community members commit to equitable policies for richmond general plan

8/7/2019 Community Members Commit to Equitable Policies for Richmond General Plan

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Apollo Allianc

Urban Habitat

Community Jobs in the Green eConomy

MILWAUKEEM ADISONWI


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Apollo Alliance

The Apollo Alliance aims to improve Americas security, technological leadership, economic strengthand shared prosperity by achieving sustainable American energy independence through eorts atthe national, state and local level. Named ater President Kennedys challenge in the 1960s to landa man on the moon within a decade, the Apollo Alliance has a bold strategy to direct $300 billionin targeted investments towards achieving sustainable energy independence within a decade.

Apollos 10-point plan to achieve energy independence includespromoting advanced technologyand hybrid cars, encouraging high perormance building, increasing the use o energy ecientappliances, expanding renewable energy development, and improving transportation options. Ourplan is supported by key national leaders in the labor, environmental, and business sectors, as welas by communities o color who are traditionally most harmed by existing energy policies.

Apollo Alliancewww.apolloalliance.org

Urban Habitat

The mission o Urban Habitat is to build power in low-income communities and communities ocolor by combining education, advocacy, research, and coalition building to advance environmentaleconomic, and social justice in Caliornias Bay Area.

Urban Habitat envisions a society where all people live in economically and environmentallyhealthy neighborhoods. Clean air, land, and water are recognized as undamental human rightsMeaningul employment honors a workers right to dignity and a living wage with benets. Eectivepublic transportation and land-use planning connect people to the resources, opportunitiesand services to thrive. Aordable housing provides a healthy and sae home or all. And qualityeducation prepares visionary leaders to strengthen our democracy with new ideas, energy, andcommitment.

Urban Habitat convenes the Social Equity Caucus (SEC), the Bay Areas only body dedicated to promotinga regional vision or social justice. SEC members represent economic, social, and environmental justicecommunity-based groups, as well as labor, public health, advocacy, aith, and youth organizations.

The Bay Area aces a two-dimensional job crisis: many people cant nd jobs and are stuck in a nearpermanent state o unemployment and an equally large number o people have jobs and work ull-timebut earn wages which are insucient to decently raise a amily. The goal o the SECs newest campaignis to increase job quality in the Bay Areas low-income communities and communities o color.

Urban Habitatwww.urbanhabitat.org

Acknowledgements

This report was written by Kate Gordon, Jeremy Hays, Leon Sompolinsky, Elizabeth Tan, and JackieTsou. Design by Karyn Matchey. The generous support o the Nathan Cummings Foundation andthe Energy Foundation made this report possible. Many thanks to riends o the Apollo Allianceand Urban Habitat around the country, who oered advice, reviewed drats, contributed photosand inspired this project with their important work.

For additional copies o this report please email: [email protected] 2007Apollo Alliance


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Community Jobs |

The clean-energy, green economy is now exploding into a billion-dollarsectorwith more growth predicted.

But the green economy can do more than create business opportunities andconsumer choices or the rich. It can also create job opportunities or thepoor. It can do more than improve the bottom line or big corporations. It

must improve the lie prospects or struggling communities.

The national eort to curb global warming and oil dependence can simultaneously creategood jobs, saer streets and healthier communities. That is the chie moral obligation in the21st century: to build a green economy strong enough to lit people out o poverty.

We have the technology. Investors are lining up. The only question is: do we have the politicalwill to make government support the transitionand the moral commitment to ensure thatthe new green wave in act lits all boats?

We have no throw-away resources or species. Nor do we have any throw-awaychildren. All o creation is sacred, and all our people are precious. And we must act againas i we know this truth.

When we do so, our dying blue-collar towns and neighborhoods will bloom againasdignied, green-collar meccas. Urban youth, too oten odder or prisons, could insteadbe trained to create zero-pollution products, heal the land and harvest the sun. UrbanAmerica can be put back to work, rebuilding our cities or the clean-energy uture.

We dream o clear skies over our major port cities. Where idling ships once ouled theair, we see solar-powered energy stations that let docking sea vessels power up cleanlyWe imagine trucks purchasing cleaner bio-diesel blends, to take the air trade goods othe ships without polluting the neighborhood.

