comparative performance and emission study of different

Comparative Performance and Emission Study of Different Viscosity Biofuel Blends for Use in I.C. Engine

with a Sustainability Prospective

Garvjeet Dahiya[1], Aman Deep Singh[1], Gaurav Thapliyal[1],

Deepak Katiyar[1], Hemang Teotia[1] & Ankur Dixit[2]

[1]Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, U.P., India. [2]Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad,

U.P., India.

Abstract - The paper investigates and compares the usage of highly viscous Wheat Germ Oil-based Biodiesel against low viscosity Rice Bran Oil-based Biodiesel, along with a proportionate mixture of both the blends. The study also focuses on the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions, with a perspective to prevent environmental degradation, caused by regular Petro diesel, hence keeping the carbon footprint and green fuel in mind. Efforts have been made to pick up the best biofuel using high viscosity and low viscosity oils, which provide performance comparable or even better than conventional Petro diesel, along with reduced exhaust emissions, compared to conventional diesel. At the same time, the sustainability of the oil production crop with Indian geography and the climatic condition is kept in mind. Crop security, along with the development of rural areas is also given proper consideration.

Key Words - Wheat Germ Oil, Rice Bran Oil, Biodiesel, Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine, Performance Parameters, Emission Analysis, Sustainability of Oil Crops

1. INTRODUCTION The markets of global energy have relied mainly on fossil fuels like coal, crude oil and natural gas, which provide almost 80 per cent of the world’s supply of primary energy, but the stocks of these energy sources are limited. Due to which we shift toward the biofuels. One of the major challenge in this way is to meet growing energy needs and sustain economic growth without harming the environment and effect the climate.

There has always been a dilemma between food production and fuel generation. And also it is a matter of subject that there is always a contradiction between fuel and food prices. In the efforts to decarbonize the transportation industry and vehicles there is rapid growth in the development of the biofuels. It is so because the problems increasing such as greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and also affected human health very badly. As a result of which there is an increase in the production of biofuels in recent years. Study is focused on the performance parameters as well as emission parameters for comparing low viscosity Rice Bran Biodiesel, Wheat Germ Oil and their blends in varying compositions. India is the 5th in the list of consuming primary energy and 4th largest petroleum consumer in the world.

2. Rice Bran After harvesting of the paddy the unprocessed rice grains needs to be processed in order to make it consumable by human beings. This unprocessed rice grain consists of three layers, the first layer of hard brownish protective cover called rice husk, after which there exist a layer of oil rich particles called rice bran and inside which the rice grain is present. In

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order to make rice fit for consumption, milling of rice is done, that is the process of converting the unprocessed rice grain into processed rice grain, which involves the process of dehusking and polishing, inside the rice milling machine. The byproduct of dehusking process is the separated rice husk and rice bran is the byproduct of polishing, hence the leftover is the processed rice grain which is white in color and sometimes gets cracked rice due to milling process. The rice husk protects the rice grain, is the outermost layer of woody appearance which has zero food value. Rice bran is the layer before the rice grain and it comes out in form of fine brownish dust, separated in the process of polishing of rice, the rice bran is usually rich in nutrients and oil.

Hence, the unpolished brown rice contains rice bran which gives the rice grain it’s brown color and it is healthier for human consumption as it contains various proteins, fats, fiber, carbohydrates and natural anti-oxidants, BL- vitamins, lipids etc. Rice bran is a result of the processing procedure of paddy rice to deliver refined rice grain. Rice Bran consists of around 20% of complete piece weight, including seed coat and other seed layers. Seeds of Oryza sativa and Pericarp, which are also the constituents of rice bran involves around 12% from rice grain. Brownish green is the color of freshly extracted rice bran oil, with a husky rice odor. In the studies it has been established that the crude bran oil produced using n-hexane as a solvent extracts around 18.3 percent and density around 889 Kg/L. Using ethanol as solvent for extraction, the yield is around 13.7 percent and density around 815 Kg/L. The results obtained by using methanol as solvent for extraction, closely matches the results from ethanol, with a yield of 14 percent.

