community structure and biodiversity
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Community Structure and Biodiversity. Chapter 46, part 1. Bell Ringer, 9/9. Come in and sit down QUIETLY. You can keep your desks in groups as long as you can do so quietly. What is one question that you wish had been on the test? Write the question and then answer it. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Community Structure and BiodiversityChapter 46, part 1
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Bell Ringer, 9/9 Come in and sit down QUIETLY. You can keep
your desks in groups as long as you can do so quietly.
What is one question that you wish had been on the test? Write the question and then answer it.
What are some ways that organisms interact in the environment? (‘I don’t know’ is not an acceptable answer. Brainstorm some ideas!)
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Levels of Organization Biosphere: The earth’s surface; where all life
exists Ecosystem: The interactions of all living and non-
living things in an area Community: The interactions of all living things
in an area Population: The members of a species in an area
interacting with one another Organism: One individual living thing
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Levels of Organization Organ System: Group of organs that interact with
each other Organ: Group of tissues interacting with one
another Tissue: Group of specialized cells interacting Cell: The basic unit of life
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ System
Tissues
Cell
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ System
You are here
Cell
Tissues
Organ
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Factors that Shape Community Structure Habitat: The type of place where a species lives Communities have dynamic structures based on:
Climate and topography Types and amounts of food and other resources Species’ adaptations Species’ interactions Timing and history of disturbances
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Bell Ringer, 9/10 Come in and find your seat quietly Get out your notes Answer the following question on your bell ringer:
Pick ONE factor that shapes community structure and explain how it affects the community.
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Factors that Shape Community Structure All members of a community have the same
“address” but different “professions” Niche: A species’ ecological role; includes
conditions, resources, and interactions necessary for survival and reproduction Fundamental niche: The niche that an organism can
have Realized niche: The niche that an organism
ACTUALLY has
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Factors that Shape Community Structure Example: Barnacles
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Factors that Shape Community Structure Ex. Finches
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Factors that Shape Community Structure Coevolution: When two species in close
interaction with one another evolve in response to one another Hummingbirds and flowers Garter snake and rough skinned newt
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Factors that Shape Community Structure Categories of Species Interactions:
Commensalism: Benefits one species and does not affect the other (bacteria in your gut; barnacles on a whale)
Mutualism: Benefits both species (ants & acacia tree) Interspecific competition: Harmful to both species Predation: Free-living organism kills and eats another
(lion and gazelle) Parasitism: Live in or on host and usually don’t kill it
(fleas, ticks, mistle toe, tape worms)
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Exit Slip, 9/9 When will your rewritten notes be checked? Compare and contrast predation and parasitism.
Give an example of each.
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Bell Ringer, 9/10 Get your Exit Slips (on 2nd lab table) Get your pink paper (on 2nd lab table) On your bell ringer paper, answer the following
question: Explain the difference between a fundamental niche
and a realized niche. Give an example of each. Pick ONE factor that shapes community structure
and explain how it affects the community.
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Bell Ringer, 9/11 Get your FRAYER MODELS from the back and
put them behind your Ch. 47 notes in your binder Answer the following questions on your bell
ringer: A unicorn can survive in warm or cool temperatures.
Their main competition, the magical fairy, thrives in warm temperatures. Based on this information, what is the unicorn’s fundamental niche? Realized niche?
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Factors that Shape Community Structure Symbiosis: Species that spend most or all of their
life cycles in close association Symbiont: A symbiotic species Endosymbiont: A species that lives inside its partner Parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism can all be
types of symbiosis http://www.brainpop.com/science/ecologyandbehavi
or/symbiosis/
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Commensalism Relationship in which one species benefits and the
other is not affected Cattle egrets and livestock Army ants and birds Stomach bacteria?
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Mutualism Interaction in which both species benefit In some mutualisms, neither species can complete
its life cycle without the other Yucca plants and moths
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Mutualism Most mutualistic interactions are not life or death
Plants have more than one pollinator Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Lichens
There is often some conflict between partners Lichens: Algae and fungal symbionts
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Mutualism Some mutualists defend one another
Clown fish and sea anenomies Ants and the acica tree
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Mutualism The Theory of Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria engulfed by a bigger cell
Host relied on ATP produced; symbiont relied on raw materials from the host
Eventually, they became incapable of living independently
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Mutualism Evidence for the Theory of Endosymbiosis
Amoeba experiment by Kwang Jeon (1966) Resemblance to bacteria in size and structure Replicates independently of the main cell Internal membranes resemble those of bacteria
See Ch. 20.4 for more information!
