaporation and/or heat transfer
cogeneration, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or
industrial heating purposes.
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Agricultural waste water:Non point source controls
Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are typically applied to farmland as
commercial fertilizer; animal manure; or spraying of municipal or industrial wastewater
(effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation water,
wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can develop and implement nutrient
management plans to reduce excess application of nutrients.
To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) techniques (which can include biological pest control) to maintain control over
pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect water quality.
Sediment from construction sites is managed by installation of:
erosion controls, such as mulching and hydro seeding, and
sediment controls, such as sediment basins and silt fences.
Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is prevented by use
of spill prevention and control plans, and
specially designed containers (e.g. for concrete wash out) and structures
such as overflow controls and diversion berms.
Urban runoff (storm water)Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of
storm water, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a varietyof storm water management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. Thesetechniques, called best management practices (BMPs) may focus on water quantitycontrol, while others focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions
Pollution prevention practices include low impact development techniques,installation of green roofs and improved chemical handling (e.g. management of motorfuels & oil, fertilizers and pesticides).[31] Runoff mitigation systems include infiltrationbasins, bio retention systems, constructed wetlands, retention basins and similardevices.
GROUND WATER POLLUTIONInteractions between groundwater and surface water are complex.
Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwatercontamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution.[7] By its verynature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that maynot directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point sourcemay be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide contaminants
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into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a toxin plume.The movement of the plume, a plume front, can be part of a Hydrological transportmodel or Groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on thesoil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of thecontaminants.
The Net annual Ground Water availability in the state is 18,48,035 Hm out ofwhich 8,10,401 Hm is the utilization for various purposes leaving a balance of 10,20,434Hm for the year 2012-13 and overall stage of ground water development is about 44%.
Pollutant State Place of occurrencesSalinity(Coastal)
Andhra PradeshVishakapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna,Guntur, Prakasam.
Fluoride Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah, Guntur, Prakasam, Nellore, Ananthapuramu.
Nitrate Andhra PradeshVishakapatnam, East Godvari, Krishna, Prakasam,S.P.S Nellore, Chittoor, Ananthapuramu, YSR, Kurnool.
Heavy Metals Andhra Pradesh Ananthapuramu, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, YSR.
The Central Pollution Control Board undertook a major groundwater qualitysurvey and the report published in 1995 identified about 20 locations in various states ofIndia as critical sites of ground water pollution. CPCB found that industrial effluents arethe primary reason for ground water pollution. In the industrial and urban fringe zones ofcities, sub-soil water has already been polluted by industries which release highly toxicsubstances. The wells in many residential areas are contaminated with nitrate anddetergents.
For maintaining the quality of river water, the pollution levels in rivers havebeen detected by monitoring limited number of the physico-chemical parameters, whichcould only determine the changes in chemical characteristics of water bodies.Deterioration in water quality, over the past several years has gradually rendered theriver water quality unsuitable for various beneficial purposes.
Water Quality Monitoring Objectives:The water quality monitoring is being carried out to ensure that the water
quality is being maintained or restored at desired level and the objectives of the waterquality monitoring are as follows:
For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritization To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water
bodies or their part To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in
existence To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time
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To assess assimilative capacity of a water body there by reducing cost onpollution control measures
To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants To assess the fitness of water for different uses
Water Quality Monitoring Programme:Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board is participating in the “National Water
Quality Monitoring Programme”–NWMP, since 1980 in collaboration with Central PollutionControl Board. Several rivers, lakes, tanks and ground water resources of AndhraPradesh state are being monitored under various programmes like Global EnvironmentMonitoring System (GEMS), Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MINARS)and Ganesh Immersion etc.
The details of the monitoring network and frequency of sampling are providedin the following table.
MONITORING NETWORK IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No.
Name of the MonitoringProgramme
No. ofMonitoringStations
Frequency No. ofStations
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.National Water Quality MonitoringProgramme (NWQMP)
50Monthly 37
Half Yearly 132. Kolleru lake 20 Monthly 20
3.Coastal Water Quality MonitoringProgramme
39 Monthly 39
Total 109 109Source: AP Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
APPCB is also monitoring the water quality of rivers, lakes, canals etc., duringGanesh idol immersion every year at 10 towns of Andhra Pradesh state.
Monitoring Parameters:It was observed that some of the regular parameters are not giving much
information on water quality and hence not used in interpretation for the major waterquality issues. Also some additional parameters are becoming important in certain areasdue to increased human/industrial activities.
Therefore, the compulsory parameters to be analyzed for all the monthly,quarterly, half yearly monitoring stations under GEMS and MINARS Programmed aredecided as follows:
Core parameters for surface waters:1. Temperature2. pH
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3. Conductivity4. BOD5. Nitrate - N6. Ammonia - N7. Faecal Coliform8. Total Coliform9. Dissolved oxygen
Core parameters for ground waters:1. Temperature2. pH3. Conductivity4. BOD5. Nitrate - N6. Faecal Coliform7. Total Coliform
In addition to the above, the following parameters will be analysed for all thestations once in a year during summer (usually in the month of April) for assessment ofwater quality along with the regular parameters.
1. COD2. TKN/NH3-N3. Turbidity4. Total Hardness5. Total dissolved solids6. Total Fixed solids7. Total Suspended Solids8. Total Alkalinity9. Phenolphthalene Alkalinity
10. Floride11. Sulphates12. Potassium13. Calcium14. Magnesium15. Chlorides16. Sodium17. Phosphates18. Boron19. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
20. %Sodium
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Coastal Monitoring Programme:
Andhra Pradesh has 974 kms of coast spread in nine districts and it is put to
use for different activities. Two major and six minor rivers enter the eastern sea in this
stretch into Bay of Bengal. Discharges of sewage from towns, cities, agricultural runoff
and industrial effluents are degrading the water quality along the coast. Construction of
major and minor dams across the rivers is also reducing the flow of rivers in lean
seasons thereby reducing the dilution capacity drastically and affecting the self-
purification mechanism of the rivers.
National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), under the MoEF is engaged
in implementing the River and Lake Action Plans under the National River Conservation
Plan (NRCP). The objective of NRCP is to improve the water quality of the rivers, which
are the major fresh water sources in the country, through the implementation of
pollution abatement schemes. Some of the important works taken up under the NRCP:
Interception and diversion works to capture the raw sewage flowing into the
river through open drains and divert them for treatment
Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) for treating the diverted
sewage
Construction of low cost sanitation toilets to prevent open defecation on
river banks
Construction of electric crematoria and improved wood crematoria to
conserve the use of wood and help in ensuing proper cremation of bodies
brought to the burning ghats
River front development works such as improvement of bathing ghats
Afforestation and Public Awareness and Participation
River Water:Rivers are the lifeline of majority of population in cities, towns and villages
and most of these are considered as sacred. Every river stretch has a distinct water use
like bathing, drinking, municipal supply, navigation, irrigation and fishing, sports etc.
Simultaneously, it is also used as receptacle for discharge of industrial effluent,
municipal sewage and dumping of solid wastes. The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 is aimed to support the quality of various designated best uses of
water bodies. The Water Quality Atlas of the Indian River System has been prepared by
the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on the basis of five major uses of the river
water, such as:
1. Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after
disinfection;
2. Outdoor bathing organized;
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3. Drinking water source, but with conventional treatment followed by
disinfection;
4. Propagation of wildlife, fisheries;
5. Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal.
River Godavari:
It is the 2nd longest river in India. It is about 1465 kms length of which, 757
kms lie in the state. River Godavari is one of the important perennial rivers of South
India. Its total catchment area is about 3.13 lakh sq. kms. There are two main
tributaries i.e., Manjeera and Maner joining the river Godavari apart from several small
rivers like Kadam, Pranahita, Indravathi and Sabari. The confluence point of river
Godavari is Bay of Bengal near Antharvedi and Bendamurlanka in the East Godavari
district.
The A.P.P.C.B. is monitoring river Godavari at 5 (five) stations under National
Water Monitoring Programme (NWMP) regularly and sending the data to CPCB.
Water quality trend:
The water quality trend indicates that there is a slight improvement in the
water quality status of river Godavari at stations Polavaram u/s of Rajahmundry when
compared to the previous years.
River Krishna:
River Krishna is the 2nd longest perennial river of Andhra Pradesh and 3rd
longest river of India. It has rather poor water wealth because of fairly low rainfall in the
basin. Its total length in the state is about 720 kms with a catchment area of 2.59 lakh
sq. kms. It is entering the state in Kurnool district and confluence with Bay of Bengal
near 'Hamsaladeevi’ and ‘Nachakunta' in Krishna district. Tungabhadra, Musi, Dindi,
Wyra, Chandravanka, Tammileru and Naguleru are some of the important tributaries.
The A.P.P.C.B. is monitoring river Krishna at 7 (seven) stations under NWMP
regularly and sending the data to CPCB.
Water quality trend:
The year-wise comparative trend indicates that the water quality is slightly
improved when compared to previous years.
River Pennar:Pennar River also called as "Pinakini" originates in the Chennakesava Hills
(Nandi Hills in Kolar district of Karnataka State) and flows through 597 kms and
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confluence with Bay of Bengal. The river enters Andhra Pradesh State in the extreme
south of Hindupur of Ananthapuramu district. The total length of the river from head to
its outfall into the sea is 597 kms of which about 61 kms is in Karnataka and the balance
of 536 kms is in Andhra Pradesh State. APPCB is monitoring at 4 stations.
Water quality trend:The year-wise comparative trend indicates that the water quality is slightly
improved when compared to previous years.
River Nagavali:Nagavali River flowing in the North-East of the State is about 115 kms length
and confluence with Bay of Bengal near Mofaz Bandar in Srikakulam district.
Swarnamukhi is a tributary of river Nagavali. The monitoring point is at "Thotapalli"
regulator.
Water quality trend:The year-wise comparative trend indicates that the water quality is slightly
improved when compared to previous years.
Wet land conservation:Wet lands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic system where
the water table is usually or near the water surface and land is covered by shallow
water. They are life support systems for people living around and are effective in flood
control, waste water treatment, reducing sediment, recharging of aquifers and also
winter resort for a variety of birds for shelter and breeding and provide a suitable habitat
for fish and other flora and fauna. They also act as buffer against the devastating effect
of hurricanes and cyclones, stabilize the shoreline and act as bulwark against the
encroachment by the sea and check soil erosion.
Status of Water Quality of Kolleru Lake:Kolleru lake is a natural wet land lake situated between Krishna and Godavari
deltas in the coastal districts of West Godavari and Krishna lying between the latitudes
16o32’ and 16o47’ and longitudes 81o05’ and 81o21’ E. It is one of the largest fresh water
eco-systems (Wet land) of international importance recognized under Ramsar
Convention (Iran 1971) covering 2,25,250 acres up to its +10 feet contour with a total
catchment area of 4763 sq. kms. This lake is situated nearly 35 kms away from the
coast line. The important activities in the lake area are agriculture and aquaculture. The
lake is a drinking water source for the people living in the vicinity of the Kolleru Lake and
it is a bird sanctuary for indigenous and migrating birds.
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The ecological degradation of the lake was due to extensive use of pesticides
by farmers of upper catchment and delta regions, bunding for pisciculture, drainage or
sewage and industrial effluents from paper mills, sugar factories etc. located in Krishna
and West Godavari districts. Further the municipal waste from the major towns of
Vijayawada, Gudivada and Eluru polluted this lake.
Monitoring of Kolleru Lake:APPCB is monitoring the water quality of the lake at 20 points viz. 11 inlets, 8
lake points and one outlet.
The Supreme Court appointed a committee to set right the Kolleru Lakeproblem. Under the guidance of the committee the District Collector took up a massiveillegal encroachments clearance. He was successful. Now, again the same illegalencroachers put pressure on government to reduce the size of the Kolleru Lake from 5th
contour level to 3rd contour level. Government passed a resolution in this direction.However, we have to wait and see whether Supreme Court agrees on this or not. Meanwhile the illegal encroachers started their activities secretly.
Urban development:Rapid urbanization, particularly in case of large cities, is accompanied by
problems of overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, inadequate health facilities, poorsanitation, environmental degradation and growth of urban slums. Urban population inthe State in 2001 is 1,09,56,153 and increased to 1,46,10,410 as per populationcensus- 2011.
In order to address the issues arising out of pressure from the urbanizationprocess, the State Government has taken several initiatives. Some of these are longerterm and could have a great impact on the State of environment while several othermeasures have specific short term impacts, and are meant to solve immediate problemsof congestion, drinking water shortage, urban poverty, proliferation of slums etc. someof these initiatives are
1. Environmental conservation and protectiona)Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002 (APWALTA)
2. Drinking water supplya)Godavari water supply project
3. Sewerage Developmenta)Water supply and sewerage lines in housing colonies
Provision of water supply and sewerage infrastructure in formalsettlements
4. Poverty alleviation programmesa) Establishment of Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas
(MEPMA) for addressing urban poverty issuesb) Increasing access to creditc) Pavala vaddi (low interest loans)
190
5. Social security schemesa) Dr. Y. S. R. Abhaya Hastam Insurance scheme for BPL peopleb) Group insurance scheme for Self Help Groups (SHGs)
Rural developmentThe rural population of the State is 70.5 % of the total population, and is
mainly dependent on agriculture and allied activities, which are climate dependent.
Climate change has brought in its wake problems in rural hinterlands as well – delayed
monsoons, decline in rainfall, use of more pesticides to get good yield. These
environmental issues have impacted the lives of people which are evident in the
migration to urban areas in search of livelihood. The rural areas also have problems of
poor water supply, sanitation, degradation of soil, ground water contamination, health,
education etc.
The State Government apart from ushering in several initiatives on its own
has been implementing the national policies to address the rural problems and reduce
the rural poverty. Some of the important National and State level initiatives are as under
1. National policies:
National policy on sanitation
a) NREGA
b) Watershed Development and Drought Relief Programme
c) Swarnajayanthi Grama Swarojgar Yojana
d) Water supply and Drinking Water Programmes
e) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment guarantee Scheme(MGNR)
f) Pradhanamantri Matrutva vandana yojana (PMMVY)
g) PM Surakshita Matrutva Abhiyan.
2. State Government Policies
a) NTR Jala Siri
b) Adarana Padhakam
c) Chandranna Bheema
d) NTR BHarosa
e) Jagajeevan Jyothi
f) Giri putrika Kalyana Padakam
g) Strinidhi
h) Badikosta
i) Ksheera Sagara Pathakam
j) NTR Uchita Vaidya Pareekshalu
k) Janani Sishu Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
The rural development programmes have significant environmental impact by
way of improving sanitation, creating better living conditions, discussions of environment
191
related issues, soil and moisture conservation works, afforestation etc. The alleviation of
rural poverty checks migration to urban areas which would have adversely affected the
urban environment.
Environment Pollution:Much of the Environmental deterioration is the direct or indirect result of
advances in technology and industrialization, also responsible for increased urbanization
interfering to a large extent in all the areas of the environment such as air and water.
Environmental pollution can be discussed with respect to air, water and noise, all of
which have detrimental impacts on living beings. The first and foremost effect of
pollution is seen in air which has its long term effects both globally and locally.
Details of common air pollution sources and their pollutants, suspended
particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter, microbial pollution, water
pollution, noise pollution, annual averages of respirable suspended particulate matter,
annual averages of total suspended particulate matter, prevalence of sulphur dioxide
(SO2) concentrations of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are provided in the report, besides
providing the policy initiatives of the Government for prevention of environmental
pollution.
Environmental Acts and Laws of Andhra PradeshGovernment of India has formulated environmental laws which are applicable
to all the States and Union Territories in the country. However, as India has a diverse
and varied set of resources and social conditions, most of the States have their own set
of specific laws and Acts, in consonance with what is applicable nationally.
Since 1974, some of the major environmental laws that have been passed by the
Government of India are as under:
1. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 amended in 1978
again amended in 1988.
2. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, amended in
1991.
3. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended in 1987.
4. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
5. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 amended in
2003.
6. Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 amended in 1992.
7. Bio-Medical waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 amended in
2003.
8. Plastics manufacture & Usage Rules, 1999 amended in 2003.
9. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000.
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In consonance with the Central laws and Acts, Government of Andhra
Pradesh has also notified specific laws which are applicable to the State. The State
specific laws are–
1. Andhra Pradesh Farmer Management of Irrigation Systems Act, 1977
2. Water User Associations, 1997
3. Water Conservation Mission, 2000
4. Intensification of watershed development programme, 2000
5. Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act, 2002
6. Massive Promotion of Micro Irrigation, 2003
7. Andhra Pradesh State Water Policy, 2008.
In addition to the above, certain green movements like Karga Movement,
Kolleru Lake Management, filed by the fishermen opposing the Sompeta power plant
have been included in the report.
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TABLE - 6.1RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2015-16
(In mm)Sl. No. Year Actual Normal % of Deviation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 2010-11 1,318.2 966.0 362. 2011-12 763.1 966.0 -213. 2012-13 1,036.9 966.0 74. 2013-14 968.1 966.0 -5. 2014-15 606.1 966.0 -376. 2015-16 912.5 966.0 -6
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE 6.2SEASON-WISE RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2015-16
(In Millimeters)
Year
South West Monsoon(June to September)
North-East Monsoon(October to December)
Winter Period(January & February)
Actual Normal% ofDevia-tion
Actual Normal% ofDevia-
tionActual Normal
% ofDevia-tion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
2010-11 755.6 556.0 35 456.1 296.0 54 15.8 15.7 1
2011-12 498.7 556.0 -10 174.3 296.0 -41 24.7 15.7 57
2012-13 586.0 556.0 5 356.8 296.0 20 33.4 15.7 113
2013-14 518.9 556.0 -7 359.1 296.0 21 1.2 15.7 -92
2014-15 355.7 556.0 -36 170.0 296.0 -43 2.5 15.7 -84
2015-16 523.0 556.0 -6 287.2 296.0 -3 4.3 15.7 -73(Contd..)
