comparison of ehc®, eos®, and solid potassium permanganate
TRANSCRIPT
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Comparison of EHC®, EOS®, and Solid Potassium Permanganate Pilot Studies for Reducing Residual TCE Contaminant Mass
Defense Distribution Depot
San Joaquin-Sharpe Site
Lathrop, California
Corinne Marks, PE
URS Corporation
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Presentation Outline
Project Site Overview
Pilot Study Selection
EHC® Pilot Study
EOS® Pilot Study
Solid KMnO4 Pilot Study
Pilot Study Comparison
Benefits of Remedy Enhancement
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Project Site Overview
Defense Distribution Depot San Joaquin – Sharpe Site, Lathrop, CA
Principal mission since 1940s: Storage Shipment Packaging of general supplies Maintenance of equipment
Groundwater contaminated primarily with TCE
Added to National Priorities List in 1987
ROD established TCE cleanup level at 5 µg/L
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Project Site Overview
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Maximum TCE concentration is 1,020 µg/L (monitoring well data)
Large plumes
Approximate Groundwater Flow
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Project Site Overview Groundwater depth ~ 20 feet bgs
Complex, heterogeneous aquifer. Silt/clay & discontinuous sands
Silt, clay, and laterally discontinuous sands
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Project Site OverviewRemedy Enhancement Evaluation Pump and treat operating
since 1987 In 2010, 57 pounds
removed at ~$20,000/lb In situ remediation
alternatives were evaluated to: Improve the effectiveness
of the existing groundwater remedy
Decrease energy consumption Reduce lifecycle costs
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Pilot Study SelectionSite Characteristics Heterogeneous lithology
Neither strongly oxidative or reductive
Contamination extends deeper than 100 feet
Residual contamination primarily located in fine-grained soils (silts/clays)
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Technology CriteriaReadily dispersed
Either a reductive dechlorination or oxidation technology
Can cost-effectively inject deeper than 100 feet
Access fine-grained soilsLong lasting
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Pilot Study Selection
Pilot Study Objective Compare TCE Destruction Effectiveness Reducing amendments
Oxidizing amendments
Compare Delivery Methods Two delivery methods’ amendment distribution into fine-
grained soils
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Pilot Study Selection
Amendment and Distribution Selection
Three amendments and two delivery methods were selected to target residual mass in fine-grained soils EHC® injected by hydraulic fracturing
Emulsified vegetable oil (EOS®) injected via gravity fed injection wells
Solid potassium permanganate (KMnO4) injected by hydraulic fracturing
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Pilot Study Selection
Pilot Study Locations
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EOS®EHC®
KMnO4
Approximate Groundwater Flow
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EHC® Pilot Study
EHC® contains fibrous organic material and zero valent iron
Promotes biotic and abiotic (chemical) reductive dechlorination
EHC ® benefits Long lasting Combines reducing
potential of both organics and reduced metals
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EHC® Pilot Study
Pilot Study Activities Baseline CPT/HydroPunch®
sampling
Inject EHC® at four depths using hydraulic fracturing(rhodamine red dye and bromide added as tracer)
Monitor performance: Fracture radius determination
Groundwater sampling using both CPT/HydroPunch ® and monitoring wells
Assessment of vertical and lateral diffusion of EHC® (HSA core at 12 months)12
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EHC® Pilot Study
Pilot Study ResultsDistribution The fractures extended 15 feet
horizontally in a southwest direction Fracturing was not predictable or
uniformTCE Destruction TCE concentrations were reduced
from 600-760 μg/L to ND-0.8 μg/L (100- 99% reduction) in two wells after 24 months
EHC® influence continuing to expand at 24 months
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EOS® Pilot Study
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EOS® 598 B42 = Emulsified soybean oil
(longer lasting hydrogen source)
Lactate (immediate source) Nutrients
EOS® stimulates biological reduction of chlorinated solvents (TCE, DCE, VC, etc)
EOS® benefits Long lasting Easily dispersed/distributed
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EOS® Pilot StudyPilot Study Activities Install short-screened injection
wells in two different soil types Fine-grained soils Sands
Baseline groundwater well and CPT/HydroPunch ® sampling
Injected EOS® -water-bromide tracer emulsion via gravity feed
Performance monitoring Groundwater sampling using
monitoring wells Slug testing to determine effect on
hydraulic conductivity
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EOS® Pilot Study
Pilot Study ResultsDistribution Radius of injection was at least 5
feet in fine-grained soils to 8 feet in sands
Radius of influence increased by 5 feet due to advection
Non-uniform distribution Slug testing – EOS® no effect on
permeabilityTCE Destruction TCE concentrations reduced
from ~200 μg/L to < 5 μg/Lwhere dissolved organic carbon concentrations remained > 20 mg/L
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Solid KMnO4 Pilot Study
KMnO4 oxidizes chlorinated solvents CO2 + MnO2 + K+ + H+
+ Cl-
Solid KMnO4
benefits: Long lasting
Diffuses into fine-grained soils
17Source: http://www.liboxgoa.com
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Solid KMnO4 Pilot StudyPilot Study ActivitiesBaseline CPT/HydroPunch®
sampling Inject solid KMnO4 as a KMnO4 solids-gel slurry at four depths using hydraulic fracturingMonitor performance Fracture radius
determination (HSA cores)
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Groundwater sampling using both CPT/HydroPunch® and monitoring wells
Assessment of vertical and lateral diffusion of KMnO4 (6 & 12 month HSA cores)
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Solid KMnO4 Pilot Study
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Pilot Study ResultsDistribution The fractures extended
15 feet generally in a southwest direction
Fracturing was notpredictable or uniform
Vertical diffusion rate ~10 inches/month
TCE Destruction TCE Reduced from
> 1,000 μg/L to < 5 μg/L in less than 6 months in all locations
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Pilot Study Comparison
Amendment Comparison EHC®
EOS®
KMnO4
Delivery Comparison Injection Wells
Hydraulic Fracturing
20Source: FRx Inc.
