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SECOND, AND IMPROVED EDITION PROPAGATED. HERAUSOEOBBBN YON ALBRECHT EARL OF CASTLE SCHOOL, Privatdocent 08TA8IATISCHE FOR LANGUAGES AT Universitat MtNCHEK.

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Preface to the first position on.

This Biich owes its origin to very different ideas. Iseigong and occupation have genothigt me for years, me with the language Biannigfaltigsteii to beschaftigen Baaformen, some of them as family zii, others compare lehreud or schildemd present. Catheter experiences and more frequent exchange of ideas with fellow colleagues about eye meinere questions came hinza; einschlagigen in the literature, as far as I met, I was just part of what I was looking for, Yieles what I not made sense. And so it was my duty, and at the same time Bediirfniss me and others to give over my point of accountability. Even the teaching delivering four tibet us so strange and so different to each other Languages, such as Ghinesisch, Japanese, Malay, and Manchu, I nothigten repeatedly in hintiberzuschweifen's sprachpihilosophische area. It I could see how difficult it is often the best head of the motherijprachlichen Vonirtheilen losringen, but as if it succeeded in the most remote areas on domestic Lieht heriiber Spracherscheinuugen may fall. Therein rests the value of Analogic in the Organon of the inductive science that so many of the points far entfemten Thatsacheu, Grtinde and their effects are namlichen to but a May are clear to light than the other. And just the languages of our family afford the Verhiillung amazing, the diligence of the strict historical Researcher, the sagacity of the philosopher as to where their other mechanism and carry her story openly. In the first series, this book FiiR Those determined that we will one day than our staff and hope to see you succeed. That moge apologize if I have questions gegonnt the hodegetischen more space than otherwise probably in the works related content tiblich is. Even the Ausserlichste the Metbodik let themselves from the inside out so explain. However, I'm on the Internet eat the brevity omitted some of what you are in a real teaching and Diirfte looking hand-book: an outline of the phonetics, a collection of A * 1 07725

IV Preface. Definitions of grammatical printouts, as a family overview of Spraohen ind probably still many other things. Our science itself is still young, many of its regions are kaiini only touches of investigators, some offer the attraction and dangers one young woman 'lands. I had to carry everything before Rechnnng.

The reader can see soil as quickly ttichtige a goal-aware persistent work Has yielded fruits, soil, and have his share in these Friichten Mitgenuss. He shall bend but not to imagine all that we were further ahead than we are. The highest and last goals he moge in our eye. As far as I They thought I recognized, I referred to it; I have paraphrased the whole area, as far as I ennass, and the rights of the cartographer, to take his degree of power by the terra incognita, I have extensive Exercised. As best I could, I felt the realm of possibilities out, often acted priori, but then looked if my Erfahrangen allowed to prove by examples that the Possible as factual. In this I was now particularly schliram it. My own experiences and the more general conclusions as I drew, I'm mostly nattirlich in very remote areas of language cropped Beispiole but Souen erlautem Mowgli and obvious miissen screeches, so be as close as possible. So had I see well, or iibel mine where I am by trade routes Least have to look for: the native language, the most prominent languages Europe and the Indo-European Studies. Sometimes it was me, like a Aualander, the better the Landesmtitze thaler and borrows as nickel, as a packed Expends money Cours with loss, and the uneasy feeling that one with dragging himself when doing research on the Nachbam bonds I leamed griindlich know I can choose those better entitled, which any blame, I expect, just ask for friendlier Nachhiilfe, for In the event that my work experience soute a second edition. This is espeparticularly from the third book. Where this is it. to the utterances of the living language concerned, because I thought my Geftihle and judgments as much todiirfen to be trusted, as the others. Survey, I then kept well vergewissem to me, but not always with those who have lived in the languages with the eye of Palimpsestenforschers to read double texts. You will not be misunderstood when I said the viewpoints of the individualLichen and spoke very harshly against one another historical researchcontinued. The equality of both, I accept, yes, I imd to search show how the two intertwine into one another at the end miissen. Just But for now I see why the yarn held together rather sharply, as confused gefitzt.

Preface. V My book is in a longer series \ years on companies with large interruptions caused, and its parts are not in the order written, in which they are present now. "What I find very, occupied, was once I seemed ripe, written as an attachment; With time, the Znm whole plan, I lectured over general linguistics fullte and the longer the more the gaps of my manuscript. The traces such a development can be blurred or not, I hope you 'll excuse it. To write a textbook, such a system as It was taken Heysb, I dare not. Better sclxien me, the Readers and schildemd erortemd drove by our workshop and, of course to stay there at Langsten where I work, even with fondness. I here a few companions, especially among my fellow countrymen, and just this may justify it, that I bring to bear my point, afterwhich so many of our most prominent Indo-turn, the same . done Seeking Understanding and Thue my best to find them, I ask nothing better than mutual recognition. I have quoted; gekargt somewhat. First, I wanted the orderbeginning of the book, Mowgli restrictions upon screeches, and secondly, I did not like atlet give Prioritatsstreitigkeiten, against which I dislike a certain cherish. In the history of science, it does happen that one Sun

incidentally utters a wiohtigen, consequential thinking, the first lot later one exploits the other. And this other might as well selbstandiger Explorer, have been encouraged by that. Exhaustive erudition I mass to it, and it is hardly to the extent of our literature za demand. Some of what I consider for my ownmost may already liingst find in the "work of others, and when I really first Times I put on paper, so without it I do remember my have been verewigter father of the author. The controversy I have avoided far as practicable. Few times seemed I offered myself to answer to my ausdriicklich Vorgangem;, otherwise I begntigt so, my Meiiiungen, as well as I was concerned, for to be persuaded. Sometimes I Mogen those with divergent views Over all others have remained unknown. Enter into a competition where I saw already made the best of Frtiheren was, at least in my But I was intent on the context of the whole and on the relative tive VoUstandigkeit give my work, had, in other words, a Colander instead of writing a book of essays mtissen when I was in such cases had all been silent. It will be noticed missfallig might notice that I love my Proposition to drive to the extreme. For a taste for paradox, this is done