TABLE 6.2 (Concld..)SEASON-WISE RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2010-11 TO 2015-16
(In Millimeters)
YearHot Weather Period (March to May) Total (June to May)
Actual Normal % ofDeviation Actual Normal % of
Deviation1 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
2010-11 90.7 98.3 -8 1,318.2 966.0 36
2011-12 65.4 98.3 -34 763.1 966.0 -21
2012-13 60.7 98.3 -39 1,036.9 966.0 7
2013-14 88.9 98.3 -12 968.1 966.0 -
2014-15 77.9 98.3 -21 606.1 966.0 -37
2015-16 98.0 98.3 -0.3 912.5 966.0 -6
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
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TABLE- 6.3DISTRICT-WISE & SEASON-WISE RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
(In Millimeters)
(Contd..)
TABLE- 6.3 (Concld.)DISTRICT-WISE & SEASON-WISE RAINFALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
(In Millimeters)
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
Sl.No. District
South West Monsoon(June to September)
North-East Monsoon(October toDecember)
Winter Period(January & February)
Actual Normal% of
Devia-tion
Actual Normal% of
Devia-tion
Actual Normal% of
Devia-tion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.1. Srikakulam 641.2 705.7 -9 83.4 276.0 -70 5.6 25.9 -782. Vizianagaram 807.7 692.7 17 99.7 245.8 -59 1.5 25.5 -943. Visakhapatnam 879.8 712.6 23 160.9 297.2 -46 3.4 22.3 -854. East Godavari 813.6 768.0 6 181.6 305.4 -41 2.9 19.7 -855. West Godavari 738.0 791.9 -7 155.6 239.4 -35 1.1 17.7 -946. Krishna 643.1 685.1 -6 164.0 249.4 -34 1.4 15. 8 -917. Guntur 518.4 525.8 -1 104.2 228.9 -54 0.4 18.4 -988. Prakasam 342.9 388.3 -12 254.3 393.7 -35 1.2 16.3 -939. S.P.S Nellore 307.0 331.3 -7 952.2 661.4 44 7.5 19.9 -6210. Y.S.R 346.3 393.6 -12 428.6 251.0 71 12.1 3.4 25611. Kurnool 331.6 455.1 -27 77.1 149.6 -48 5.6 4.6 2212. Ananthapuramu 319.5 338.4 -6 194.9 155.3 25 10.3 2.9 25513. Chittoor 341.0 439.4 -22 748.2 395.4 89 2.6 12.1 -79ANDHRA PRADESH 523.0 556.0 -6 287.2 296.0 -3 4.3 15.7 -73
Sl.No. District
Hot Weather Period(March to May)
Total(June to May)
Actual Normal % ofDeviation Actual Normal % of
Deviation1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.1. Srikakulam 166.9 154.0 8 897.1 1,161.6 -232. Vizianagaram 149.9 166.7 -10 1,058.8 1,130.7 -63. Visakhapatnam 158.8 170.2 -7 1,202.9 1,202.3 -4. East Godavari 140.1 124.5 12 1,138.2 1,217.6 -75. West Godavari 86.1 104.0 -17 980.8 1,153.0 -156. Krishna 97.4 83.2 17 905.9 1,033.5 -127. Guntur 91.5 79.9 15 714.5 853.0 -168. Prakasam 69.9 73.2 -5 668.3 871.5 -239. S.P.S Nellore 91.3 67.8 35 1,358.0 1,080.4 2610. Y.S.R 34.4 51.6 -33 821.4 699.6 1711. Kurnool 64.7 61.2 6 479.0 670.5 -2912. Ananthapuramu 83.3 55.7 50 608.0 552.3 1013. Chittoor 85.0 87.0 -2 1,176.8 933.9 26ANDHRA PRADESH 98.0 98.3 - 912.5 966.0 -6
195
TABLE - 6.4DISTRICT-WISE ANNUAL AVERAGE RAIN FALL FROM 2013-14 TO 2015-16
(In Millimeters)
Sl.No. District Normal
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Actual % ofDeviation Actual % of
Deviation Actual % ofDeviation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.1. Srikakulam 1,161.6 1,389.9 20 970.9 -16 897.1 -232. Vizianagaram 1,130.7 1,239.0 10 1,013.8 -10 1,058.8 -63. Visakhapatnam 1,202.3 1,269.4 6 969.5 -19 1,202.9 -4. East Godavari 1,217.6 1,087.1 -11 642.3 -47 1,138.2 -75. West Godavari 1,153.0 1,065.9 -8 604.0 -48 980.8 -156. Krishna 1,033.5 1,345.7 30 587.1 -43 905.9 -127. Guntur 853.0 1,072.3 26 497.6 -42 714.5 -168. Prakasam 871.5 912.3 5 470.6 -46 668.3 -239. S.P.S Nellore 1,080.4 758.9 -30 620.2 -43 1,358.0 2610. Y.S.R 699.6 709.3 1 409.6 -41 821.4 1711. Kurnool 670.5 771.7 15 473.9 -29 479.0 -2912. Ananthapuramu 552.3 538.7 -2 401.3 -27 608.0 1013. Chittoor 933.9 744.4 -20 583.1 -38 1,176.8 26
ANDHRA PRADESH 966.0 968.1 - 606.1 -37 912.5 -6
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 6.5DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF MANDALS ACCORDING TO RAIN FALL DURING
01.06.2015 TO 31.05.2016.
Sl.No. District Name
TotalNo. of
Mandals
No. of Mandals havingNo
Rain-100%
Scanty(-99 to-60%)
Deficient(-59 to -
20%)
Normal(-19 to+19%)
Excess(>19%)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 38 - - 22 16 02. Vizianagaram 34 - - 7 27 03. Visakhapatnam 43 - - 2 36 54. East Godavari 64 - - 16 41 75. West Godavari 48 - - 19 28 16. Krishna 50 - - 21 23 67. Guntur 57 - - 25 31 18. Prakasam 56 - - 35 20 19. SPS Nellore 46 - - 2 13 3110. Y.S.R 51 - - 7 18 2611. Kurnool 54 - 2 37 15 012. Ananthapuramu 63 - - 5 36 2213. Chittoor 66 - - - 23 43
ANDHRA PRADESH 670 - 2 198 327 143Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
196
TABLE – 6.6WATER FLOWS IN STREAMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH DURING 2015-16
Sl.No.
Basin Name of theGauging Station
Max. flow perYear(in Cumecs)
Min. flow perYear(in Cumecs)
Basin Sub-basin First Last FirstSite
LastSite
FirstSite
LastSite
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1.EFR betweenMahanandi &Godavari
Sarada Jampana Tallapalem 25.977 0.658 NA NA
2. Godavari Peddagedda Peddagedda Seethapalli 5.767 NA NA NA
3.EFRbetweenMahanandi&Godavari
Kandivala-sagedda Kamavaram - NA NA NA NA
4. Nagavalli Champavathi Salur Nellimarla 1.97 1.419
5. Nagavalli Ghostani Kasipatnam Tagara-puvalasa NA NA NA NA
6. Nagavalli Madhuravada Paradespalem - NA NA
7. Varaha Varaha - Yetikoppaka NA 12.261 NA NA
8. Thandava Thandava - Tuni NA NA9. Godavari Burada Kalva Kamarajupeta - NA NA
10.EFR betweenMahanandi &Godavari
Pundi minorbasin Bendi - NA NA
11.EFR betweenMahanandi &Godavari
Bahuda Itchapuram - 11.279 0.905
12.EFR betweenMahanandi &Godavari
Vamsadhara Katragadda Seedhi 131.78 NA 10.72 NA
13. Godavari KovvadaKalva (33) Pragadapalli Dommeru No
Flows 75.55 NoFlows 6.64
14.EFR betweenGodavari andKrishna
Tammileru(40)
Biopf E&WTAmmileru
WestTammileru @Eluru,EastTammileru @Eluru
NoFlows
NoFlows
NoFlows
NoFlows
15. Godavari Errakalva(37)
Konguvarigudem Ananthapalli 0 33.012 0 17.293
16. KrishnaKrishna inGuntur Dist(50)
Naguleru @Dachepalli
No data due to Not Functioning, Noobserver, Gauge posts were
damaged due to modernizationworks
17.
Krishna Muniyeru (49)
Polampalli, - Gauge posts were damaged due tomodernization works
18.
Ippalavagu@Koduru(khabham-padu)
- Gauge posts were damaged due tomodernization works
19. Kattaleru @Tiruvuru - Gauge posts were damaged due to
modernization works
20.EFR betweenKrishna andPennar
Romperu (56) Karamchedu - 87.98 NA 14.40 NA
(Contd.)
197
TABLE – 6.6 (Concld.)WATER FLOWS IN STREAMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 2015-16
Sl.No.
Basin Name of theGauging Station
Max. flow perYear
(in Cumecs)
Min. flow perYear
(in Cumecs)
Basin Sub-basin First Last First Site Last Site First Site Last Site1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
21.EFR betweenKrishna andPennar
Musi (59) Marrichetla-palem Tumadu 35.964 307.485 4.482 75.056
22.EFR betweenKrishna andPennar
Voleru vagu(55)
ETB drain @Machavaram
Nallamadadrain @Returu
First & Last GD site Gauge posts weredamaged due to modernization works
23.EFR betweenKrishna andPennar
Maneru (61)
1. Pillaperu river@ Narravada2. U/s of Mopadureservoir
U/S ofRallapaduReservoir(Pottupalli)
NoFlows No Flows No Flows No
Flows
24. Pennar LowerPennar (72) -
PyderuAnicut @Kamma-palem
NA 486.441 NA 13.165
25. Pennar Upputeru(73)
Upputeru(Pambaleru) @Gudur
- No observer since 1-11-2014
26. Pennar Budameru(42) Velagaleru - Gauge posts were damaged due to
modernization works
27.EFR betweenGodavari andKrishna
Other drainsin WestGodavari(36)
Yenamadurrudrain @Gollala koderu
Gonterudrain @Veera-vasam
168.89 155.36 52.23 12.47
28.EFR betweenKrishna andPennar
Minor drainin Guntur(54)
BM drain @Pallikona - Gauge posts were damaged due to
modernization works
29.EFR betweenKrishna andPennar
Minor drainin Krishna(52)
Chandraiah drain@ Gudivada
Lazza-banda drain@ Pedana First & Last GD site Gauge posts were
damaged due to modernization works30.
Inampudidrain @Yenda-kuduru
31. Pennar TAdakleru Kalvapally -
32.EFR betweenPennar andKavery
Kortalair Nagari - 572.72 NA 0 NA
33.EFR betweenPennar andKavery
Palar Narsingarayani-peta - 131.15 NA 0 NA
Source: Chief Engineer, Hydrology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
198
TABLE - 6.7DISTRICT-WISE LENGTH OF IMPORTANT RIVERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. Name of the River
Length of theRiver
Approx.(in Kms)
Percentageof Basin area in
theDistrict(Approx.)
1. 2. 3. 4.I Srikakulam District
1. Bahuda 22.00 4.84
2. Mahendra tanaya 86.92 7.96
3. Vamsadhara 120.71 25.56
4. Nagavali 124.50 25.19
II Vizianagaram District
1. Nagavali River 124.50 52.37
2. Champavathi 79.61 24.42
3. Vegavathi 19.35 -
4. Gosthani 44.85 13.27
III Visakhapatnam District
1. Varaha - -
2. Mamidivaka gedda 16.17 10.42
3. Pedderu 41.29 -
IV East Godavari District
1. Sitapalli vagu 21.77 -
2. Burada Kalva 53.07 -
3. Thandava 98.82 2.46
V West Godavari District
1. Thammeleru 27.09 8.27
2. Yerrakalva 56.06 30.02
3. Kovvadakalva 25.89 -VI Krishna District1. Thammeleru 14.50 -
2. Krishna 152.00 89.61
3. Munneru 40.00 -
4. Katteleru 8.71 -
VII Guntur District
1. Krishna River 179.64 86.14
VIII Prakasam District
1. Gundlakamma River 268.22 38.57
2. Chinnamusi 70.29 12.65
3. Paleru 110.50 14.11
4. Manneru 43.63 11.99Contd.
199
TABLE - 6.7(Concld.)
DISTRICT-WISE LENGTH OF IMPORTANT RIVERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Sl.No. Name of the River Length of the River
Approx.(in Kms)
Percentageof Basin area in
theDistrict(Approx.)
1. 2. 3. 4.
IX S.P.S Nellore District
1. Pennar River 107.37 32.79
2. Swarnamukhi River 49.26 7.84
X Y.S.R District
1. Cheyyeru River 100.00 -
2. Buggavanka 70.00 -
XI Kurnool district
1. Krishna 202.53 55.42
2. Bhavanasi 73.38 -
3. Tungabhadra 151.50 -
4. Hundri 130.56 -
5. Kundu 144.04 -
6. Zurreru 72.78 -
XII Ananthapuramu District
1. Pennar 282.50 34.20
2. Chitravathi 150.00
3. Papagni 55.00 -
4. Maddileru 71.50 -
5. Vedavathi (Hagari) 82.50 -
XIII Chittoor District
1. Kushastali River at Nagari 80.00 -
2. Arnior River at Pitchatur 120.00 -
3.Racha Kalva at Karakambadi
near Renigunta30.00 -
4. Kalangi Vagu at Kalangi 50.00 -
5. Swarnamukhi at Chandragiri Hills 150.00 -
6. Siddalagandi - -
7. Bahuda near Valmikipuram 150.00 -
8. Pedderu River near Peddamandyam 80.00 -
9. Ponnai River near Chittoor 60.00 -
Data source measured from India WRIS website.Source: Chief Engineer, Hydrology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
200
TABLE -6.8DISTRICT-WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL
AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH,2012-13(Hecta Meters)
Sl.No.
District
Annualtotal
Groundwater
Recharge
Net AnnualGroundWater
availability
Draft forIrrigation
uses
Draft forDomestic
andIndustrial
Uses
totalDraft forall uses(Col.5
+Col.6)
Balanceavailable
forfuture use
(Col.4–Col.7)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Srikakulam 1,23,115 1,11,382 38,291 4,504 42,794 62,3732. Vizianagaram 1,00,534 91,598 16,894 918 17,812 68,7233. Visakhapatnam 98,090 89,454 13,442 4,485 17,927 63,4714. East Godavari 1,69,960 1,53,953 33,967 9,075 43,041 1,06,6545. West Godavari 1,70,399 1,54,366 59,783 967 60,747 85,8236. Krishna 1,50,798 1,36,296 45,270 9,539 54,809 81,4837. Guntur 1,63,499 1,47,545 40,902 6,545 47,447 1,00,7268. Prakasam 1,72,189 1,55,982 50,627 2,121 52,748 99,9379. S.P.S Nellore 2,82,406 2,56,730 74,470 5,804 80,274 1,72,725
10. Y.S.R 1,09,765 99,258 63,987 5,780 69,767 27,01911. Kurnool 1,51,418 1,37,064 61,274 3,688 64,963 68,73512. Ananthapuramu 1,64,762 1,49,527 1,29,642 10,730 1,40,372 35,42513. Chittoor 1,82,555 1,64,881 1,00,549 17,147 1,17,696 47,340
ANDHRA PRADESH 20,39,490 18,48,035 7,29,098 81,303 8,10,399 10,20,435(Contd..)
Table -6.8 (Concld.)DISTRICT-WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL
AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH,2012-13(Hecta Meters)
Sl.No. District
Allocation forDomestic & Industrial
Water Uses Up to2025
Net GroundWater Availability forfuture Irrigation Use
Stage ofGround WaterDevelopment
%1. 2. 9. 10. 11.
1. Srikakulam 17,584 62,373 382. Vizianagaram 6,116 68,723 193. Visakhapatnam 12,541 63,471 204. East Godavari 14,482 1,06,654 285. West Godavari 10,080 85,823 396. Krishna 9,539 81,483 407. Guntur 14,685 1,00,726 328. Prakasam 9,677 99,937 349. S.P.S Nellore 9,535 1,72,725 3110. Y.S.R 9,456 27,019 7011. Kurnool 13,214 68,735 4712. Ananthapuramu 18,684 35,425 9413. Chittoor 18,817 47,340 71ANDHRA PRADESH 1,64,410 10,20,435 44Note : Groundwater Resource area estimated with the base year as 2012-13.