Table 1. Properties of Rice Bran Oil

Rice bran Protein Fat Ash Fiber Carbohydrate

Full fat 12.1 13.6 12.0 14.3 25.5

Full fat- parboiled paddy 11.3 21.3 21.4 31.8 32.2

Defatted 18.4 5.3 11.1 8.7 31.5

Defatted- parboiled paddy 16.1 0.6 25.8 14.4 43.3

Defatted, milled & sieved 19.3 1.7 14.7 5.4 58.8

Rice is among the few staple sustenance for consumption by humans, in East and Southeast Asia, where it feeds around more than half of the complete people. Most countries in East and Southeast Asia are the world top rice paddy creators, only a couple, for instance, India, China, Japan, and Thailand are significant Rice wheat oil delivering nations. Rice Bran Oil is known as fair, dull, and scentless thing. It is increasingly limited to oxidative rancidity in connection with other cooking oils. Major acids found in rice bran oil are Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Palmitic acid etc.

There are various techniques used for extraction of the oil like - Mechanical extraction method, Chemical extraction method, enzymatic extraction method etc., but chemical (solvent) extraction using hexane is the most popular method for extracting the rice bran oil. In chemical extraction method we also used hot water , soxhlet , ultrasonic technique etc. as a solvent but using hexane provides the extra 5% higher yielding of oil but oil must be previously treated with α-amylase , which makes this process is most profitable but on the other hand toxic waste from this process is the major challenge . Steaming is the most effective pre-treatment in the rice bran oil extraction process .Percentage of oil extraction is mainly dependent on oil and protein quality not on incubation time and temperature. This process is providing the advantage in the extraction of oil from other crops also like soybean, sunflower etc. In India rice bran oil is mainly cultivate in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and some parts of southern India.

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3. Wheat Germ Oil India is the leading nation in the production and in exports of wheat germ oil. Indian climatic and geographical conditions are suited for the production of wheat germ oil. Wheat germ oil is considered as first generation biodiesel feedstock because wheat crop is firstly used for biodiesel production. Wheat kernel or wheat berry is the grain part of the wheat plant. It mainly consists of 3 main parts - Endosperm, Bran and Germ. Wheat germ oil is extracted from the 'germ' part of wheat kernel or wheat berry and which is only 2.5% by weight of the berry and it is extracted by the process of cold pressing the germ of the wheat plant. Extraction of oil from wheat germ is done with the help of supercritical carbon dioxide. There is a great significance of pressure in this extraction process, whereas temperature is not play a key role in it. The amount of phosphorus is less in oil from this extraction process in comparison when we use supercritical carbon dioxide instead of hexane for extraction process. Wheat germ oil is found rich in Octacosanol which improves the performance of oil like reaction time. Some of the properties of wheat germ oil are Saponification value 186, Iodine value 131, Refractive index 1.475, Relative density 0.925 etc. Composition of Fatty acids which are found in wheat germ oil are Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Eicosenoic acid etc. Wheat germ oil is highly rich in concentrated nutrients like Vitamin-E. It's antioxidant and oxidative properties can be increased by roasting and the main advantage of roasting is that the fatty acids of oil is not affected. But time of roasting process play a vital role in the oil extraction. India is aiming the target of achieving 20% of fossil fuel consumption by biodiesel and bioethanol. For this national biofuel policy organization preserved the targeted wasteland in order to grow the biofuel crops, it's production and extraction process as well. All edible crops which are used as biofuel crops mainly grown in heavy rainfall lands. Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan etc. are the major supplier of wheat crop of the nation.

4. Biodiesel as an alternative to Convectional Diesel Biodiesel is a promising elective diesel fuel and has the appealing properties:

● 75% cleaner than regular petro diesel.

● It decrease the measure of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate issue in exhaust.

● Extremely low sulfur content.

● Overall less amount of CO2 discharged into the air.

● Decreased NOx discharges by modifying the motor planning.

● Comparitively low toxic.

● Environment friendly and it is a sustainable power source.

● Can be utilized in any diesel motor and the mileage is equivalent to a customary petro diesel fuel;

● Better grease than regular diesel fuel and can broaden the motor life;

● Able to improve motor execution;

● Can be blended in with common diesel fuel in any extent.

The weariness of nonrenewable sources, especially for oil diesel and fossil fuel, has alarmed the overall system into looking for an elective essentialness source. Thusly, finding an alternative economical fuel is huge in order to decrease the containments of diesel and fuel creation. In any case, the growing solicitation on biodiesel fuel starting late

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has impacted the expense of rice bran oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and palm oil for sustenance, appropriately the test among fuel and sustenance has become a real issue.

