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3/18/2015 Article: Comparison of 304 or 316 and 304L or 316L type compositions and effect on corrosion resistance http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=110 1/2 BRITISH STAINLESS STEEL ASSOCIATION Making the Most of Stainless Steel HOME CONTACT MEMBERS AREA Select quick link enter search term HOME ABOUT BSSA TECHNICAL HELP FIND A SUPPLIER SHOP NEWS TRAINING EVENTS BSSA MEMBERS CONTACT US Home Technical Help Technical Library Corrosion & Oxidation Intergranular Corrosion (IC) TECHNICAL HELP About Stainless Steel FAQ Technical Library Special Topics Technical Enquiries Publication & Products Featured Articles & Publications BSSA Understanding Stainless Steel Centenary Edition BSSA Stainless Steel Surface Finishes Pack 100 Years of Stainless Steel Book Stay Bright A History of Stainless Steels in Britain by David Dulieu BSSA Guide to Stainless Steel Specifications 2nd Edition Availability of Stainless Steel Grades Getting the Best out of Stainless Steel Special Grades of Stainless Steel Where to Find Them Duplex Stainless Steels A Simplified Guide Fabricating Duplex Stainless Steel Importance of Surface Finish in the Design of Stainless Steel More Than Just Scratching the Surface A Practical Approach to Surface Finish The Then and Now of Electropolishing Structural Sections in Stainless Steel Stainless steel fasteners European Standards Referenced Standards for Stainless Steel Products European EN Standard Grade Summary Comparison of 304 or 316 and 304L or 316L type compositions and effect on corrosion resistance Introduction composition ranges As American AISI basic grades, the only practical difference between 304 or 316 and 304L or 316L is carbon content. The carbon ranges are 0.08% maximum for 304 and 316 and 0.030% maximum for the 304L and 316L types. All other element ranges are essentially the same (nickel range for 304 is 8.0010.50% and for 304L 8.0012.00%). There are two European steels of the '304L' type, 1.4306 and 1.4307. The 1.4307 is the variant most commonly offered, outside Germany. The 1.4301 (304) and 1.4307 (304L) have carbon ranges of 0.07% maximum and 0.030% maximum, respectively. The chromium and nickel ranges are similar, nickel for both grades having an 8% minimum. 1.4306 is essentially a German grade and has 10% minimum Ni. This reduces the ferrite content of the steel and has found to be necessary for some chemical processes. The European grades for the 316 and 316L types, 1.4401 and 1.4404, match on all elements with carbon ranges of 0.07% maximum for 1.4401 and 0.030% maximum for 1.4404. There are also high Mo versions (2.5% minimum Ni) of 316 and 316L in the EN system, 1.4436 and 1.4432 respectively. To further complicate mattters, there is also grade 1.4435 which is both high in Mo (2.5% minimum) and in Ni (12.5% minimum). Effect of carbon on corrosion resistance The lower carbon 'variants' (316L) were established as alternatives to the 'standards' (316) carbon range grade to overcome the risk of intercrystalline corrosion (weld decay), which was identified as a problem in the early days of the application of these steels. This can result if the steel is held in a temperature range 450 to 850°C for periods of several minutes, depending on the temperature and subsequently exposed to aggressive corrosive environments. Corrosion then takes place next to grain boundaries. If the carbon level is below 0.030% then this intercrystalline corrosion does not take place following exposure to these temperatures, especially for the sort of times normally experienced in the heat affected zone of welds in 'thick' sections of steel. Effect of carbon level on weldability There is a view that the low carbon types are easier to weld than the standard carbon types. There does not seem to be a clear reason for this and the differences are probably associated with the lower strength of the low carbon type. The low carbon type may be easier to shape and form, which in turn may also affect the levels of residual stress left the steel after is forming and fitting up for welding. This may result in the 'standard' carbon types needing more force to hold them in position once fittedup for welding, with more of a tendency to springback if not properly held in place. The welding consumables for both types are based on a low carbon composition, to avoid intercrystalline corrosion risk in the solidified weld nugget or from the diffusion of carbon into the parent (surrounding) metal. Dualcertification of low carbon composition steels Commercially produced steels, using current steelmaking methods, are often produced as the low carbon type as a matter of course due to the improved control in modern steelmaking. Consequently finished steel products are often offered to the market 'dual certified' to both grade designations as they can then be used for fabrications specifying either grade, within a particular standard. For example for coil, sheet or plate 304 Types BS EN 100882 1.4301 / 1.4307 to the European standard. ASTM A240 304 / 304L OR ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 304 / 304L to the American pressure vessel standards. 316 Types BS EN 100882 1.4401 / 1.4404 to the European standard. ASTM A240 316 / 316L OR ASTM A240 / ASME SA240 316 / 316L, to the American pressure vessel standards. top

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Comparison of 304 or 316 and 304L or 316L Type Compositions and Effect on Corrosion Resistance

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  • 3/18/2015 Article:Comparisonof304or316and304Lor316Ltypecompositionsandeffectoncorrosionresistance

    http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=110 1/2

    BRITISHSTAINLESSSTEELASSOCIATIONMakingtheMostofStainlessSteel

    HOME CONTACT MEMBERSAREA

    Selectquicklink entersearchterm

    HOME ABOUTBSSA TECHNICALHELP FINDASUPPLIER SHOP NEWS TRAINING EVENTS BSSAMEMBERS CONTACTUS

    Home TechnicalHelp TechnicalLibrary Corrosion&Oxidation IntergranularCorrosion(IC)

    TECHNICALHELP

    AboutStainlessSteelFAQTechnicalLibrarySpecialTopicsTechnicalEnquiriesPublication&Products