Source : Ground Water Department, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
201
TABLE -6.9DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF MANDALS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES BASED ON
GROUND WATER RESOURCE STATUS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2012-13(Numbers)
Sl.No. District
Category of MandalsPoor
Quality Safe SemiCritical Critical Over
Exploited Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 35 1 - 2 382. Vizianagaram 34 - - - 343. Visakhapatnam 43 - - - 434. East Godavari F-10 64 - - - 645. West Godavari 14 F 46 2 - - 486. Krishna 13 F 48 1 - 1 507. Guntur 3F+17 P 54 1 - 2 578. Prakasam 1F,14 P 46 2 1 7 569. S.P.S Nellore 1 P 46 - - - 4610. Y.S.R 29 14 2 6 5111. Kurnool 49 5 - - 5412. Ananthapuramu 15 10 7 31 6313. Chittoor 29 18 7 12 66
ANDHRA PRADESH 41F,32P 538 54 17 61 670Note: Stage of Ground water Development (%) Safe: less than 70%,
Semi Critical: 70% to 90%, Critical: 90% to 100%, Over Exploited: more than 100%Source: Ground Water Department, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE -6.10DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF WATER SHEDS (MICRO BASINS)
IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES BASED ON GROUND WATER RESOURCES STATUS INANDHRA PRADESH, 2012-13
(Numbers)
Sl.No. District
Category of watershed (Ground water Basin)Poor
Quality Safe SemiCritical Critical Over
Exploited Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 16 - - 2 182. Vizianagaram 24 - - - 243. Visakhapatnam 43 - - - 434. East Godavari F-10 61 - - - 615. West Godavari 14F 41 2 - - 436. Krishna 13F 54 2 - 1 577. Guntur 21-P 58 3 1 2 648. Prakasam 8P- 1F 49 2 - 11 629. SPS Nellore 5-P 45 - - 0 4510. Y.S.r 50 15 8 4 7711. Kurnool 71 6 - 3 8012. Ananthapuramu 29 17 8 45 9913. Chittoor 44 15 5 11 75ANDHRA PRADESH 38F,34P 585 62 22 79 748Note: Stage of Ground Water Development (%) Safe: less than 70%, Semi
Critical:70% to 90%, Critical: 90% to 100%, Over Exploited: more than 100%.Source: Ground Water Department, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
202
TABLE -6.11CATCHMENT AREA OF MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Sl.No.
Nameof the River Origin
Length inAndhraPradesh
(Approx inKms)
BasinCatchment
Area in AndhraPradesh
(Approx in Sq.Kms)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Bahuda Ramgiri hills of Gajapathi District,Odisha 22.00 287
2. Mahendratanya Mahendragiri range of Gajapathi District,Odisha 86.92 441
3. Pundi Minar Basin NA - 365
4. VamsadharaBorder of Thuamul Rampur in the
kalahandi district and kalyansingpur inRayagada district of Orrissa 120.71 1,933
5. NagavaliEastern slopes of theEastern Ghats near
Lakhbahal in the kalahandi district ofOdisha 124.50 4,833
6. GodavariBrahmagiri
mountains,tryambakeswar,Nasik 209.50 73,2007. Krishna Mahabaleswar,Western Ghats 331.64 76,252
8. Pennar Chennakesava hills of Nandi Durg in Kolardistrict, Karnataka 107.37 47,109
9. ArniarSadasiva
konda,Narayanavanam,protected forest ineastern slopes of the eastern ghats - 1,124
10. Korthaliar - - 884
11. PaleruRises in Nandi Hills, India in Kolar
district of Karnataka - -12. Ponnaier - - 91
13. Noupad Minor Basin Hongashenhalli village, KolarDistrict - 821
14. Peddagedda - - 43615. Kandivalasagedda - - 30416. Champavathi Eastern Ghats near Andhra village 79.61 1,526
17. Ghosthani Rises in the Ananthagiri Hills ofthe Eastern Ghats 44.85 1,558
18. Madhuravada - - 27619. Narvagedda - - 491
20. Anakapalli MinorBasin
-- 424
21. Sarada Rises in the Eastern Ghats - 2,36522. Varaha - - 1,23623. Thandava Rises in Kalingakonda 98.82 1,46924. Pampa - - 58925. Suddagedda - - 65826. Yeleru Tributary of Upputeru river NA 3,36427. Yerrakalva KothagudemEastern Ghats 56.06 3,879
(Contd.)
203
TABLE -6.11 (Concld.)CATCHMENT AREA OF MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Sl.No.
Nameof the River Origin
Length inAndhraPradesh
(Approx inKms)
Basin CatchmentArea in
Andhra Pradesh(Approx in Sq.Kms)
1. 2. 6. 7. 8.28. Tammileru Khammam 41.59 1,49529. Ramilleru - - 340
30. BudameruOriginates in thehills surrounding
Mylavaram - 1,91031. Romperu - - 1,717
32. GundlakammaNallamalla Hills an
off shoot of theeastern ghats 268.22 8,195
33.Minor drains betweenMusi & Gandla Kamma
-
- 69634. Musi 70.29 2,18935. Paleru - 110.50 2,37336. Maneru 43.63 3,55737. Kandaleru - - 1,07138. Upputeru - - 3,371
39. Swaranamukhi
Eastern ghatsranges near pakala
village in chittordistrict of A.P. 49.26 3,129
40. Kalangi - - 1,48341. Zurreru 72.78 680.907
42. Kundu Tributary of thePenna river 144.04 8688.11
43. Hundri 130.56 3465.40444. Thungabhadra Nagaladinne 151.50 8255.9245. Bhavansai - 73.38 316.246. Vegavathi Western Ghats 19.35 5246.9247. Pedderu Chintapalli Taluk 41.29 -48. Mamidivakagedda Chattipalem 16.17 100
49. Munneru Left tributary of theKrishna River 40.00 5681.99
50. Kovvadakalva - 25.89 862.251. Buradakalva - 53.07 1046.3552. Sitapallivagu - 21.77 -
NA: Not Available.Source: 1.Annual Report 2010-11 of I & CAD Department & India WRIS website and
2.Chief Engineer, Hydrology, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
204
TABLE -6.12
USEBASED CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE WATERS IN INDIA
Sl.No.
DesignatedBest Use
Class ofWater Criteria
1. 2. 3. 4.1. Drinking water source
without ConventionalTreatment but afterDisinfection A
1. Total Coliforms OrganismMPN/100 ml. shall be 50 or less
2. pH between 6.5 & 8.5
3. Dissolved Oxygen6 mg/l or more
4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand5 days 200 C 2 mg/l or less
2. Outdoor bathing(organised)
B
1. Total Coliforms OrganismMPN/100 ml. shall be 500 or less
2. pH between 6.5 & 8.5
3. Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l or more
4. Biochemical Oxygen demand5 days 200 C 3 mg/l or less
3. Drinking water source afterConventional treatmentand disinfection C
1. Total Coliforms OrganismMPN/100ml. Shall be 5000 or less
2. pH between 6 & 9
3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
4. Biochemical Oxygen demand5 days 200 C 3 mg/l or less
4. Propagation of Wild Lifeand fisheries D
1. pH between 6.5 & 8.5 Fisheries
2. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more
3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
5. Irrigation, IndustrialCooling, Controlledwaste disposal E
1. pH between 6.0 or 8.5
2.Electrical conductivityat 250 C, Micro mhos/cm Max. 2250
3. Sodium Absorption Ratio, Max. 26
4. Boron, Max. 2 mg/l
Note: The Water Quality at any location is determined as the one which is satisfied at least80% of time by all the criteria parameters. To further elucidate on this if at alocation, 80% of the time Dissolved Oxygen, pH were in the range specified for classA, BOD for class B and total coliforms for Class C, then the existing status isdetermined as C.
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016,C.S.O.,Govt.of India, New Delhi.
205
TABLE - 6.13RIVER WATER QUALITY DURINGTHE YEAR 2015-16 (UNDER NWMP PROGRAMME)
Sl.No Station Name
Inorganic Pollutants Physico ChemicalParameters
DOmg/L
BODmg/L
Niitrate-N
(mg/L)pH
Conduc-tivity
(uS/cm)
Ammonia-N
(mg/L)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
KRISHNA1. River Krishna at Srisailam 6.1 1.3 1.1 8.1 632 BDL2. River Krishna at Vedadri 6.8 0.8 0.6 7.9 622 BDL
3. River Krishna at Amaravathi 6.9 0.7 0.5 7.8 713 BDL
4. River Krishna at Prakasambarrage, Vijayawada 7.0 0.8 0.5 7.8 636 BDL
5. River Krishna atHamsaladeevi 6.1 1.9 1.0 7.7 23144 BDL
THUNGABHADRA
6. River Thungabhadra atManthralayam 6.4 2.7 1.6 8.2 870 BDL
7. River Thungabhadra atBhavapuram 6.2 2.8 1.5 8.2 1176 BDL
Tributaries to river Krishna
8.Munneru before confluencewith river Krishna atNandigama
6.6 1.2 0.6 7.9 735 BDL
9. River Paleru at Jaggaiahpet 6.9 1.3 0.9 7.8 961 BDLPENNAR10. River Pennar at Unganoor 6.4 1.8 1.4 8.2 589 BDL
11. River Pennar at Pushpagiri 4.7 1.8 1.4 8.1 841 BDL
12. River Pennar at Siddavatam 4.4 1.8 1.2 8.2 843 BDL
13. River Pennar at Somasila 5.9 1.2 0.38 7.8 815 BDL
GODAVARI
14. Polavaram 6.5 1.2 0.4 7.8 219 BDL
15. U/s of River Godavari atRajahmundry 6.0 1.1 0.4 7.8 233 BDL
16.D/s of River Godavari atRajahmundry(Dhavaleswaram
6.0 1.8 0.6 7.6 247BDL
17.River Godavari atRajahmundry U/s of NallaChannel
5.8 1.6 0.78 7.5 259BDL
18.River Godavari atRajahmundry D/s of NallaChannel
5.9 2.1 0.8 7.3 298BDL
NAGAVALI
19. River Nagavalli atThotapally Regulatory 5.9 2.0 0.5 7.6 690 BDL
D.O: Dissolved Oxygen, BOD: Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand.Source: A.P. Pollution Control Board, Vijayawada.
206
TABLE - 6.14RIVER -WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY
SAMPLING STATIONS, 2015-16
Sl.No.
Name of theRiver basin
Name of Tributaryor Sub-Tributary
Name of the Sampling Station
MainRiver Tributary Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Godavari - 2 - 2
2. Krishna - 1 - 1
3. -do- Munneru - 1 1
4. Vamsadhara - 1 - 1
5. Nagavali - 1 - 1
6. Gosthani - - 1 1
7. Tandava - - 1 1
8. Yerrakalva - - 1 1
9. Romperu Parcheru Vagu - 1 1
10. Choppela Drain - 1 - 1
11. Narsipudi Drain - 1 - 1
12. Krishna - 1 1
13. -do- Thungabadra 1 1
14. -do- Hundri 1 1
15. Pennar - 3 - 3
16. -do- Bahuda - 1 1
17. -do- Chitravathi - 1 1
18. Manneru Pellaperu - - -
19. Chinamusi - - 1 1
20. Paleru - - 1 1
21. Swarnamukhi - - 1 1
22. Pillaperu - - 1 1
23. K.C. Canal - - 1 1
Total Stations 11 14 25
Source: Superintendent Engineer, Hydrology Project, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada
207
TABLE - 6.15LENGTH OF COASTLINE AND AREA OF COASTAL DISTRICTS
Sl.No. District Length of Coast Line
(Kms.)District Area
(‘000 Sq. Kms.)1. 2. 3. 4.1. Srikakulam 200 5.82. Vizianagaram 29 6.53. Visakhapatnam 136 11.24. East Godavari 161 12.85. West Godavari 20 8.56. Krishna 111 8.77. Guntur 43 11.48. Prakasam 105 17.69. S.P.S Nellore 169 13.1
Total 974 95.6
Note:Andhra Pradesh has a coastal length of 974 kilometers covering in 9 districts inCoastal Andhra by making the state with the longest maritime boundary in thecountry. The sea coast is spotted with some of the most fascinating beaches inthe country and has a potential of the most exciting sea side destinations. A driveon beach road from Visakhapatnam to Bheemunipatnam is quite fascinating.
Source: Director of Fisheries, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 6.16MAIN ACTIVITIES ALONG THE COASTAL ZONE IN ANDHRA PRADESH
Base Activities1. 2.
Land BasedI. Coast Dependent Ports & Harbours, Oil terminals, Paper & Pulp Mills, Meta
-llurgical Plants, Fish Processing and Power Plants
II. Coast Preferring Urban, Commercial and Residential development, Tourismand Beach recreation and Agriculture
III. Coast independent Defense
Water Based Off-shore oil and gas, Off-shore placer mining, Navigation,Naval defense, Water sports and Fishing
Note: Coastal areas are of enormous socio-economic importance, because of theirtraditional resources viz., fishing, tourist-potential, commercial and residentialdevelopment as well as the new types of resources using new technologies such asocean thermal energy, wave energy, off-shore mineral deposits, Mari culture etc.The high economic value of these areas and the relative fragility and vulnerabilityto natural hazards, sea level rise and anthropogenic activities make thepreservation and the management of coastal zone resources and its environmentof enormous importance.
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2007, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
208
TABLE - 6.17POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Sl. No. Source Impacts1. 2. 3.
1. Municipal anddomestic waste
Reduce dissolved oxygen (DO); increase hydrogen sulphidelevels; incidence of faecal coliform and faecal streptococci;high biological oxygen demand (BOD)
2. Industrial waste Affect DO, temperature, turbidity, pH, ammonia values;increases BOD, COD, suspended solids
3. Toxic metals Cause change in chemical and biochemical processes, increasein turbidity, lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine life
4. Oil pollution Causes smothering, clogging and toxicity5. Fertilizers Affect nutrient levels and may cause eutrophication
6. Dredging andreclamation
Affect habitats of marine organisms; lethal and sub-lethaleffects; affects flushing capacity of the water body
7. Siltation Increases in nutrient levels and can cause excessive algal bloom;may also cause damage to coral reefs and coastal nurseries
8. Discharge ofcoolant waters
Raises the temperature of the water can cause the growth of theblue-green algae
9. Toxic chemicals Cause lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine organisms
10. Offshore mining Increases particulate loading which can lead to loss of light and reducedprimary productivity; smothering and clogging of benthic communities
11. Radionuclide Bio-accumulation in fish and other benthic communitiesSource: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2007, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE – 6.18BIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA (BWQC)
Sl.No. Taxonomic Groups
Range ofSaprobic
Score(BMWP)
Range ofDiversity
Score
Water QualityCharacterstics
WaterQualityClass
IndicatorColour
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
Ephemeroptera,Plechoptera,Trichoptera, Hemiptera,Diptera
7 andmore 0.2 - 1 Clean A Blue
2
Ephemeroptera,Plechoptera,Trichoptera, Hemiptera,Planaria, Odonata,Diptera
6 - 70.5 - 1 Slit Pollution B
Light
Blue
3
Ephemeroptera,Plechoptera,Trichoptera, Hemiptera,Odonata, Crustacea,Mollusea, Polychaeta,Coleoptera, Diptera,Hirudinea, Oligochaeta
3 - 60.3 –
0.9
Moderate
PollutionC Green
4Hemiptera, Mollusea,Coleoptera, Diptera,Oligochaeta
2 - 50.4 and
less
Heavy
PollutionD Orange
5Diptera,Oligochaeta, No Animal 0 - 2 0 – 0.2
Severe
PollutionE Red
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
209
TABLE - 6.19SEDIMENT LOAD IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS – 2012-13
Sl.No.
Nameof theBasin/
River forthe Year
Flow in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)
Monsoon Flow Non-Monsoon Flow
Highest lowest Highest lowestSite
Name Value SiteName Value Site
Name Value SiteName Value
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1. Godavari Perur 59.332 DhaleGaon - Konta 0.126 Patha-
gudem -
2. Krishna Kurundwad 0.865 Takali - Waden-
palli 0.620 Takali -
(Contd.)
TABLE - 6.19(Concld.)SEDIMENT LOAD IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS – 2012-13
Sl.No.
Nameof theBasin/
River forthe Year
Flow in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)
Annual FlowBasin Range
Highest lowestSite
Name Value SiteName Value Monsoon Non-
Monsoon Annual
1. 2. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
1. Godavari Perur 59.391 Dhale-gaon -
0.000to
59.332
0.000to
0.026
0.000to
59.391
2. Krishna Kurundwad 0.865 Takali -
0.000to
0.865
0.000to
0.019
0.000to
0.865
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
Table -6.20WATER FLOW IN STREAM FOR MAJOR RIVER BASINS
(MCM)
Sl.No.
Nameof Basin/
River
Average # Minimum # Maximum #
Mon-soon
NonMon-soon
Annual Mon-soon
NonMon-soon
Annual Mon-soon
NonMon-soon
Annual
1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1. Godavari 9,822 906 10,728 - - - 82,244 9,455 91,698
2. Krishna 1,227 225 1,452 - - - 8,574 1,806 8,574
# - Values respective sites of each Basin/RiverSource: Compendium of Environment Statistics 2015, CSO, GOI, New Delhi.
210
TABLE - 6.21WATER DISCHARGE AT MONSOON & NON-MONSOON IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Sl.No.
Nameof theBasin/River
for theYear
Load in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)Monsoon Load Non-Monsoon Load
Highest lowest Highest Lowest
SiteName Value Site
Name Value SiteName Value Site
Name Value
1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
1. Godavari(2008-09)
Pola-varam 26,655 Bet-
Mogrra - Pola-varam 2,368 Bet-
mogrra -
2. Krishna(2008-09)
WadaPally 21,622 Halia 351 Wada
Pally 3,224 Kurun-wad -
(Contd.)
TABLE - 6.21 (Concld.)WATER DISCHARGE AT MONSOON & NON-MONSOON IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Sl.No.
Nameof theBasin/River
For theYear
Load in Million Metric Tonnes(in MMTs)Annual Load Basin RangeHighest Lowest
SiteName Value Site
Name Value Monsoon Non-Monsoon Annual
1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
1. Godavari(2008-09)
Pola-varam 29,023 Bet-
mogrra - 0 to26,655
0 to2,368
0 to29,023
2. Krishna(2008-09)
WadaPally 24,846 Chola
Chagud 352 351 to21,622
0 to3,224
352 to24,846
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics 2015, CSO, GOI, New DelhiTable -6.22
WATER DISCHARGE IN MAJOR RIVER BASINS
Sl.No.