Biodiesel is a privately made, clean-devouring, limitless substitute for oil diesel. Using biodiesel as a vehicle fuel constructs imperativeness security, improves air quality and the earth, and gives prosperity benefits like ensuring Energy Security and Balance, Air Quality, Engine Operation and Environmental and human safety.

5. Preparation and testing of Biodiesel blends (BL): In this research the two Biofuels namely Rice bran oil and Wheat Germ Oil were prepared by using methanol and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst and hence prepared the Biodiesel blend do not require any significant modification or change of existing compressed ignition engine hardware. The Engine tests were carried out on engine from zero load to full rated load, and with the different proportions of blends of Biodiesel and Conventional diesel fuel. Certain parameters like pressure rise in cylinder, energy release, and other combustion parameters such as the cylinder peak pressure, crank angle corresponding to maximum pressure, pressure rise rate, emissions and mass burning rates were closely monitored and recorded, to obtain the conclusion.

Within the study examined, an excessive-viscous biofuel, specifically wheat germ oil, and a low-viscous biofuel, particularly rice bran oil, are utilized in a variable compression ratio single -cylinder diesel engine. Their effect on the engine performance, emission, and combustion is studied. The tests are achieved at a steady engine RPM of 1500 rpm with Eddy Current Dynamometer varying load from no load to rated load at periods of 33.33% i.e. from 0 to 6 kg, in intervals of 2kg, along with varying the compression ratio of the engine at compression ratios rx, such that: r1=12, r2=14, r3=16, r4=18.

5.1. Trans-esterification of refined Rice Bran Oil and Wheat Germ Oil

The process of making biodiesel called trans-esterification. It is chemical reaction in which one mole of triglycerides from fat or oil reacts with three moles of alcohol, producing three moles of alkyl esters biodiesel and one mole of glycerol as co-product. Although there is 3 to 1 molar ratio of alcohol to oil to satisfy complete reaction. Yet 6 to 1 or higher molar ratios are usually used to drive the reaction to the product side. The excess alcohol that was not used in the reaction separates partly with the fuel and partly with the glycerol at the end of the process and can be recovered and reused through a process of distillation. Typically a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (Na OH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used as a catalyst which normally would not be consumed during this reaction and would end up in forming glycerol layer. A triglyceride is a molecule made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol chain, the three fatty acids on each molecule could be the same or they could be different molecules. The fatty acid makeup of the oil or fat is responsible for some of the properties found in the resulting biodiesel. The trans-esterification reaction will proceed quickly at first and eventually slows down as it reaches the equilibrium. At this point there will be some unreacted glycerides left in the biodiesel. It is possible to improve the quality of biodiesel by removing the glycerin that has settled out and to run another reaction, thus pushing the equilibrium point farther to the product side.

5.2 Procedure of Trans-esterification

The procedure is carried out by measuring the weight of methyl alcohol that is to be use in molar equivalence to that of the oil, with alcohol to oil ratio of 8:1 as followings:

�� (��)

�� =

�� ℎ��

8 × (�� ℎ��)

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Once the mass of alcohol is handy, dissolve Sodium Hydroxide (Na OH), 0.70 per cent weight/ weight to alcohol weight, the reaction is exothermic in nature. Mixture of Na OH and methyl alcohol is stirred using magnetic stirrer, till Na OH gets dissolved completely and homogeneous mixture is obtained. The oil is heated at constant temperature of 65°C and stirred continuously, once the oil reaches desired temperature, the mixture of alcohol and Na OH is added in small quantities after intervals of few seconds, while stirring the oil and maintaining temperature around 65°C. Small quantities of mixing ensure the non-vigorous reaction that Na OH, otherwise sometimes react violently with any water content present in the oil. The reacting time for reaction is around 60 minutes, maintained at 65°C, continuously stirred and heated on magnetic stirrer. The mixture is poured into magnetic separating funnel, for gravity separation of biodiesel and glycerin for about 12 hours to 24 hours. After separation, there form two visually distinguishable layers of biodiesel and glycerin. The above less dense layer is of biodiesel, light colored in appearance, whereas the bottom layer is of glycerin, dark in color and more viscous. Separate the glycerin from biodiesel. The yield obtained from the separation of the Rice Bran oil based biodiesel is achieved to be 72.70 per cent, whereas the yield of Wheat Germ oil based biodiesel is achieved to be 60.18 per cent.

