8/15/2019 Comparison Grade 316 316L 316Ti

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Selection

Comparison of Grades 316 and 316L to 316Ti

Grade 316Ti stainless steel tube has been traditionally specified by German engineers and users with the Werkstoff number1.4571.The former steel grade in the UK was 320S31.

 This grade is essentially a standard carbon 316 type with titanium stabilisation and is similar in principle to the titaniumstabilisation of the 304 (1.4301) type to produce 321 (1.4541). The addition of titanium is made to reduce the risk of intergranular corrosion (IC) following heating in the temperaturerange 425-815C.

Intergranular corrosion When austenitic stainless steel are subject to prolonged heating in the temperature range 425-815C,the carbon in the steel diffuses to the grain boundaries and precipitates chromium carbide. This removes chromium from thesolid solution and leaves a lower chromium content adjacent to the grain boundaries. Steel in this condition are termed'sensitised'. The grain boundaries become prone to preferential atack on subsequent exposure to a corrosive environment. Thistype of corrosionis known as intergranular corrosion (IC), also known in the past as 'weld decay'.

 The addition of titanium reduces the risk of Intergranular corrosion since titanium carbo-nitrides are formed in preference tochromium carbides which has the effect of maintaining the correct distribution of chromium throughout the structure of thestainless steel tubing.

 The result is that areas adjacent to grain boundaries, where the carbo-nitrides form, is not depleted of chromium to a level atwhich localised corrosion can occur in the grain boundary area.

 The alternative approach to reducing the risk of Intergranular corrosion attack is to reduce the carbon level to below 0.03%. Inthis way a grade of 316 is produced with, in practice, the same resistance to Intergranular corrosion as 316Ti 320S31/1.4571 .

 This is the basis of the 316L types (316S11/1.4404 and 316S13/1.4432).

Is 316Ti interchangeable with 316L?

Under most conditions it can be taken that the two grades are interchangeable, 316L (316S11/1.4404) being suitable forapplications where 316Ti (320S31/1.4571) is specified. In aqueous corrosion media or environments at ambient temperatures,there is no practical advantage in specifying the 316Ti type in preference to the 316L. In some circumstances the 316L(1.4404 / 1.4432) grades may be better choices.

Mechanical Properties

 The presence of titanium to 1.4571 does, however, give some improvements to mechanical strength, sespecially, at elevatedtemperatures above about 600 C. and care must therefore be exercised in selecting 1.4404 as a substitute under theseconditions. 1.4571 may however have inferior impact properties at ambient temperature compared to the 1.4404 / 1.4432.

Machinability

 The machinability of 1.4571 can also be an issue as the titanium carbo-nitrides particles can result in higher tool wear and maynot cold form or cold head as readily as the 1.4404 / 1.4432 types.

Polishing

 The titanium carbo-nitrides in 1.4571 can also result in problems where high standards of polished surface finish are required. The titanium carbo-nitrides particles can result in 'comet-tail' streaks on the polished surface as they are dragged out duringpolishing. This is similar to the 1.4541(321) grade, which was not recommended for a 'No8' bright mechanical polish in nowobsolete BS1449 Pt2 (now replaced by BSEN 10088:2-1995 finish 1P/2P ).

Corrosion Resistance

 There is also some evidence that the 1.4571 type may have inferior pitting and stress corrosion cracking resistance, comparedto the 1.4404 / 1.4432 types, although the general corrosion resistance can be assumed to be generally similar. The titaniumstabilised 1.4571 grade may also be prone to 'knife line attack' in the heat-affected zones of welds, very close to the fusion

zone where the carbo-nitrides have redissolved in the solid steel matrix.

Weldability

The weldability of the 1.4571 and 1.4404 / 1.4432 can be assumed to be similar. Neither of the grades can be expected toweld 'easier' or 'better' than-the-other. Niobium stabilised fillers (welding consumables) should be used for welding the 1.4571,

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Page 1 of 2Comparison of Grades 316 and 316L to 316Ti 1.4571

23/4/2013http://www.stainless-steel-tube.org/Comparison-grade-316-316L-316Ti.htm

8/15/2019 Comparison Grade 316 316L 316Ti

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especially where elevated temperature weld strength may be important. In other circumstances a '316L' filler should give amatching weld metal aqueous corrosion resistance to that of the 'parent' 1.4571 '316Ti' material.

316Ti Stainless Steel Tubing

Comparison of Composition Ranges of TP316 Stainless SteelSelection 316L Stainless Steel for High Purity Semiconductor Gas Filter AssembliesPipes Tubes Plates Bars Square Tubes Weight Calculation CalculatorPipe Working Pressure CalculationMetals Weight Calculator CalculationStainless Steel Pipe SpecificationsStainless Steel Tube DimensionStainless Steel Pipes SizesStainless Steel-ASTM-Material Grade-StandardASTMA312/A213/A269/A511/A376/A789/A790 DIN17456/17458 JIS3459/3463 DNV Chemical CompostionInternational Conversion Table For Stainless SteelSelect Stainless Steel Grade by Characteristics and UsageSelection of Stainless Steels from Corrosion Resistance, Mechanical Physical PropertiesSelect Materials for Heat Exchanger Tubes with Substantial Pressure differenceSelect Stainless Steel by high temperature condition refer table304/304L/304LN/304H tubing and pipe

 The Effect of carbon on corrosion resistance-304 316 304L 316LComparison of grades 316/1.4401 and 316L/1.4404/1.4432 to 316Ti /1.4571

 The difference between Stainless Steel Tubing and Cooper Tubing in Shell and Tube Heat ExchangerVarious elements on the performance of stainless steel and the impact and role of organizationsStainless Steel Properties DescriptionPhysical properties of stainless steel and Carbon steelCompared with the ferritic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel vulnerableCompared with the austenitic stainless steel, duplex stainless steel strengths and vulnerable

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Page 2 of 2Comparison of Grades 316 and 316L to 316Ti 1.4571

23/4/2013http://www.stainless-steel-tube.org/Comparison-grade-316-316L-316Ti.htm