Name ofBasin/RiverRef. Year
No ofCWCSites
Maximum Discharge Minimum DischargeBasin Range
Site Name/Value Site Name/Value
Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Maximum Minimum1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1.Godavari(1964-2013)
48 Koida(70,792.94)
Kosagumda(893.53)
Koida(85.10)
Ambabai(0.00)
893.53 to70,792.94
0.00 to85.10
2.Krishna(1965-2013)
36 Bawapuram(36,303.25)
Hoovinahole(111.90)
Vijaywada(13.52)
Arjunwad(0.00)
111.90 to36,303.25
0.00 to13.52
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics 2015, CSO, GOI, New Delhi
211
TABLE - 6.23
POTENTIAL HOT SPOTS ALONG THE ANDHRA PRADESH COAST
State Coastal City
1. 2.
Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam
Pressures on the marine environment arise from both natural as well as anthropogenicactivities. The latter occurs either due to over exploitation of coastal and marine resourcesor due to the use of the coastal and marine environment as sinks of pollutants and otherwastes arising as by-products of development activities. There are various such sources ofmarine pollution and their impacts varying according to the nature of the coastal or marineenvironment impacted upon and on the nature of the pollutant itself. Marine pollutionoccurs off most metropolitan cities and densely populated coastal towns in Andhra Pradesh.
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2007, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE - 6.24WATER REQUIREMENT FOR VARIOUS SECTORS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(in M.C.M)Sl.No. Sector Utilisation in 2000 Need by 2025
1. 2. 3. 4.1. Drinking Water 601 3,4682. Irrigation 64,252 1,08,0503. Industries 288 1,4454. Power Generation 28 56
Total 65,169 1,13,019
Source: Environment Production & Training Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.
TABLE - 6.25ESTIMATED ANNUAL REQUIREMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC
PURPOSES INCLUDING CATTLE IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2026Sl.No. State/India Projected Population
(In 000’)Water Requirement
( in BCM)1. 2. 3. 4.1. Andhra Pradesh (United) 94,276 4.91
2. All India 13,98,861 72.81
BCM: Billion Cubic Meters.Source: 1. Population Projection for India and States 2001-2026, The registrar
General & Census Commissioner, India,GOI, New Delhi, May,2006.2. Central Water Commission (Which is worked out by the standing
subcommittee for assessment of availability and requirement of water fordiverse uses in the country,2000 and distributed prorata in the states inproportion to population)
3. Compendium of Environment Statistics 2015, CSO, GOI, New Delhi.
212
TABLE-6.26WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
No. ofMonitoringlocations
Year
Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters
Temp(0C) pH Conductivity
(umhos/cm)DO
(mg/l)BOD
(mg/l)Total
Coliform(MPN/100ml)
FaecalColiform(MPN/
100 ml)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Krishna 1401 Km.
17 2002 18-33 6.8-9.5 28-11050 2.9-10.9 0.2-10.0 17-33300 3-1×103
17 2003 18-35 6.7-8.9 36-40000 0.7-12.6 0.5-17 6-7×104 2-2×104
17 2004 18-38 6.7-9 71-44000 0.4-9.2 0.3-9 15-124×103 3-28×103
21 2005 24-37 6.5-9.9 69-43300 1.4-8.8 0.4-40 17-84×103 1-34×103
19 2006 15-40 6.32-9.30 76-2580 3.0-8.5 0.4-14.8 4-86×103 1-6×103
19 2007 13-38 6.2-9.1 69-23400 3.0-10 0.1-9.8 0-71×103 0-16003
22 2008 17.3-39 5.8-8.9 44-14290 1.1-9.8 0.2-17.6 8-16×103 0-3×103
22 2009 18.4-41 6.7-9.0 75-19960 0-12.6 0.3-9.6 8-170000 0-1400
24 2010 17-39 6.5-9.1 42-16720 1.5-11.8 0-10 2-4000 0-1600
26 2011 19.2-38 6.9-8.7 99-8570 1.7-
15.8 0.4-16 4-16000 2-9000
26 2012 17.36 6.15-8.8 77-14140 0.0-15 0.0-24 50-2700 2-900
24 2015 19-41 6.7-7.15 91-37400 3.2-
13.7 0.2-21 2-2400 2-1700
Godavari 1465 Km.
11 2002 22-35 7.0-9.0 118-1400 3.1-10.9
0.5-78.0
8-5260 2-3640
11 2003 22-37 7.1-8.7 115-1350 3.2-9.3 1.7-53 70-68200 3-1400
11 2004 21-35 6.5-9 86-1290 2.4-9.2 0.2-15 4-22×104 2-5×104
18 2005 23-32 6.7-9.1 121-1300 0.8-8.7 0.5-20 2-33×103 1-10×103
18 2006 19-34 6.65-9.11 75-691 1.1-9.6 1.2-32 2-31×103 2-6×103
18 2007 20-37 5.9-8.9 126-918 3.2-7.5 0.2-36 0-2200 5-36×10
35 2008 13-35 5.2-9.6 114-3994 1.2-11.3
0.2-20 3-28×103 0-800
35 2009 15-41 6-9.2 115-31693.2-12.3 0.0-26 5-16000 0-340
35 2010 12-40 5.4-8.9 91-16701.8-14.2 0.3-60 2-2400 1-1600
35 2011 18-40 6.4-9.1 132-19591.2-12.2 0.0-37 7-2400 1-500
35 2012 17-38 6.51-9.3 113-2985 0.0-
12.6 0.1-40 3-2700 2-1600
35 2015 14-41 6.9-8.9 140-1632 2.2-8.4 0.6-25 20-16x104 7-24x103
D.O: Dissolved Oxygen, BOD: Bio-chemical Oxygen DemandSource: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
213
TABLE-6.27WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL IN RIVER BASINS
(Unit: BCM)
Sl.No.
River BasinCatchment
Area (Sq.Kms)
AverageAnnual
Potential in theRiver
EstimatedUtilisable flow
(excludingground water)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Godavari 3,12,812 110.54 76.3
2. Krishna 2,58,948 78.12 58.0
Total 5,71,760 188.66 134.3BCM: Billion Cubic Meters.Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE-6.28RIVER-BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
Sl.No.
River(Mainstream) Tributaries Total Stations
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Godavari (35)Tributaries
Manjira (6), Maner (2), Nira (1),Wainganga(8), Wardha(6), Kolar(1)Kannhan(3), Purna(3), Indravathi(2),Sankhani (1), Nakkavagu (1), Vamsadhara(1),Dama(5), Bindusar (1), Penganga(3),Wena(2), Kinnerasani (1) Sabari(1)
83
2. Krishna (22)
Bhadra (3), Bhima(12,) Ghataprabha (2),Malprabha(3), Muneru(1), Musi (3), Nira (5),Paleru (1), Tunga (1), Tungabhadra(6),Panchaganga (4), Chandrabhaga(2), Kagin(1),Koya (1), Mula (2), Mutha (4), Mula-Mutha(2),Venna (3), Pawana (6), Indrayani(3),Hundri (1), Kundu(1) ,God (1) ,Sina (1),Urmodi(1), Vel (1)
93
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2015, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
214
TABLE-6.29GROUND WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL AS PER BASIN (PRORATA BASIS)
Sl.No.
Basin
TotalReplenisha-
bleGroundwater
Resource(M.C.M/Yr)
Provision ofDomestic
Industrial &Other Uses(M.C.M/Yr)
Availablefor
Irrigation(M.C.M/
Yr)
Net Draft(M.C.M/
Yr)
Balancefor future(M.C.M/
Yr)
% Levelof G.WDevelopment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1. Godavari 40,649.82 9,657.69 30,992.12 6,054.23 24,937.90 19.53
2. Krishna 26,406.97 5,578.34 20,828.63 6,330.45 14,498.19 30.39
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE-6.30NAVIGABLE WATER WAYS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(In Kms)
Sl.No. Name of the River Total Length Navigable Length
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. Godavari 1,530 171
2. Krishna 1,400 157
3. Others 649 476
Total 3,579 804
Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016, C.S.O., Govt. of India, New Delhi.
7. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
215
7. HUMAN SETTLEMENTSIntroduction
Settlement, locality or populated place are general terms used in Geography,
Statistics, Archaeology, landscape history and other subjects for a permanent or
temporary community in which people live or have lived, without being specific as to
size, population or importance. A settlement can therefore range in size from a small
number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surroundings
Urbanized areas. The term may include hamlets, villages, towns and cities. The term is
used internationally in the field of geospatial modeling, and in that context is defined as
“a city, town, village, or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work”. A
Settlement conventionally includes its constructed facilities such as roads, enclosures,
field systems, boundary banks and ditches, ponds, parks and woods, wind and water
mills manor houses, moats and churches.
The root cause of environmental degradation and depletion of natural
resources can be attributed to rapid growth of population. The population of Andhra
Pradesh has increased from 276.85 lakhs in 1971 Census to 495.77 lakhs in 2011
Census accounting for 4.1 percent of country’s population makes it the 10th most
populous state, where as it is accounting for 4.96 percent of the country’s area makes it
the 8th largest state in the country. The growing population worsens the suppressed
immune status of the people, thus making them more vulnerable to various infectious
diseases. The growth of population has nullified the benefits of development process
Larger population leads to more poverty and worsens the environment.
Human development is also adversely affected by the environment
degradation. Two of the environmental indicators viz., access to the safe drinking water
and the sanitation are closely linked with two of the very important human development
indicators viz., infant mortality rate and the life expectancy. Polluted air, poor and
unhygienic conditions in settlements contribute to reduction in life expectancy and
increase in infant mortality. Life expectancy (without AIDS) in Combined Andhra Pradesh
during (2016-20) for male and female is 68.4 and 72.1 respectively, where as in all India
68.8 and 71.1 respectively. Whereas life expectancy (without AIDS) in Combined Andhra
Pradesh during (2021-25) for male and female is 69.4 and 73.3 respectively and in all
India it is 69.8 and 72.3 respectively. The infant mortality rate in Andhra Pradesh for
rural and urban is 41 and 26 for the year 2015 and 38 and 24 for the year 2016
respectively.
216
TABLE – 7.1
PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION
OF ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1971 TO 2011 CENSUS
Sl.
No.
Census
Year
Percentage of urban population to total
population in Andhra Pradesh
1. 2. 3.
1. 1971 18.35
2. 1981 22.14
3. 1991 24.77
4. 2001 24.23
5. 2011 29.47
Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
Urbanisation:
Urbanisation is measured in terms of urban population to the total population.
The magnitude of urban population and its concentration in big cities has contributed to
the decline in the quality of urban life. The percentage of urban population to the total
population in Andhra Pradesh from 1971 to 2011 is shown above in Table No.7.1.
Among all the 13 districts in Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam obviously is the
only district with maximum urban population i.e., 20,35,922 (47.5%). The next most
urbanized district is Krishna with urban population of 18,43,660 (40.8%) Pedagantyada
mandal of Visakhapatnam district has recorded the highest Urban growth rate in the
State. The least urbanized district is Srikakulam with only 16.2 percent urban population.
The increase in urbanization leads to increase in poverty and which leads in increase of
slum population.
Poverty:
Poverty is a State where a person is unable to maintain a minimum socially
accepted level of standard of living. It is regarded as the root cause for low levels of
health and educational outcomes, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate
physical security, lack of voice and in sufficient capacity and opportunity for mobility.
Poverty is a great pollutant; the poor become the agents of environmental
degradation when they are victims of it. Poverty line divides the poor from the non-poor.
It is the minimum required consumption level of food, clothing, shelter, transport, health
217
care etc. As the population exploded, the demand for limited national resources
increases by which per capita share of resources will come down. As a result, the
population below poverty line in absolute terms increases regularly and stresses on
infrastructural facilities increases.
Number of people below the poverty line in Andhra Pradesh and All India
level for the years 1973-74, 1977-78, 1983, 1987-88, 1993-94, 1999-2000, 2004-05,
2009-10 and 2011-12 are presented in Table – 7.11. The Planning Commission under
the Chairmanship of the then Hon’ble Prime Minister accepted the expert group of
Tendulkar methodology for estimating poverty with a slight modification i.e., using only
the Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers “for updating the urban poverty line, as
suggested by Planning Commission”. Percentage of People below poverty line as per the
modified expert group in Andhra Pradesh as well as at the National level has declined.
The poverty ratio in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh continues to be less than that of
All India, which can be attributed mainly to massive subsidization of rice. In case of
urban areas, the poverty ratio of Andhra Pradesh continues to be higher than that of All
India, due to migration.
Housing and Basic Services:
Human life is more precious thing on earth, non-availability of fresh air, good
quality of water, adequate disposal of excreta, sanitation facility will lead to morbidity.
Several studies carried out in the villages confirm that diarrhea and respiratory diseases
are the most common and dangerous diseases among children. Explosion of population
is the main cause of poverty and worsens the environment. Urbanisation led to complete
environment problems. Growing population leads to a more number of slums residing in
kutcha structures live together without private latrine and in-adequate public latrine and
water facilities.
Slum Population:
Urbanisation has led to congestion leading to complete environment problems
and poor health due to non-availability of safe drinking water and sanitation. The
growing urban population and urban agglomeration leads to a large number of slums
which is a real unit having 25 or more kutcha structures of temporary nature.
Access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation is both a right and a basic
need. However, despite two decades of concerted efforts by national governments and
international communities, equitable access to safe drinking water supply and improved
sanitation for all remains elusive.
218
Water is a finite resource. Conserving water is one way of ensuring that more
is available for those who do not have it. People do not need only food; also need
potable drinking water, adequate system for disposal of excreta, good sanitation and
personal hygiene to reduce prevalence of morbidity.
Swajaladhara:
Swajaldhara is a national-level rural water supply scheme that seeks to put in
place a people-oriented, decentralized and demand – driven water management regime.
According to the government, it is very powerful step forward to provide drinking water
to all water scarce villages in the shortest possible time and at least cost.
The Govt. of India have launched the programme during 2002 to take up water
supply schemes under reforms initiative with community contribution of 10 percent on
estimated cost of the schemes and 90 percent Govt. of India share. The Rajiv Gandhi
National Drinking Water Mission, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural
Development, Govt. of India have earmarked 20 percent of its annual outlay under
Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme for the states promoting sector reforms in
rural water supply by institutionalizing community participation.
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation:
The Drinking water supply is very important issue in the present times in the light
of the increasing health awareness among the rural public. One of the most important
objective of the State Government is to provide safe drinking water to the rural
population.
The Government is determined to solve the drinking water problem in rural areas
with the following objectives.
Delivery of safe, potable drinking water to all rural people
1.Safe water to fluoride, brackish and other polluted habitations
2.Up gradation of all habitations to fully covered status
3.Proper sanitation facilities to all habitations
4.Special focus on sustainability of sources/ schemes
The funds for implementing the schemes/works meant for providing drinking
water facilities and sanitation facilities to the habitations are allocated under various
programmes of state and central Governments such as NRDWP, DDP, TFC Rajiv
Pallebata, Swajaladhara and other sector reforms.
219
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC):
Total Sanitation campaign was launched in April 1999, advocating of a shift
from a high subsidy to a low subsidy regime, a greater household involvement and
demand responsiveness, and providing for the promotion of a range of toilet options to
promote increased affordability. The TSC gives emphasis on Information, Education and
Communication (IEC) for demand generation of sanitation facilities, providing for
stronger back up systems such as trained masons.
The main objectives of the TSC are:
● Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in rural areas
● Accelerate sanitation coverage
● Generate demand through awareness and health education
● Cover all schools and anganwadis in rural areas with sanitation facilities and
promote hygiene behaviour among students and teachers
● Encourage cost effective and appropriate technology development and application
● Endeavour to reduce water and sanitation related diseases.
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) emphasizes more on Information, Education
and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development and Capacity Development
activities to increase awareness and demand generation for sanitary facilities. The State
Government has taken up massive programme by providing matching share for the
amounts released by the Govt. of India.
Collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste are the responsibility of the
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). These bodies must be made specifically accountable in this
respect.
Environmental Pollution is the contamination of the physical and biological
components of the earth atmosphere system to such an extent that normal
environmental processes are adversely affected.
220
TABLE – 7.2DISTRICT-WISE POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 1971 TO 2011 CENSUS
Sl. No. District1971* 1981*
Male Female Male Female
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 12,79,085 13,10,906 9,68,585 9,90,7672. Vizianagaram - - 8,99,548 9,04,6483. Visakhapatnam 14,04,781 14,00,585 13,00,676 12,75,7984. East Godavari 15,46,865 15,40,397 18,57,472 18,43,5685. West Godavari 11,90,938 11,83,368 14,43,651 14,30,3076. Krishna 12,69,399 12,24,175 15,46,340 15,02,1237. Guntur 14,41,057 14,03,431 17,41,102 16,93,6228. Prakasam 9,66,180 9,53,815 11,77,860 11,51,7119. S.P.S Nellore 8,10,701 7,98,916 10,18,716 9,96,16310. Y.S.R 8,05,516 7,71,751 9,86,705 9,46,59911. Kurnool 10,06,521 9,75,569 12,26,943 11,80,35612. Ananthapuramu 10,86,233 10,29,088 13,09,528 12,38,48413. Chittoor 11,66,232 11,19,304 13,92,606 13,44,710ANDHRA PRADESH 1,39,73,508 1,37,11,305 1,68,69,732 1,64,98,856
(Contd.)
TABLE – 7.2(Concld..)DISTRICT-WISE POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 1971 TO 2011 CENSUSSl.
