comparison of bricks

29
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BRICKS

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Page 1: Comparison of Bricks

COMPARATIVE

STUDY

OF

VARIOUS TYPES

OF

BRICKS

Page 2: Comparison of Bricks

PROJECT

BY:-

NEHA.D.PATIL

POOJA.S.BHOLE

NAMRATA.K.CHAUDHARI

PRIYANI.S.PATIL

SHIVANI.S.AADBAL

Page 3: Comparison of Bricks

UNDER

THE

GUIDANCE OF:-

RAJENDRA PATIL SIR

AND

ASHWINI SONAR MISS

Page 4: Comparison of Bricks

INDEX

INTRODUCTION.

HISTORY.

TYPES OF BRICKS.

COMPOSITION.

TESTING METHODS.

COMPARISON.

CONCLUSION.

INDEX

Page 5: Comparison of Bricks

NO CONSTRUCTION IS POSSIBLE WITHOUT

BRICK.SINCE MANY CENTURIES BRICKS HAVE

PROVIDED THE BASIC MATERIAL FOR

CONSTRUCTION.THEY ARE UTILISED IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION AS WELL AS IN ARCHITECHTURAL

POINT OF VIEW.

BRICKS ARE OBTAINED BY HOMOGENEOUS

MIXING OF SUITABLY PROPORTIONED EARTH WITH

SILICA AND ALUMINA IN IT WHICH IS TRANSFERRED

TO TIMBER OR STEEL MOULDS.BRICKS ARE AN

EFFECTIVE MEANS OF UTILIZING WASTES

GENERATED BY STONE CRUSHERS,QUARRYING AND

STONE PROCESSING UNITS.BRICKS ARE

RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE HAVING FROG IN ITS

CENTRE FROM ONE SIDE. THE BRICK HAS LENGTH

TWICE THE WIDTH.

INTRODUCTION

Page 6: Comparison of Bricks

BRICKS ARE CLASSIFIED ON THE

BASIS OF THEIR PERFORMANCE

CRITERIA.THE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

INCLUDES STRENGTH, DURABILITY,

ASTHETIC REQUIREMENT, SELECTION OF

THE PROPER SPECIFICATION AND

CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THAT

SPECIFICATION, ALONG WITH PROPER

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SHOULD

RESULT IN EXPECTED PERFORMANCE.

BRICKS ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT,

CHEAP, EASY TO HANDLE AND EASILY

AVAILABLE.

Page 7: Comparison of Bricks

BRICK IS THE OLDEST MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIAL

AND MOST OF ITS HISTORY IS LOST IN ANTIQUITY.THE OLDEST BURNT

OR FIRED BRICK HAVE BEEN FOUND ON THE SITES OF BABYLONIA,SOME

OF WHICH ARE ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 6000 YEARS OLD.BRICK IS

AFTERALL INDESTRUCTIBLE.

THE INDUSTRY DEVELOPED ON TRADITIONAL LINES,USING

HAND-MAKING PROCESSES FOR THE MOST PART. THE FIRST PATENT

FOR A CLAY-WORKING MACHINE WAS GRANTED IN THE YEAR

1619.MECHANISM HOWEVER,DID NOT BEGIN

TO TAKE THE PLACE OF MANUAL

METHODS UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF 19th

CENTURY.THE MOULDED PRODUCTS WERE

FIRED IN RELATIVELY INEFFICIENT

INTERMITTENT OR STATIC KILNS UNTIL

ABOUT 1858.

HISTORY

Page 8: Comparison of Bricks

WHEN HOFFMAN INTRODUCED A CONTINUOUS KILN,

WHICH ENABLED ALL PROCESSES CONNECTED WITH THE FIRING

TO BE CARRIED OUT CONCURRENTLY AND CONTINUOUSLY.

SINCE,THE INTRODUCTION OF CLAY WORKING MACHINERY AND

THE HOFFMAN KILN,THE INDUSTRY HAS MADE GREAT

PROGRESS.PARTICULARLY SINCE 1930,THE OUTPUT OF BRICKS IN

GREAT BRITAIN WAS DOUBLED BETWEEN 1930 AND 1938.

BRICK FIND MENTIONED IN

THE BIBLE,THE TOWER OF BABEL

WAS BUILT WITH BURNT BRICKS.

BRICKS WERE PREDOMINANTLY

USED IN THE INDUS VALLEY

CIVILISATION.INFACT, THE

CIVILISATION WAS FIRST

DISCOVERED WHEN ANCIENT

BRICKS BEING USED TO BUILD

RAILWAY BALLAST CAME TO THE

NOTICE OF A PASSING

ARCHEOLOGIST.

