comparing liquefaction evaluation methods using penetration-v s relationships ronald d. andrus...
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Comparing Liquefaction Evaluation Methods Using Penetration-VS
RelationshipsRonald D. Andrus
Clemson University
withP. Piratheepan, Brian S. Ellis, Jianfeng Zhang,
and C. Hsein Juang
U.S.-Taiwan Workshop on Soil Liquefaction National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
November 3-5, 2003
Acknowledgements
• The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) funded part of this work
• Many individuals assisted with data collection, including:
T. L. Holzer, M. J. Bennett, J. C. Tinsley, & T. E. Noce of USGS
T. N. Adams of SCDOT
T. J. Casey & W. B. Wright of Wright Padgett Christopher
W. M. Camp & E. Cargill of S&ME, Inc.
F. Syms of Bechtel Savannah River, Inc.
S. L. Gassman of University of South Carolina
Database
• Data from California, South Carolina, Canada, Japan, and Taiwan
• 45 Holocene (< 10,000 years) soil layers, and 55 older soil layers
• Only sands with FC ≤ 20 % or Ic ≤ 2.25
• All measurements below water table
• Both non-liquefied and liquefied sites
Criteria for Selecting Data
• Thick, uniform soil layers based on CPT data, or several SPT and VS measurements
• Penetration test within 6 m of Vs test
• At least 2 Vs measurements and corresponding test intervals within layer
• Time history records used for Vs determination have “easy picks” for shear wave arrivals; if time histories are not available, at least 3 Vs measurements within layer
Corrected S-Wave Velocity
111111 ScsacsSacsaS VKKVKV
where
VS1 = stress-corrected VS
(VS1)cs = stress- and fines content-corrected VS
Kcs = fines content correction factor (Juang et al. 2002)
Ka1 = age correction factor (Andrus & Stokoe 2000)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
100 150 200 250
Liquefaction
No Liquefaction
Corrected S-Wave
Velocity, (V S1 )csa1 , m/s
M W = 7.5
Andrus & Stokoe
(2000)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250
Robertson& Wride(1998)
Liquefaction
No Liquefaction
Corrected CPT Tip
Resistance, (q c1N )cs
M W = 7.5
D 50 = 0.25-2 mm
Three Curves for Evaluating Liquefaction Resistance
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50
Cyc
lic R
esis
tanc
e R
atio
, C
RR
M W = 7.5
Liquefaction
No Liquefaction
ModifiedSeed et al.
(1985)
Corrected SPT Blow
Count, (N 1 )60cs
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Cor
rect
ed S
-Wav
e V
eloc
ity,
(V
S1
) cs, m
/s
YoundOldY LO L
Implied from CRR curves
Mean for Holocene data:
(V S1 )cs = 87.7[(N 1 )60cs ]0.253
Corrected SPT Blow Count, (N 1 )60cs
SPT – VS Relationships forHolocene Sands
Age, years< 500 > 500 Non-liquefied Liquefied
100
150
200
250
300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Cor
rect
ed S
-Wav
e V
eloc
ity,
(V
S1) c
s, m
/s
YoundOldY LO L
Implied from CRR curves
Mean for Holocene data:
(VS1 )cs = 67.6[(q c1N )cs ]0.213
Corrected CPT Tip Resistance, (q c1N )cs
CPT - VS Relationships for Holocene Sands
Age, years< 500 > 500 Non-liquefied Liquefied
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Cor
rect
ed S
PT
Blo
w
Cou
nt,
(N1
) 60c
s
YoundOldY LO L
Implied from CRR curves
Mean for Holocene data:
(N 1 )60cs = 0.488[(q c1N )cs ]0.779
Corrected CPT Tip Resistance, (q c1N )cs
CPT – SPT Relationships for Holocene Sands
Age, years< 500 > 500 Non-liquefied Liquefied
VS – CRR Equation(Andrus & Stokoe 2000)
2
115.7 100
022.0
csaS
cs
VCRR
215
1
215
18.2
11 csaSVwhere
CRR7.5cs = CRR curve for MW = 7.5 and FC ≤ 5 %
(VS1)csa1 = corrected VS
New SPT – CRR Equation
506.06015.7 0169.0 cscs NCRR
215
1
7.87215
18.2
253.0601 csN
where
CRR7.5cs = CRR curve for MW = 7.5 and FC ≤ 5 %
(N1)60cs = corrected SPT blow count
New CPT – CRR Equation
426.015.7 0101.0 csNccs qCRR
215
1
6.67215
18.2
213.01 csNcq
where
CRR7.5cs = CRR curve for MW = 7.5 and IC ≤ 1.64
(qc1N) cs = corrected CPT tip resistance
NEW CRR Curves Based on Penetration – VS Equations
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
100 150 200 250
Liquefaction
No Liquefaction
Corrected S-Wave
Velocity, (V S1 )csa1 , m/s
M W = 7.5
Andrus & Stokoe
(2000)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250
Liquefaction
No Liquefaction
Corrected CPT Tip
Resistance, (q c1N )cs
M W = 7.5
D 50 = 0.25-2 mm
New CRR
Curve
Robertson& Wride(1998)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50
Cyc
lic
Res
ista
nce
Rat
io, C
RR
M W = 7.5
No Liquefaction
Corrected SPT Blow
Count, (N 1 )60cs
New CRR
Curve
ModifiedSeed et al.