No.District
1991* 2001 2011
Male Female Male Female Male Female
1. 2. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.1. Srikakulam 11,53,819 11,67,307 12,60,020 12,77,573 13,41,738 13,61,3762. Vizianagaram 10,55,335 10,55,608 11,19,541 11,29,713 11,61,477 11,82,9973. Visakhpatnam 16,63,249 16,21,843 19,30,197 19,02,139 21,38,910 21,51,6794. East Godavari 22,72,962 22,68,260 25,19,404 25,02,098 26,33,304 26,52,5205. West Godavari 17,64,091 17,53,477 19,37,153 19,20,615 19,93,747 20,01,9956. Krishna 18,78,789 18,20,044 21,17,401 20,70,440 22,67,375 22,50,0237. Guntur 20,84,480 20,22,519 22,50,279 22,14,865 24,40,521 24,47,2928. Prakasam 14,00,469 13,58,697 15,52,332 15,07,091 17,14,764 16,82,6849. S.P.S Nellore 12,08,380 11,83,880 13,44,935 13,23,629 14,92,974 14,70,58310. Y.S.R 11,59,962 11,07,807 13,18,093 12,83,704 14,51,777 14,30,69211. Kurnool 15,22,618 14,50,406 17,96,214 17,33,280 20,39,227 20,14,23612. Ananthapuramu 16,35,996 15,47,818 18,59,588 17,80,890 20,64,495 20,16,65313. Chittoor 16,58,513 16,02,605 18,89,690 18,56,185 20,90,204 20,83,860ANDHRA PRADESH 2,04,58,663 1,99,60,271 2,28,94,847 2,25,02,222 2,48,30,513 2,47,46,590
*- Data excludes merged villages of Khammam.Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
221
TABLE- 7.3DISTRICT- WISE RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION AND SEX RATIO,
2011 CENSUS(in Number)
Sl.No. District Total Population Males
Persons Rural Urban Persons Rural Urban1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 27,03,114 22,66,411 4,36,703 13,41,738 11,26,888 2,14,850
2. Vizianagaram 23,44,474 18,53,563 4,90,911 11,61,477 9,20,428 2,41,049
3. Visakhapatnam 42,90,589 22,54,667 20,35,922 21,38,910 11,13,234 10,25,676
4. East Godavari 52,85,824 39,71,852 13,13,972 26,33,304 19,85,909 6,47,395
5. West Godavari 39,95,742 31,86,965 8,08,777 19,93,747 15,95,842 3,97,905
6. Krishna 45,17,398 26,73,738 18,43,660 22,67,375 13,43,534 9,23,841
7. Guntur 48,87,813 32,35,075 16,52,738 24,40,521 16,21,491 8,19,030
8. Prakasam 33,97,448 27,32,866 6,64,582 17,14,764 13,82,641 3,32,123
9. S.P.S Nellore 29,63,557 21,05,927 8,57,630 14,92,974 10,60,810 4,32,164
10. Y.S.R 28,82,469 19,03,337 9,79,132 14,51,777 9,59,693 4,92,084
11. Kurnool 40,53,463 29,04,177 11,49,286 20,39,227 14,64,569 5,74,658
12. Ananthapuramu 40,81,148 29,35,437 11,45,711 20,64,495 14,89,157 5,75,338
13. Chittoor 41,74,064 29,42,678 12,31,386 20,90,204 14,74,052 6,16,152
ANDHRA PRADESH 4,95,77,103 3,49,66,693 1,46,10,4102,48,30,5131,75,38,248 72,92,265(Contd.)
TABLE- 7.3 (Concld.)DISTRICT-WISE RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION AND SEX RATIO,
2011 CENSUS(in Number)
Sl.No. District
FemalesPercentage ofUrban
Populationto TotalDist.
Population
Sex Ratio(Number of Females
per 1,000 Males)
Persons Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
1. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.1. Srikakulam 13,61,376 11,39,523 2,21,853 16.16 1,015 1,011 1,0332. Vizianagaram 11,82,997 9,33,135 2,49,862 20.94 1,019 1,014 1,0373. Visakhapatnam 21,51,679 11,41,433 10,10,246 47.45 1,006 1,025 9854. East Godavari 26,52,520 19,85,943 6,66,577 24.85 1,007 1,000 1,0305. West Godavari 20,01,995 15,91,123 4,10,872 20.24 1,004 997 1,0336. Krishna 22,50,023 13,30,204 9,19,819 40.81 992 990 9967. Guntur 24,47,292 16,13,584 8,33,708 33.81 1,003 995 1,0188. Prakasam 16,82,684 13,50,225 3,32,459 19.56 981 977 1,0019. S.P.S Nellore 14,70,583 10,45,117 4,25,466 28.94 985 985 98510. Y.S.R 14,30,692 9,43,644 4,87,048 33.97 985 983 99011. Kurnool 20,14,236 14,39,608 5,74,628 28.35 988 983 1,00012. Ananthapuramu 20,16,653 14,46,280 5,70,373 28.07 977 971 99113. Chittoor 20,83,860 14,68,626 6,15,234 29.50 997 996 999ANDHRA PRADESH 2,47,46,590 1,74,28,445 73,18,145 29.47 997 994 1,004
Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
222
TABLE – 7.4INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 1984 TO 2016(Per 1,000 Live Births)
Sl. No. Year Rural Urban Combined1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 1984 81 66 782. 1985 90 57 833. 1986 87 59 824. 1987 84 58 795. 1988 89 63 836. 1989 88 53 817. 1990 73 56 708. 1991 77 56 739. 1992 78 42 7110. 1993 70 46 6411. 1994 69 52 6512. 1995 74 43 6713. 1996 73 38 6514. 1997 70 37 6315. 1998 75 38 6616. 1999 75 37 6617. 2000 74 36 6518. 2001 74 40 6619. 2002 71 35 6220. 2003 67 33 5921. 2004 65 39 5922. 2005 63 39 5723. 2006 62 38 5624. 2007 60 37 5425. 2008 58 36 5226. 2009 54 35 4927. 2010 51 33 4628. 2011 47 31 4329. 2012 46 30 4130. 2013 44 29 3931. 2014 43 28 3932. 2015 41 26 3733 2016 38 24 34
Note: Data for the years from 1984 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.Source: Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
TABLE - 7.5EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT BIRTH (WITHOUT AIDS) BY SEX IN UNITED ANDHRA
PRADESH AND ALL INDIA FROM 2001-05 TO 2021-25
Sl. No. Period Andhra Pradesh All IndiaFemale Male Female Male
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. 2001-2005 67.9 63.4 66.1 63.82. 2006-2010 69.4 65.4 68.1 65.83. 2011-2015 70.9 66.9 69.6 67.34. 2016-2020 72.1 68.4 71.1 68.85. 2021-2025 73.3 69.4 72.3 69.8
Source: Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
223
TABLE - 7.6BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1984 TO 2016
Sl.No. Year
Birth Rate(Per 1,000 Population)
Death Rate(Per 1,000 Population)
Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. 1984 31.4 30.6 31.2 11.7 8.6 11.02. 1985 29.8 30.2 29.9 11.1 7.3 10.33. 1986 32.4 28.7 31.6 10.7 7.1 9.94. 1987 30.9 28.2 30.3 10.7 7.3 9.95. 1988 27.6 26.3 27.4 10.9 7.4 10.26. 1989 26.3 24.4 25.9 10.2 6.7 9.5`7. 1990 26.6 25.1 26.3 9.7 6.8 9.18. 1991 26.5 24.4 26.0 10.5 6.7 9.79. 1992 25.1 22.3 24.5 10.1 6.0 9.210. 1993 24.6 23.5 24.3 9.7 5.6 8.611. 1994 24.1 22.9 23.8 9.0 6.5 8.312. 1995 24.8 22.5 24.2 9.2 5.9 8.413. 1996 23.5 20.6 22.8 9.2 5.9 8.414. 1997 23.1 20.5 22.5 9.1 5.9 8.315. 1998 22.8 21.1 22.4 9.7 6.1 8.816. 1999 22.0 20.6 21.7 9.0 5.7 8.217. 2000 21.7 20.1 21.3 9.0 5.8 8.218. 2001 21.4 19.7 21.0 9.0 5.6 8.219. 2002 21.1 19.3 20.7 8.9 5.5 8.120. 2003 20.9 19.1 20.4 8.8 5.4 8.021. 2004 20.2 16.1 19.0 7.9 5.0 7.022. 2005 20.1 16.7 19.1 7.9 5.9 7.323. 2006 19.8 16.5 18.9 7.9 5.8 7.324. 2007 19.5 16.7 18.7 8.0 5.7 7.425. 2008 19.1 16.8 18.4 8.3 5.7 7.526. 2009 18.8 17.0 18.3 8.5 5.5 7.627. 2010 18.3 16.7 17.9 8.6 5.4 7.628. 2011 17.8 16.6 17.5 8.5 5.2 7.529. 2012 17.9 16.6 17.5 8.4 5.1 7.430. 2013 17.7 16.7 17.4 8.3 5.0 7.331. 2014 17.3 16.3 17.0 8.1 5.0 7.332 2015 17.1 16.1 16.8 7.9 5.0 7.133 2016 16.7 15.8 16.4 7.7 4.9 6.8
Note: Data for the years from 1984 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.Source; Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, G.O.I, New Delhi.
224
TABLE - 7.7
ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATES BY AGE GROUPSIN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2011 TO 2016
(Per 1000 Females of the Age Group)
Sl.
No.
Age
Group
2011 2012 2013
Rural UrbanCombi-
nedRural Urban
Combi-
nedRural Urban
Combi-
ned
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
1. 15-19 35.3 16.5 30.7 36.3 16.7 31.5 31.1 16.9 27.0
2. 20-24 216.8 143.8 196.7 210.6 140.4 191.9 219.9 173.1 205.4
3. 25-29 163.7 129.6 153.4 164.8 131.4 154.6 100.4 106.4 102.4
4. 30-34 74.6 58.8 69.8 68.3 55.6 64.5 20.3 35.2 25.0
5. 35-39 30.2 16.8 26.4 27.5 15.4 23.9 4.9 4.1 4.6
6. 40-44 10.9 3.6 8.7 10.1 3.7 8.2 1.4 0.6 1.1
7. 45-49 3.6 1.0 2.8 2.8 0.8 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
(Contd.)
TABLE - 7.7 (Concld.)
ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATES BY AGE GROUPSIN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 2011 TO 2016
(Per 1000 Females of the Age Group)
Sl.
No.
Age
Group
2014 2015 2016
Rural UrbanCombi-
nedRural Urban
Combi-
nedRural Urban
Combi-
ned
1. 2. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
1. 15-19 21.6 15.1 19.7 11.6 8.9 10.8 13.2 6.4 11.1
2. 20-24 196.2 159.1 185.3 180.8 144.6 170.0 144.7 118.7 136.8
3. 25-29 100.6 93.5 98.4 104.9 98.0 102.8 126.0 117.8 123.5
4. 30-34 30.7 40.6 33.7 37.0 46.1 39.8 40.5 44.7 41.8
5. 35-39 11.4 10.2 11.1 10.9 10.9 10.9 13.2 11.4 12.6
6. 40-44 5.4 5.9 5.5 6.9 5.5 6.5 5.0 3.3 4.5
7. 45-49 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 1.2 2.3 3.0 3.8 3.2
Note: Data for the years from 2011 to 2013 pertains to Combined Andhra Pradesh.Source: Sample Registration System Statistical Reports, 2011 to 2016 of the Registrar
General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, G.O.I, New Delhi.
225
TABLE - 7.8
ESTIMATED AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATES BY SEX IN ANDHRA PRADESHFOR THE YEARS 2015 & 2016
(Per 1,000 Population)
AGEGROUP
MALE FEMALE COMBINED
2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
0-4 11.2 7.1 11.9 6.5 11.7 8.3 10.7 7.9 11.5 7.7 11.3 7.2
5-9 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.2
10-14 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0
15-19 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0
20-24 0.9 1.5 1.7 0.3 1.2 0.7 1.3 0.3 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.3
25-29 1.8 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 0.7
30-34 3.7 3.3 2.6 1.4 1.0 0.4 1.3 1.4 2.4 1.9 2.0 1.4
35-39 3.2 2.9 3.3 1.4 2.2 1.2 2.0 1.9 2.7 2.1 2.6 1.6
40-44 4.8 2.5 5.2 3.7 3.5 2.9 4.1 3.3 4.2 2.7 4.7 3.6
45-49 6.4 4.1 9.1 6.2 4.6 3.1 4.3 3.5 5.6 3.7 6.8 5.0
50-54 13.5 10.5 13.5 6.2 9.6 3.9 8.3 6.7 11.5 7.1 10.9 6.5
55-59 19.5 10.5 15.9 12.2 17.0 4.3 12.5 9.9 18.3 7.7 14.2 11.1
60-64 29.9 15.0 21.1 17.0 22.7 12.9 18.9 13.7 26.4 14.0 20.0 15.5
65-69 33.9 23.1 31.0 23.2 33.2 22.9 29.5 24.1 33.5 23.0 30.3 23.6
70-74 41.7 31.0 47.7 44.9 38.6 47.6 43.6 34.5 40.3 38.9 45.9 39.9
75-79 67.0 35.3 78.2 64.3 57.7 90.0 68.3 55.6 62.7 59.1 73.6 60.5
80-84 105.4 114.9 93.0 91.0 79.2 133.7 90.1 94.1 91.8 124.8 91.5 92.6
85+ 155.0 199.6 120.3 163.8 119.6 207.4 144.1 103.5 137.8 204.2 131.9 128.2All Ages(CrudeDeathRate)
8.8 5.3 8.4 5.2 7.1 4.7 6.8 4.5 7.9 5.0 7.7 4.9
Source: Sample Registration System Statistical Reports, 2015 and 2016 of Office of the RegistrarGeneral of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
226
TABLE - 7.9MUNCIPALITY-WISE NUMBER OF HOUSE HOLDS BELOW POVERTY
LINE IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2001
Sl.No.
Name of the Municipality/Municipal Corporation
Below Poverty LineNo of House
Holds BPL Population1. 2. 3. 4.I SRIKAKULAM1. Srikakulam 8,447 33,7882. Amadalavalasa 2,731 10,9243. Ichapuram 2,352 9,4074. Palasa-Kasibugga 3,593 14,3715. Rajam 2,615 10,461
Total 19,738 78,951II VIZIANAGARAM6. Vizianagaram 12,674 50,6947. Bobbili 3,607 14,4288. Parvathipuram 3,579 14,3189. Saluru 3,481 13,926
Total 23,341 93,366III VISHAKHAPATNAM10. Visakhapatnam 96,908 3,87,63011. Anakapalle 6,155 24,62012. Bheemunipatnam 3,263 13,053
Total 1,06,326 4,25,303IV EAST GODAVARI13. Kakinada 27,135 1,08,53614. Rajahmundry 29,766 1,19,06415. Amalapuram 3,704 14,81616. Tuni 3,626 14,50617. Pithapuram 3,607 14,43018. Samalkot 3,859 15,43719. Mandapeta 3,430 13,72020. Ramchandrapuram 2,979 11,91421. Peddapuram 3,277 13,110
Total 81,383 3,25,533V WEST GODAVARI
22. Eluru 15,538 62,15223. Bhimavaram 10,229 40,91424. Tadepalligudem 7,389 29,55525. Palacole 5,494 21,97726. Narsapur 4,219 16,87827. Tanuku 5,254 21,01528. Nidadavole 3,106 12,42529. Kovvur 2,835 11,339
Total 54,064 2,16,255
(Contd..)
227
TABLE - 7.9(Contd.)
MUNCIPALITY-WISE NUMBER OF HOUSE HOLDS BELOW POVERTYLINE IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2001
Sl. No. Name of the Municipality/Municipal Corporation
No of HouseHolds BPL Population
1. 2. 3. 4.VI KRISHNA
30. Vijayawada 74,845 2,99,38131. Machilipatnam 12,913 51,65432. Gudivada 8,141 32,56033. Nuzvid 3,625 14,50234. Jaggaiahpet 2,907 11,62735. Pedana 2,132 8,528
TOTAL 1,04,563 4,18,252
VII GUNTUR
36. Guntur 37,041 1,48,16537. Repalle 3,063 12,25138. Ponnur 4,151 16,60039. Narsaraopet 6,865 27,46040. Mangalagiri 4,561 18,24541. Macherla 3,544 14,17642. Chilakaluripet 6,599 26,39743. Bapatla 4,925 19,69844. Sattenapalle 3,701 14,80445. Tenali 11,070 44,28246. Vinukonda 3,781 15,12547. Piduguralla 3,609 14,437
Total 92,910 3,71,640VIII PRAKASAM
48. Ongole 11,077 44,30349. Kandukur 3,623 14,49450. Markapur 4,209 16,83751. Chirala 11,973 47,892
Total 30,882 1,23,526IX S.P.S NELLORE
52. Nellore Corporation 29,144 1,16,57553. Gudur 5,331 21,32554. Kavali 6,164 24,65855. Venkatagiri 3,481 13,922
Total 44,120 1,76,480
228
TABLE - 7.9 (Concld.)