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Parasitism Parasites spend all or part of their life living in or
on other organisms Steal nutrients from the host Have big impacts on host populations: Disease,
weaken host so it is vulnerable to predation or unattractive to potential mates, cause sterility, shift sex ratios of host species, and many more!
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Parasitism Parasites usually don’t kill the host right away
Ideally, a host will live long enough to give the parasite time to reproduce
The longer the host survives, the more offspring are produced
Host usually only dies from the parasite (not secondary effects) when: It is overwhelmed with parasites or A parasite invades a novel host with no defenses against
it
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Parasitism Parasites often lead to secondary effects on the
host Gradual drain of nutrients leads to the inability to
fight off secondary infections
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Parasitism
Roundworms MistletoeOphiocordyceps unilateralis
Flea
Lymphatic Filariasis Tapeworm
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Bell Ringer, 9/12 What evidence have scientists found for the
Theory of Endosymbiosis? Why is it beneficial to parasites to keep the host
alive as long as possible? Why do some scientists believe that
commensalism does not really exist in nature?
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Fish Dating Service
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Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTGcS7vJqbs Mutualism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2qdxVVRm4 Ants:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UozWJTuhbMQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3Mt2E1M6dU
Parasites: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i80DvTmLPeE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvdiYg6ZN-U http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDMzubAvzgg
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Bell Ringer, 9/13 Put your homework in the tray On your bell ringer…
Choose a parasite that you learned about yesterday and explain its interaction with its host.
List the levels of organization.
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Virtual Lab http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/virtual_
lab_population.html#.UjJ2odJQEud
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Bell Ringer, 9/14 In Friday’s virtual lab, what happened when the
two paramecium were grown together? Why?
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Competitive Interactions Competition among members of the same species
is very intense; leads to evolution by natural selection Natural selection: Process of evolution in which
individuals of a population vary in the details of a heritable trait and reproduce with varying amounts of success
Evolution: Change in a line of descent
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Competitive Interactions Interspecific competition is not usually as intense
Interference competition: One species actively prevents another from accessing from a resource
Exploitative competition: Species don’t interact directly; they reduce the amounts of resources available for the other by using it
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Competitive Interactions
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Competitive Interactions Any two species differ in their resource
requirements Competition is the most fierce when the supply of
a shared resource is the main limiting factor for both
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Competitive Interactions G. Gause (1930) conducted an experiment
involving two species of ciliated protists Both compete for the same prey (bacteria) Separately, their growth curves are almost the same When grown together, one grew slightly faster and
outpaced the other, driving it to extinction
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Competitive Interactions
Time (Days)
4 8 12 16 20 24 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (Days)
P. caudatumP. aurelia
Pop
ula
tion
den
sity
Time (Days)
Pop
ula
tion
den
sity
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4 8 12 16 20 24
Pop
ula
tion
den
sity
Time (Days)
P. caudatum and P. aurelia
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Competitive Interactions This experiment is the basis of the competitive
exclusion principal Whenever two species require the same limited
resource to survive or reproduce, the better competitor will drive the less competitive to extinction in that habitat
Competitors can only coexist if their resource needs are not exactly the same Example: Gause’s second protist experiment
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Think About It… Can you think of any examples of times this has
occurred in nature? If yes, describe the situation. If no, make up a hypothetical situation and explain
it.
