Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Practical Report SPO013–2 Physiological Control and Adaptation

Carl Page (1008889)

University of Bedfordshire

Ms. N Bretherton

SPO013–2 Physiological Control and Adaptation

2 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Contents

Results and Analyses ................................................................................................................ 2

Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 5

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 8

References ................................................................................................................................. 9

Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 11

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 15

Results and Analyses

Seventeen participants with average age of 21.82 ± 3.8 years, height of 177.7 ±

6.5cm, weight of 73.5± 9.8kg and Body Mass Index (BMI) of 23.3 ± 2.4 kg/m2

participated in the investigation. Direct VO2max was measured through Douglas air

bags as oxygen and carbon dioxide collected and volume measured using a Monark

cycle ergometer. The indirect VO2max was measured the YMCA Cycle Ergometer

Submaximal Test was executed on the same type of Monark cycle ergometer.

ID Age Height (cm)

Weight (Kg)

Direct VO2 (ml / Kg / Min)

Direct VO2 (L / min)

Indirect VO2 (ml / Kg / Min)

1 32 185 86 55.17 4.75 24.99

2 21 180 90 15.03 1.35 26.68

3 19 172 74 ? ? 38.89

4 20 180.3 72.7 54.45 3.931 57.6

5 19 183 67 39.85 2.67 16.89

6 26 182.1 86.6 17.34 1.502 ?

7 20 171 76.2 23.79 1.813 38.7

8 19 182 65 45.68 2.969 45.4

9 26 177.9 64.7 36.68 2.373 30.43

10 28 179.4 69.2 62.64 4.335 39

11 22 179.5 81.7 66.56 5.438 30.6

12 21 179 81.5 45.93 3.743 27.5

13 19 182 79.4 39.89 3.167 43.37

14 20 180.5 70.9 44.12 3.128 41.54

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Table 1: VO2max results for each participant across every protocol.

The Descriptive Statistics Test Table 2 shows the summary statistics separately from

the sample size.

A Paired Samples Test (Appendix 1.) displays the level of significant difference

between the accuracy of submaximal estimations of VO2Max with direct was

measured via gas analyses. Results are relatively expressed in millilitres per

kilogram of body weight per minute. A paired sample t– test Table 3 revealed that

the indirect VO2max method shown a significantly decreased value (42 ± 15 ml / Kg–

1 / Min– 1 vs. 34 ± 11 ml / Kg– 1 / Min– 1) to the VO2max direct protocol (t = 1.980, Sig

p= <.069)

15 20 180 71.6 41.02 2.937 20.46

16 20 159 53.6 23.84 1.278 30.4

17 19 168.7 60.6 15.94 0.966 ?

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean

Std.

Deviation Skewness Kurtosis

Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic

Std.

Error

Age 17 19 32 21.82 3.828 1.630 .550 1.925 1.063

Height_cm 17 159.0 185.0 177.729 6.5135 – 1.783 .550 3.305 1.063

Weight_Kg 17 53.6 90.0 73.571 9.8662 – .151 .550 – .425 1.063

BMI 17 19.70 27.80 23.3000 2.47563 .185 .550 – 1.276 1.063

DirectV02max 16 15.03 66.56 39.2456 16.29744 – .058 .564 – .940 1.091

IndirectV02max 15 16.89 57.60 34.1633 10.66547 .436 .580 .191 1.121

Valid N

(listwise)

14

T Sig. (2– tailed)

1.980 .069

Table 3. – Relationship between direct and indirect VO2max measurement tests.

Table 2. – Sample size of VO2max measurement tests.

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The Q–Plots give a graphical representation about how good the sample is. This can

then be related to another population of participants. As Figure 1 illustrates the

plotted ages is a good indicator to the ‘line of best fit’. Whilst Figure 2 clarifies height

of the participants is of an S shape around the trend line which relates to normal

distribution of data. Also in Figure 3 when weight of all participants is applied it

shows that all participants are close to the trend line. Therefore it is assumed that

this applies to the general population. Conversely anomalies are present in the data

as some participants did not take part in the second phase of fitness testing.