MUNCIPALITY-WISE NUMBER OF HOUSE HOLDS BELOW POVERTYLINE IN ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2001
Sl. No. Name of the Municipality/Municipal Corporation
No of HouseHolds BPL Population
1. 2. 3. 4.X ANANTHAPURAMU
56. Ananthapuramu 15,754 63,01757. Hindupur 9,005 36,02158. Tadipatri 6,253 25,01159. Dharmavaram 7,442 29,76760. Kadiri 5,490 21,96061. Rayadurg 3,897 15,58862. Guntakal 8,431 33,726
Total 56,272 2,25,090XI KURNOOL63. Kurnool 24,694 98,77664. Yemmiganur 5,501 22,00665. Adoni 11,697 46,78866. Nandyal 11,313 45,25167. Dhone 3,355 13,419
Total 56,560 2,26,240XII Y.S.R68. Kadapa 18,789 75,15769. Proddatur 10,822 43,28970. Pulivendula 3,636 14,54571. Jammalamadugu 2,917 11,66872. Rajampet 2,742 10,96973. Rayachoti 5,205 20,82274. Badvel 3,621 14,478
Total 47,732 1,90,928XIII CHITTOOR75. Chittoor 10,991 43,96476. Tirupathi 21,854 87,41477. Madanapalle 7,736 30,94578. Srikalahasti 5,101 20,40679. Punganur 3,191 12,76280. Palamaneru 3,131 12,52781. Nagari 1,756 7,01982. Puttur 2,119 8,478
Total 55,879 2,23,515Source: Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh,
Guntur.
229
TABLE - 7.10
NUMBER OF PEOPLE BELOW POVERTY LINE(In Lakhs)
YearCombined Andhra Pradesh All India
Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1973-74 178.21 47.48 225.69 2,612.90 600.46 3,213.36
1977-78 149.13 48.41 197.54 2,642.47 646.48 3,288.95
1983 114.34 50.24 164.58 2,519.57 709.40 3,228.97
1987-88 96.38 64.05 160.43 2,318.80 751.69 3,070.49
1993-94 79.49 74.47 153.96 2,440.31 763.37 3,203.68
1999-2000 58.13 60.88 119.01 1,932.43 670.07 2,602.50
2004-2005 43.21 45.50 88.71 1,702.99 682.00 2,384.99
2009-10 127.90 48.70 176.60 2,782.10 764.70 3,546.80
2011-12 61.80 16.98 78.78 2,166.58 531.25 2,697.83Note: Population as on 1st March 2010, has been used for estimating number of
Persons below poverty line. (Interpolated between 2001 & 2011,Census)Source: Planning Commission, G.O.I, New Delhi & NSSO
TABLE - 7.11
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINEIN COMBINED ANDHRA PRADESH AND ALL INDIA
(In Percentage)
YearCombined Andhra Pradesh All India
Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1973-74 48.41 50.61 48.86 56.44 49.01 54.88
1977-78 38.11 43.55 39.31 53.07 45.24 51.32
1983 26.53 36.3 28.91 45.65 40.79 44.48
1987-88 20.92 40.11 25.86 39.09 38.20 38.86
1993-94 48.10 35.20 44.60 50.10 31.80 45.30
1999-2000 11.05 26.63 15.77 27.09 23.62 26.10
2004-2005 7.50 20.70 11.10 21.80 21.70 21.80
2009-2010 22.8 17.70 21.10 33.80 20.90 29.80
2011-2012 11.0 5.80 9.20 25.70 13.70 21.90
Source: Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi & NSSO.
230
TABLE - 7.12
HOUSEHOLDS BY SOURCE OF LATRINE FACILITIESIN ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUS
Sl.No. Item Rural Urban Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Within the Premises 30,38,072 29,70,379 60,08,451
Flush/ pour flush latrineconnected
26,08,258 27,37,058 53,45,316Piped sewer system 1,92,809 6,51,969 8,44,778Septic Tank 23,56,201 20,48,405 44,04,606Other system 59,248 36,684 95,932
2. Pit latrine 3,97,295 1,70,769 5,68,064With slab/ventilated improved pit 3,77,756 1,66,447 5,44,203Without slab/ open pit 19,539 4,322 23,861
3. Other Latrines 32,519 62,552 95,071Night soil disposed into opendrain
15,294 47,442 62,736Night soil removed by human 2,299 3,109 5,408Night soil serviced by animal 14,926 12,001 26,927
4. No Latrines 59,58,951 6,36,470 65,95,421Public latrine (Alternate source) 3,09,244 1,04,103 4,13,347open 56,49,707 5,32,367 61,82,074Total No. of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872
Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.TABLE - 7.13
HOUSEHOLDS BY CONDITION OF CENSUS HOUSES OCCUPIED BY THERESIDENTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2011 CENSUS
Sl. No. Item Rural Urban Total1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Good 61,07,090 28,49,224 89,56,3142. Livable 25,48,392 7,01,171 32,49,5633. Dilapidated 3,41,541 56,454 3,97,995Total No. of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872
Data excludes merged villages of Khammam.Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
TABLE - 7.14HOUSEHOLDS BY USING SOURCE OF COOKING
IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER CENSUS, 2011 CENSUSSl. No. Item Rural Urban Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Fire wood 65,44,678 8,27,380 73,72,0582. Crop residue 1,43,314 32,816 1,76,1303. Cowdung cake 89,047 9,728 98,7754. Coal, Lignite,
Charcoal21,240 31,071 52,311
5. Kerosene 71,720 2,30,653 3,02,3736. LPG/PNG 20,37,231 24,21,304 44,58,5357. Electricity 3,033 1,742 4,7758. Bio-gas 48,652 32,198 80,8509. Any other 8,258 5,185 13,44310. No Cooking 29,850 14,772 44,622Total No. of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872
Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
231
TABLE - 7.15
PER 1000 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSE HOLDS WHO LIVED IN HOUSES BY TYPEOF STRUCTURE FOR COMBINED ANDHRA PRADESH FOR THE YEAR 2012
Area
Type of House Structure
Pucca SemiPucca
ServicableKatcha
UnServicable
KatchaAll Katcha All
(Co. 2 to 6)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Rural796 136 41 27 68 1000
Urban953 29 11 7 17 1000
Rural+Urban 849 100 31 20 51 1000Note- Totals are not tallied due to figures are estimated
Source: Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India, NSSOReport No.556
TABLE - 7.16
HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE OF DRAINAGE FACILITY INANDHRA PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUS
Sl.No. Item Rural Urban Total
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Closed Drainage 7,65,047 12,64,748 20,29,795
2. Open Drainage 29,76,789 18,14,674 47,91,463
3. No Drainage 52,55,187 5,27,427 57,82,614
Total No. of House Holds 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872
Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
232
.
TABLE - 7.17OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS PER HOUSING UNIT,
NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE, TOTAL NUMBER OF ROOMS AVERAGE SIZE OFHOUSING UNIT AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS IN RURAL AND URBAN
AREAS FROM 1981 TO 2011 CENSUS
CensusYear
TotalPopulation
Total No ofHouse Holds
Occupied Housing Units By No of RoomsOne
RoomUnits
TwoRoomUnits
ThreeRoomUnits
FourRoomUnits
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.1981
Urban 1,24,87,576 24,58,000 12,39,860 6,41,075 2,75,515 1,31,945Rural 4,10,62,097 84,27,000 51,68,705 20,72,325 5,89,200 2,67,230Total 5,35,49,673 1,08,85,000 64,08,565 27,13,400 8,64,715 3,99,175
1991Urban 1,78,87,126 36,10,000 14,42,556 11,09,714 5,63,160 2,78,692Rural 4,86,20,882 1,03,27,000 54,85,702 32,05,501 8,63,337 3,98,622Total 6,65,08,008 1,39,37,000 69,28,258 43,15,215 14,26,497 6,77,314
2001Urban 2,08,08,940 41,73,639 14,72,400 12,35,178 7,92,632 3,79,169Rural 5,54,01,067 1,26,76,218 66,24,552 37,79,523 10,87,165 5,06,204Total 7,62,10,007 1,39,37,000 69,28,258 43,15,215 14,26,497 6,77,314
2011Urban 1,46,10,410 36,06,849 13,11,454 12,06,640 6,89,657 2,29,246Rural 3,49,66,693 89,97,023 45,11,152 30,06,153 8,04,438 2,70,159Total 4,95,77,103 1,26,03,872 58,22,606 42,12,793 14,94,095 4,99,405
(Contd.)
CensusYear
TotalPopulation
Total No. ofHouse Holds
Occupied Housing Units By No of RoomsAverge
Size(Room
PerUnit)
Averge Noof
PersonsPer
Room
FiveRoomUnits
SixRoomUnits
No. ofExclusive
Room
Total No.of
Units forall
1 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 131981
Urban 1,24,87,576 24,58,000 46,820 62,450 95 2,39,7760 1.03 5.21Rural 4,10,62,097 84,27,000 77,290 1,07,920 165 82,82,835 1.02 4.96Total 5,35,49,673 1,08,85,000 1,24,110 1,70,370 260 1,06,80,59
51.02 5.01
1991Urban 1,78,87,126 36,10,000 94,943 1,00,719 20,216 36,10,000 0.48 2.36Rural 4,86,20,882 10,3,27,000 1,10,499 1,58,003 10,5335 1,03,26,99
90.58 2.75
Total 6,65,08,008 1,39,37,000 2,05,442 2,58,722 1,25,551 1,39,36,999
0.55 2.632001
Urban 2,08,08,940 41,73,639 1,12,732 1,13,702 67,826 41,73,639 0.48 2.27Rural 5,54,01,067 1,26,76,218 1,16,475 1,46,706 4,15,593 1,26,76,21
80.59 2.60
Total 7,62,10,007 1,39,37,000 2,05,442 2,58,722 1,25,551 1,39,36,999
0.56 2.502011
Urban 1,46,10,410 36,06,849 49,041 34,392 86,419 36,06,849 0.25 1.48Rural 3,49,66,693 89,97,023 44,239 36,097 3,24,785 89,97,023 0.25 1.54Total 4,95,77,103 1,26,03,872 93,280 70,489 4,11,204 1,26,03,87
20.25 1.53
233
Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.TABLE - 7.18
SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2011 CENSUS
Type Total No. ofHouse Holds Within Premises Outside premises
1. 2. 3. 4.Urban 36,06,849 21,38,498 14,68,351Rural 89,97,023 23,91,087 66,05,936Total 1,26,03,872 45,29,585 80,74,287
Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
TABLE - 7.19NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS BY MAJOR SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER
IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUSSl.No. Source Rural Urban Total1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. Tap Water 55,91,822 28,95,505 84,87,327
Tap water from treated source 35,62,146 25,79,625 61,41,771Tap water un treated source 20,29,676 3,15,880 23,45,556
2. Well 8,02,946 88,204 8,91,150Covered well 41,514 22,070 63,584Un covered well 7,61,432 66,134 8,27,566
3. Hand pump 17,99,760 2,37,890 20,37,6504. Tube well/Bore well 5,34,803 2,65,421 8,00,2245. Spring 88,621 2,396 91,0176. River/Canal 49,686 2,044 51,7307. Tank/Pond/Lake 44,426 1,456 45,8828. Other sources 84,959 1,13,933 1,98,892
Total Households 89,97,023 36,06,849 1,26,03,872Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad..
TABLE - 7.20DISTRICT-WISE HOUSELESS HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION, 2011 CENSUS
Sl.No. District
Rural Urban TotalNo. ofHouse-holds
PopulationNo. ofHouse-Holds
PopulationNo. ofHouse-holds
Population
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.1. Srikakulam 464 1,443 108 324 572 1,7672. Vizianagaram 268 905 228 511 496 1,4163. Visakhapatnam 430 1,232 1,376 4,508 1,806 5,7404. East Godavari 753 2,338 966 1,876 1,719 4,2145. West Godavari 886 2,898 626 1,598 1,512 4,4966. Krishna 829 2,333 2,031 4,250 2,860 6,5837. Guntur 1,265 4,341 1,084 2,591 2,349 6,9328. Prakasam 737 2,587 349 895 1,086 3,4829. S.P.S Nellore 733 2,062 743 1,606 1,476 3,66810. Y.S.R 925 3,313 526 2,013 1,451 5,32611. Kurnool 1,172 3,968 703 2,854 1,875 6,82212. Ananthapuramu 1,048 3,737 666 1,939 1,714 5,67613. Chittoor 892 2,954 909 2,166 1,801 5,120ANDHRA PRADESH 10,402 34,111 10,315 27,131 20,717 61,242
Note: Data excludes merged villages of Khammam.
234
Source: Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.TABLE - 7.21
DISTRICT WISE SLUM POPULATION OF TOWNS AND CITIES, 2011 CENSUS
Sl.No.
Name of theDistrict
Name of the Town/Out Growth
TotalPopulation
SlumPopulation
% of SlumPopulation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.I SRIKAKULAM1. Srikakulam Palasa Kasibugga(M) 57,507 28,137 48.932. Srikakulam Ichapuram (M) 36,493 29,135 79.843. Srikakulam Rajam (NP) 42,197 24,515 58.104. Srikakulam Amadalavalasa )M) 39,799 25,862 64.985. Srikakulam Srikakulam (M+OG) Part 1,37,944 32,937 23.88
Total 3,13,940 1,40,586 44.78II VIZIANAGARAM6. Vizianagaram Parvathipuram (M) 53,844 37,954 70.497. Vizianagaram Bobbili (M) 56,819 46,774 82.328. Vizianagaram Salur (M) 49,500 34,928 70.569. Vizianagaram Vizianagaram (M+OG) 2,28,720 98,217 42.94
Total 3,88,883 2,17,873 56.03III VISAKHAPATNAM10. Visakhapatna
mGVMC (Part) 17,28,128 7,70,971 44.61
11. Visakhapatnam
Bheemunipatnam (M+OG) 55,082 36,454 66.1812. Visakhapatna
mAnakapalle (M) 86,519 29,277 33.84
Total 18,69,729 8,36,702 44.75IV EAST GODAVARI13. East Godavari Tuni (M) 53,425 31,461 58.8914. East Godavari Peddapuram (M) 49,477 33,582 67.8715. East Godavari Rajahmundry(M.Corp.+OG)part 3,76,333 1,43,098 38.0216. East Godavari Samalkot (M) 56,864 32,869 57.8017. East Godavari Pithapuram (M) 54,859 29,486 53.7518. East Godavari Kakinada (M.Corp.+ OG) part 3,84,182 1,12,038 29.1619. East Godavari Mandapeta (M) 56,063 24,019 42.8420. East Godavari Ramachandrapuram (M) 43,657 25,170 57.6521. East Godavari Amalapuram (M) 53,231 16,512 31.02
Total 11,28,091 4,48,235 39.73V WEST GODAVARI
22. West Godavari Kovvuru (M) 39,667 26,158 65.9423. West Godavari Nidadavole (M) 43,809 20,929 47.7724. West Godavari Tadepalligudem (M+OG) 1,04,032 30,039 28.8725. West Godavari Eluru (M.Corp.+ OG) 2,18,020 1,20,227 55.1426. West Godavari Tanuku (M+OG) 77,962 28,654 36.7527. West Godavari Bhimavaram (M+OG) 1,46,961 51,083 34.7628. West Godavari Narsapur (M) 58,770 41,649 70.8729. West Godavari Palacole (M+OG) 81,199 24,323 29.95
Total 7,70,420 3,43,062 44.53
235
(Contd..)TABLE - 7.21(Contd.)
DISTRICT WISE SLUM POPULATION OF TOWNS AND CITIES, 2011CENSUS
Sl.No
Name of theDistrict
Name of the Town/Out Growth
TotalPopulation
SlumPopulation
% of SlumPopulation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.VI KRISHNA
30. Krishna Jaggaiahpet (M) 53,530 26,796 50.06
31. Krishna Nuzvid (M) 58,590 44,311 75.63
32. Krishna Vijayawada (M.Corp.) 11,43,232 4,51,231 39.47
33. Krishna Gudiwada (M) 1,18,167 46,587 39.42
34. Krishna Pedana (M) 30,721 28,868 93.97
35. Krishna Machilipatnam (M) 1,69,892 91,283 53.73
Total 15,74,132 6,89,076 43.77
VII GUNTUR
36. Guntur Macherla (M) 57,290 26,469 46.20
37. Guntur Piduguralla (NP) 63,103 22,922 36.32
38. Guntur Tadepalli (M+OG) 64,149 29,478 45.95
39. Guntur Mangalagiri (M+OG) 1,07,197 47,366 44.19
40. Guntur Sattenapalli (M) 56,721 23,364 41.19
41. Guntur Vinukonda (M+OG) 62,550 28,598 45.72
42. Guntur Narasaraopet (M+OG) 1,17,489 88,459 75.29
43. Guntur Chilakalurupet (M) 1,01,398 39,107 38.57
44. Guntur Guntur (M.Corp.+OG) 6,70,073 2,66,500 39.77
45. Guntur Tenali (M) 1,64,937 85,269 51.70
46. Guntur Ponnuru (M) 59,913 22,421 37.42
47. Guntur Baptla (M) 70,777 10,301 14.55
48. Guntur Repalle (M) 50,866 39,805 78.25
Total 16,46,463 7,30,059 44.34
VIII PRAKASAM
49. Prakasam Markapur (M) 71,092 51,050 71.81
50. Prakasam Chirala (M+OG) (part) 92,942 48,981 52.70
51. Prakasam Ongole (M+OG) (part) 2,08,344 1,08,577 52.11
52. Prakasam Kandukuru (M) 57,246 21,305 37.22
Total 4,29,624 2,29,913 53.51
IX SPS NELLORE
53. Nellore Kavali (M+OG) 90,099 37,003 41.07
54. Nellore Nellore (M.Corp.+OG)
(M.Corp.+OG)
5,47,621 2,04,387 37.32
55. Nellore Gudur (M+OG) part 74,037 16,584 22.40
56. Nellore Venkatagiri (M+OG) 52,688 25,700 48.78
Total 7,64,445 2,83,674 37.11
236
(Contd..)TABLE - 7.21(Concld.)