We envision eco-industrial parks on land once blighted by prisons. We dream o strugglingcities like Watts, Detroit and Newark blossoming as Silicon Valleys o green capital. We

dream o a multi-ethnic, grassroots movement transorming urban America by creatingjobs, reducing violence and honoring the Earth.

Some will call this unrealistic. They will advise urban America to keep its dreams small. Butthat cynicism is the problem, not the solution.

Those communities that were locked out o the last centurys pollution-based economymust be locked into the new, clean and green economy. This report represents a guidinglight on that journey.

Van Jones

esident, Ella Baker Center oruman Rightsember, Apollo Allianceational Steering Committee

an Jones and Ella Bakerenter or Human Rights Co-onvene the Oakland Apolloliance with the International

rotherhood o ElectricalWorkers Local 595.

e: www.ellabakercenter.rg/OaklandApollo orore inormation on theirspirational work.

ForeWorDForeWorD


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| Community Jobs

This report, a collaborative eort between the Apollo Alliance andUrban Habitat, is a refection o our shared belie in the potentialo the green economy to generate quality jobs in our nationslow-income communities and communities o color. We believethat America can move toward energy independence while

simultaneously creating high-skill and high-wage jobs or residents o low-income urban communitiesresidents who have not historically beneted rom

economic development strategies. To achieve this goal, we must take advantageo Americas land, sun and wind resources, high-skilled workorce, strength iningenuity and innovation, and creative partnership-building potential.

We believe that through investment at the national, state and local level inour key areasrenewable energy, alternative cars and uels, high perormancebuildings and inrastructure, and equitable developmentAmerica can builda clean energy uture. More important, we know that this uture will bebuilt on the shoulders o all Americansarmers, workers, entrepreneurs,businesspeople, and consumersand that every American must reap itseconomic and environmental benets.

In this report, we present an overview o key industries in the green economy, aswell as discussions about the necessary workorce development inrastructureneeded to train workers to take advantage o these opportunities. We alsoprovide some case studies o Americans who are already employed in these

jobs. Finally, we present strategies that cities can use to take advantage othis new economic development engine. Our goal is to provide a roadmapor community organizers, economic development practitioners, laborrepresentatives, and city managers who wish to learn about and create highquality, green jobs in their communities.1

introDuCtionrp sa

Section I describesour vision or a greeneconomy that ensures

equitable development.

Section II outlines a range

o green industries thatcurrently exist in the U.S.,

and the types and numbero jobs associated with each

industry. As this report will illustrate,many high-skill, high-wage jobsare available through the energyeciency, renewable energy, andrenewable uels sectors. However,high-quality, amily-supporting jobsdo not necessarily ollow romevery investment in green industry.Cities must proactively and explicitlyprioritize and encourage thedevelopment o local jobs acrossall skill sets, in order or greeneconomic development to achieveequitable outcomes or residents.Cities also play an instrumentalrole in building partnerships andcrating workorce training programsto prepare their local residentsor jobs in the green economy.

Section III presents somestrategies and policies tohelp cities ensure new green

jobs are accessible to allresidents. These strategies and

policies represent the many waysin which cities can tailor a greeneconomic development plan to suittheir specic needs. Here we alsolook at how two Caliornia cities,Los Angeles and Richmond, arestarting the journey toward a cleanergreener, more equitable uture.

3


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Community Jobs |3

i. the Vision

A

mericas energy economy is not working. Ouraddiction to ossil uels has dire consequences,rom global warming to roller coaster energybills to expensive power outages that crippleour business economy. Meanwhile, low-income

urban communitiesthe sites o most o our dirty powergenerationcontinue to be plagued by poor educationand health, high crime, limited employment opportunities,and a diminishing aordable housing stock.