Source: ITRC
Source: http://www.liboxgoa.com
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Pilot Study Comparison
Basis for Evaluation of Pilot Studies
Evaluate based on: Effectiveness
Implementability
Cost
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Effective
Implementable Cost
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Pilot Study Comparison
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EHC® EOS®Solid PotassiumPermanganate
Destruction Mechanism
Biotic and abiotic (chemical) reductive
dechlorination
Biotic reductive dechlorination
Chemical oxidation
TCE Destruction 1,000 µg/L to <5 µg/L
(in 2 of 4 wells)
200 µg/L to <5 µg/L
(if DOC > 20 mg/L)
>1,000 µg/L to <5 µg/L
(in all locations)
Treatment Time 24 months for TCE
>24 months for cis-1,2-DCE
3-6 month for TCE
12-28 months for cis-1,2-DCE
< 6 months for all VOCs
(based on first post-fracture sampling
event)
Amendment Comparison
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Pilot Study Comparison
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EHC® EOS®Solid PotassiumPermanganate
Formation of TCE daughter products
Yes Yes No
Rebound or influx from upgradient
Yes Yes None observed after 12 months
Distribution (by diffusion and advection) afterinjection
5 feet horizontally in 12 months
5 feet horizontally in 12 months
5 feet horizontally in 12 months
5 to 15 inches/month
vertically (in first 6 months)
Amendment Comparison (continued)
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Pilot Study Comparison
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EHC® EOS®Solid PotassiumPermanganate
Secondary WaterQuality Changes
• Increased calcium,potassium, sodium, magnesium, arsenic, barium, boron, iron, manganese, strontium, TDS
• Increased arsenic, iron, manganese, TDS
• Decreased pH
• Increased barium, chromium, manganese, TDS
• Decreased arsenic and cadmium
• Did not increase chromium VI
Amendment Comparison (continued)
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Pilot Study Comparison
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EHC® EOS®Solid PotassiumPermanganate
Amendment Dosage (Design)
1,635 gallons
(0.20% EHC by soil mass)
3,300 gallons
• Clays/Silts: 1,000 gallons of 12% EOS®-water emulsion
• Sands: 2,300 gallons of 5% EOS®-water emulsion followed by 440 gallons of “chase” water
1,490 gallons
(2,000 lbs/fracture
[equiv. to 12,000 gallons 2% solution])
Pilot Study AmendmentCost per Cubic Yard Soil (Design)
$14(sands or
fines)
• $39 (fines)• $13 (sand)
$19(sands or fines)
Amendment Comparison (continued)
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Pilot Study Comparison
Amendment Comparison Conclusions All three amendments: Reduced TCE concentrations to less than 5 µg/L (cleanup level)
where amendment contacted contaminant Continued to distribute/diffuse horizontally after injection Had secondary water quality impacts
Solid KMnO4 was selected as the preferred amendment KMnO4 distributed/diffused significantly more in fine-grained
soils than the other two amendments Destroyed TCE more quickly than other amendments without
daughter products Cost effective since multiple injections are not necessary
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Pilot Study Comparison
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Injection Wells Hydraulic FracturingExtent of Delivery 5 to 8 feet 6.5 to 12.5 feet
Distribution • Non-uniform• Distributed more in
coarse-grained soils
• Non-uniform• Distributed in both fine-
grained and coarse-grained soils
• Short circuiting potential
Time to Inject 2 days 1 to 4 days
Pilot Study Cost (Injection cost only. No oversight costs included)
$40k $60k – EHC®
$80k – KMnO4
Delivery Method Comparison
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Pilot Study Comparison
Delivery Method Conclusions Both delivery methods resulted in non-uniform
distribution Hydraulic fracturing costs more initially but can be
cost effective since multiple injections are not necessary
Hydraulic fracturing was selected as the preferred delivery method Hydraulic fracturing increased the distribution of the
amendment in fine-grained soils when compared to gravity-fed injection wells
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Benefits of Remedy Enhancement
Benefit of effective destruction of residual contaminant mass in fine-grained soils is that it increases the effectiveness of the existing system by: Reducing overall cleanup time
Reducing long-term costs
Reducing long-term energy demands
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Questions?