comparative study of major classification schemes
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Presented By:Nadeem SohailLibrarianRachna College Of Engineering & Technology GujranwalaContact No. 03014236817Email: [email protected]
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MAJOR
CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
FOR MLIS AIOU STUDENT SEMESTER 3rd.
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LIBRARY COLLECTION CLASSIFICATION IMAGE
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CLASSIFICATION
Act of organizing the universe of knowledge into a systematic order
Library classification – the systematic arrangement of books and other materials on shelves or of catalogue and index entries in the manner which is most useful to those who read or who seek a definite piece of information
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A library classification is a system of coding and organizing library materials (books, serials, audiovisual materials, computer files, maps, manuscripts) according to their subject and allocating a call number to that information resource. Similar to classification systems used in biology, bibliographic classification systems group entities that are similar together typically arranged in a hierarchical tree structure.
LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION?
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LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION---2
In terms of functionality, classification systems are often described as
ENUMERATIVE: produce an alphabetical list of subject headings, assign numbers to each heading in alphabetical order
HIERARCHICAL: divides subjects hierarchically, from most general to most specific
FACETED OR ANALYTICO-SYNTHETIC: divides subjects into mutually exclusive orthogonal facets
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LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS/ SCHEMES
Dewey Decimal Classification System Library of Congress Classification System Universal Decimal Classification System Colon Classification System Bibliographic Classification System Subject Classification System Expansive Classification System National Library of Medicine Classification
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Why different Classification systems?
Although all classification systems provide access to information. Some systems work better with specific types of information or in specific types of Libraries.
Libraries choose a classification system based on three factors
1. Collection Size 2. Subjects/ Materials in the Collection3. End User
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Why Different Classification Systems
For example, The DDC is a broad with classification system.
DDC categories include many subjects that are loosely related, but easy to search.
This system works well in library that have general subjects, or specific Academic subjects.
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Why Different Classification Systems?
Libraries with Small to Medium collections, generally Public Libraries or School libraries favor this system for its ease of use of their patron base.
The Library of Congress Cataloging system is a much narrower system meant for use in libraries that have multiple subcategories.
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Why Different Classification Systems?
Libraries with Small to Medium collections, generally Public Libraries or School libraries favor this system for its ease of use of their patron base.
The Library of Congress Cataloging system is a much narrower system meant for use in libraries that have multiple subcategories.
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Why Different Classification Systems?
Libraries with Small to Medium collections, generally Public Libraries or School libraries favor this system for its ease of use of their patron base.
The Library of Congress Cataloging system is a much narrower system meant for use in libraries that have multiple subcategories.
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Why Different Classification Systems?
Not all classification systems classify books.
Many Libraries use classification systems to classify:
Music Art Government Documents
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DEWEY DECIMAL AND LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Where do these systems fit?
The most common classification systems, LC and DDC, are essentially enumerative, though with some hierarchical and faceted elements, (more so for DDC), especially at the broadest and most general level. The first true faceted system was the Colon classification of S. R. Ranganathan.
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DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (DDC)
Melville Dewey (1851-1931) invented the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) while he was working as a student-assistant in the library of Amherst College in 1873. He published the Dewey Decimal Classification system in 1876.
His original name was Melville Louis Kossuth Dewey. He dropped his middle names and changed the spelling of his first name, and he even spelled his last name “Dui”!
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BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Latest edition – 5 vols, 23nd edition First came out as a 44-page
anonymously published pamphlet entitled A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloging and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library
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10 MAIN CLASSES OF DDC
000 – Generalities 100 – Philosophy and Psychology 200 – Religion 300 – Social Sciences 400 – Language 500 – Natural Sciences and Mathematics 600 – Technology and Applied Sciences 700 – The Arts 800 – Literature and Rhetoric 900 – Geography and History
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7 TABLES of DDC Table 1 – Standard subdivisions Table 2 – Geographic areas, historical periods, persons Table 3 – Subdivisions for individual literatures, for
specific literary forms Table 3A – Subdivisions for works by or about individual
authors Table 3B – Subdivisions for works by or about more than one
author Table 3C – Notation to be added where instructed in Table 3B
and in 808-809 Table 4 – Subdivisions of individual languages Table 5 – Racial, ethnic, national groups Table 6 – Languages Table 7 – Groups of persons
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NUMBER BUILDING
The main number for bibliographies and catalogs of works on specific subjects or in specific disciplines with a note to “add to base number 016 notation 001-999” the number for the specific subject
016
The number for physics 530
The subject number added to the base number 016 530
The resulting number, terminal zero removed 016.53
Adding an entire number to a base number
A bibliography for Physics
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MERITS
Practical Relative location Relative index brings together different aspects of the
same subject scattered in different disciplines Pure notation of Arabic numerals is universally
recognizable Self-evident numerical sequence Hierarchical nature of notation expresses relationships
between and among class numbers Use of decimal system enables vast expansion Mnemonic nature of notation helps library users to
navigate within the system Continuous revision and publication of the schedules
ensures currency
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WEAKNESSES
Anglo-American bias Related disciplines are often separated Proper placement of certain subjects have also been
questioned Literary works of the same author are scattered
according to literary form Base of ten limits the hospitality of the notational system
by restricting the capacity for accommodating subjects on the same level of a hierarchy to nine divisions
Uneven structure No new numbers can be inserted Lengthy numbers Relocations and completely revised schedules create
practical problems in terms of reclassification
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21
Begin to get the picture? 500--Natural Science
590--Zoological Sciences 590--Zoological Sciences
595--Other invertebrates 595--Other invertebrates
595.7--Insects 595.7--Insects
595.78--Lepidoptera 595.78--Lepidoptera
595.789--Butterflies 595.789--Butterflies
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION (LCC)
The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries; for example, Australia and Taiwan, R.O.C.