VI Preface. not true. ICLI only like me prefer the argumentum ad absurdum itself , keep it as oppose to me by others leave, and the loved ones I might show my thoughts to their last conclusions aiich the ordeal. Where it is completely up to the ideals, I like Auer, the world's wisdom, but that they were inaccessible, even nieht . hear It is indeed not going to achieve it, and always near them sondem soon to come. Enough if we before the final goal and the ways hereinafter route We see and know the Kliifte, in the pursuit uberhastetes us kaiiii lintels. After I did the forces of Bedtirfnissen philologists and language teachers Taken into account. A missed teaching methodology, the Schiller Teaching object FiiR lifetime spoil, and it seems wrong to me forever be, if targeted at young heads more to them a knowledge and Can teach, as the desire for knowledge to tmd Can weckeii. Because that is Gelemte verlemt again, but the gained interest grows and continues to operate. My complaints liber blunders in Sprachimterrichte were already printed before the Schulreforra FiiR Preiissen was tackled. Are they date or belated, so much the better. Those of our adversaries classical education, stiitzen to how often uninspiring the gym nasien look straight into their main multiples, have unfortunately been a sham FiiR rightfully be. This has to be taken from them, the evidence must be GEleads to that the seemingly arid Science in truth one of the imd is most inspiring life. What the Greco-Roman antiquity FiiR our academic, government and ktinstlerische Gesittong been it can not deal with one hundred reformers one bit. At the Philolied is to silence them completely. If they succeed, the Language teaching in a school and Yerstandes Gesehmackes make za they will also give flavor and Yerstandniss for the study of languages. We live in a time of monographs. Individuals like to bury in great detail, the relationship loses it all and then complains when he looks lonely. It is either of bounded Diinkel or ZimpferLiche fear Dilettanterei when the Yerkehr with neighboring sciences rejecting properties and not because mitgeniessen want, where you can not mitsch ape. As I anfertige pressure during the register, I discover that

I have repeated it more often than I like. The way the book come about, moge apologize to some extent. Often had indeed even for the sake of the same idea in different places rereturn, and then it happened well that I also back the same Ausdruek or envisaged by the same example as particularly significant, and flowed into the spring. Berlin, February 1891st

Preface to the Second Edition.

I Hiennit iibergebe the jjSprachwissenschaft'' my late uncle Gbobg of the Gabelentz in increased and improved form of the philologicalstrategic experts and ask them, this Yermachtnis allzufnih of homeanfnehmen previous scholars in a benevolent way to want. - Unfortunately he was no longer vergonnt, the further expansion of this great indesigned to work with his own hand toitemehmen. He, our jimgen Science has shown such wonderful ways, and proceeded ftihrend, had just on the high of his career, in full possession of the vast material in the language field, leaving the scene of his activity too soon. - The survivors erubrigte it, with a gentle hand what has been created, soAs for any far to get, and only where the progress of science community is urgently required to make modifications and enhancements. Wildenroth at Mtinchen, May 1901. Dr. Earl Schulenbubo.

Content Yerzeichniss.

First book. Allgemelner TlielL Page I. CHAP. Concept of linguistics. . First Necessity of the definition. . . A . Second Concept of human language: interpretability, clarity, Intentionallyspeed gesture language: H5rbarkeit. Languages of the voting talented animals: Structure 2 . Third According to language, articulation (Tbchmrr) 4 . 4th The idea, concept of thought (Steinthal, Lotzb) 6 CHAPTER II. Tasks of linguistics. . First Spracherlemung. - Linguistics 7 . Second A. The individual languages 8 3 B. Language History, 9 Sprachstftmme

. 4th G. The SprachvermOgen; general linguistics 10 Mckblick 12 III. Chapter. Position of linguistics. Anthropology. Ethnography. History. Natural science, psychology, logic and metaphysics. - Compared to the classification of linguistics in the natural 13 sciences lY. Chapter. Suggestions for linguistics. Surprise: the question of Grimden. Purpose of learning and research. 17 The Egyptians: Decomposition of speech into sounds, letters, 18 The A883rrer: ABsyrisch-Sumerian grammars and WOrterverzeichnisse ... 18 The Chinese: Btichenrerbrennung and philological restoration. Philosophy of Language 19 Greeks and Romans: Low Ski & Tzung the barbarians. Philosophy of language .... 20 Their epigones: Alexandria, Byzantium, 20 Christianity 21 The share of Isl & m Peraer 21 The Jews: Masoretes and Punctatoren 22 The Ptet 22 The Indians: talent and ideas. Panini's grammar * 23 The Japanese: suggestions from the outside; fast Wandelungen in our own Language. Gfammatik 24 RQckblick: philosophy of language, language-specific research, preferably in the Mnttersprache. Expiration of the language and Classicitilt 24

X content. Seito Recent time: humanism. Missionaries and travelers. Scientific Alinungen, Sasbstti, Vino, Mabsxhan, Pbexabb, Wbbdin, Rblandub, Sajmovics, Gtabxatht 25 The Sanskrit studies: Englandbb, Schleoel, Bopp, Rask, J. Gbimm, pot ... 26 The Polyglot: Dubbt, Lbibniz that Vocabularium Catharinae, Hbbvas, ^ Vdeluhg and Vatbb (Mithridates). Col. MClleb 27 Deciphering of the cuneiform and hieroglyphic 28 Wilh. 28 V. Humboldt The Indo-European Studies 29