The value p < 0.05 was considered as the statistical significance level when

comparing the accuracy of submaximal estimations of VO2max with direct was

measured via gas analyses. To assess the statistical results, prior to the participants

VO2max measured a hypothesis was generated. Hypothesis – I expect there to be

no significant difference between the direct and indirect VO2max results. Null

hypothesis – There will be a significant difference between direct and indirect

Figure 1. Q–Plots of Age Figure 2. Q–Plots of Height

Figure 3. Q–Plots of Weight

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VO2max results. Following the T– Test result of .069 I accept my hypothesis which is

statistically accurate to 95% or 0.05 level. The results of this test can be obtained

and be the assessment of level of accuracy for both direct and submaximal protocols

been used for measurements of VO2max. Therefore I can be 95% assured that there

is a positive relationship regarding the VO2max was measured and comparisons

through direct and submaximal estimations. Consequently the Null Hypothesis is

rejected.

Discussion

The main aim of the practical report was to make comparisons of accuracy between

direct and indirect protocols. This involved direct being measured via gas analyses

and submaximal estimations of VO2max using Douglas bags. The biggest measured

VO2 is at the plateau phase, which signifies the participants VO2max (Sport Fitness

Advisor, 2012). Since when maximal exertion is reached once the participant is

unable to perform any faster VO2 will after a little delay be observed to plateau.

Wilmore, (1999) defines VO2max as the highest rate of oxygen consumption

attainable during maximal or exhaustible exercise; it is this peak value that can

sometimes be regarded as the best single measurement of cardio–respiratory

endurance and aerobic fitness.

Equally both submaximal and direct VO2max, the estimation calculations are greatly

affected by means of the participant’s heart rate. The (Met Office, 2012) show

Bedford’s altitude is 85 meters above mean sea level, whereas the average

elevation of Corby, United Kingdom is 76 meters (Mongabay, 2010). However when

performing at a higher altitude measurements with altitude training, this would help

each participant in fighting against the lower atmospheric pressure. Thus helps

develop performance and subsequently their VO2max, nevertheless in order to

standardise results, utilising the equation below to convert values measured at

Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure Saturated (ATPS) to Standard Temperature

and Pressure, Dry (STPD).

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Gas volume STPD = VATPS ( 273 ) ( PB – PH2O)

273 + ToC 760

The VO2max measurements through two methods present advantages and

disadvantages: the direct and indirect protocols. Direct VO2max measurement

(Protocol found in appendix 3) is where participants perform an ergometric test with

progressive loads and the exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide fractions during effort

as well as the pulmonary ventilation is analysed (Jaguaribe de Lima et al 2005).

Further backed up by (Cerritos College, 2012) who suggest this measurement

provides a more reliable result.

In contrast Athletics Wikia, (2012) recommends the direct maximal test is performed

in laboratory environment typically taking between 10–15 minutes. They also note

that needs the participant to be self–motivated and entirely rested before start of

measurements. While Shape Sense, (2012) says a participant performs a gradual

advancement to maximal physical exertion so tolerates the test long enough to

discover true reading of VO2max. With regard to the indirect VO2max measurement,

the so–called field test in Appendix 2 shows the calculation of this variable is

performed through equations based on pre–established time or distance. Additionally

Jaguaribe de Lima et al (2005) found that the indirect measurement is simple to

setup and with fewer expenses compared to any direct tests.

The randomness of participants presented in the report shows different performance

results, nonetheless the specific testing protocols was followed each time the tests

been conducted. Hence Voza, (2012) testifies submaximal (Indirect) testing is safer

since done with a controlled pace whereby motivation is not a factor with lower risk

being managed to individuals of every age and fitness levels. Furthermore the

indirect test offers quick assessment along with being cost effective since capable of

mass participant testing too.