DISTRICT WISE SLUM POPULATION OF TOWNS AND CITIES, 2011 CENSUS
Sl.No
Name of theDistrict
Name of the Town/Out Growth
TotalPopulation
SlumPopulation
% of SlumPopulation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.X Y S R
57. YSR Badvel (M) part 70,626 44,584 63.1358. YSR Proddatur (M+OG) 1,63,970 52,180 31.8259. YSR Jammalamadugu (NP) 46,069 20,117 43.6760. YSR Pulivendula (M) 65,706 51,570 78.4961. YSR Kadapa (M.Corp.+OG) part 3,44,893 1,30,096 37.7262. YSR Rayachoti (M) 91,234 40,850 44.7763. YSR Rajampet (NP+OG) 54,050 15,512 28.70
Total 8,36,548 3,54,909 42.43XI KURNOOL64. Kurnool Yemmiganur (M) 95,149 73,965 77.7465. Kurnool Kurnool (M.Corp.+OG) part 4,57,633 1,52,395 33.3066. Kurnool Adoni (M + OG) 1,84,625 1,05,128 56.9467. Kurnool Nandyal (M + OG) 2,11,424 1,45,721 68.9268. Kurnool Dhone (NP) 59,272 45,486 76.74
Total 1,01,08,103 5,22,695 51.85XII. ANANTHAPURAMU69. Ananthapuram
uRayadurg (M) 61,749 60,313 97.67
70. Ananthapuramu
Gunthkal (M) 1,26,270 90,884 71.9871. Ananthapuram
uTadpatri (M) 1,08,171 30,221 27.94
72. Ananthapuramu
Ananthapuramu (M.Corp+OG)(part)
2,67,161 85,406 31.9773. Ananthapuram
uDharmavaram (M) 1,21,874 82,785 67.93
74. Ananthapuramu
Kadiri (M) 89,429 50,823 56.8375. Ananthapuram
uHindupur (M) 1,51,677 75,796 49.97
Total 9,26,331 4,76,228 51.41
XIII.CHITTOOR
76. Chittoor Srikalahasthi (M) 80,056 31,320 39.1277. Chittoor Tirupati (M.Corp.+OG) part 2,95,323 1,25,425 42.4778. Chittoor Madanapalle (M+OG) 1,80,180 29866 16.5879. Chittoor Nagari (M) 62,253 14,974 24.0580. Chittoor Puttur (M) 54,092 26,099 48.2581. Chittoor Punganur (M) 54,746 21,356 39.0182. Chittoor Chittoor (M+OG) 1,60,722 48,166 29.9783. Chittoor Palamaner
(M+OG) part54,035 27,848 51.54
Total 9,41,407 3,25,054 34.53
Note: The Directorate of Census Operations,A.P. enumerated the slum population in theslum areas of cities & towns which had a population of 50,000 and above inCensus-1991.
U.A.: Urban Agglomeration, M.C.: Municipal Corporation.M: Municipality, C.B.: Cantonment Board, C.T.: Census Town NP: Nagar Panchayat.
Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census, 2011, Directorate of Census Operations, A.P.Hyderabad.
237
TABLE - 7.22
PROJECTED POPULATION BY SEX (AS ON 1St MARCH)IN UNITED ANDHRA PRADESH
(In ‘000)
Sl. No. Year Persons Males Females
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 2001 76,210 38,527 37,683
2. 2002 77,154 38,976 38,179
3. 2003 78,074 39,414 38,660
4. 2004 78,973 39,844 39,129
5. 2005 79,852 40,264 39,587
6. 2006 80,712 40,677 40,036
7. 2007 81,554 41,080 40,474
8. 2008 82,375 41,475 40,900
9. 2009 83,178 41,862 41,316
10. 2010 83,964 42,240 41,724
11. 2011 84,735 42,611 42,124
12. 2012 85,491 42,974 42,517
13. 2013 86,229 43,329 42,901
14. 2014 86,952 43,676 43,277
15. 2015 87,662 44,015 43,647
16. 2016 88,361 44,348 44,013
17. 2017 89,035 44,671 44,363
18. 2018 89,691 44,986 44,705
19. 2019 90,330 45,293 45,037
20. 2020 90,949 45,591 45,359
21. 2021 91,549 45,880 45,669
22. 2022 92,111 46,147 45,964
23. 2023 92,649 46,401 46,248
24. 2024 93,160 46,641 46,518
25. 2025 93,636 46,862 46,774
26. 2026 94,073 47,061 47,012
Note: Projections are made on 2001 Census figuresSource: Census of India, 2001 – Population projections of India and States 2001-2026.
O/o Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi.
238
TABLE - 7.23VARIATION IN POPULATION OF ANDHRA PRADESH
FROM 1901 TO 2011 CENSUS
Sl. No. Year Population(Persons)
Variation(+) increase
or(-) DecreaseSex Ratio
(Number ofFemales per1,000 Males)No. of Persons Percentage
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. 1901 1,30,71,874 - - 1,004
2. 1911 1,41,10,152 +10,38,278 +7.94 1,010
3. 1921 1,44,45,471 +3,35,319 +2.38 1,008
4. 1931 1,60,87,691 +16,42,220 +11.37 1,002
5. 1941 1,79,43,071 +18,55,380 +11.53 991
6. 1951 2,02,16,637 +22,73,566 +12.67 988
7. 1961 2,32,88,866 +30,72,229 +15.20 984
8. 1971 2,76,84,813 +43,95,947 +18.88 981
9. 1981 3,33,68,588 +56,83,775 +20.53 978
10. 1991 4,04,18,934 +70,50,346 +21.13 976
11. 2001 4,53,97,069 +48,03,802 +11.89 983
12. 2011 4,95,77,103 +41,64,063 +9.21 99776Note: Data from 1901 to 1991 Census excludes merged villages of Khammam.
Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
TABLE - 7.24GROWTH OF POPULATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH FROM 1911 TO 2011
CENSUSSl. No. Census Year Male Female Persons
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 1911 7.65 8.23 7.94. 1921 2.49 2.26 2.383. 1931 11.69 11.05 11.374. 1941 12.15 10.92 11.535. 1951 12.81 12.53 12.676. 1961 15.43 14.96 15.207. 1971 19.06 18.68 18.888. 1981 20.73 20.33 20.539. 1991 21.27 20.98 21.1310. 2001 11.48 12.30 11.89
11. 2011 8.46 9.97 9.21Note : Data excludes merged villages of Khammam.
Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
239
TABLE - 7.25HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATORY QUANTITIES
WasteCategory
(No.)Types of Wastes Regulatory Quantities
1. 2. 3.
1. Cyanide wastes 1 kilogram per year calculatedas cyanide
2. Metal finishing wastes10 kilograms per year the sumof the specified substancecalculated as pure metal
3. Waste containing water solublechemical zinc, compounds of lead,copper, chromium, nickel, selenium,barium and antimony
10 kilogrms per year the sumof the specified substance cal-culated as pure metal
4. Mercury, arsenic, thallium andcadmium bearing wastes
5 kilograms per year the sumof the specified substancecalculated as pure metal
5. Non - halogenated hydrocarbonsincluding solvents
200 kilograms per yearcalculated as non-halogenatedhydrocarbons
6. Halogenated hydrocarbons includingsolvents
50 kilograms per yearcalculated as halogenatedhydrocarbons
7. Wastes from paints, pigments, glue,varnish and printing ink
250 kilograms per year calcu-lated as oil or oil emulsions
8. Wastes from dyes and dyeintermediates containing inorganicchemical compounds
200 kilograms per year calcu-lated as in organic chemicals
9. Wastes from dyes and dyeintermediates containing organicchemical compounds
50 kilograms per yearcalculated as organic chemicals
10. Waste oils and oil emulsions 1000 kilograms per year calcu-lated as oil and oil emulsions
11.Tarry wastes from refining and tarresidues from distillation or pyrolytictreatment
200 kilograms per yearcalculated as tar
12.Sludge arising from treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals, toxicorganics, oils, emulsions & spendchemicals& incineration ash
Irrespective of any quantity
13. Phenols 5 kilograms per yearcalculated as phenols
14. Asbestos 200 kilograms per yearcalculated as asbestos
15.Wastes from manufacture ofpesticides, herbicides and residuesfrom pesticides from herbicideformulation unit
5 kilograms per yearcalculated as pesticides andtheir intermediate products
16. Acidic/alkaline/slurry wastes 200 kilograms per yearcalculated as acids/alkalis
17. Off-specification and discardedproducts Irrespective of any quantity
18. Discarded containers and containerliners of hazardous and toxic wastes Irrespective of any quantity
Source: Compendium of Environment of Statistics, 2016, C.S.O., Govt. of India,New Delhi.
240
TABLE - 7.26GARBAGE GENERATED AND LIFTED IN TOWNS/CITIES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16Sl.No.
District/ Nameof the Municipality
Populationas per 2011
Census
(MSW)DailyGarbage
Generated2015-16(Tonnes)
(MSW)DailyGarbage
Lifted2015-16(Tonnes)
o/o ofGarbage
Lifted
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6I. SRIKAKULAM1. Srikakulam 1,25,939 25,634.54 23,436.06 91.422. Amadalavalasa 39,806 10,636.66 8,538.37 80.273. Ichapuram 36,493 6,597.50 6,100.79 92.474. Palasa-Kasibugga 57,507 8,336.61 7,138.03 85.625. Rajam (NP) 42,197 6,848.59 6,038.86 88.186. Palakonda NP 31,572 5,867.00 4,988.76
,85.03
Sub Total 333440 63,920.90 56,240.87 87.99II. VIZIANAGARAM7. Vizianagaram 2,44,598 41,584.53 34,814.43 83.728. Bobbili 56,876 8,077.10 7,008.07 86.769. Parvatipuram 53,844 9,390,10 8,652.34 92.1410. Salur 49,500 6,555.67 5,672,03 86.5211. Nellimarla 26,259 4,690.16 4,262.77 90.89
Sub Total 431303 70,297.56 60,409,64 85.93III. VISAKHAPATNAM12. Narsipatnam 61,540 9,298.59 8,302.99 89.2913. Yelamanchili 46,159 6,671.53 5,953.45 89.2414 GVMC 18,78,980 3,16,175.50 2,95,808.01 93.56
Sub Total 19,87,232 3,32,145.62 3,10,064.45 93.35IV. EAST GODAVARI ,14. Rajahmundry 341,831 55,783.59 31,993.44 93.2115. Kakinada 3,50,986 66,659.34 58,697.08 88,0616. Amalapuram 53,231 12,521.96 11,717.00 93.5717. Tuni 53,425 10,082.96 9,525.59 94.4718. Pithapuram 52,304 8,950.89 8,233.84 91.9919. Samalkot 56,864 9,213.02 8,591.85 93.2620. Mandapeta 53,588 9,091.15 8,389.83 92.2921. Ramachandrapuram 43,657 8,902.75 8,450.15 94.9222. Peddapuram 49,579 8,707.71 8,174.68 93.8823. Gollaprolu (NP) 23,882 3,412.01 3,156.71 92.5224. Mummidivaram (NP) 25,355 4,550.28 3,840.19 84.3925. Yeleswaram 32,084 4,168.54 3,831.38 91.91
Sub Total 11,13,857 2,02,044,22 1,84,601.71 91.37V. WEST GODAVARI26. Eluru 217,876 31,337.21 28,940.74 92.6527. Bhimavaram 1,42,184 25,806.76 23,697.25 91.8328. Tadepalligudem 1,03,906 22,184.56 20,387,77 91.9029. Palacole 71,646 11,415.82 10,599.35 92.8530. Narsapur 58,901 10,738.02 10,129.04 94.3331. Tanuku 90,430 19,120.51 18,019.71 94.2432. Nidadavole 43,809 7,380.68 7,057.51 95.6233. Kovvur 39,706 6,973.43 6,563.99 94.1334. Jangareddigudem(NP) 48,994 3,638.63 4,052.07 71.86
Sub Total 8,17,585 1,40,595,72 1,29,447.49 92.07(Contd.)
241
TABLE - 7.26 (Contd.)GARBAGE GENERATED AND LIFTED IN TOWNS/CITIES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
Sl.No.
District/ Nameof the
Municipality
Populationas per 2011
Census
(MSW)DailyGarbage
Generated(Tonnes)
(MSW)DailyGarbage Lifted
(Tonnes)
o/o ofGarbage
Lifted
1 2 3 4 5VI. KRISHNA35. Vijayawada 10,34,358 1,68,495.68 1,50,518.32-
150518.32150518,62
89.3336. Machilipatnam 1,69,892 31,008/25 28,699.29 92.5537. Gudivada 1,18,167 20,809.36 19,397.95 93.2238. Nuzivid 58,590 10,517.21 9,520,43 90,5239. Jaggaiahpet 53,469 10,727.89 9,985.63 93,0840. Pedana 30,835 5,438,23 5,037.33 92.6341. Nandigama 44,359 7,697.46 7,163.72 93.0742. Tiruvuru 34,623 6,006.47 5,625.82 93.6643. Vuyyuru 37,777 7,259.00 6,607.19 91.02
Sub Total 15,81,981 2,67,959.56 2,42,555.67 90.52VII. GUNTUR44. Guntur 7,43,880 1,20,164.34 1,12,667,61 93,7645. Tenali 1,64,937 30,402,86 28,503,59 93,7546. Narsaraopet 1,16,250 21,646.34 20,238,84 93.5047. Chilakaluripet 1,01,398 19,703.27 18,439.56 93.5948. Bapatla 70,777 11,899,14 11,004,02 92.4849. Ponnur 59,859 9,870,23 9,244,69 93.6650. Repalle 50,866 8,835.84 8,321.92 94.1851. Macherla 57,296 9,372.16 8,665.98 92.4752. Mangalagiri 50,866 14,150.33 13,384.59 94.5953. Sattenapalle 56,721 9,503.77 8,915.28 93.8154. Vinukonda 59,725 10,569.24 9,952.77 94.1755. Piduguralla 63,103 10,216.52 9,563.02 93.6056. Tadepalli 54,406 10,026.89 9,284.13 92.59
Sub Total 16,75,269 28,630.30 2,68,186.00 93.65VIII. PRAKASAM57. Ongole
Municipal Corp.2,51,175 34,187.86 30,266.57 88.53
58. Chirala 87,200 16,935.81 16,031.34 94.6659. Markapur 71,092 12,165.93 11,248.64 92.4660. Kandukur 57,246 10,972.41 9,278.65 84.5661. Addanki 40,353 5,713.77 4,838.48 84.6862. Chimakurthy 30,279 5,791.04 5,475.22 94.5563. Kanigiri 44,755 7,594.13 6,727.99 88.5964. Giddalur 35,150 6,379.29 5,527.65 86.65
Sub Total 6,20,861 99,740.25 89,397.54 89.63IX. S.P.S.NELLORE65. Nellore
Municipal Corp.6,00,869 88,433.57 81,047.96 91.65
66. Kavali 97,053 14,747.75 13,790.77 93.5167. Gudur 73,617 11,755.78 10,582.87 90.0268. Atmakur 30,556 5,568.60 5,228.47 94.6369. SullurPet 45,782 5,716.04 5,409.35 91.6370. Naidupet 47,200 7,836.06 6,596.47 84.1971. Venkatagiri 51,708 7,350.44 6,111.13 83.14
Sub Total 9,23,434 1,41,408.25 1,28,767.53 91.08
242
TABLE -7.26 (Concld.)GARBAGE GENERATED AND LIFTED IN TOWNS/CITIES
IN ANDHRA PRADESH, 2015-16
Sl. No. District/ Nameof the Municipality
Populationas per2011
Census
(MSW)DailyGarbage
Generated(Tonnes)
(MSW)DailyGarbage
Lifted(Tonnes)
o/o ofGarbage
Lifted
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6X. Y.S.R72. Kadapa 3,44,893 57,514.60 48,996.82 85.1973. Proddatur 1,62,717 29,168.06 25,733.25 88.2274. Pulivendula 65,706 10,627.88 9,685.58 91.1375. Jammalamadugu 46,069 4,627.88 4,196.85 90.6976. Rajampet 47,581 8,485.77 7,947.54 93.6677. Rayachoti 72,163 14,663.88 13,071.88 89.1478. Badvel 70,949 12,266.30 9,997.58 81.5079. Mydukur 45,790 4,892.15 4,043.78 82.6680. Yerraguntla 32,572 4,055.41 3,466.82 85.49
Sub Total 8,88,440 1,46,301.94 1,27,140.10 86.90XI. KURNOOL81. Kurnool 4,60,184 72,285.77 59,700.86 82.5982. Adoni 1,66,537 24,586.52 20,555.39 83.6083. Nandyal 2,00,516 28,392.63 22,457.37 79.1084. Yemmiganur 94,956 17,991.83 16,809.26 93.4385. Dhone 59,272 11,160.71 10,182.32 91.2386. Nandikotkur 46,953 7,622.06 7,154.04 93.8687. Gundur 22,288 3,333.92 2,856.03 85.6788. Allagadda 41,697 5,802.19 4,678.75 80.6489. Atmakur NP 45,703 7,471,75 6,374.04 85.31
Sub Total 1,13,806 1,78,647.38 1,50,768.02 84.39XII. ANANTHAPURAMU90. Ananthapuramu 2,68,503 46,261.43 42,200.58 91.2291. Hindupur 1,51,834 23,739,18 22,056.02 92.9192. Guntakal 1,26,470 21,338.47 20,156.62 94.4693. Tadipatri 1,08,249 16,399.27 15,084.23 91.9894. Dharmavaram 1,26,958 22,219.98 20,207.15 90.9495. Kadiri 89,240 12,910.38 11,185.52 86.6496. Rayadurg 62,017 11,219.37 10,244.51 91.3197. Gooty 48,583 6,129.37 5,344.33 87.1998. Kalyanadurgam 42,961 7,291.48 5,284.13 72.4799. Paamidi 26,881 5,205.49 4,661.83 89.56100. Puttaparthgi 31,610 5,644.91 5,028,75 89.08101. Madakasira 21,695 2,915.38 2,489.67 85.40
Sub Total 11,05,001 1,81,274.70 1,63,943.34 90.44XIII. CHITTOOR102. Chittoor 1,89,332 28,419.69 23,912.31 84.14103 Tirupati 3,74,260 66,028.47 62,147.54 91.12104 Srikalahasti 80,056 17,228.26 16,157.61 93.79105 Madanapalle 1,35,669 22,881.16 21,457.33 93.78106 Punganur 54,746 7,213.80 6,642.38 92.08107 Palamaneru 51,163 8,131.09 7,529.18 92.60108 Putthoor 54,092 9,640.19 8,587.54 89.08109 Nagari 43,021 10,819.23 9,862.62 91.16
Sub Total 10,01,571 1,70,361.89 1,56,296.53 91.74Source: Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur.