For years, many people saw these situations as unrelated.However, it has become clearer and clearer that investingin clean energy technology can also create good jobs, andthat these jobs are clustered in high-density urban areas.An early Apollo Alliance study shows that major nationalinvestments in the our priority areasrenewable energy,alternative cars and uels, high perormance buildings

and inrastructure, and equitable developmentwouldresult in almost three and a hal million green jobsor Americans. Green jobs are those that are directlyrelated to local investments in energy eciency, renewableenergy, and renewable uel sectors. For instance, a citythat decides to install a wind turbine to generate cleanpower creates green jobs in every sector o the windindustry, rom component part manuacturing to turbineinstallation to sales to operating and maintenance. Becausethe wind turbine is located in the city, many o these jobsare local. Moreover, many o these jobs, especially in theconstruction and manuacturing sectors, do not require a

college degree but are relatively high-wage. Thus the cleanenergy economy has the potential to provide valuableopportunities to the millions o unemployed and displacedworkers who live in our communities.

t V a G ec ad eqal Dvlp

I cities want to realize this potential, policymakers andcommunities must explicitly ensure that the benets o theclean energy economy include low-income workers andpeople o color. As the green economy continues to growit is important to ask some hard questions, including:

What makes or a successul green economy?

Who benets rom green economic developmentpolicies and practices?

What policies and practices will ensure that green jobs will go to the under- or unemployed in oulow-income communities?

Unless cities candidly address these issues, much o thegreen economys most important eatures, includingthe opportunity to create decent jobs or low-incomeAmericans, will be lost. For this reason, Urban Habitat and

the Apollo Alliance are committed to advancing a greeneconomy that is rooted in the principles o equitabledevelopment. Equitable development is premised on thenotion that a citys development practices result in aordablehousing, sae, reliable public transit, living-wage jobs, qualityeducation, a clean environment, and quality health careor all city residents. In practice, equitable developmentgoes beyond the physical development o a placeorexample, the construction o various types o buildingsplacement o buildings, and activities within those buildingsTruly equitable development must also meaningully engageresidents, workers, community organizations, businesses, and

organized labor in planning and decision-making processesbeore the rst brick is laid.

Equitable green economic development presents a uniqueopportunity to address three essential goals simultaneouslya healthy environment, a vital economy, and social equityWe hope this report helps illustrate how that opportunitycan become reality.

V:

A green economy that benefits all Americans

and is strong enough to lift people out of poverty


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| Community Jobs

Weve said that the green economy can create jobs. Butwhat kind o jobs are they? What skill levels? And willthey be within low-income workers reach? In thissection we hope to answer some o these importantquestions, by detailing the types o jobs available in three

major areas: energy eciency and green buildings, renewable energy, andrenewable uels.

eg efc bldg

Energy eciency projects are a huge win or local communities, rom bothan environmental and a jobs perspective. Incorporating energy eciencyconcepts into building design, construction, and retrots can reduce energyuseand energy billssignicantly. It can also create jobs in energy ecientproduct manuacturing and installation, as well as general construction jobs.

Here we discuss two primary ways to bring jobs in energy eciency intoa community: through new ecient construction (also known as green

building) and through energy eciency retrots on existing buildings.

G bldg

Green building is the practice o constructing healthier and more resource-ecient structures by improving the ways buildings use energy, water,and materials.2 Green buildings, also called high perormance buildings,incorporate both the ecient use o existing energy supplies and theinstallation o renewable energy systems where appropriate. The main jobsassociated with green or high perormance building are in the manuacturing oeciency components and renewable energy systems, and in construction.

Green building creates demand or a whole range o specially manuactured

products and technologies. As the demand or green buildings increases, sowill the manuacturing jobs that supply green products. These jobs includethose with manuacturers o energy eciency and low-waste systems, suchas compact fuorescent lights, waterless urinals, water ltration systems,permeable concretes, insulation, fooring, and low-chemical paints and carpets.They also include jobs with manuacturers o small-scale renewable productssuch as solar PV panels, solar hot water heaters, small wind turbines, andgeothermal heat pumps.

We understand that the

future of development lies

with a new approach to

building and we see the

opportunities to create new

businesses and new jobs while

building a better, healthier

more sustainable Boston.2

Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino

on Green Building

ii. the Jobs


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Community Jobs |

O course, green building also involves jobs in construction. Construction workerson green building projects do many o the same types o jobs as constructionworkers on any building site, though some o these jobs may require speciatraining or certication to work with green products and technologies.