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Although Evetovich, (2012) describes the disadvantages are with VO2max not being

directly measured it has an error rate of 10–20% Likewise not being able to truly

measure participants maximal heart rate; since with estimations of maximum heart

rate typically uses 220–age, this can differ by +15 BPM for participants who are of

the same age. Unlike direct was measured according to (Sport Fitness Advisor,

2012) is only suggested for participants who are fit as this has highest associated

risks, with the measurements being time consuming and expensive since classed as

the finest gauge of individuals cardiovascular endurance.

McKay (1976) proposes peak VO2 during bicycle ergometry is considerably lower

than VO2max achieved in treadmill running. Following the YMCA Cycle Ergometer

Submaximal Test uses calculations to workout estimations of each individual VO2.

Besides the participants heart rate and their blood pressure can be continuously

monitored throughout the test. Though (Voza, 2012) reflects that the submaximal

test has specific protocols which must be understood for the tests to be deemed

valid.

YOGi Cycling (2012) believes the participants can expect a 5–7 percent loss in

VO2max from sea level to 5,000 feet with decreases in air density and partial

pressure or amount of oxygen in the air. Women Fitness (2012) and Wilmore (2008)

both agree that VO2max will lower when the individual’s age increases. Similarly

research Quinn, (2011) approves VO2max is peaked when at age 20. This even

drops nearly 30 percent when reaching 65. Nevertheless this is dependent of the

participant individualities and if they regularly follow training programs. Also Women

Fitness (2012) discovered one large cross sectional investigation established the

mean decrease was 0.54 ml/kg/min in women (1.7%).

Furthermore (Wilmore, 2008) reveals genetics build up to 40% of difference in

VO2max connecting participants. The same with a participant’s gender as YOGi

Cycling (2012) proposes there are differences in their heart size, blood volumes and

haemoglobin levels. For instance a woman's VO2max will be about 20 percent

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weaker in contrast to a man's VO2max. Yet Quinn, (2011) testifies there are

numerous elite female athletes who have greater VO2max scores compared to

majority of men. Also the participant differences to their matching somatotype in

VO2max reflect the volume of muscle mass recruited. VO2max expressed relative to

body mass. More body fat mass = lower relative VO2max (Wilmore, 2008).

Conclusion

Correspondingly the results concluded that the indirect VO2max was measured

presenting strong relationship with the direct measurement. As equally was expected

that direct methods are similarly accurate with indirect when looking at VO2max

scores. Table 2. shows no significant differences were found between VO2max

values in the direct and indirect measurements.

Additionally current research shows the participants age, gender, genetics, previous

training, body size and composition either determines and/or influences in limiting

measurements. These factors that affect VO2max such as the participants fitness

level is under their control however others are not. As with unsuitable seat height

arrangement, faulty heart rate monitors, poor collection of readings and inputting

data this can lead to incorrect findings.

Nonetheless the protocols used could be used with the Live High Train Low theory

for improved performance. However hypoxic chambers can be made use of to

simulate different levels at before and after to check progress made. Plus being able

to maintain regulation of the temperature, this is set to the same for all of the tests.

Then discover whether the further involvement has produced a substantial variation

in their maximal oxygen uptake results.

It is important to regularly test athletes for optimal performance through their

maximal oxygen uptake. Studies reveal that VO2max considerably assesses

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performance in endurance sports like running, cycling or triathlon, whereby the elite

athletes share similar VO2max scores. As the use of direct measurements with

analysing lactate threshold is observed for an improved outlook of participant’s

fitness and endurance performance capability.

References

Athletics Wikia (2012) Maximal Oxygen Uptake. [online] Available at:

http://athletics.wikia.com/wiki/Maximal_Oxygen_Uptake#cite_note– Quinn_vo2– 14

[Accessed: 23/05/2012]

Cerritos College (2012) VO2max/ Cardiorespiratory Fitness Test PowerPoint.