Table 2. Trans esterification conditions of Rice Bran Oil

Trans esterification conditions of rice bran oil

S. No. Parameter Neat rice bran oil (1L)

1 Free fatty acid 0.2%

2 Catalyst (Na OH) required 24 grams

3 Oil to Methanol Ratio 1:8

4 Reaction Temperature 65°C

5 Reaction time 60 minutes

6 Settling period 24 hours

7 Yield 72.70%

Table 3. Trans esterification conditions of Wheat Germ Oil

Trans esterification conditions of wheat germ oil

S. No. Parameter Neat wheat germ oil (1L)

1 Free fatty acid 0.90%

2 Catalyst (Na OH) required 16 grams

3 Oil to methanol ratio 1:8

4 Reaction Temperature 65°C

5 Reaction Time 60 minutes

6 Settling Time 24 hours

7 Yield 60.18%

Table 4. Comparison between Diesel and Wheat Germ Oil

S. No.

Properties Diesel Wheat Germ Oil

1 Density at 15 °C, kg/m3 830 881

2 Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C 3.70 5.70

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3 Low heating value, (MJ/kg) 42.8 36.06

4 Cetane index 47 46

5 Iodine number – 122

Table 5. Table for Blends

Sr. No. Blend No. Category WGO % RBO % Diesel %

1 BL-1 B10 10 0 90

2 BL-2 B20 20 0 80

3 BL-3 B10 5 5 90

4 BL-4 B10 0 10 90

5 BL-5 B20 0 20 80

6. Experiment Experiments have been carried out on a IC Engine set up under test is Research Diesel made by Kirloskar having power 3.50 kW @ 1500 rpm which is single Cylinder, Four stroke , Constant Speed, Water Cooled, Diesel Engine.

The engine specifications are provided in table. A Technomech eddy current dynamometer of 1500-5000 RPM, 7.5kW rating is used for loading the engine. The fuel intake is measured manually the usage of a burette and an inbuilt stopwatch. An AVL five gas analyzer is used to measure CO, CO2, HC, and NOx emissions.

Table 6. Engine Specifications

Engine Specifications

Rated Power 3.50 kW

Engine Speed 1500 RPM

No. of Cylinders Single Cylinder

Compression Ratio 16 (Variable, 12 to 18)

Cylinder Bore 87.50 mm

Stroke Length 110.00 mm

Connecting rod Length 234.00 mm

Swept Volume 661.45 cc at compression ratio 16

Table 7. Combustion Parameters inside Engine

Combustion Parameters

Specific Gas Constant 1.00 (kJ/kg K)

Air Density 1.17 (kg/m3)

Adiabatic Index 1.41

Polytrophic Index 1.28

No. of Cycles 10

Table 8. Performance Parameters

Performance Parameters

Orifice Diameter 20.00 mm

Orifice Coefficient of Discharge 0.60

Dynamometer arm length 185.00 mm

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Fuel pipe diameter 12.40 mm

Ambient temperature 27°C

Pulses per Revolution 360

7. Results and Observations The results are obtained from the data captured from the VCR Engine, the data is provided by the sensors mounted on the engine as well as on the dynamometer, along with the data from Rota meter for fuel consumption, and AVL Gas Analyzer setup for calculations. The graphs are generated from the data provided by the sensors to the output unit, the data is input into MS Excel and the corresponding graphs are generated, from the graphs, using curve tracing and tread line functions, the equation for the graphical curves are generated, equations are then integrated, in the range of minimum and maximum load units, to get the most appropriate results.

Table 9. Figures for Data captured from Engine for B.P and Brake Thermal Efficiency

Brake Power Brake Thermal Efficiency

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 1

=1

2

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 2

=1

4

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Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 3

=1

6

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 4

=1

8

Table 10. Figures for Data captured from Engine for HC and CO emission

Hydrocarbon Emission (PPM) Carbon Monoxide Emission (PPM)

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 1

=1

2

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 2

=1

4

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Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 3

=1

6

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 4

=1

8

Table 11. Figures for Data captured from Engine for NOx and CO2 emission

NOx (PPM) Carbon Di-oxide Emission (PPM)

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 1

=1

2

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 2

=1

4

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Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 3

=1

6

Co

mp

ress

ion

Ra

tio

, r 4

=1

8

8. CONCLUSION 8.1. At lower compression ratio of 12, in diesel engine:

It is found that the BL-2 has provided the maximum BP along with the maximum BMEP, the BTE is also found to be maximum for compression ratio of 12 with BL-2, yet the ME is found to be lowest. Though, in case of emissions BL-2 emits least unburnt HC, but the emissions of CO and CO2 are significantly higher, BL-2 is found to emit the maximum NOx among all other blends.