While green building projects employ construction workers, they may notnecessarily create many more jobs than a regular non-green constructionproject would create. Thats because it takes the same size crew o carpenterslaborers, plumbers, electricians, rooers, etc. about the same amount o time

to build a regular building as it does to build a green building, once thegreen materials and technologies have been obtained and assuming that theconstruction crew is trained in green building practices.

However, despite the act that green building may not create many additionaconstruction jobs, it does have the potential to create entry level jobopportunities or low income and people o color when cities implement acombination o policies that promote green building, job training, and laborstandards. We describe these policies more in section three o this report.

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An energy eciency retrot involves upgrading or replacing lights, heating andcooling systems, insulation, windows, and other components o an existingbuilding so that the building will use less energy. Energy eciency retrotprojects always create new jobs because such projects involve work on existingbuildings that wouldnt have been done otherwise. Jobs in energy eciencyretrots include manuacturing the construction materials and devices designedto make buildings more ecient, such as compact fuorescent light bulbsmotion sensors, thermostats, ecient windows and window treatments, andecient appliances. Energy eciency retrots also create construction jobsand high-skill auditing jobs.

Common construction activities in residential, commercial, industrial, and

institutional retrot projects require a wide range o trained constructionworkers. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system installation isprobably the most highly skilled and labor-intensive job associated with retrotsHVAC work employs pipetters, sheetmetal workers, HVAC technicianscommissioning engineers, and electricians. Lighting projects range rominstalling ecient bulbs to replacing xtures. The rst requires little trainingthe second is a higher-skill activity perormed by licensed electricians. Motorsused or large scale heating and cooling systems and other applications needto be installed and replaced by licensed electricians. Construction workersare needed to install more ecient windows, plumbing xtures, appliancesand insulation.

Energy audits o existing buildings are a necessary part o energy eciencyretrots and a source o high quality employment. Auditors provide technicaand nancial inormation to consumers about how to reduce their energybills, and at what cost. Actions can range rom reducing energy consumptionto installing energy ecient devices, to switching to renewable energy anduel sources. Energy auditors also work with Home Energy Eciency RatingSystems to veriy that suggested energy systems are installed correctly. Energyauditing is a high-skill job that requires training and certication and canbecome a well-paying career.

Energy EfciencyRetroft Jobs

Auditing energy use inexisting buildings

Manuacturing materials anddevices

Installing ecient lighting andheating systems

Installing insulation, windows,and appliances

Employees o Caliornia Youth Energy

Services conduct energy audits and

install materials to help low-income

households save energy and money.4


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| Community Jobs

An important set o retrot jobs are those in the weatherization industry, whichemploys and trains workers specically to retrot homes and businesses to lowerheating and cooling bills. The U.S. Department o Energy estimates that or every$1 million invested in weatherization programs in low-income communities, 52

jobs are created in those communities.5 Weatherization projects alone requireworkers to do a range o jobs including installing insulation, improving urnacesystems, reducing air fow through buildings, repairing chimneys, installing controldevices on water heaters and other appliances, reducing hot water fows inshowers, and improving lighting systems.

G ec WkL Lg yg

Li Ling Young participated in the Step Up or Women employment trainingprogram oered by Northern New England Tradeswomen (NNETW) in the

all o 1996. Her previous employment included swimming instruction andast ood restaurant work. She had always been interested in construction,but was unaware o opportunities to learn construction skills until sheheard about the Step Up program.

Following Step Up, she was hired by a weatherization contractor as parto the Department o Labors On-the-Job Training Program. She workedthere or two years (increasing her hourly pay rom $7.00 to $11.00), andduring that time became aware o the world o energy eciency and thework o Vermont Energy Investment Corp. (VEIC).

She was hired by VEIC in 1999 as an Energy Specialist. This position

required residential construction knowledge, an understanding o howenergy is used in buildings, and math and analytical skills.

Li Ling estimates that VEIC has invested several months o training andconerences worth several thousands o dollars during her time there.She is now a Project Manager earning $22/hour, working with developers,architects and builders, homeowners and tradespeople. She enjoys havingan educational rolegiving people access to solid inormation thatinorms their decisions.

Li Ling loves her job and plans to continue working with energy and

buildings. She thinks the existence o Eciency Vermont (a program oVEIC which helps consumers save money and preserve the environment)is signicant or Vermonts low income residents and an asset to thebuilding community. Eciency Vermont positions Vermonts economy orthe uture. By addressing the greatest political, economic and technicalchallenge o the next ty years, Vermont is leading the way or otherstates and even other countries.

