compact urban growth in london - philipp rode 09-09-14 [compatibility mode]
TRANSCRIPT
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COMPACT URBAN GROWTHThe case of the London Metropolitan Region
Urban Vision Leader’s Study LondonLondon, 09 September 2014
Philipp Rode, LSE Cities / Urban Age ProgrammeLondon School of Economics and Political Science
GREATER LONDONGreater London: 8.0 millionDriver of UK economy: £361bn yearLondon GDP = Saudi Arabia
LONDON METROPOLITAN REGION19m population
GREATER LONDON POPULATION 1961-2011Source: Census 2011
EMPLOYMENT IN LONDON BY SECTOR 1971-2007Source: Experian Business Strategy
HOUSEHOLD TYPE TRENDS IN LONDON
• Significant changes of households types and size
• More young people, especially from Europe
• Moving out: older workers, retired people and young families
• More people from ethnic minorities
NEW YORK SHANGHAI
RESIDENTIAL DENSITIES PER SQKM
SÃO PAULO ISTANBUL
MUMBAI
LONDON
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RESIDENTIAL DENSITY AND URBAN FORM
high densities in South East England
RESIDENTIAL DENSITY AND URBAN FORMRESIDENTIAL DENSITY AND URBAN FORM
average densities in South East England
LONDON DENSITIES
27,100Max. residential density [pers./sqkm]
173,372Max. emplyment density [pers./sqkm]
WORKPLACE DENSITY AND URBAN FORM
high densities in South East England
EMPLOYMENT DENSITIES
all jobs accounting
legal servicesbroking and fund management
Source: Annual Business Inquiry 2007RAIL SYSTEM LONDON
408 kmUnderground network
1,393 kmRegional rail network (within 70 by 70 km area)
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LONDON MODAL SPLIT OF DAILY JOURNEY STAGES - 2012Source: TfL 2013
INTERVENTION
GREEN BELT LEGISLATION SINCE 1947 DISJOINTED INCREMENTALISM
THE BRITISH PLANNING SYSTEMThe 1947 Town and Country Planning Act stipulates that plan and planning permission remain essentially separate
INCREMENTALISM AND THE NEOLIBERAL TURN
• Hands-off approach relying on the effectiveness of the private sector
• Development corporations rather than planning agencies
• Entrepreneurship and development instead of regulations and planning
• Mega projects and public private partnerships instead of land use plans
• Projects instead of Plans
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STRATEGIC PLANNING SINCE 2000 LONDON GOVERNANCE – SPATIAL PLANNING 1980-2010
THE LONDON PLAN
1. Required by law through the Greater London Authority Act 19992. Prepared by the Greater London Authority under the Mayor of London3. Statutory mayoral strategy mandatory for the GLA family4. Acts as guidance for borough level planning, as such not legally binding
STRATEGIC OPEN SPACES IN LONDONSource: GLA 2004
“growth can only be accommodated without encroaching on open spaces if development takes place more intensively, leading to higher densities and plot ratios on existing brownfield sites.”
PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY LEVELS (PTAL)
“the future scale and phasing of development should be integrated with the capacity of the public transport system and accessibility of different locations”
INDEX OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION
“clear spatial priorities are needed. Areas of London that havenot benefited from recent development – notably in parts of the east –should be prioritised for future development”
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LONDON PLAN - ‘COMPACT CITY’ POLICY OBJECTIVES
• To accommodate London’s growth within its boundaries without encroaching on open spaces
• To improve London’s accessibility
• Mixed use development• Integrating transport and
development• Matching development to
transport capacity
• Allocation of street space in favour of movement of people and goods
• Local transport and public realm enhancements
• Improving conditions for walking
• Improving conditions for cycling • parking policies that encourage
access by sustainable means of transport,
• Design principles for a compact city
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND PLANNING PERMISSION
1. Local development frameworks borough level responsibility2. Incremental, iterative process of granting planning permission OUTCOMES
COMMUTING FLOWS – GREEN BELT ‘JUMPING’
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LONDON NEW DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPORT 2004-2011 LONDON NEW DEVELOPMENT AND PROXIMITY TO TRANSIT
Urb
an d
evel
opm
ent 2
004-
2011
(mill
ions
sqm
)
4
3
2
1
0500m 1km 2km >2km
housing
retail & leisure
office
DENSITY CHANGES
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CHANGING MODE SHARESource: TfL 2013
ROAD TRAFFIC TRENDS IN LONDONSource: TfL 2012
CYCLING TRENDS IN LONDON
NYC
Com
mut
er c
ycle
in
dica
tor
300
200
100
20101990
New York
2000
100
50
150
Berlin
20101990
Rela
tive
chan
ge in
bic
ycle
us
e (2
001=
100%
)
2000
20
20101990
10
Num
ber o
f trip
s to
cen
tral
Lon
don
durin
g m
orni
ng
peak
by
bicy
cle
(Tho
usan
ds)
2000120
80
160
200
20101990
Copenhagen
Num
ber o
f trip
s to
-from
inne
r ci
ty o
n w
eekd
ays
by b
icyc
le
(Tho
usan
ds)
2000
LONDON URBAN CYCLING TRENDS
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Zero Car Households Population
2001
Zero Car Households Population
2011
Zero Car Households
% 2001
Zero Car Households
% 2011
Zero Car Households % Change
Inner London 1,312,647 1,464,862 49.9 55.7 +5.8
Outer London 1,703,350 1,801,311 27.9 30.0 +2.1
London Total 3,015,997 3,266,173 37.5 41.6 +4.1
1.1 Socioeconomic Change and Peak TravelLONDON: ZERO CAR HOUSHOLDSSource: TfL 2011
DEBATE
UNPACKING THE LONDON COMPACT CITY DEBATE
1. Terminology• Compact city model and policy vs. currently denser cities, current apartment
living, current public transport systems etc.
• Compact residential vs workplace developments vs mixed use
2. Evidence-based argumentation• Plus: energy and carbon efficiency, public transport, walking & cycling
• Minus: urban heat island, privacy
3. Normative argumentation• What people really want …
• Let the market decide …
4. Problematic compact city policy instruments• ‘Second-best’ planning instruments (non-market instruments)• Shape of green belts
THE COMPACT CITY MODEL
• Generic spatial interpretation of ‘sustainable city’
• Umbrella term for ‘European city model’, ‘transit oriented development’, ‘new urbanism’, ‘decentralised concentration’ and ‘smart growth’.
• Reinforcing city access based on proximity: reducing the need to travel and allow for shift towards public transport and non-motorised modes.
• New realism in transport, moving away from ‘predict-and-provide’
com
pact
di
sper
sed
CONSENSUS: SHIFT TOWARDS PUBLIC AND NON MOTORISED TRANSPORT
© Peter Banyard 2010
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THE MOTORWAY BOX SPATIAL PLANNING & TRANSPORT DEMAND MANAGEMENT
LONDON PLAN – AN ASSESSMENT
Positive• Commitment to a clear vision• Communication effort• Transport agency backing
• Site specific endorsements• Strategic alliance with national policy• Frequent updating
Shortcomings• Missing regional integration• Funding gaps compromising key
projects• Absence of binding land use standards• Little impact on Thames Gateway• Reverse planning sequence for
transport and land use
CONTROVERSY: HOUSING SUPPLY
THE COST OF COMPACTION? HOUSE PRICES 1970-2008 (2002=100)Source: UK Government
ANNUAL SUPPLY OF NEW HOMES 1970 to 2008Source: GLA Economics 2009
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LONDON BROWNFIELD SITES (2010)
LONDON COMPACT CITY POLICY: PLANNING CLOSE TO OR WITH THE MARKET