[online] Available at: cms.cerritos.edu/uploads/lnguyen/VO2max. [Accessed:

23/05/2012]

Evetovich, TK. (2012) Aerobic. [online] Available at:

academic.wsc.edu/faculty/taeveto1/ped470/lecture/ppt/aerobic.ppt [Accessed:

23/05/2012]

Jaguaribe de Lima, A.M., Gomes Silva, D.V. & Soares de Souza, A.O. (2005)

Correlation between direct and indirect VO2max measurements in indoor soccer

players. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 11(3), pp. 159– 161[online]. Available at:

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbme/v11n3/en_a02v11n3.pdf [Accessed: 22/01/2012].

McKay, GA. & Banister, EW. (1976) A comparison of maximum oxygen uptake

determination by bicycle ergometry at various pedaling frequencies and by treadmill

running at various speeds. European Journal of Applied Physiology and

Occupational Physiology, 35(3), pp.191–200. [online] Available at:

http://www.springerlink.com/content/eh5vk48427363265/ [Accessed: 24/05/2012]

Met Office (2012) Bedford. [online] Available at:

http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/uk/ee/bedford_latest_weather.html [Accessed:

03/02/2012]

Mongabay (2010) Corby [online] Available at:

http://population.mongabay.com/population/united– kingdom/2652381/corby

[Accessed: 03/02/2012]

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Quinn, E. (2011) What Is VO2max? VO2max Measures Aerobic Fitness and

Maximal Oxygen Uptake. [online] Available at:

http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/anatomyandphysiology/a/VO2_max.htm

[Accessed: 17/01/2012]

Shape Sense (2012) VO2 and VO2max. [online] Available at:

http://www.shapesense.com/fitness– exercise/articles/vo2– and– vo2max.aspx

[Accessed: 03/02/2012]

Sport Fitness Advisor (2012) VO2max. [online] Available at: http://www.sport–

fitness– advisor.com/VO2max.html [Accessed: 17/01/2012]

Voza, L. (2012) Aerobic Exercise Test. [online] Available at:

http://www.livestrong.com/article/347588– aerobic– exercise– test/ [Accessed:

23/05/2012]

Wilmore, J.H., Costill, D.L. and Kenney, W.L. (2008) Physiology of sport and

exercise [Book]. 4th edn. Champaign, IL; Leeds: Human Kinetics.

Women Fitness (2012) VO2 [online] Available at:

http://www.womenfitness.net/vo2.htm [Accessed: 03/02/2012]

YOGi Cycling (2012) VO2max. [online] Available at:

http://yogicycling.com/articles/training/vo2– max/ [Accessed: 03/02/2012]

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Appendices

Appendix 1. Paired Samples Test

Appendix 2.

Indirect Prediction of OV 2max

Submaximal cycle ergometer test (YMCA Bicycle Test)

1. Collect subject information; height, weight, age, and gender.

2. Adjust the cycle ergometer seat to the proper height.

3. Strap the heart rate monitor around the participants chest and prepare the

receiver for data collection.

4. Obtain a two– minute resting heart rate.

5. Have the subject begin cycling at 0.5 kg for 3 min at 50 rpm .

6. If the HR in the third minute is:

• Less than (<) 80, set load #2 at 750 kgm

• 80– 90, set load #2 at 600 kgm

• 90– 100, set load #2 at 450 kgm

• Greater than (>) 100, set load #2 at 300 kgm

7. Set the third and fourth workloads according to Figure 1.

8. The test is completed when two steady rate heart rates between 110 and 150

have been attained at two workloads.