BL-3 has also provided significant results for BP, BMEP and BTE but ME is better than BL-2. For emission perspective it can be considered at lower compression ratios, on combustion it provided less HC as compared to Diesel, and CO2 is equivalent to that of Diesel but the NOx emissions are way lesser as compared to Diesel. BL-4 also provided better BP, BMEP and BTE than Diesel and performs close to diesel in terms of ME. Yet for emissions it’s a better fuel to be considered as it emit less HC than Diesel, even the CO2 levels are similar to Diesel yet NOx is significantly dropped for BL-4. The conventional fuel, Diesel on the other hand, provided the least BP and low BMEP and BTE, yet has the highest ME, this can be due to the less compression ratio for operation.

Hence, for lower compression ratios i.e. 12, the BL-3 and BL-4 can be considered as alternatives for Diesel fuel due to their improved performance and relatively less emissions.

8.2. At compression ratio of 14, in diesel engine:

It is found that BL-3 has provided the maximum BP, BMEP, BTE and ME, among all the different blends tested. In emission analysis, it is found that, BL-3 shows similar behavior as Diesel, the data obtained is very similar to that of Diesel for comparison. BL-5 have provided performance parameters similar to that of Diesel, but relatively higher BP and BMEP are recorded for BL-5 as compared to Diesel, whereas for ME, BL-5 is equivalent

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to Diesel, but lower than BL-3. BL-2 produced slightly higher BP and BMEP than Diesel at compression ratio of 14, but BTE and I were degraded as compared to the Diesel. Higher content of HC and CO were recorded but there was significantly less NOx and CO2 emission as compared to Diesel. Though BL-1 is the cleanest fuel in terms of emissions, with least CO2 and NOx emissions and similar emissions of HC and CO like for Diesel.

For compression ratio of 14, BL-3 is the best choice without sacrificing engine power and its emissions are also similar to that of conventional Diesel fuel, hence BL-3 is the optimum biodiesel to be used at compression ratio of 14.


At mid-higher compression ratio of 16, BL-3 provides the BP next to diesel, though the difference is slight from conventional diesel, BMEP of BL-3 is much higher than of Diesel or other blend at compression ratio of 16. BTE was also more than that of Diesel, on parameter of ME, BL-3 lies next to Diesel. Though from emission point of view, BL-3 proves to be least polluting fuel at compression ratio of 16 and developing similar power specification as that of Diesel fuel. HC is least, even when taken Diesel into comparison, CO is also reduced, CO2 and NOx emissions are similar to the Diesel emission. BL-2 can also be considered due to least emissions as, CO2 and NOx are least. CO is lesser than emitted by BL-3 as well as from Diesel, yet a spike can be seen in unburned HC, where it is higher than that of Diesel at compression ratio of 16. In terms of performance, BL-2 is far behind than Diesel for ME, yet showed highest BTE, and BL-2 lies in between BL-3 and Diesel for BMEP, BL-2 provides lesser BP when compared to either Diesel or BL-3. BL-5 is significantly least polluting but it is so, on the expense of power produced, when compared to Diesel, BL-3 and BL-2.

Hence, it can be concluded that on compression ratio of 16, blend of BL-3 is suitable to consider if no compromise to power produced by engine is considered. Yet BL-2, can be considered for low power output due to less emission in exhaust.


BL-3 provides maximum BP and BMEP, other than any of the blends or Diesel itself. Though the ME of BL-3 is slightly less than that of Diesel. When the comparison is done based on the emission of BL-3 and Diesel, Diesel is far better than BL-3 in case of CO, CO2 and NOx, because Diesel is better for high compression ratio engines. BL-4, also provides more BP, BMEP and BTE as compared to Diesel on higher compression ratios, but again when compared with the emission data, BL-4 is a more polluting fuel, compared to Diesel. HC, CO, CO2 and NOx, all are way higher than that of Diesel at same compression ratio. BL-2, on the contrary of BL-4, provides low BP and BMEP compared to BL-4, but still matches the Diesel performance values, but the ME is lower than that of Diesel at compression ratio of 18. But the sacrifice of power comes with the advantage of less emission than any blend, except Diesel. The emission of HC, CO, CO2 and NOx are similar to that of Diesel at compression ratio of 18.