Li Ling Young

G ec CaPawa:

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Community Jobs |

Table : Jobs in Renewable Energy per Megawatt (MW) of Electricity

Power SourceManufacturing*

(jobs/MW)Construction & Installation

(jobs/MW)Operation & Maintenance

(jobs/MW) Total Jobs/MW

Solar PV 15.2 7.1 0.1 22.4

Wind 3.5 2.6 0.3 6.4

Solar Thermal N/A 5.7 0.2 > 5.9

Geothermal 4.8 4.0 1.7 10.5

Natural Gas** N/A 1.0 0.1 > 1.1

* Includes component manufacturing.** Natural Gas is not considered a renewable energy. It is included here for comparison.

Source: Renewable Energy Policy Project.8

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Renewable energy is power generated rom naturally replenished sourceslike the wind, the sun, and plants. In this section we describe our dierentrenewable energy technologies. Table 1 demonstrates that the use o theserenewable energy technologies creates more jobs per megawatt (MW) oelectricity generated than typical natural gas power plants.

sla PV

Solar technology allows us to harness the suns power and turn it into electricityEvery bit o solar power that we create allows us to use a little less powerrom ossil uel sources such as coal-red power plants. The major componeno solar energy technology is the photovoltaic (PV) cell. PV cells assembled inmodules, also called solar panels, are proessionally installed on buildings andother structures to catch the suns rays and transorm them to electricity. Thiselectricity can be used directly by the building or ed into the power grid.

The solar PV industry oers numerous job opportunities or skilled laborerssuch as rooers, electricians, and sheet metal workersworkers who currentlyplay no role in traditional energy generation.7 In act, PV technology requires

more manuacturing and construction labor per MW installed than any otherrenewable energy source. The manuacture o PV cells and the assembly osolar panels accounts or approximately 80% o all jobs in this sector, whileinstallation o the solar panels accounts or most o the remaining jobs.

Specic jobs in solar PV include manuacturing the component parts to beassembled into solar PV systems, including metals, glass, raw silicon (otenletovers rom computer industry), batteries, inverters, wiring, and roo mountingstructures that hold the solar panels in place. In addition to manuacturing, thereare also jobs in assembling the solar panels prior to installation. Assemblersconnect cells with one another and add glass and plastics to produce thenished solar panel. Systems integrators put the solar panel together with

wires and prepare it or installation. Installers set the solar panel on the rooby connecting it to the inverter, and connecting the inverter to the power gridMaintenance workers provide routine maintenance and repairs to this entiresystem o solar panels. And there are other associated jobs in sales and in thetransportation o component parts and completed solar panels.

Renewable energy

technologies were a $40

billion global industry in 2005.

The industry is projected

to quadruple in size over

the next ten years.6

Jobs in Solar PV

Manuacturing parts or solarPV systems

Assembling solar panels

Installing solar panel systemson rootops

Maintaining and repairingsolar PV systems

Generating electricity

using clean renewable

energy sources creates

more jobs than using

fossil fuels.


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| Community Jobs

Wd eg

Because o the size o the turbines and the complex machinery inside them,wind power can bring many jobs to a community. Experts predict that or every1000 megawatts (MW) o wind power generated, 3500 manuacturing jobs willbe created.9 Major activities in the wind industry include blade manuacturing,turbine and gearbox manuacturing, and tower and turbine installation. As inthe solar industry, most o the manuacturing is segmented, meaning that most

jobs (70%) are in component part manuacturing rather than in complete

wind turbine system manuacturing. Many existing manuacturing rms alreadyproduce similar component parts or other purposes, and could likely transitionto producing component parts or wind turbines in order to meet increaseddemand. Parts include: turbine blades, towers, gearboxes, electronic systems,brakes, and generators. Increased demand or wind energy will also requiremanuacturing o accessory equipment like anemometers or wind measurement,cables, and mechanical wind-driven pumps. Some manuacturers also producemachines under 50 kilowatts or home and single community use.