Branches and 30 Annfiherungen y. Chapter. Training of the linguist. . First Different starting points and directions 31 . Second a) PhonetiBche training. Value of phonetics, for the same position Linguistics. According to differentiation, articulation. Cbung of speech and GehOrsorgan. Phonetic writing systems 32 Additional: 38 letters of foreign languages . Third b) Psychological Training. Thinking and speaking. The languages Worldviews. WortschOpfungen and (ybertragungen. species of the same. Observations of the mother tongue. Speech impediment. Yolks of influence antiquity, of occupation. Every innovation originally a mistake, which caused their acceptance or Ablelmung? Language of the common Manno. Preserving Krftfte. Selbstbeohachtung 39 . 4th c) Logical training, practical and theoretical. The importance FiiR Linguists 47 . 5th d) AUgeraein linguistic training. Voice talent. Learning foreign languages. Suggestions from the remotest ago. Choice of languages. Necessity of the practice. Importance of the Indo-European Studies. Lecture allgcmein linguistic Works 48 Additional: imagination and knowledge of human nature. History, VSlkerkuude: Philosophy, science studies as an addition to 52 Second book. The einzelsprachllche Forseliung. I. CHAP. Scope of the particular language. Language, dialects, sub-dialects. How many there are languages on earth? Varying terminology, flowing Limits. Double division reasons: a) political and social b) after the againstVerstftndnisse side. Individual and national languages. Community Voice: a) with those who are living, - b) with the ancestors. Characteristics of the Verschiedenhcit of languages, main and sub-dialects 54 CHAPTER II. The special task of the individual linguistic research. Verftnderungen of languages dialektifiche divisions. The history and the jeweiiige Sprachgef iihl: shifts LOsunj, old, new Ankniipfung Verpounds. The so called isolated languages .... 58 III. Chapter. Linguistic knowledge. First Each language will be erlemt 61 Second Error-free handling of the mother tongue 62 Third This is done carelessly 63

Content. XI

Page 4th But according to the laws that form among themselves an organic system. Material and Fonn, inner speech form 63 5th Gedftchtnisserwerb anbewusste and Abstraction 63 rV. Chapter. Language learning. .1. A. By milndlichen handling. Learning the mother tongue. GE-free Children formed languages. Exposure of adults, the acquisition Rules. - Yerschiedensprachige people: From silent Yerst &ndigung;the foreign language listening, quick learner and at Verstftndigung Uneducated. - Missionaries, travelers. Peril of Missverstflndnisse. Method. - Two-and multilingual education 65 .2. B. methodological lessons. Teachers and textbooks. Which method is the best? Risk of tlbersetzungswesens. Recent improvements 71 . Third G. Au8 texts. Known and unknown Grdssen, degrees of difficulty speed. Method: Naive Yerhalten - GoUectaneen 73 V. chapter. Study of individual languages. . First The recognition as the target. What are detected soil? 75 . Second A., and applying the Ftihrung GoUectaneen. Alternate cursorisches Read. Form of GoUectaneen; different methods 77 . Third Example, examination and test and order the GoUectaneen. New sighting rearrangement. 79 VI. Chapter. The presentation of the single language. A. The grammar. . First Internal and Slussere language form. Linguistic structure, sentence structure, - and Yollst & RESISTANCE Accuracy of the grammar. The system, however errors. Self-description 81 .2. a) Date of Selbstprufung. Self-observation in the learning of a foreign language. Naive Yerhalten, Congenial itftt 83 . Third b) component parts of the grammatical knowledge, the two systems. The Language to be interpreted as a phenomenon and as the applicable funds. Both interwoven in the mind to distinguish in the representation 84 . 4th c) The Prolegomena, a) sound and Accentlehre. b) the Gnindgesetze Language-structure. The language of the grammarian and the reader indifferent. 86 . 5th d) The analytical system. - The discovery of the rules, the grammar to be discovered method. The analytical way: the addition to the Restricted, namely in Riicksicht both on the fabric as the Gosetze and rules. No gemeingtlltiges mdglich scheme. Heard similar things together. What is similar? Example of an analytical system. Mixed systems. Necessity to prove Aue 88

Addition: Example 02 on the Arabian . 6th e) The synthetic system. His task. Difference from the analytical Systems. Away from the parts to the whole. Other aspects. Grammatical synonymy. Examples: Wa.s is the language of their tasks? The psychological Modalitftt Worth the synthetic system: a practical and theoretical. Scientific validity of this system. Individuelles Yerhalten over against the synonymy, blurred boundaries and any resulting problems. Grundsfttze ffu * research. - Adivision of the synthetic system 93 . 7th I added style and grammar. Individual and national style. . 104 . 8th Additional Appendices II 106

XII Contents. S ita . 9th To my eye tibet spelling and ftussere equipment. Authorized Complaints. Facilitation 107 . 10th Types of grammars: a) Systematic - methodical. b) Complete and requests reference requests getting Grammars - Elementarbficher; grammatical Yorschulen. c) Kritiscke and didactic grammars 109 . 11th The grammatical terminology 114 . 12th The examples 116 . 13th Paradigms and formulas. The Anubandhas the Indians 116 . 14th Cbungsstticke 119 . 15th The language of the grammarian and the language to be displayed .... 120 . 16th B. The Wfirterbuch. As a reference book to the convenience of serving purposes. Mdglichkeit a scientific Worterbuchs. Yolksthum and vocabulary. Border between grammar and WGrterbuch offered practical and scientific Lich justified idea of a scientific language-specific wordsbuchs I. vocabulary as a phenomenon: a) etymologically b) morphologically. II vocabulary as a means of expression: encyklopftdische synonymy. How much it is achievable and expediently? 121 . 17th G. Beriicksichtigung and temporal characteristics drtlicher in grammar and W5rterbuch. Preservation of individual language standpoint. Limits of Zulfissigen. The fashion in the language. Academies to regulate the language. Btthnenrnftssige Spraclie 125 . 18th D. Language and writing. Preferences & shore and origin of Scripture. Drive to work of visual art, for self-immortalization. Gedtlchtnisshfilfen. Conventional signs, pictures