Hence, for higher compression ratios, BL-2 can be recommended as an alternative to conventional Diesel fuel.

Table 12. Conclusion and Recommendation Table

Compression

ratio

r1 = 12 r2=14 r3=16 r4=18

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Preferred

Blends

BL-2

BL-3

BL-4

BL-3 BL-2

BL-3

BL-2

Possible

Reasons

or

Information

Viscosities &

calorific values

similar to Diesel

Calorific values

higher than

Diesel

Higher calorific

value than

Diesel at

elevated loads

and

temperature

Higher viscosity

fuel along with

higher calorific

value at high

temperatures

and load

9. Seeking Sustainability Biofuels are a renewable source of energy that is made from organic material. Biofuels are

used to reduce pollutant emissions from vehicles (CO2, NOX, SO2, CO, etc.) which is harmful to

the environment as well as for human health. Nowadays biofuels can be considered as one of

the largest sources for renewable energy. Biofuels are used as a blend with existing fuels for

vehicles. Today around 3% of biofuels are used for road transportation around the world.

Biofuels are blended up to 20% with diesel engines and the price of biofuels is currently

higher than diesel and therefore we have to use cheaper crops and crops that are available in

abundance for the production of biofuels so that it cannot affect the availability of feedstock.

Some of the crops in India present in large quantity and therefore their oil also has high

availability like wheat germ oil, rice bran oil, sorghum oil, etc.

The majority of biofuels are produced from crops and are known as conventional biofuels. By

using new technologies and processes biofuels can be produced from waste, inedible crops or

forestry products which are known as advanced or second-generation biofuels. Advanced

biofuels can become primary of biofuel in the future because of their capability to improve

sustainability.

9.1. Problems for producing biofuels and how they affect sustainability

If feedstock selected which is also used for food, then it leads to a shortage of food in a country and to solve this problem farmers have to grow more crops that are used for that biofuel. To increase the productivity of crops the government has to take some initiative to motivate farmers to grow more crops by providing subsidies or policies for the farmer.

Another problem comes with the production of the crop is climate condition. Sometimes climate condition for the fuel is not appropriate for production of the crop throughout the country and due to this production of that crop cannot be increased up to a certain limit.

If we consider India, India is one of the largest producers for wheat (2nd rank, 98 million tons) and rice (1st rank, 43.2 million hectares) and its tropical and climatic conditions are good for producing these crops. So India can easily use these crops for the production of oil from them and can easily use these crops sustainably for making biofuels without affecting the availability of food crops for the people. Wheat germ oil is considered as 1st generation biofuels, hence no additional work is required to process the crop which is required in 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels are not economical in India because of their prices are high and also their availability is not good in India. Oil from wheat is directly separated by using cold pressing. But the problem comes with wheat germ oil is that its production in India is not high and few industries are producing it other problem is density of wheat germ oil which is much higher than density of diesel. Therefore to use wheat germ oil as biofuels India have to increase its production

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rate so that its price can be reduced and also some extra cost is also required to mix diesel and wheat germ oil.

In India rice bran oil can be used for biofuels because of its high production rate. In the production of rice bran oil, a by-product of rice is used (Rice bran is a component of raw rice which is the cuticle between the paddy husk and the rice grain) which is not used for eating purpose. Hence no shortage of feedstock occurs when we use rice bran oil for biofuel and also it is easily available and also cheap which makes it sustainable for India. Mainly rice is cultivated in West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar in India but it can also be increased if required because India tropical and climatic condition is suitable for this crop.

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[2] Web resource:

https://afdc.energy.gov/

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[5] Web resource:

https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_benefits.html


S Sinha, A K Agarwal, “Experimental investigation of the combustion characteristics of a biodiesel (rice-bran oil methyl ester)-fuelled direct-injection transportation diesel engine”


K. Dinesh ORCID Icon,A. Tamilvanan,S. Vaishnavi,M. Gopinath ORCID Icon, K.S. Raj Mohan, “Biodiesel production using Calophyllum inophyllum (Tamanu) seed oil and its compatibility test in a CI engine”

[8] Web resource:

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V. Edwin Geo, C. Prabhu, S. Thiyagarajan, T. Maiyalagan, Fethi Aloui, “Comparative analysis of various techniques to improve the performance of novel wheat germ oil – an experimental study”


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