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Competitive Interactions When two competitor species coexist they
suppress each other’s population growth Concept shown in experiment by Nelson Hairston Hairston studied two species of salamanders In two plots, he removed one of each type of
salamander. In the control plot he left the populations the same
In plots with one salamander, populations soared On control plot, populations stayed in check
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Competitive Interactions When two species in an ecosystem are similar,
they must find a way to coexist or one will be driven to extinction
They do this in two main ways: Resource partitioning Character displacement
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Competitive Interactions Resource partitioning
Subdividing an essential resource Reduces the competitions among species that require
it Ex. Plant roots
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Competitive Interactions Character displacement
Over generations a trait of one species diverges to lower the competition with other species
Natural selection favors individuals that differ most from the other species These are the individuals that get to survive and
reproduce (the goal of nature) These are the traits that are passed on to future
generations
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Predator-Prey Interactions Predators: Consumers that get energy and nutrients
from prey Prey: Living organisms that predators capture,
kill, and eat
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Predator-Prey Interactions The quantity and type of prey species available
affects predator types and vice versa The extent of this affect depends on how the
predator responds to changes in prey density Prey density: The population of prey in an area
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Predator-Prey Interactions There are three main predator responses to prey
density: Type I: Depends solely on prey density Type II: Depends on the predator’s ability to capture,
eat, and digests prey Type III: Depends on both prey density and the ability
of the predator to capture the prey Knowing the type of predator response helps
ecologists predict long-term effects of predation on a prey population
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Predatory-Prey Interactions Type I Response
The proportion of prey killed is a constant so the number killed depends solely on density
Passive and filter-feeding predators Ex. Spiders, whales, flamingos
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Predator-Prey Interactions Type II Response
The number of prey killed depends on the predator’s ability to capture, eat, and digest it
When prey density increases, kills rise sharply at first (more prey available)
Eventually kill rate slows (more prey than predator can handle)
Ex. Wolf and caribou
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Predator-Prey Interactions Type III Response
Number of kills increases until prey density exceeds a certain level, then rises rapidly, then levels off
Common in three situations: Predator switches among prey, concentrating on the
most abundant prey (“prey switching”) Predators need to learn how to effectively catch the
prey Number of hiding places for the prey is limited
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Predator-Prey Interactions Sometimes a predator’s lag in response to changes
in prey density leads to a cyclic change in the abundance of predators and prey When prey density is low, predators decline Prey is safer and density increases Predators increase Predation leads to a decrease in prey The cycle repeats
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Predator-Prey Interactions Charles Kreb tracked population densities of the
Canadian lynx and snowshoe hare in Alaska for 10 years Set up 1 sq. km plots Used fences to keep predators out of some plots Put extra food and fertilizers on some plots
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Predator-Prey Interactions Results
Predator-free plots: Hare density doubled Plots with extra food: Hare populations doubled Found that all these precautions delayed the cycle
but did not stop it Other predators flew over the fences Some hares starved to death These models are WAY more complicated than high
school biology gives them credit for!
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Predator-Prey Interactions If a genetic trait helps a species escape predation,
that trait will increase in frequency If a genetic trait helps a predator overcome its
prey, that trait will increase in frequency Each development requires a counterdevelopment This creates a “never ending arms race” for
evolutionary developments (coevolution)
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Prey Defense There are a myriad of prey defenses:
Spikes and hard outer parts Camouflage Warning coloration Mimicry Toxins Last minute survival tactics
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Prey Defense Spikes and hard outer parts
Make the prey much more difficult to eat Predators abandon prey in pursuit of an easier catch
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Prey Defense Camouflage
Body shape, color pattern, behavior, or a combination thereof that makes an individual blend in with its surroundings
Predators can’t eat prey that they can’t find
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Prey Defense Warning coloration
Flashy patterns and colors that predators learn to recognize as bad tasting or toxic
Predators learn to avoid organisms with that coloration
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Prey Defense Mimicry
Evolutionary convergence in body form (species come to resemble each other)
Batesian mimicry: When one mimic doesn’t have any undesirable characteristics, but looks like an organism that does
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Prey Defense Mimicry
Muellerian: When two species with similar appearance both have unpalatable characteristics
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Prey Defense Toxins
Some organisms produce chemicals that make them unpalatable or toxic if eaten Plants
Some organisms use toxins they get from their prey Sea slugs
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Prey Defense Last minute survival tactics
When an animal is cornered, there are many “last minute” defense tactics
Playing dead “Puffing up” Spitting venom or unpleasant odors
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Adaptive Predator Response Predators must adapt to prey defenses
Stealth Camouflage Avoiding repellents Speed
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Adaptive Predator Response Stealth
Predator is able to sneak up on prey
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Adaptive Predator Response Camouflage
Predators blend in with the surroundings and can’t be seen by prey
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Adaptive Predator Response Avoiding repellants
Ability to “dodge” toxins released by prey Speed