and symbols. Boundary between the Scriptures and their Preferences & ufem: readability speed, - the language is written dar. Stilisirung. Interaction between speech and writing. Eunstschriften. Division of the Scriptures in words, syllables and letter headings. - Intermediates. The orthotomography: historical and phonetic. Innovation efforts and their difficulties speed. Value of hiKtorischen orthographies FiiR linguistics. Transcriptions 127 Third Biich. The genealoglsch-lilstorlselie Spracliforsehuiig. Introduction. Nilchste tasks. From the history of comparative Indo-European Studies. N & here version of the task: basically everywhere a one-story goat sucker language. Difference of the individual languages AufCassung: no rftumlich, not chronologically, sondem artlich. Sidedness of the historic Standpoint. Original languages and Urdialekte. Feeder & lligkeiten in the statepoints and arrogates & ben. Outer, inner and History 136 First part. The ftussere language history. The Yerwandtschaftsnachweis. . First Tasks of the language and learn. Present state of knowledge of the families of languages. The amount thereof. Bigger units even if that original

Content. XIII Page unit to assume all languages? Mdglichkeiten and t ^ ments prepared. Methodology, and random incidence. Determination of Yerwandtschaftsgrade. . 142 . Second Discovery and expansion of the 145 strains Spake & A. The prospect of signs 145 a) Geographic moments 146 I)) Anthropologiscbe moments 147 c) Ethnograpbische and culturgescbichtliche moments 148 d) Sprachlicae moments 148 a) According to the nature Abnlichkeiten 148 /?) In Sprachbaue 149 y) in the inner Spracbfonn 150 6) in words and pronunciations 151 B. Methodology of Spracbenvergleicbung. Voreiligkeiten. The "Turanian niscben Spracben. "proof of Verwandtscbaft 154 First According to the Aufsucben filtesten forms 156 a) The fuller sound form 156 b) Spatere Zuwucbse 157

c) Urspriingliche meanings. , 157 Second Prftrogativinstanzen 157 Third Inductive Probe 158 . Third Types and degrees of Verwandtscbaft. Full and balbburtige kinship scbaft, Miscbsprachen. N loading and Feme: Abnlicbkeit, especially lexikalisCbe tJbereinstimmungen and common neoplasms 158 . 4th I. The additional application of the above Lebren 160 I. The bamito semitiscbe Spracbfamilie-160 II Verwandtscbaft Nabuatl of the Algonquian Spracben 162 . 5th Additional pedigree II and Wellentborie. Schlbichbb, Johamnbs Schmidt 163 . 6th Additional III. The Duke of York and Kabakada Spracben of a Ausnabmefall 165 . 7th To Tecbnik. Collectaneen to Verwandtscbaftsnacbweise. Encyklopftdiscbes WSrterbucb. According Regelmftssige agencies. Grammatiscbe Vergleicbung 166 Second part. The inner Spracbgescbicbte. The first main piece. General. 1 Ibre tasks. - Ideals and goals bisberige efforts. The Indogermanistik and grammars of the three vergleicbenden Bopp, Schleichbk and Bbugmann. The indogermaniscbe Urspracbe 168 Additional: DblbbCck fiber Bopp and Schlbichbb 171 . Second Old and newer Spracben. - From the Gescbicbte the Indo-European Studies. The "Ur8pracbe" of the tribe. You valueB vorlftufig of a formula. The Laws of gpracblicben becoming a problem: the living valueB Spracben In addition to the 172 dead . Third The isolated Spracbe. - Ausscbluss foreign Einfitisse. Isolated Vdlker. The einbeimiscben Mficbte in the cone stSxker as the alien .... 176 4, DieEtymologie - AnalytiscbeMetbode. EtymologiscbeWdrterbficber. Term The etymology. The origin and W6rter grammatiscben forms; roots. Wide Imaging aspirations and skepticism. Importance of etymology 179 The second major piece. The spracbgeschicbtlicben Mftcbte. . First Deutlicbkeit and convenience - a precondition of clarity loading

XIV content. 8 quemlichkeit of convention, desire for more power Ersparniss, bodyLicher and spiritual. Conservation, Zerstdning, Neusch5pfung. Effort for purposes of clarity, the influence Lautweseiu AIIF graphicallyspeed and intensity 181 . Second The sound change. - From the History of Indogennanistik. Legallyspeed and the GrGnde Unregelmftssigkeiten 185 a) Erroneous comparisons 186