Page 9: Comparison of Bricks

THE TAJ-MAHAL WAS BUILT IN

WHITE MARBLE BUT IT HAD EXTENSIVE

SCAFFOLDING MADE ENTIRELY OUT OF

BRICK WHICH WAS PULLED DOWN AFTER

COMPLETION.THE QUTUB MINAR IS THE

TALLEST

BRICK STRUCTURE MADE FROM RED CLAY

BRICKS.

Page 10: Comparison of Bricks
Page 11: Comparison of Bricks

IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF

WORLD,DIFFERENT SIZES OF BRICKS ARE

USED.

SOME OF THEM COMMONLY USED ARE:-

MODULAR BRICKS

CONVENTIONAL BRICKS

STANDARD BRICKS

THESE BRICKS DIFFER IN THEIR

PROPERTIES,USES,SIZES,SHAPES,COLOUR,

COMPOSITION,

STRENGTH,ETC.

TYPES OF BRICKS

Page 12: Comparison of Bricks

CLAY BRICK IS THE MOSTLY USED

TYPE OF BRICKS.THESE ARE RECTANGULAR IN

SHAPE,WELL-BURNT OF COPPER COLOUR,FREE

FROM CRACKS WITH SHARP EDGES.THEY HAVE

UNIFORM COLOUR,SHAPE,STANDARD SIZE AND

ARE POROUS IN NATURE.

THESE BRICKS DIFFER WITH RESPECT

TO THEIR FOLLOWING PROPERTIES AND USES

ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPES:-

Page 13: Comparison of Bricks

TYPE OF

BRICKS

GRADE PROPERTIES USES

1ST CLASS

BRICK.

A WELL

BURNT,SOUND,SHARP

EDGES,PROER SHAPE

AND SIZE.

FACE-WORKED

STRUCTURE.

2ND CLASS

BRICK.

B IRREGULAR IN SHAPE

AND SIZE,BLUNT

EDGES.

ORDINARY

STRUCTURES, BRICK-

WORK, UNDER

PLASTERS.

3RD CLASS

BRICK.

C UNDER BURNT

BRICKS,SOFT AND

LIGHT IN COLOUR.

UNIMPORTANT AND

TEMPORARY

STRUCTURES,AT HEAVY

RAINFALL PLACES.

4TH CLASS

BRICK.

(ZHAMA

BRICK)

D DEFORMED SHAPE

AND SIZE,OVER

BURNT.

AGGREGRATES FOR

CONCRETE IN

FOUNDATION,FLOORS,

ROADS, ETC.

Page 14: Comparison of Bricks

VARIOUS TYPES OF BRICKS ARE

MANUFACTURED AND USED FOR DIFFERENT

TYPES OF SPECIAL WORKS.THESE TYPES OF

BRICKS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS SPECIAL

BRICKS.FOLLOWING CHARTS CAN EXPLAIN

THIS INFORMATICALLY:-

Page 15: Comparison of Bricks

NAMES OF

SPECIAL TYPES OF

BRICKS.

SPECIAL

PROPERTIES.

SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.

(AS PER 1000

BRICKS.)

1. ACID

RESISTANT

BRICKS.

CHEMICALLY

RESISTANT.

CHEMICAL PLANT,

CHEMISTRY

LABS,ETC.

2. ENGINEERING

BRICKS.

MORE VITRIFIED

THAN COMMON

CLAY BUILDING

BRICKS,LESS

POROUS,VERY

HARD.

PAVING PURPOSES.

3. SILICA BRICKS. BEARS

TEMPERATURE

UPTO 2000 DEGREE

CELSIUS.

CONSTRUCTION

OF CHIMNEYS.

4. REFRACTORY

BRICKS.

WITHSTAND

TEMPERATURE

UPTO 1700 DEGREE

CELSIUS.

CONSTRUCTION

OF REFRACTORY

FURNANCE,

REVERBERATORY

BRICKS HEARTHS.

Page 16: Comparison of Bricks

NAMES OF

SPECIAL TYPES

OF BRICKS.

SPECIAL

PROPERTIES.

SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.

(AS PER 1000

BRICKS.)

5. SAND-LIME

BRICKS.

STRONG,HARD,

UNIFORM IN

COLOUR,SHARP

EDGES.

ORNAMENTAL

WORKS.

6. BLUE BRICKS. CAN BE FIRED AT

1250 DEGREE

CELSIUS.

HEAVY

ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTIONA

L WORKS LIKE

BRIDGES,ETC.

7. COLOURED

BRICKS.

AVAILABLE IN

VARIOUS

COLOURS.

DECORATION,

INTERIOR/

EXTERIOR

WORKS.

8. PERFORATED

BRICKS.

HAS

CYLINDRICAL

HOLES,LIGHT

WEIGHTED.

