COMPARISON OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSADVERBSLatin II Grammar Review: Lesson Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 8b8b

Use of AdverbsUse of Adverbs

Adverbs describe Adverbs describe verbs, verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.adjectives, and other adverbs. That dog is running That dog is running quicklyquickly.. That That veryvery fast dog is a fast dog is a

greyhound.greyhound. The dog race will end The dog race will end veryvery

soon. soon.

Formation of AdverbsFormation of Adverbs

In English, adverbs are formed from In English, adverbs are formed from adjectivesadjectives Add –ly to adjectiveAdd –ly to adjective

Happy Happy Happily HappilyQuick Quick Quickly QuicklyBrave Brave Bravely BravelyBeautiful Beautiful Beautifully Beautifully

Latin adverbs are also formed from Latin adverbs are also formed from adjectivesadjectives

Formation of AdverbsFormation of Adverbs

11stst/2/2ndnd Declension Adjective Declension Adjective Add an “e” to adjective stemAdd an “e” to adjective stem

amicus - a, umamicus - a, um amiceamicefriendly friendly in a friendly wayin a friendly way

gratus – a, um gratus – a, um grategrategrateful grateful gratefullygratefully

pulcher, -ra, -rum pulcher, -ra, -rum pulchrepulchrebeautiful beautiful beautifullybeautifully

Formation of AdverbsFormation of Adverbs

33rdrd Declension Adjective Declension Adjective Add an “iter” to adj. StemAdd an “iter” to adj. Stem

Fortis, forte Fortis, forte fortiterfortiterbrave brave bravelybravely

Acer, acris, acre Acer, acris, acre acriteracritersharp sharp sharplysharply

Facilis, facile Facilis, facile faciliterfacilitereasy easy easily easily

Comparison of Adjectives & Comparison of Adjectives & AdverbsAdverbs

Adjectives Adjectives and Adverbs and Adverbs possess 3 possess 3 degrees: degrees: PositivePositive ComparativeComparative SuperlativeSuperlative

Comparison of Adjectives & Comparison of Adjectives & AdverbsAdverbs

Positive = simple Positive = simple descriptiondescription

Comparative = Comparative = compares a quality compares a quality between 2 objectsbetween 2 objects

Superlative = one Superlative = one object is compared object is compared to 3 or more other to 3 or more other objectsobjects

Comparison of Adjectives & Comparison of Adjectives & AdverbsAdverbs

In English….In English…. Positive = regular adjectivePositive = regular adjective

beautiful, happy, fast, beautiful, happy, fast, brave…brave…

Comparative = adj.+ “-er,” Comparative = adj.+ “-er,” “more…,” or “rather…”“more…,” or “rather…” More beautiful, happier, More beautiful, happier,

faster, braver…faster, braver… Superlative = adj. + “-est,” Superlative = adj. + “-est,”

or “most…” or “very…”or “most…” or “very…” Very beautiful, happiest, Very beautiful, happiest,

fastest, bravest…fastest, bravest…

Comparison of Comparison of AdjectivesAdjectives

Positive = “regular Positive = “regular adjective”adjective”

amicus, amica, amicum = amicus, amica, amicum = friendlyfriendly

miser, misera, miserum = miser, misera, miserum = sadsad

acer, acris, acre = sharpacer, acris, acre = sharp

Comparison of Comparison of AdjectivesAdjectives

Comparative = Comparative = add add -ior-ior (m/f) (m/f) --iusius (n) to (n) to stemstem Decline just as a 3Decline just as a 3rdrd declension declension

adjectiveadjective

Amicior, amicius = Amicior, amicius = friendlierfriendlier miserior, miserius = miserior, miserius = saddersadder acrior, acrius = acrior, acrius = sharpersharper

Comparison of Comparison of AdjectivesAdjectives

Superlative = Superlative = add add -issimus - a, um (--issimus - a, um (-rimus, -limus)rimus, -limus)* * to to stemstem Decline like 1Decline like 1stst/2/2ndnd declension declension

adjectivesadjectives Amicissimus – a, um = friendliestAmicissimus – a, um = friendliest Miserrimus – a, um = saddestMiserrimus – a, um = saddest Acerrismus – a, um = sharpestAcerrismus – a, um = sharpest Simillimus – a, um = most/very similarSimillimus – a, um = most/very similar Facillimus – a, um = easiestFacillimus – a, um = easiest

Comparison of AdverbsComparison of Adverbs

Follow the Follow the same basic same basic rules for rules for adjectives, adjectives, with one with one exception…exception…

Comparison of AdverbsComparison of Adverbs

Comparative – use the neuter Comparative – use the neuter formform Amicior, Amicior, amiciusamicius

Superlative – follow the same Superlative – follow the same rules as the positiverules as the positive amicissimus amicissimus amicissimeamicissime miserrimusmiserrimus miserrimemiserrime facillimus facillimus facillimefacillime

Quam with the Quam with the ComparativeComparative

Use the word Use the word quam quam to compare the to compare the quality of quality of two objects or actionstwo objects or actions. .

The two objects or actionsThe two objects or actions must must have the same form (same case have the same form (same case and number; same person, and number; same person, number, tense, voice, and moodnumber, tense, voice, and mood))..

Quam with the Quam with the ComparativeComparative

Fortiorem virum quam Fortiorem virum quam illumillum non vidi.non vidi.

Note that Note that virumvirum and and illumillum are being are being describeddescribed

Note that both words Note that both words are accusative singularare accusative singular

Quam with the Quam with the ComparativeComparative

Hic Hic monsmons est est altior quam altior quam illeille..

Note that Note that monsmons and and illeille are being comparedare being compared

Note that both words Note that both words are nominative singularare nominative singular

Quam with the Quam with the Superlative AdverbSuperlative Adverb

Quam with the superlative is Quam with the superlative is translated “as...as possible”translated “as...as possible”

Quam fortissimeQuam fortissime pugnabimus.pugnabimus. We will fight We will fight as bravely as as bravely as

possiblepossible.. Ea Ea quam celerrimequam celerrime aderit.aderit.

She will be here She will be here as quickly as as quickly as possiblepossible..