b) Yerschiedene sounds in the 186 Urspracbe c) the Yerschiedene Yoraussetzungen Lautentwickelung 186 d) Incorrect Analogic 186 e) Borrowings 186 The axiom of Yon UnverbrGchlichkeit of sound laws. His Yoraustranslations. How far right? Hodegetischer value. Unexplained & rliches. 186 Extra: Examples of the doctrine of the articulation and the sound shift environment. First Samoan. Second Batta, Dayak, Malay. Third Australian languages. 4th American languages: Pima, Hidatsa, Chilean 193 . 3a. The Eupbonik (sandhi). - The purpose or reason? Phonetic tendencies of Einzclsprachen and language families. Convenience. First Directions of the Influence. Second What works and what is affected? Third Inner and ftusserer sandhi. 4th Result. - Pbysiologisches and psychological Moment. Yerschiedenes Yerhalten of languages. Zetacismus. Inorganic Dental. Preserving Mftchte 196 . 3 b. Yerwalirlosung in favor and Articulation. Reproduction and Flfichtigkeit. What is volatilized? Entfthnlichungen phonetic sub. form Business & ftliche Kiirzungen, Zahlwdrter, Rufhamen. Languages with rapid Lautverschliff 205 . 4th Sounds of nature as exceptions to the phonetic laws. - Onomatopdien, Einderloud interjections 208 . 5th The analogy. - Gemeingtdtigk'eit, Yieldeutigkeit Geffthrlichkeit and the Thing. The analogy with the Spracherlemung. Yerhalten the Indogermanistik. What makes the analogy effect and appeal? Why not everywhere analogy? - The single case of analogy effects. 209 . 6th The congruence wrong. - Transfer of parts of speech from a Formative on the other 214 . 7th The etymological Bediirfniss. Construction and destruction. Improper destruction considerations; Yolksetymologien; Cbertritt the WSrter from an etymological Family to the other 215 . 8th The lautsymbolische feeling. - Naive Yerhalten to the mother tongue. Where Similar & K meet & length and fthnliche Yorstellungen as connect they are in Sprachgefiihle. Tion and explanation of the course of events from the language erlemung the children. Effects of sound-symbolic Gefuhles; tocompositions and phrases, semantic change, new growths, unorganic sound change, impact on form and syntax? . . . 218 . 9th Bound speech. - Mechanics at l & ngerem talk, and break new Start-up. Rhythm. Preservation of Yeraltenden, destructions in the soundand formalism. Emphasis on antitheses 225

Content. XV s it BedentungBwandel, Yefluste and Neusch ^ ipfungen. . 10th Introduction. - Difficulties 227 .11. Classification of einschlSgigen facts. The terms and limitations. Boundary changes. Coalescence and splitting. Abolition, Vernarrowing, ErhOhung or humiliation. Neuschdpfungen, Ol) ertragungen, Borrowings. Effects of Gulturerwerbes and Verkebrs 229 . 12th The moving Mftchte 232 First Similarity of ideas - even the sounds of 232 Second Composition and Construction 234 a) * 234 Gleicbniss b) Phraseological Yerbindungen; achtungsYolle and geringsch & tzige Ausdrticke 234 c) Actual 236 composita d) KHrzungen same 236 Third Development and the importance hnlichung duplicates 238 4th Clarifications and Yerst & rkungen. - Periphrastic forms, Diminutiva, Obert friction. Composita 239 5th Irony and rhetorical question 244 6th Custom and statute. Charged and banned Ausdnicke; taboo nature. Aflnss social position. Chastity and obscenity. M & nner and Women languages. The Earaiben that Kolarier. Aristocracy of the language; Depreciation of Vomehmen 245 . 13a. After Neu8ch5pfungen and roots of NND Wortstilmmen 250 . ISb. Loss of old and emergence of new grammatical categories. - New Tenses. Loss of certain temperature and Caius, the dual. Double Plural forms. The neuter at the Neuromanen. The category of the Belived in Slavic 253 RQckblick. . 14th The spiral course of Spracbgeschichte, the agglutination. - Elder Monosyllabic words do not necessarily, not necessarily unverftnderlich. The Afformativa ursprtoglich itself and requests reference requests getting words. Wear of the lute, Therefore, the new replacement Deutlichkeitstrieby FFLR dwindling. The IndoGermanic languages, the Indo-Chinese: tertiftre isolation. The Polysynthetlsmus 265 . 15th Inhibiting and accelerating forces. - Transport of the various Ages among 258 Impact of traffic, voice mixing.

|. 16th Introduction. - Yerst &ndlichkeit; which may require and allow it yer st & Announcement yerscbiedensprachigen with people. Mixed BerOlkerungen 259 j. 17th Extinction of languages. - Law of the St & rkeren: vitality of Yolker; Rape. 261 emigrants . 18th Borrowings. - With goods and intemational Yerkehr Begriflfen. Fremdwdrter and replicas. Migration of W6rtem. What is being developed rejects? LehnwOrter as Oberbleibsel verklungener languages. Characteristics of the Ffemdlinge. Einbfirgerung and alignment. Finnish and Germanic. Dialectical duplicates. 262 names of cultivated plants . 19th Influence on the sound system by neighboring languages and dialects. . 269

XVI content. Soito . 20th Borrowed phrases, introduction of other grammatical and sdlistischer Forms. Acceptance of foreign language habits. Einflass foreign Literatures: the chinesifichen, Indian, Arabic. The Greek rdmische prose - the franzdeische. Copts, Ethiopians, Syrjftnen. . . 270 . 21st Language mixing in the native language. - The smallest forces, and he & Effects. New acquisition, Refresh, Yergessen. Even increasing the own habits, solicit. Effect mftchtigcr individualization t & Ten. Aftereffect language imprints in the dream life. Abstumpfiing the language of conscience 273 . 2 * 2. Influence children's language. - Their Eigenthumlichkeiten. Imitation by an adult; After effects: diminutives, nicknames Koseformen of 277 . 23rd Actual mixing languages. - Unz & Monna Lisa amount of possibilities. Greolensaid. The Melanesians, Australians, and Kolarier. Lbpsiub 'theory of the languages of Africa 278 . 24th Dialect research. - Microscopic work of historical linguistic Research. Smallest Wandelungen. Schftrfe of Unterscheidunggvermogens boi narrow horizon. Double forms in dialects. RiickBchluss to the Past. Scientific value of dialect research 283 . 26th Able languages. - Splitting the classes of the people, immigration from outside. Profession, Thought and speech habits. Argot slang, & c, origin of the offprint, Aufhahme same in the national vocabulary 288 . 26th Additional suggestions I spoke to historical Untentuchungen. Wisp. - 1 Japanese and Manchu. Second Chinese, Korean, Manchu. Third and 4th Apparent volume representation; concerns. 5th Wisp on IndoGermanic areas 289 . 27th Additional comparative linguistics and prehistory II - problems. Language and racial type. The common vocabulary as a witness by the economizingInventories of material and spiritual ancestors 298

. 28th Additional III. The roots - the root word. - Rooted in individual linguistic sense - in the sense of the tribe - original language. Priori and posteriori roots. The problem of the original language. tjbergang to the allgeneral linguistics 295 . 29th According to additional IV-297 and fixed idea Fourth book. The allgemeliie linguistics. I. CHAP. Their tasks. Fundamentals of Sprachvermogens; diversity of its unfolding, valuesch & Tzung the language. Original state of human speech, 30 ^ CHAPTER II. The foundations of human Sprachvermogens. . First To my eye, 303 . 2, Physical foundations. Talking animals. The hand. The food. No recurring mating seasons. HttlfsbedOrftigkeit the Children, family life 304 . Third Psychological foundations. Family life and love. Horde: common sense and envy. Playfulness. Imitation. Sangui African temperament.