CONSTRUCTION

OF PANELS FOR

LIGHT WEIGHT

STRUCTURES AND

MULTI-STORED

FRAMED

STRUCTURE.

Page 17: Comparison of Bricks

NAMES OF SPECIAL

TYPES OF BRICKS.

SPECIAL

PROPERTIES.

SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.

(AS PER 1000 BRICKS.)

9. FIRE BRICKS. RESISTS HIGH

TEMPERATURE.

CONSTRUCTION OF

HEARTH, FURNANCES

AND CHIMNEY.

10. HOLLOW

BRICKS.

(CAVITY/CELLULAR

BRICKS.)

LIGHT IN WEIGHT,

DAMP,REDUCES

TRANSFER OF HEAT.

BRICK PARTIONING/

PARTITION WALLS.

3000₹

11. FLY-ASH BRICKS. HARD, HIGH

STRENGTH.

CONSTRUCTION OF

BUILDINGS/HOUSES,

OFFICES,ETC.

4200₹

Page 18: Comparison of Bricks

BRICKS ARE MADE UP BY HOMOGENEOUS MIXING OF SUITABLY PROPORTIONED EARTH WITH SILICA AND ALUMINA. IT ALSO CONSISTS OTHER MATERIALS MIXED IN IT.BRICKS ARE EFFECTIVE MEANS OF UTILISING WASTES GENERATED BY STONE CRUSHERS,QUARRYING AND STONE PROCESSING UNITS,ETC.

SOME OF THE COMMON CONSTITUENTS OF BRICKS ALONG WITH THEIR PROPORTION AND FUNCTION ARE GIVEN :-

COMPOSITION

Page 19: Comparison of Bricks

NAME OF

CONSTITUENT.

PROPORTION. FUNCTION.

1. ALUMINA 20% - 30% ABSORBS WATER AND GIVES

PLASTICITY TO BRICKS.

2. SILICA. 50% - 60% PREVENTS CRACKS,

SHRINKAGE AND WRAPING

OF RAW BRICKS.

3. LIME. 1% - 2% ACTS AS FLUX.

4. MAGNESIA. DECREASES SHRINKAGE

DURING BURNING, ACTS AS

FLUX.

5. IRON OXIDE 1% - 2% GIVES COLOUR TO THE

BRICKS, BINDS THE

PARTICLES OF BRICKS

TOGETHER AND ALSO ACTS

AS FLUX

Page 20: Comparison of Bricks

NAME OF

SPECIAL

BRICK.

SPECIAL

CONSTITUENT.

PROPORTION. FUNCTION.

1. SILICA

BRICKS.

SILICA 95% - 97% BEARS

TEMPERATU

RE.

2. BLUE

BRICKS.

IRON OXIDE 7% - 10% COLOUR

AGENT.

3. FLY

ASH

BRICKS.

FLY ASH

SAND

LIME

80%

13%

7%

STRENGTH,

COLOUR.

GIVES

STRENGTH,

HARDNESS.

ACTS AS A

BINDING

MATERIAL.

Page 21: Comparison of Bricks

BRICKS CAN ALSO CONTAIN

SOME HARMFUL CONSTITUENTS WHICH

AFFECT THE QUALITY OF BRICKS AND

CAN ALSO MAKE THEM USELESS.

HERE ARE THE NAMES OF

SOME OF THEM:-

•KANKAR/LIMESTONE.

•ALKALIES.

•IRON PYRITES.

•PEBBLES OF STONE AND GRAVEL.

•ORGANIC MATTER OR VEGETATION.

Page 22: Comparison of Bricks

1. HARDNESS:- A SCRATCH IS MADE ON A BRICK BY FINGER NAIL.IF NO IMPRESSION IS LEFT ON SURFACE OF BRICK THEN,THE BRICK IS CONSIDERED TO BE HARD.

2. CRUSHING STRENGTH:- IT IS DETERMINED BY COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE. MINIMUM CRUSHING STRENGTH OF A BRICK IS 3.5 N/mmsq.

3. SOUNDNESS:- WHEN TWO BRICKS STRUCKS ON EACH OTHER,IF THEY DON’T BREAK AND GIVE A METALLIC RINGING SOUND THEN IT INDICATES GOOD QUALITY OF BRICKS.

TESTING METHODS

Page 23: Comparison of Bricks

4. WATER ABSORPTION TEST:- LET,THE

WEIGHT OF BRICK BE W GRAMS.WHEN IT

IS SOAKED IN WATER FOR 24 HOURS AT

ROOM TEMPERATURE AND THEN IT IS

WEIGHTED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

WHICH WILL BE W1.

% OF WATER ABSORPTION=W1-W x100.