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LC CLASSIFICATION—HISTORY
The Library of Congress was founded in 1780
The earliest classification system was by size (folios, quartos, octavos), subdivided by accession numbers
In 1812 there were 3000 volumes and the size-based system was failing
A system with 18 categories was devised
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LC CLASSIFICATION—HISTORY
In 1814 the Capitol was burned (LC’s collection was housed there)
Thomas Jefferson offered to sell Congress his library to re-establish LC He had cataloged and classified the works His scheme had 44 classes
Jefferson’s scheme (modified somewhat over the years) was used in the LC until the end of the 19th century
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LC CLASSIFICATION
Different subject specialists developed each individual LC schedule following a broad general framework which was established to ensure coordination
Each schedule of a class or parts of classes was published as completed
Schedules are revised through committee review and then reissued
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LCC SCHEDULES
LCC schedules comprise 43 volumes Basic schedules A short general outline which contains
secondary and tertiary subclass spans for most classes
For complete list see http://www.loc.gov/cds/classif.html#lccs
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LC CLASSIFICATION
Because LCC involves letters and letter combination as well as numbers, it will continue to accommodate new subjects and aspects of subjects for a long time
LCC is favored by large university and research collections Hospitality and inherent flexibility Also used in smaller academic and public
libraries and some special libraries Doesn’t handle broad classifications well
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21 MAIN CLASSES OF LCCA General worksB Philosophy, Psychology,
ReligionC Auxiliary sciences of historyD History: General and Old
WorldE General history of AmericaF Local history of AmericaG Geography, Maps,
Anthropology, RecreationH Social SciencesJ Political ScienceK Law
L EducationM Music and books on
musicN Fine artsP Language and
LiteratureQ ScienceR MedicineS AgricultureT TechnologyU Military ScienceV Naval ScienceZ Bibliography and Library
Science
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MERITS
Practical system that has proved to be satisfactory Based on the literary demand of the materials in the
Library of Congress collection Enumerative system that requires minimal notational
synthesis Each schedule was developed by subject specialists Notation is compact and hospitable Frequent additions and changes, stemming for the
most part from what is needed in the day to day cataloging work at LC, and these are made readily available to the cataloging community
Minimal reclassification
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WEAKNESSES
Scope notes are inferior to those of DDC. There is much national bias in emphasis and
terminology. Too few subjects are seen as compounds. Alphabetical arrangements are often used in place of
logical hierarchies. There is no clear and predictable theoretical basis for
subject analysis. As a result of maintaining stability, parts of the
classification are obsolete in the sense that structure and collocation do not reflect current conditions.
It is expensive to keep an up-to-date working collection of schedules, supplements, new announcements of changes and cumulations of additions and changes.
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UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC)
The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is the world's foremost multilingual classification scheme for all fields of knowledge, a sophisticated indexing and retrieval tool. It was adapted by Paul Otlet and Nobel Prizewinner Henri La Fontaine from the Decimal Classification of Melvil Dewey, and first published (in French) between 1904 and 1907.
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UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC) Since then, it has been extensively
revised and developed, and has become a highly flexible and effective system for organizing bibliographic records for all kinds of information in any medium (it is well suited to multi-media information collections). [Used mostly in Europe or Anglophone countries outside North America]
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UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION (UDC)
Originally based on the Dewey Decimal Classification, the UDC was developed as a new analytico-synthetic classification system with a significantly larger vocabulary and syntax that enables very detailed content indexing and information retrieval in large collections.
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UDC is used in around 150,000 libraries in 130 countries and in many bibliographical services which require detailed content indexing. In a number of countries it is the main classification system for information exchange and is used in all type of libraries: public, school, academic and special libraries.UDC is also used in national bibliographies of around 30 countries. Examples of large databases indexed by UDC include.
THE APPLICATION OF UDC
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