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Compassion Fatigue in Animal Care Employees A. Andrukonis, A. Protopopova National Council on Pet Population Research Symposium 15 November, 2017

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Compassion Fatigue in Animal Care Employees

A. Andrukonis, A. ProtopopovaNational Council on Pet Population Research Symposium15 November, 2017

SHELTER STATISTICS

~6.5 million companion animals enter U.S. shelters yearly

• ~1.5 million are euthanized (23%) (ASPCA, 2017)

COMPASSION FATIGUE

“A state of exhaustion and dysfunction as a result of prolonged exposure to compassion and all that it evokes” (Yu, Jiang & Shen, 2016)

Interchangeable with vicarious traumatization and secondary trauma (Yu, Jiang & Shen, 2016)

“The loss of ability to nurture” (Yu, Jiang & Shen, 2016)

CARING-KILLING PARADOX

Take care of animals then kill them (Reeve, et al., 2005)

• Healthy, friendly, unwanted animals

Contradiction between the perfectoccupational self and reality (Reeve, et al., 2004)

Attachment to animal makes euthanasia more difficult (Reeve, et al., 2004)

WORK RELATED STRESS & TURNOVER

Euthanasia-related stress Public scorn Burnout Turnover

Animal Welfare

Employee Wellbeing

Organizational Health

(Reeve, et al., 2005)

PREVIOUS RESEACH

No physiological measures All interviews/surveys No intervention

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Semi-StructuredInterviews

Survey Group Discussion Open-endedinterviews

Life Grid, Interview

Num

ber

of S

tudi

es

Data Collection Method

4 EXPERIMENT STUDY

1. Is “caring” necessary for the occurrence of compassion fatigue, or is killing sufficient?

2. Is actual killing necessary?

3. What is the impact of live release rates and the importance of choice?

4. Separating out work stress and death stress

• Salivary cortisol

• Blood pressure

• Salivary cortisol

• Blood pressure• IES-R• PROQOL• Additional

Questionnaire Heart rate variability

Pre PostDuring

EXPERIMENT 1: METHODS

SCALES

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Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science

Mon

ths o

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e Jo

b

Staff Type

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Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science

Anim

als p

er M

onth

Staff Type

MONTHS ON THE JOB AND ANIMALS PER MONTH

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Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science

Impa

ct o

f Eve

nt S

cale

-Rev

ised

Sco

re

Staff Type

IMPACT OF EVENT SCALE-REVISED SCORE

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Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science

Burn

out S

core

Staff Type

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Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science

Seco

ndar

y Tr

aum

atic

Str

ess S

core

Staff Type

BURNOUT SCORE AND SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS SCORE

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Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science

Com

pass

ion

Satis

fact

ion

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e

Staff Type

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Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science

SDAN

N*

Staff Type

COMPASSION SATISFACTION SCORE AND SDANN*

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60

IES-

R Sc

ore

Compassion Satisfaction

Compassion Satisfaction on IES-R

CORRELATION: -0.637“MODERATE” CORRELATION

Compassion Fatigue? Maybe…

• Limitations • SDANN* requires similar

time intervals

• Conclusion• Animal shelter employees-

high IES-R, moderate compassion satisfaction score

• Not compassion fatigue!

New concept: MORAL INJURY

Caused by perceived wrongdoing that violates or goes against the individual’s code of conduct and can occur because of one’s own actions of someone else’s actions (Litz et al., 2009)

NEXT STEPS

2. Frequent euthanasia 3. Impact of live release rates and choice

4. Work stress vs. death stress

Questions?

[email protected]

Thank you to my participants and the facilities that allowed me to visit!

Arluke, A. (1991). Coping with euthanasia: A case study of shelter culture. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198(7), 1176–1180.

Frommer, Stephanie; Arluke, A. (1999). Loving them to death: Blame-displacing strategies of animal workers and surrenderers. Society and Animals, 7, 1–16.

Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003

Hart, L. A., Hart, B. L., & Mader, B. (1990). Humane euthanasia and companion animal death: caring for the animal, the client, and the veterinarian. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197(10), 1292–9. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2266042

Police, Farmers and Auto Workers Have Higher Workplace Suicide Rates. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/police-farmers-and-auto-body-workers-have-higher-workplace-suicide-rates-314037

Reeve, C. L., Rogelberg, S. G., Spitzmuller, C., & Digiacomo, N. (2005). The Caring-Killing Paradox: Euthanasia-Related Strain Among Animal-Shelter Workers1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 119–143. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02096.

Reeve, C. L., Spitzmuller, C., Rogelberg, S. G., Walker, A., Schultz, L., & Clark, O. (2004). Employee reactions and adjustment to euthanasia-related work: identifying turning-point events through retrospective narratives. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS, 7(1), 1–25. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0701_1

Rogelberg, S. G., DiGiacomo, N., Reeve, C. L., Spitzmuller, C., Clark, O. L., Teeter, L., … Starling, P. G. (2007). What shelters can do about euthanasia-related stress: an examination of recommendations from those on the front line. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS, 10(4), 331–47. http://doi.org/10.1080/10888700701353865

Rogelberg, S. G., Reeve, C. L., Spitzmüller, C., DiGiacomo, N., Clark, O. L., Teeter, L., … Carter, N. T. (2007). Impact of euthanasia rates, euthanasia practices, and human resource practices on employee turnover in animal shelters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(5), 713–9. http://doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.5.713

Yu, H., Jiang, A., & Shen, J. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction among oncology nurses: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 57, 28–38. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.01.012https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS722US722&biw=1440&bih=826&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=dogs+playing+&oq=dogs+playing+&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l4.5927.7359.0.7525.13.10.0.0.0.0.268.1116.0j4j2.6.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..7.6.1114...0i67k1.4W_-waCDf1c#imgrc=Q5dAWtzqbqOwhM:

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References