(1985)
Liquefaction
Comparison of CRR Curves with Liquefaction Probability = 26 %
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
100 150 200 250
Corrected S-Wave
Velocity, (V S1 )csa1 , m/s
Andrus & Stokoe (2000);
Juang et al. (2002) Model 3
Juang et al.(2002) Model 2
Juang et al.(2002) Model 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 50 100 150 200 250
Juanget al.
(2002)Model 1
Corrected CPT Tip
Resistance, (q c1N)cs
Topraket al.
(1999)
New CRR Curve
Juang et al.(2002)
Model 2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50
Cyc
lic
Res
ista
nce
Rat
io, C
RR
Cetin et al. (2000)
Youd & Noble (1997)
Corrected SPT Blow
Count, (N 1 )60cs
New CRR Curve
Liaoet al.
(1988)
Juang et al.(2002) Model 2
Juanget al.
(2002)Model 1
Topraket al. (1999)
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Cor
rect
ed S
-Wav
e V
eloc
ity,
(V
S1
) cs, m
/s
O L
Implied from CRR curves
Mean for Holocene data:
(VS1 )cs = 87.7[(N 1 )60cs ]0.253
Corrected SPT Blow Count, (N 1 )60cs
SPT - VS Relationships for Older Sands
Ten Mile Hill (Liquefied)
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Cor
rect
ed S
-Wav
e V
eloc
ity,
(V
S1
) cs, m
/s
YoundOldY LO LSeries7Series8Series9
Implied from CRR curves
Mean for Holocene data:
(V S1 )cs = 67.6[(q c1N )cs ]0.213
Corrected CPT Tip Resistance, (q c1N )cs
CPT - VS Relationships for Older Sands
Non-Liq Liq Merritt Sand Wando Ten Mile Hill Dry Branch Taiwan Sand
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Cor
rect
ed S
PT
Blo
wC
ount
, (N
1) 6
0cs
O L
Implied from CRR curves
Mean for Holocene data:
(N 1 )60cs = 0.488[(q c1N )cs ]0.779
Corrected CPT Tip Resistance, (q c1N )cs
CPT – SPT Relationships for Older Sands
Ten Mile Hill (Liquefied)
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08Age, years
Age
Sca
ling
Fac
tor,
ASF ASF = 0.073log(age)+0.92
R 2 = 0.843
< 100 years
Merritt Sand
100-500 years
Dry Branch
Ten Mile Hill
0.5-10 ka
Wando
Age Scaling Factors for Penetration – VS Equations
SPT-VS data CPT-VS data
Age, years
100 102 104 106 108
Age Correction Factors
Time
(years)
Age Correction Factor,
Ka1 (≈ 1/ASF)
1 1.09
10 1.01
100 0.94
1,000 0.88
10,000 0.83
100,000 0.78
Conclusions• For the compiled Holocene data, the VS-based CRR
curve by Andrus and Stokoe is on average more conservative than the SPT- and CPT-based curves.
• Values of VS from liquefied sands are lower than those from non-liquefied sands with similar penetration resistances.
• The penetration-VS equations developed for Holocene sands change by a factor of about 0.073 per log cycle of time, based on data from non-liquefied sands.
• The VS-based CRR curve is characterized for soils with age of roughly 10 years; and new age scaling factors are proposed.