Content. XVII Page Vanity and curiosity GeschwAtzigkeit. Joint working. The sounds as st & requests reference requests getting Symboie. Curiosity and question analysis. Zank and Lflge. Voice gimmick. Yerscbiedenbeit the voice NACB age and gender: conventionelle sounds. Vorzflge akustiscben the funds before the optiscben 307 . 4th Lute and T6ne in Urspracbe. - Manifold. Aucb Mebrsylbler. Stilisirung 313 . 5th The personification, inspiration and stimulation. - Cbertragung of the will Welcome to lot. The Reluctant. Cbertragungen in expression. Where the Veigleicbe? The Etyraologie 315 III. Chapter. Inbalt and form of speech. L The speech. Logiscbe Yerkntipfungen. The lcb and You 317 First Mittbeilende speech in the strict sense 318 Second Questioner speech 318 Third End speech area, etc 319 4th Starting the end of speech 319 PrGfung this Eintbeilung. Middle school. 'Shema. - Types of the exclamation

Speech 319 A set of 319 Yoller As an ellipse. . . '319 Yocative, etc 319 C. D. Pure interjection s 321 a) Nachabmende 321 b) Subjective 321 Eintbeilung Rficksicbt of speech in the shaping: 'Shema. - 'Shema NACB Kind of excitement and Grand. - Hermaphrodites 322 Eintbeilung II's speech in substance and form. .1. A. The substance. - What he bestebt? His Gliederang and decomposition. Mental point of view of Ydlker: Perspective NND horizon; mind's eye. The Beziebungen (binder) as a substance, as a form 324 . Second B. The form 327 .3. First The inner form. Humboldt, Pott, Steinthal, Mistbli, color MOllbb. - Beurtbeilung. ValueB of etymology. Genetic Erklftrung .... 327 . 4th The ftussere Spracbform. The morpbologiscbe Classification 345 First Unformed sentence words 345 Second Hftufung same 345 Third Isolation of 346 4th Composition 346 5th Hfilfswfirter 346 6th Agglutination, Pr & -, sub-and infixes 347 7th Flowing borders: bef ^ which promotes the agglutination? 348 8th For sub agglutination of 349 a) Sub-349 and Prftfixe b) The extent of agglutination. . , 349 c) the intimacy of form and substance Yerbindungen Clementen. . . 350 d) Grammatiscbe functions 351 9th Accretion and agglutination. Defektivsystem 351 B

XVIII content. Seito 10th Symbolization 352 11th Flowing borders 353 12th The alleged flectirende class 354 13th Incorporation, Polysynthetismus. Humboldt. D types of incorporation 354 14th The syntactic composita 359 15th The appearances of the word order 359 . 5th G. The shaping engine. - Apparent and real-spoke Cberfluss in Lichen prints, whose origin and Abschaffiing. The purpose of the Language not only geschftftlich. Synonymously forms. The li ^ Gninde to end Bediirfniss. Forming drive everywhere 8 0 III. The word order. Psychological subject and Prftdicat. - The agglutination as a witness beforehistorical opportunity laws. The disjointed speech. Speech and Antirort the ellipse. H & ufung einwortiger utterances; logiscbes band between solchon. Anf & nge zusaramenh & ngender speech. Indeterminacy of the Relationship between the speech elements. The order of release, but bedeutsam, from the standpoint of Hdrenden Highest guild, but also by the from the speaker. Of inductive proof; Grundsfttze ffir the choice of casegames. Isolation of the psychological Subjectes. The Yerbum before Subjects. - The psychological subject as a grammatical category. . . 365 IV Betouung. Conventional explanation & tion of the position of symptoms. When and what stresses you? Loud talking. Emphasis on certain parts of speech, always-controversial ^ gegensfttzlich mixed. Why so often emphasized the first part of the sentence? Signifeffectiveness of stress 873 V. Pronunciation way or mood expressions. Dor effect on mood of the speaker volume and tone production. Veruse of the modulations of form and word formation 376 VI. Interaction of the Equality Act and the Stimdetermination mimic. Both already own the original language, this fresh and verhaltnissmftssige Manifoldness confer. Mdglichkeit to solid design. Antisense (C. Abel), an ironic way of talking. Robe 380 languages VII classification of Wdrter to conceptual categories, grammatical parts of speech. The name of the subject as Prftdicat. Various subjects with the same Prftdicaten. Same or fthnliche subjects with entgegcngesetzten Prftdi. eaten Difference between thing and property through the Thiltigkeit Consideration given to the world. Habits of mind. Is the familiar the rule. Different behavior of languages such as mSglich? Hybrid

Fftlle. Different modes of apprehension. The verbal Prftdicat counterset to nominal. The categories urspriinglichen 381 Possibility VIII - Control - Law. RCickblick: Ursprfingiich limitless variety. Whether already grammasystem table? Drives to further grammatical tables Ausbaue of language: heightened spiritual life, - The ordinary AUeinherrschaft wins. The sg NaturvQlker. Interaction between language and national spirit 385