W

Page 24: Comparison of Bricks

5. EFFLORESCENCE TEST:- SOLUBLE SALTS

WHICH ARE PRESENT IN WATER CAUSES

EFFLORESCENCE ON SURFACE OF

BRICK.WHEN THE BRICK IS DIPPED IN

WATER FOR 24HOURS AFTER WHICH IT IS

ALLOWED TO DRY IN SHADE GIVES WHITE

OR GREY DEPOSITS ON ENTIRE SURFACE.

6. STRUCTURE:- AFTER BREAKING A BRICK,

IT’S INNER STRUCTURE OBSERVED

SHOULD BE COMPACT,HOMOGENEOUS

AND FREE FROM HOLES,DUST,ETC.

7. IMPACT TEST:- BRICK IS ALLOWED TO

DROP ON FLAT HARD SURFACE FROM

HEIGHT OF 1METER i.e. 3.28 FEET AND IT

SHOULD NOT BREAK INTO PIECES.

Page 25: Comparison of Bricks

COMPARISON

ACCORDING TO FOLL

PROPERTIES.

CLAY BRICKS. FLY - ASH BRICKS.

1. SIZE. 19X9X9CM. 9X4X3CM.

2. SURFACE. UNEVEN DUE TO

HAND MOULDS AND

NOT UNIFORM,ROUGH

SURFACE/FINISH.

EVEN AND

UNIFORM,SMOOTH

SURFACE/FINISH.

3. COLOUR. COPOROUS RED OR

AS PER THE COLOUR

OF SOIL.

CEMENT LIKE

COLOUR.

(GREYISH).

4. COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH.

35 N/MM Sq. 100 N/MM Sq.

5. DIMENSIONAL

ACCURACY.

NO DIMENSIONAL

ACCURACY.

DIMENSIONALLY

ACCURATE.

6. BONDING. LIGHTLY BONDED. DENSE COMPOSITION.

7. WATER

ABSORPTION.

20 – 25% 6 – 12%

COMPARISON

Page 26: Comparison of Bricks

COMPARISON

ACCORDING TO

FOLL PROPERTIES.

CLAY BRICKS. FLY – ASH BRICKS.

8. POROUSITY. MORE POROUS. LESS POROUS.

9. SOAKING IN

WATER.

SOAKING IN

WATER IS

REQUIRED.

ONLY SPRINKLING

OF WATER IS

ENOUGH.

10. PLASTERING. PLASTERING IS

REQUIRED.

NO PLASTERING IS

REQUIRED.

11. WEIGHT. HEAVY. LIGHT WEIGHTED.

12. MORTAR

REQUIRED.

MORE MORTAR IS

REQUIRED.

LESS MORTAR IS

REQUIRED.

13. SHAPED BY. HAND MADE ,

MOULDS.

MACHINES.

14. BURNING KILNS , VITT

BHATTI.

OVENS.

Page 27: Comparison of Bricks

COMPARISON

ACCORDING TO

FOLL PROPERTIES.

CLAY BRICKS. FLY – ASH BRICKS.

15. AVAILABILITY MAINLY IN RURAL

AREAS.

MAINLY IN URBAN

AREAS.

16. VITRIFICATION. LESS VITRIFIED. MORE VITRIFIED.

17. EXPENSIVE /

CHEAP.

EXPENSIVE. CHEAP.

18. COST. 4000 – 5000₹ 4200₹

19. COST OF

CONSTRUCTION.

INCREASES COST

OF COSTRUCTION.

DECREASES COST

OF CONSTRUCTION.

Page 28: Comparison of Bricks

FLY – ASH BRICK HAS UNIFORM SHAPE AND

SIZE WITH SMOOTH FINISH AND DIMENSIONAL

STABILITY. IT IS GREYISH IN COLOUR AND

DOESN’T REQUIRE SOAKING IN WATER BUT JUST

IN SPRINKLING IS ENOUGH.IT ALSO REQUIRES

LESS MORTAR DURING CONSTRUCTION AND IS

CHEAP IN COST.IT HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH, DENSELY COMPOSED,LESS

POROUS,ABSORBS LESS AMOUNT OF WATER.IT IS

LIGHT WEIGHTED AND REDUCES THE COST OF

CONSTRUCTION.

FLY – ASH BRICK IS MORE DURABLE AND

THE COMPARISON IMPLIES THAT FLY – ASH

BRICK SHOULD BE WIDELY USED IN

CONSTRUCTION.

CONCLUSION

Page 29: Comparison of Bricks

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.

(NIRALI PRAKASHAN ‘G’

SCHEME.)

NOTES OF KANCHAN PATIL

MISS.

BY NEHA PATIL.