243
TABLE - 7.27STATUS OF LAND FILL SITES
Sl.No.
Name of theCity
No of landfill sites
Area of Land fill(In Ha.)
Life of LandFill Years
New SiteProposed
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1. Visakhapatnam 1 40.5 25 No
2. Vijayawada - - - NoSource: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016,Central Statistics Office(CSO),
G.O.I, New Delhi.TABLE - 7.28
QUANTITIES AND WASTE GENERATION RATE
Sl.No.
Name of theCity
Population asper 2001census
Area inSq.kms
Waste quantity(Tonnes per
day)
Waste generationrate (Kcal/day)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Visakhapatnam 9,82,904 110 584 0.594
2. Vijayawada 8,51,282 58 374 0.439
(Contd.)TABLE - 7.28 (Concld.)
QUANTITIES AND WASTE GENERATION RATE
Sl.No.
Name of theCity
Population asper 2011census
Area inSq.kms
Waste quantity(Tonnes per day)
Waste generationrate (Kcal/day)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Visakhapatnam 17,73,948 110 1194 0.673
2. Vijayawada 13,70,085 58 688 0.502Source: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016,Central Statistics Office(CSO),
G.O.I, New Delhi.
TABLE - 7.29WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Sl.No.
Name of theCity
Compo-stables
(%)
Recyclables(%)
C/N Ratio(%)
HCVKcal/kg
(%)
Moisturein
(%)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.1. Visakhapatnam 45.96 24.20 41.70 1,602 53
2. Vijayawada 59.43 17.40 33.90 1,910 46Note- CPCB with the assistance of National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute (NEERI) conducted Survey of Solid Waste Management in 59 Cities(35 Muncipalities and 24 State Capitals-2004-05)
HCV-High Clorofic Value, C/N Ratio-Carbon to Nitrogen RatioSource: Compendium of Environment Statistics, 2016,Central Statistics Office(CSO),
G.O.I, New Delhi.
244
TABLE - 7.30
DISTRICT-WISE COVERAGE OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES(As on 01.04.2016)
Sl.No. District CPWS Schemes PWS Schemes Hand Pumps
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Srikakulam 36 942 14,8852. Vizianagaram 29 1331 16,8283. Visakapatnam 35 3124 19,4994. East Godavari 53 2183 12,4255. West Godavari 23 2316 4,4016. Krishna 37 1532 11,1297. Guntur 72 1288 20,7298. Prakasam 46 1777 25,0259. S.P.S Nellore 35 2382 17,73910. Y.S.R 25 2471 11,30611. Kurnool 56 2523 14,20312. Ananthapuramu 68 4290 13,18813. Chittoor 5 6729 18,752
ANDHRA PRADESH 520 32,888 2,00,109CPWSS- Comprehensively Protected water Supply Scheme (for multi villages)PWSS- Protected water Supply Scheme (for single village) HPs: Hand Pumps
Source: Chief Engineer, Admn. RWS&S, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
TABLE - 7.31DISTRICT-WISE COVERAGE OF RURAL HABITATIONS
(As on 01.04.2016)
Sl.No. District
TotalNo. of
Habitaions
Habitation Status* No ofFC Habs
* No ofNC/PC Habs
* No ofQA Habs
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.1. Srikakulam 3,979 1,142 2,802 35
2. Vizianagaram 2,951 1,762 1,187 2
3. Visakapatnam 5,601 1,983 3,586 32
4. East Godavari 3,369 1,307 2,023 39
5. West Godavari 2,412 1,372 1,037 3
6. Krishna 2,484 1,635 831 18
7. Guntur 1,712 590 1,095 27
8. Prakasam 2,333 780 1,498 55
9. S.P.S Nellore 3,042 1,509 1,457 76
10. Y.S.R 11,189 6,169 4,999 21
11. Kurnool 4,448 2,460 1,988 -
12. Ananthapuramu 3,314 2,012 1,065 237
13. Chittoor 1,497 397 1,071 29
ANDHRA PRADESH 48,331 23,118 24,639 574* -FC: Fully Covered, PC: Partly Covered QA: Quality affected, NC: Not covered.
Source: Chief Engineer, Admn. RWS&S, Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada.
245
TABLE - 7.32PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF AILMENT
BY AGE–GROUP IN ANDHRA PRADESH AS ON JUNE, 2004
Sl.No.
Type ofAilment
Age Group Age GroupRural Urban
0-4 5-14 15-39
40-59 60+ All 0-4 5-14 15-
3940-59 60+ All
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.Hospitalised Cases
1. Water BorneDiseases 54.0 20.4 15.6 14.9 13.4 18.4 56.3 34.4 20.4 11.3 13.2 21.3
2.Communicablethroughheredity
4.8 6.7 9.3 9.7 18.4 10.4 9.3 3.2 2.7 12.2 18.1 8.3
3. OtherCommunicable - 0.2 6.4 13.6 14.2 8.6 - 0.4 6.4 3.1 0.6 3.4
4. Cardiac 7.6 0.8 7.8 9.5 11.6 8.1 - 12.7 5.2 14.5 19.1 10.2
5. Malnutritional 4.5 12.6 4.5 5.1 10.8 6.9 3.2 0.4 5.8 6.4 7.3 5.5
6. Accident - 5.1 6.5 6.4 5.5 5.6 5.2 4.7 12.0 13.5 4.3 9.7
7. Meternity - - 11.3 0.8 - 3.9 - - 10.0 2.6 - 4.6
8. Astma - 1.8 1.1 2.5 4.7 2.1 3.8 - 3.2 1.1 6.7 3.0
9. Insect Bite - - - - - - - 5.0 7.2 4.9 7.0 5.8
10. Others(Diagnosed) 12.9 24.9 16.6 18.8 9.8 16.8 10.7 17.4 12.7 21.2 14.9 15.5
11. Others (UnDiagnosed) 16.2 27.5 20.9 18.7 11.6 19.2 20.8 25.0 17.1 21.4 27.9 21.0
Totals 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Non-Hospitalised Cases1. Water Borne
Diseases 36.0 20.5 18.2 16.0 14.0 20.7 35.2 21.6 17.8 9.5 11.6 19.1
2.CommunicableThroughheredity
15.1 21.0 14.2 15.0 13.6 16.9 14.3 15.7 14.5 12.3 14.8 15.3
3. OtherCommunicable 4.1 1.0 11.9 15.0 21.0 12.7 1.0 1.5 19.6 18.4 29.7 13.9
4. Cardiac-
1.0 3.0 12.0 5.6 4.4 - 0.7 4.2 12.3 12.9 5.5
5. Malnutritional 7.6 8.3 8.6 9.0 3.5 6.6 4.8 2.2 5.6 5.6 2.6 4.3
6. Accident 1.7 6.3 3.6 6.0 2.1 3.0 1.9 8.2 4.7 1.7 3.9 3.9
7. Astma 6.4 6.3 3.6 3.3 5.6 4.0 13.3 8.2 1.4 3.4 3.2 7.0
8. Insect Bite 0.6 1.5 0.7 7.0 11.2 5.0 1.0 3.0 3.3 5.0 7.7 3.6
9. Others(Diagnosed) 11.6 14.1 14.9 12.0 10.5 12.6 16.2 16.4 14.5 12.8 7.7 13.3
10. Others(Un Diagnosed) 16.9 20.0 21.3 17.4 12.9 17.7 12.3 22.5 14.4 19.0 5.9 14.8
Totals 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Source: National Sample Survey Organisation, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
246
TABLE - 7.33STATUS OF WARD-WISE DOOR TO DOOR GARBAGE COLLECTION ACHIEVEMENT
DURING THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl.No. Name of the ULB Total No of Wards
2015-16
Coverage of Door toDoor Collection
2015-16
% of Coverage
1. 2. 3. 4. 5I SRIKAKULAM1. Srikakulam 39 35 89.742. Amadalavalasa 23 23 00,003. Ichapuram 23 23 100,004. Palasa-Kasibugga 25 25 100,005. Rajam 20 18 90.006. Palakonda N,P 20 16 80.00
Total 150 140 93.33II VIZIANAGARAM7. Vizianagaram 40 40 100.008. Bobbili 30 30 100.009. Parvathipuram 30 30 100.0010. Saluru 29 29 100.0011. NellimerlaN.P 20 15 75.00
Total 149 144 96.64III VISHAKHAPATNAM12. VisakhapatnamGVMC 72 70 97,2213. Narasipatnam 27 21 77.7814. Yelamanchali 24 19 79.17
Total 123 110 89.43IV EAST GODAVARI15. Amalapuram 30 30 100.0016. Gollaprollu N.P 20 15 75.0017. Kakinada Corp 50 50 100.0018. Mandapet 29 29 100.0019. Mumuduvaram N.P 20 18 90.0020. Peddapuram 28 28 100.0021. Pithapuram 30 30 100.0022. Rajahmumdary Corp 50 50 100.0023. Ramachandrapuram 27 27 100.0024. Samalkota 30 30 100.0025. Tuni 30 30 100.0026. YelaswaramN.P 20 2 10.00
Total 364 339 93.13V EAST GODAVARI
27. Bhimavaram 39 39 100.0028. Eluru Corp 50 50 100.0029. Jangareddy Gudem 20 20 100.0030. Naeasapur 31 31 100.0031. Nidadavole 28 28 100.0032. Palacole 31 31 100.0033. Tadepalle Gudem 35 35 100.0034. Tanuku 34 34 100.0035. Kovvuru 23 23 100.00
Total 291 291 100.00
247
TABLE - 7.33STATUS OF WARD-WISE DOOR TO DOOR GARBAGE COLLECTION ACHIEVEMENT
DURING THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl. No. Name of the ULBTotal No.of
Wards2015-16
Coverage of Door toDoor Collection 2015
% ofCoverage
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.VI KRISHNA36. Vijayawada 59 59 100,0037. Machilipatnam 42 42 100,0038. Gudivada 36 36 100.0039. Nuzvid 30 30 100.0040. Jaggaiahpet 27 27 100.0041. Pedana 23 23 00.0042. Nandigama N.P 20 18 90.0043. Tiruvuru N.P 20 15 75.0044. Vuyyuru N.P 20 15 75.00
TOTAL 277 265 95.672VII GUNTUR45. Guntur Corp 57 52 91.2346. Repalle 28 28 100.0047. Ponnur 31 31 100.0048. Narsaraopet 34 34 100.0049. Mangalagiri 32 32 100.0050. Macherla 29 29 100.0051. Chilakaluripet 34 34 100.0052. Bapatla 34 34 100.0053. Sattenapalle 30 30 100.0054. Tenali 40 40 100.0055. Vinukonda 26 26 100.0056. Piduguralla 30 30 100.0057. Tadrpalli 23 23 100.00
Total 428 423 98.83VIII PRAKASAM58. OngoleCorp 50 50 100.0059. Kandukur 30 30 100.0060. Markapur 32 32 100.0061. Chirala 33 33 100.0062. Giddaluru N.P 20 16 80.0063. Kanigiri N.P 20 18 90.0064. Addanki N.P 20 14 70.0065. Chimakurthy N.P 20 15 75.00
Total 225 208 92.44IX S.P.S NELLORE66. Nellore Corporation 54 40 74,0767. Gudur 33 25 75.7668. Kavali 40 40 100.0069. Venkatagiri 25 19 76.0070. Atmakuru 23 17 73.9171. Naidupet N.P 20 16 80.0072. Sullurupet 23 19 82.61
Total 218 176 80.73
248
TABLE - 7.33STATUS OF WARD-WISE DOOR TO DOOR GARBAGE COLLECTION ACHIEVEMENT
DURING THE YEAR 2015-16
Sl. No. Name of The ULB Total No. ofWards 2015-16
Coverage of Doorto Door Collection
2015-16% of
Coverage1. 2. 3. 4. 5X Y.S.R
73. Kadapa 50 43 86.0074. Proddatur 40 40 100.0075. Pulivendula 26 26 100.0076. Jammalamadugu 20 15 75.0077. Rajampet 20 20 100.0078. Rayachoti 31 28 90.3279. Badvel 26 18 69.6380. Mydukuru 23 19 82.6181. Yerraguntla 20 12 60.00
Total 256 221 86.33XI KURNOOL82. Kurnool 51 29 56/8683. Yemmiganur 33 33 100.0084. Adoni 41 40 97.5685. Nandyal 42 42 100.0086. Dhone 20 15 75.0087. Allagadda 20 14 70.0088. Atmakur 20 14 70.0089. Nandikatkur 23 17 73.9190. Gudur 20 11 55.00
Total 270 215 79.63XII ANANTHAPURAMU91. Ananthapuramu Corp 50 50 100.0092. Hindupur 38 38 100.0093. Tadipatri 34 34 100.0094. Dharmavaram 40 36 90.0095. Kadiri 36 28 77.7896. Gooty 24 15 62.5097. Guntakall 37 37 100.0098. Kalyanadurgam 23 15 65.2299. Madakasira N.P 20 15 75.00100. Puttaoarthy N.P 20 14 70.00101. Paamadi N.P 20 16 80.00102. Rayadurga 31 31 100.00
Total 373 329 88.20XIII CHITTOOR103. ChittoorCorp 50 46 92.00104. Tirupathi Corp 50 50 100.00105. Madanapalle 35 35 100.00106. Srikalahasti 35 35 100.00107. Punganur 24 24 100.00108. Palamaneru 24 24 100.00109. Nagari 27 27 100.00110. Puttur 24 15 62.50
Total 269 256 95.17A.P Total 3393 3117 91.87
Source: Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra PradeshGuntur.
140
169
205
228248
137
165
200
224
247
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N I
N L
AK
HSCHART - 7.2
DECADAL POPULATION IN ANDARA PRADESH FROM 1971 TO 2011MALEFEMALE
01971 1981 1991 2001 2011
YEARS
2.48 2.47
4.95
3.49
3
4
5
6
PO
PUL
AT
ION
(in
Cro
res)
Table No. 7.3ANDHRA PRADESH POPULATION AS PER
2011 CENSUS
1.75
0.73
1.74
0.73
1.46
0
1
2
Persons Rural Urban Persons Rural Urban Persons Rural Urban
Males Females Total
PO
PUL
AT
ION
(in
Cro
res)
81
9087
8489 88
7377 78
70 6974 73
7075 75 74 74
7167 65 63 62 60 58
5451
47 46 44 43 4138
66
57 59 5863
5356 56
4246
52
4338 37 38 37 36
3935 33
39 39 38 37 36 35 33 31 30 29 28 26 2430
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rat
e (P
er th
ousa
nd L
ive
birt
hs)
CHART - 7.4INFANT MORTALITY RATES IN ANDHRA PRADESH-1984 TO 2016 Rural
Urban
24
0
10
20
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rat
e (P
er th
ousa
nd L
ive
birt
hs)
Year
67.9
69.4
70.9
72.1
73.3
63.4
65.4
66.9
68.4
69.4
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
EX
PE
CT
AT
ION
OF
LIF
E A
T B
IRT
HCHART - 7.5
EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT BIRTH IN ANDHRA PRADESHDURING 2001-05 TO 2021-25
Female Male
58
60
62
2001
-05
2006
-10
2011
-15
2016
-20
2021
-25
Year
ABBREVATIONS
APPCB Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control BoardAPCPC Andhra Pradesh Cleaner Production CellASI Annual Survey of IndustriesBMD Bio Medical WasteCu.m Cubic MetreCPCB Central Pollution Control BoardCFC Chloro-Floro-CarbonsCO Carbon MonoxideCH4 MethaneCl ChlorineCSO Central Statistical OrganizationGHS Green House GasesGOI Government of IndiaH2S Hydrozen SulphideHC Hydro CarbonsIGZP Indira Gandhi Zoological ParkMCM Million Cubic MeterMg MagnesiumMoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsMW Mega WattsMLD Million Litres per DayMTs. Metric TonnesNA Not AvailableNeg. NegligibleNH3 AmmoniaNOX Oxides of NitrogenOR Offence ReportsODP Ozone Depletion PotentialPM Particulate MatterPpm Parts per MillionPpmv Parts per Million by volume per yearSEP Social Forestry ProjectSO2 Sulphor DioxideSO4 SulphateSPM Solid Particulate MatterSTP Sewage Treatment PlantsSVZP Sri Venkateswara Zoological ParkSq. Kms Square KilometresWS Sub Water ShedRSPM Residual suspended Particulate MatterTDS Total Dissolved Solidsug MicrogramTSP Total Suspended ParticulateUDOR Undetected Offence Reports