Content. XIX Page CHAPTER IV. Sprachwtirdemng. Considerations for determining the value of languages. First Introduction. - Wechselwirkiing between language and national spirit. . 387 Second Basics of Induction. - Gulturwerth the YOlker. Dualism between form languages and formless languages, or a difference of degree V The Basics of Induction shifted 388 8th Scale on the side of the languages. - Yerschiedenheit of the institutions and Functions. Alleged Yorzflge even at low elevation languages YOlker: congruence, grammatical gender, internal checks for sound change, dicative conjugation, the third person in the coi ^ ugation, the Nominatively, interpenetration of matter and form. Result 389 4th Historical Einflfisse 395 5th Value of etymology - danger of unfair judgment .... 395 6th Nature of the Indo-European inflection. - The Defectivsystem and the mental conditioning of race 398 7th According to law, sandhi Ucs - anticipations and repercussions. The Indo-European and Ural-Altaic languages 401 8th Agglutination. - Seriousness of the etymologies. Stoffliches can formally be 403 9th The etymological sense. - Logical clarity 404 10th Blunders in the analysis and judgment; st5rende factors. - The zwischenzeiligen tJbersetzungen. The terminology. Errors of the Gram. matiken Risk premature Geringsch Tzung &. Mixed languages .... 405 11th The Semitic languages. - Yocalwandel. Ahnliches in other languages 408 12th Malays and Semites. - Similarities in syntax. Comparison of the Yolkerstftmme. Conclusions. The Semitic word root formation 411 13th Malays and Uralaltaier. - Gegens & tze in Sprachbaue. Yergleichung dor breed plants 415 14th The BantuYolker. Linguistic structure and Yolkscharakter 420 15th American Indian languages. - The incorporirend polysynthetic construction

the languages and the intellectual life of the race. Yerbale and nominal Mode of conception 423 16th Other Yolker and languages. - The Australian. The Indochinese. The Caucasus Volker 425 17th Bybnb * s Principles of the Structure of Language. - Uumboldtt, Stbinthal and Bybnb 426 18th Individual phenomena and individual languages. - From training and & Changes. Yerhalten about the new features compared. Z & ability and Tr & gheity Empfknglichkeit and suppleness. (^ Esichtspunkte to Judgment. Language and Yolksgeschichte. Education and Yerwahrsolution of the languages; Neusch5pfungen and losses 427 Individual factors: A. The volume being 431 B. Internal Articulation. - Concept and FlOchtigkeiten KUrzungen, beparticularly sharp articulation. Application to the judgment of the linguistic forms. Influence on the history of language. Jerk conclusion the Yolksgeist 432 B

XX Contents Page The C language structure and the grammatical point of view - the Grammatics and the national habits of thought. Objective and subjective moments 437 I. The Objectivitat. a) In the formal Eintheilong vocabulary. - Value of the classificirenden characteristics. Nominal and verbal Press & dicate. Loss of distinctive features. What and how will classed? (Mafoor, SQd - Anda manic) 438 b) Word forms of absolute importance. - In Mafoor. Yei ^ Ossemde Or verkleinemde, living and disapproving forms (Italian, Spanish). Number, time, place special and general. . 443 c) copies fCir relations of the sentence elements NND sentence undereach other and the speaker's speech to 448 a) In general. - Grammar and logic. Diversity of expression. Analysis of an example. Scbwierigkeiten and judging Yoraussetzungen 448 ) and Prildicat attribute set and part set. - The word order. One-sided and one-sided pr & dicativer attributive language structure. Zwiscbenstufen and Entwegungen 451

y) Prftdicativattribute, Zwischenprftdicate. - Relativs & tze. Position the attribute behind his Trftger 456 6) Attributivprftdicate, and Pradicatspradicate secundare Pradicate. - In the case Ghinesischen 458 e) Active and passive mode of speech, Incorporation. - Einverleibende Form of the sentence structure 459 ^) Nominal and verbal Pradicat, pradicative and possessive Conjugation 460 I /) casus, Pra-and post positions. - The possible relationship substantival sentence parts to others. The Objectivcasus as Subspecies of the adverbial. DerAnschaulichkeitszweck. Single: I Objectcasus in Ghinesischen. IL HulfswOrter FiiR the attributebutivverhaltnisse ibid. III. Adnominal and adverbial Attributes. IV favoring lotzteren. V. The nature of adverbial relations in different languages? VI. The two genes at the Scopes Polynesiem 461 9) transformation of the propositions in sentence parts. - The task of their Importance and difficulty stringing I. unmediatedrows of short sentences. II EintOnige conjunctions. III. Participial and Gerundialconstructionen. IV Planmassigeres Verdrive: a) time and the other modes bedingend. b) Satzwdrter and Quasiwdrter: a) Zusammengesetztc verbal nouns. p) quasi Nouns, syntactically generated. y) Identified by altered word order 463 C \ Logical modality. - Difficulty of judging. Inbacklash from the Ghinesischen 470

Content. XXI Rare The Subjectivitftt II. a) Psychological modality & t. - Communicativeness, their Yoraussetzungen 472 ind directions b) The social Modalitftt - Mckschliisse anf the social and public life 474 III. Her style 475 Y. Chapter. The narrative voice. Bediirfniss thereof. Yoraussetzungen and tasks 476 YI. Chapter. The general grammar. My eye viewpoints. According to the creature. The linguistic structure. The grammatical

tables phenomena of languages, its meaning, its Regelmftssigkeit, their history. The synthetic system and monographs. . . 479 Chapter VII. The general vocabulary customer. Dure Yoraussetzungen and tasks. Y ^ orld of Yorstellungen. Etymology. 482 phraseology Yin. Chapter. Conclusion. Hindsight on the duties of the individual languages and sprachgcschichtlichen Research. Preserving and shaping Erftfte. Language and Yolksleben. Recent destinations in General Linguistics 485 Register 487

First book. General part.

