COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONMPA 503

WHAT IS CPA (Lecture 03)

SUMMARY/RECAP• THE POSDCORB MODEL• APPROCHES TO THE STUDY OF

CPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION INCLUDING THE LEGAL,BUREAUCRATIC,SYSTEMS,

HISTORICAL STRUCTURAL AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR APPROACHES

• DISCUSSION OF ECOLOGICAL , AND COMPARATIVE APPROACHES

QUOTATION

"The comparative aspects of public administration have largely been ignored; and as long as the study of public administration is not comparative, claims for a science of public administration sound rather hollow.”

SCIENCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

“ Conceivably there might be a science of American public administration and a science of British public administration and a science of Pakistani public administration, but can there be a 'science of public administration' in the sense of a body of generalized principles independent of their peculiar national setting?"

WHAT TO COMPARE

• Compare different areas or systems

• Compare systems at different times

• Compare different systems at the same time

• Compare different systems at same status (eg. Governments over war )

WHAT TO COMPARE• Environment of the administrative

system.• The whole administrative system.• The formal structure of the

administrative system with a focus on the pattern of hierarchy, division of work, specialisation, authority-responsibility network decentralisation, delegation, control mechanisms, procedures, etc.

WHAT TO COMPARE INFORMALORGANISATIONALPATTERNS • The nature of human groups,• The relationships among individuals

motivation system and the status of morale

• Patterns of informal communication • the nature of leadership..

WHAT TO COMPARE• The interaction between the

personality of individuals and the organizational system.

• The policy and decision making systems of the organization that link its various parts.

• The communications system, which also involves the feedback mechanism.

• The overall performance of an administrative system.

LEVELS OF COMPARISON

Intra-national Analysis When an analysis in a comparative

perspective is taken up among various administrative systems functioning within a country, it would be an intra-national analysis.' Comparison of district administration in Sindh and Punjab would be an example of such an analysis

LEVELS OF ANALYSIS Cross-national Analysis

When two or more administrative systems (or their parts) are compared in the settings of different nations, this would be cross-national analysis. For example, comparing the recruitment systems of higher civil service of China, Thailand and Pakistan would incorporate a cross-national analysis. '

CROSS- CULTURAL ANALYSIS

• The word "cultural" in the category "cross-cultural“ has a broad connotation and involves an aggregation of distinctive political, economic and socio-cultural traits of a particular system and its environment

• Comparing the administrative system of the China (a hybrid system) with the U.S. (a capitalist system) or that between a developing country and a developed country could also be termed as cross-cultural analysis

WHAT TO COMPARE

INSTITUTIONS

• Branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial)

• Bureaucracies• Political Parties • Military • Civil Society

WHAT TO COMPARE

PROCESSES

• Policy making

• Agenda setting

• Decision Making

WHAT TO COMPARE

BEHAVIORS

• Self-interested behavior (rent-seeking, utility maximization)

• Socially motivated behavior

WHAT TO COMPARE

CULTURE

Is it Traditional OR

Modern

WHAT TO COMPARE

ECONOMY

• Market driven

• Command/planned

• Mixed

POLITICS CULTURE

ECONOMY

INSTITUTIONSPROCESSESBEHAVIORS

Market

Comm

and /planned

Democratic

Authoritaria

nTr

aditi

onal

Modern

THE ECOLOGICAL MODEL

Enduring features Patterns of organization, certain

common programs of governments, capacities and performance:

1) Public Administration- Rule Application2) Bureaucracy- Hierarchical organizations designed to utilize the enforcement of universal and impersonal rules to maintain authority3) Public Policy / Rule making as well

as rule application

COMPARISONS

Modern comparisons are possible across the deepest divisions of system types: between authoritarian and pluralist systems, industrialized and developing systems and secular and religious regimes.

GOAL

  CPA attempts to find universal patterns and regularities through comparison, irrespective of level of development and irrespective of place and time

GOAL

Search for General Enduring Features of Governance

SOME TOPICS

• Political Culture and Administration• Recruitment• Bureaucratic Structures• The Interface of Political Institutions

and the Public Bureaucracy• Public Management.