9. Have the subject continue cycling at a light workload for one minute.

10. Determine predicted VO2max using the calculations below.

Calculations

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

t Df

Sig. (2–

tailed) Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1 DirectVO2max –

IndirectVO2max

8.64929 16.34695 4.36891 – .78916 18.08773 1.980 13 .069

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0.5KP

150kgm

2.5KP

750kgm

2.0KP

600kgm

3.5KP

1050kgm

3.0KP

900kgm

2.0KP

600kgm

1.5KP

450kgm

1KP

300kgm

2.5KP

750kgm

2.0KP

600kgm

1.5KP

450kgm

3.0 KP

900kgm

2.5KP

750kgm

<80 80-9090-100 >100

0.5KP

150kgm

2.5KP

750kgm

2.0KP

600kgm

3.5KP

1050kgm

3.0KP

900kgm

2.0KP

600kgm

1.5KP

450kgm

1KP

300kgm

2.5KP

750kgm

2.0KP

600kgm

1.5KP

450kgm

3.0 KP

900kgm

2.5KP

750kgm

<80 80-9090-100 >100

Convert Power (Watts) to OV 2 for stage a and stage b

OV 2 = ((power / bodymass)*10.8)+3.5

Calculate slope between final 2 points

b= ( OV 2b– OV 2a)/(HR2– HR1)

OV 2max = OV 2b +b(HRmax– HR2)

Figure 4 YMCA Cycle progression

Appendix 3.

Purpose:

To practice using the Douglas bags, then to calculate and compare oxygen

consumption and energy expenditure during 5 mins of rest and exercise using

indirect calorimetry.

Methods:

1. All participants read the information sheet and complete medical

questionnaire and informed consent form.

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2. Record participants height, body mass and note their details on the data

record sheet, also recording the ambient conditions.

3. Obtain the necessary equipment: mouthpiece, falconia tubing, 2 Douglas

bags, stop clock.

4. Evacuate the Douglas bags and assemble the equipment.

5. Get the participants to sit at rest for five minutes prior to any data collection

and test the mouthpiece.

6. Collect 5 mins of expired air from the subject (wait until the subject has had

the mouthpiece in for 30 seconds first)

7. Analyse the Douglas bag and record the results

8. Repeat the above procedure while walking at 6km.hr– 1 after the subject has

been exercising for 5 minutes to ensure the subject is in steady state.

Procedure for collecting and analysing expired air:

Connect the mouth piece to the falconia tubing and obtain a nose clip. Give to the

subject to test.

Douglas bag evacuation. (this must be done before any data collection)

1. Connect the large grey/cream tube from the dry gas meter to the Douglas

bag.

2. Check the sample line valve is closed (the clamp is shut on the tube)

3. Turn the Douglas bag valve to open the route of air flow and turn on the pump

4. Watch for the volume counter to stabilize (this indicates the Douglas bag is

near empty)

5. Squeeze/roll the Douglas bag from bottom to top to ensure no air remains.

6. Turn the Douglas bag valve 180 degrees so the bag is now vacuumed.

7. Turn off the vacuum pump and reset the volume counter.

8. Attach the mouthpiece and falconia tubing to the Douglas bag to be ready for

data collection.

Data collection:

1. Give the subject the nose clip to put on and the mouthpiece to put into their

mouth

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2. Allow 30 seconds to pass before collection data to allow the subject to get

used to the mouthpiece and stop mildly hyperventilating (this may not be

noticeable). During this time watch the black valve within the two way valve

move with each breath (if you can’t see this ask your subject to take a few

deep breaths

3. You should notice when the subject inhales the black valve moves down.

4. After the 30 seconds wait for the subject to inhale (black valve moves down),

swiftly turn the Douglas bag valve to open the route of air flow. Exactly at this

time a colleague should start the stop clock.

5. You are now collecting the participants expired air into the Douglas bag

whilst they inhale from the ambient air (due to the action of the black two way

valve). Also by waiting for the subject to inhale before starting collection you

are measuring whole expired breaths.

6. After approximately 5 mins stop data collection by turning the Douglas bag

valve 180 degrees again with simultaneous stopping of the stop clock. Now

you have collected ~5mins expired air with whole breaths. (Typically during

exercise Douglas bag measurements are recorded 1 min or just under 1 min,

but for today we will use 5 min to ensure a good volume in the Douglas bag.)

7. The subject can now remove the mouthpiece

Calculations:

Energy expended= VO2 (L.min– 1) x 5(5 Kcal are expanded per L of O2) x 5 mins

(data was collected for 5 min)

Energy expended at rest: ________ Kcal Energy expended walking:

____________ Kcal

RER at rest: ____________ RER Walking: _____________

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