I. CHAP. Concept of linguistics. . First If a science begins with the fact that they themselves denned as untemimmt it a tentative justification of its existence, the immediate the collection of certain Anspriiche means. This explains, it is my territory; no one else has it been genomnien possession, there is no other soil ktinftig claim. So she does not demand toleration and recognition sondem exerts with the Augenblieke, where they become aware ibrer themselves, their neighbors gegeniiber a right of Ausschliessimg. Find such a right is a fixed Grenzbestimniung advance; NND this soil are now with all imtemommen Pedantry and Umstiindliclikeit. If anywhere, so here is the science both authorized and genothigt a grosvsen Tlieil rticksichtslos of the public to bored, - the part of the public I nieine, the definitions in reputation to the point raised, because he does not understand that definitions belong to the point. "Spi * achwissenschaft, is the science of language'' - as explained the parser, which is not factual nor want to be. What is Language? that is the question of which answer to the linguistics twice has: for the first time tentatively, to describe their intentions in the area to show how this area abgi'enze against others: this is the word definition to a similar outline, the second definition it is in all her Verwalk and work have to liefem: the concept of Saclie, the things hecropping soil. This is the property definition with the image of ausgefiihrten let's compare. We have to deal first with the word definition. This ware with a few words, as something fixed like a total utterput paragraph. But we want more of them to ever narrower circles progressively found, the Erfoig will tell if thuen wir'roeht it. . d GabeleDtz, Linguistics. Second Ed a

2 I, I, the term Spnichwissenbchaft.

2nd Concept of human language. At the very beginning of our Erorterungen shows us the menschJiche praclie h> cine property that we will femerhin besehaftigen uoch more often: they anthromorphisirt, ie ind Tliun iibertragt human being on the outsidemensehliche world I'm talking, the other listens and understands me, is so FiiR him the speech, a sensory perception that he understands: imd rersteht what he is Wahmebmuiig not alone sondem contained in her mind. A sense found in a Wabrnehmung her name suggests. Now sucbt the thinking mind want to suggest any Wabmebmung, so to speak Aue ibm, like it or In this talk we niebt Yerstande Spracbe initiated by the nature and the stones of an old Gemauers erzablen Gescbicbte. * The only different is the Spracbe Xatur interpreted differently by Naturforscber from Naturmenscben: and other points of Altertbumsfoi-scber Spracbe of the Stones, unlike the Masons, who wegbricbt. Having first in two and docb FaUen The two had exactly the same thing in mind and both interpreted Having first ricbtig It follows that these languages are mebrdeutig. Spracbe but a solidbe unique, since uur the unequivocal love is understood. And they have only nicbt Verstiindnissgrund be the one who sondem aucb Verstandnissmittel of the other, mitbin voluntary utterance, because only where there is a will may, by a ilittel the question. Hit other words Spracbe requires only a lcb and then a you. As we batten Two reasons why a Spracbe inanimate things only in uneigentlicben Siime moglicb is, and that the Yergleicb binkt nicbt only on one leg. Besscr, it scbeint, stebt it with the so-called Geberdenspracbe: One of the other one macbt siebtbares Zeicben that these so verstebt and can only versteben the way it is meant here by that then the wii-Having first the two ilcrkmale Absicbtlicbkoit and uniqueness, but a third feblt, the nicbt to Spracbe less sense in eigentlicben wesentlicb is: the voice, as the "Zeicben gives the Gebororgan that it takes Yorbin we talked by lcb and you, now we are clear about my Mimde and your Obre. Eius Having first but those sicbtbaren Zeicben docb common with borbaren Spracbe, mid so far before the Spracbe nature and Culturdenkmaler advance namlicb the Yerganglichkoit: they are the moment and are nicbt MeBr as soon as they Having first served. With nocb MeBr Scbeine Recbtens we talk about the voting Spracben Tbiere talented. This is where the Tbat all observed so far established requireresults to. The Tbier bodient SICB his voice. to macben to SICB vei ^ tandlicb,

. Second Human language. 3 and it is understood not only by his peers, even sondem of the observing animal friends. Camera only on the liveliness of the training and Impression on, so I do not wtisste what the language of the dog and the Songbird miss timber: their rhetorical Leistungsfahigkeit is amazing. It is this but they have in common with the gestures and facial expressions, the Bedeutsamkeit and profound effect on the Gemtith we Meistem to the showgame art to admire. Unless you have erforscbt but the animal languages so far, the same gestures they are in another, less vortheilhaften pieces: ausdriicken what they are or Erapfindungen hoehstens Gesammtvorsteliungen, not Ilire Glicder dissected thoughts. An animal that feels pain, may call in his speech: Ow! However, an entity like our sentence: I feel Pain, or as the Latin, dol6o "verniag not create, it may say in his speech: Burr! or Plautz! But it does not say: We

woUen auffhegen, or: Since fall slightly. Here we have an ability to upobserved only at her mensclilicher speech, but also to human speech Alier has been: the separation of presentation (analysis) of the structured training Any idea of the pressure corresponds to the expression of thought is structured Of course a deliberate and clear in the rule. Therefore bedurfen these two features, we will no longer hold and definition to our zusamnien: Human language is the structured expression of the Gethanksgiving by sounds. It should be noticed here that this definition holds several things in themselves First, the language is considered as a phenomenon, FTIR as the respective means of expression (Ion respective thoughts, that is, as mentioned. Second, the language is considered a unified totality of such means of expression for any thoughts. In this sense we speak of the language of a people, a professional class, a writer, etc language in this sense is not so much the Gesammtheit all the speeches of the people, or class of individuals - as muchmore the sum total of those abilities and inclinations, which form