    FeaturedArticles&Publications

    BSSAUnderstandingStainlessSteelCentenaryEdition

    BSSAStainlessSteelSurfaceFinishesPack

    100YearsofStainlessSteelBook

    StayBrightAHistoryofStainlessSteelsinBritainbyDavidDulieu

    BSSAGuidetoStainlessSteelSpecifications2ndEdition

    AvailabilityofStainlessSteelGrades

    GettingtheBestoutofStainlessSteel

    SpecialGradesofStainlessSteelWheretoFindThem

    DuplexStainlessSteelsASimplifiedGuide

    FabricatingDuplexStainlessSteel

    ImportanceofSurfaceFinishintheDesignofStainlessSteel

    MoreThanJustScratchingtheSurfaceAPracticalApproachtoSurfaceFinish

    TheThenandNowofElectropolishing

    StructuralSectionsinStainlessSteel

    Stainlesssteelfasteners

    EuropeanStandardsReferencedStandardsforStainlessSteelProducts

    EuropeanENStandardGradeSummary

    Comparisonof304or316and304Lor316Ltypecompositionsandeffectoncorrosionresistance

    Introductioncompositionranges

    AsAmericanAISIbasicgrades,theonlypracticaldifferencebetween304or316and304Lor316Liscarboncontent.Thecarbonrangesare0.08%maximumfor304and316and0.030%maximumforthe304Land316Ltypes.Allotherelementrangesareessentiallythesame(nickelrangefor304is8.0010.50%andfor304L8.0012.00%).TherearetwoEuropeansteelsofthe'304L'type,1.4306and1.4307.The1.4307isthevariantmostcommonlyoffered,outsideGermany.The1.4301(304)and1.4307(304L)havecarbonrangesof0.07%maximumand0.030%maximum,respectively.Thechromiumandnickelrangesaresimilar,nickelforbothgradeshavingan8%minimum.1.4306isessentiallyaGermangradeandhas10%minimumNi.Thisreducestheferritecontentofthesteelandhasfoundtobenecessaryforsomechemicalprocesses.TheEuropeangradesforthe316and316Ltypes,1.4401and1.4404,matchonallelementswithcarbonrangesof0.07%maximumfor1.4401and0.030%maximumfor1.4404.TherearealsohighMoversions(2.5%minimumNi)of316and316LintheENsystem,1.4436and1.4432respectively.Tofurthercomplicatemattters,thereisalsograde1.4435whichisbothhighinMo(2.5%minimum)andinNi(12.5%minimum).

    Effectofcarbononcorrosionresistance

    Thelowercarbon'variants'(316L)wereestablishedasalternativestothe'standards'(316)carbonrangegradetoovercometheriskofintercrystallinecorrosion(welddecay),whichwasidentifiedasaproblemintheearlydaysoftheapplicationofthesesteels.Thiscanresultifthesteelisheldinatemperaturerange450to850Cforperiodsofseveralminutes,dependingonthetemperatureandsubsequentlyexposedtoaggressivecorrosiveenvironments.Corrosionthentakesplacenexttograinboundaries.

    Ifthecarbonlevelisbelow0.030%thenthisintercrystallinecorrosiondoesnottakeplacefollowingexposuretothesetemperatures,especiallyforthesortoftimesnormallyexperiencedintheheataffectedzoneofweldsin'thick'sectionsofsteel.

    Effectofcarbonlevelonweldability

    Thereisaviewthatthelowcarbontypesareeasiertoweldthanthestandardcarbontypes.

    Theredoesnotseemtobeaclearreasonforthisandthedifferencesareprobablyassociatedwiththelowerstrengthofthelowcarbontype.Thelowcarbontypemaybeeasiertoshapeandform,whichinturnmayalsoaffectthelevelsofresidualstressleftthesteelafterisformingandfittingupforwelding.Thismayresultinthe'standard'carbontypesneedingmoreforcetoholdtheminpositiononcefittedupforwelding,withmoreofatendencytospringbackifnotproperlyheldinplace.

    Theweldingconsumablesforbothtypesarebasedonalowcarboncomposition,toavoidintercrystallinecorrosionriskinthesolidifiedweldnuggetorfromthediffusionofcarbonintotheparent(surrounding)metal.

    Dualcertificationoflowcarboncompositionsteels

    Commerciallyproducedsteels,usingcurrentsteelmakingmethods,areoftenproducedasthelowcarbontypeasamatterofcourseduetotheimprovedcontrolinmodernsteelmaking.Consequentlyfinishedsteelproductsareoftenofferedtothemarket'dualcertified'tobothgradedesignationsastheycanthenbeusedforfabricationsspecifyingeithergrade,withinaparticularstandard.

    Forexampleforcoil,sheetorplate

    304Types

    BSEN1008821.4301/1.4307totheEuropeanstandard.

    ASTMA240304/304LORASTMA240/ASMESA240304/304LtotheAmericanpressurevesselstandards.

    316Types

    BSEN1008821.4401/1.4404totheEuropeanstandard.

    ASTMA240316/316LORASTMA240/ASMESA240316/316L,totheAmericanpressurevesselstandards.

    top

  • 3/18/2015 Article:Comparisonof304or316and304Lor316Ltypecompositionsandeffectoncorrosionresistance

    http://www.bssa.org.uk/topics.php?article=110 2/2

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    StainlessSteelDatasheetsforTubularProducts

    AdhesiveBondingofStainlessSteel

    Selectionofstainlesssteelsforthefoodprocessingindustries

    StainlessSteelPipeFabrication

    StainlessSteelinIndoorSwimmingPoolBuildings

    EuroInoxpromotesStructuralApplicationsofFerriticStainlessSteels(SAFSS)

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