Developing wind arms, with many towers and turbines working together,creates a range o good construction jobs. Skilled workers build access roadsand other inrastructure necessary or the wind arm. These skilled workers

erect towers, install turbines, and connect the electricity to the grid.

Wind tower operators and maintenance workers are responsible or theupkeep o the huge turbines year ater year, and perorm unctions such asblade cleaning and repair work. Utility workers maintain the lines connectingwind turbines to the power grid.

In addition to the numerous jobs in manuacturing, construction, operation andmaintenance, demand or modern wind energy creates jobs or proessionalsand niche rms. Wind assessment and mapping consultants locate sites withgood wind resources. Environmental service consultants conduct environmentalimpact assessments or planned wind developments. Re-powering rms replace

outdated wind turbines with new models.

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Wind Energy Jobs

Manuacturing parts orwind turbines and towers

Constructing wind arms

Operating and maintainingwind turbines

Enacting policies to boost

demand or wind power,

the State o Pennsylvania

convinced the Spanish wind

company Gamesa to open

a manuacturing acility in

a part o the state that

has been hit hard by the

decline o the steel industry.

The acility will create over500 good paying jobs.


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Community Jobs |

sla Wa ha

Like PV cells, solar water heaters convert the suns rays into energy, in this caseinto heat or hot water systems in commercial buildings and private homesSolar water heaters are generally very simple devices: sunlight strikes and heatsan absorber surace within a solar collector. Either a heat transer solutionor simply regular water fows through tubes attached to the absorber andpicks up its heat. The heated water is then stored in a separate tank (otena conventional water heater tank) until needed. Traditional hot water heaters

provide any additional heat that may be needed. In general, solar water heatingsystems can reduce the use o grid electricity by up to 80% and lower waterheating bills substantially.10

The jobs related to the use o solar hot water heaters include: manuacturingthe component parts that will be assembled into completed solar hot waterheaters, assembling the nished heating systems, installing the system in abuilding, and providing regular maintenance. There are also jobs in sales andtransportation.

Gal ha Pp

Geothermal energy systems work by accessing the Earths heatwhich canreach 7000 degrees Fahrenheitto produce electricity, or to heat water orair directly. Geothermal heat pumps transer heat rom the soil to buildingsin winter and rom buildings to the soil in summer, using an environmentallyriendly heat exchange fuid similar to antireeze. This process is very ecientreducing electricity consumption by 30% to 60% in any given building. Thesepumps can be used in any kind o building, rom a house to a actory, so longas the natural resources exist. In addition to heating and cooling, geothermaheat pumps can be used to heat water.

Because underground temperatures are airly constant, geothermal energy isa renewable resource that many people are starting to use in homes andbusinesses across the United States. In addition, as home heating and coolingcosts rise, a number o cities are exploring using geothermal heat pumps toheat and cool their municipal buildings.

Geothermal heat pumps are installed on individual buildings, so they tendto generate local installation and maintenance jobs. In one Canadian studyexperts approximate that or every 1000 pumps installed in private residences150 jobs are created, most in lower-skill industries.11

Specic jobs associated with the use o geothermal heat pumps includemanuacturing mechanical equipment and primary metal supplies (such as walshat casings, drilling equipment, and power plant equipment), manuacturingpolyurethane pipes through which heat exchange liquids are pumped, andmanuacturing the heat pumps themselves. There are also jobs in installationand maintenance. Installers dig trenches and wells, install pipe loops, andperorm electrical and duct work. Installation jobs can be perormed by mostHVAC contractors, and include trench digging, backhoe operation, pipe usingand backlling.

geothermal heat pump

Solar Water Heater Jobs

Manuacturing parts

Assembling nished heatingsystems

Installing the heaters

Providing regular maintenance

Marketing and selling systemsto consumers

Geothermal HeatPump Jobs

Manuacturing equipment andparts

Installing the heat pumpsystem

Geothermal heat pump

installation is labor intensive

and creates local jobs at

a range o skill levels.


12/24

0| Community Jobs

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Michelle Penny is a rst semester electrician apprentice in IBEW Local 569

in San Diego, Caliornia. Beginning at the age o 15, Michelle held a varietyo jobs in the service industry. She worked hard to make ends meet with

jobs in ood service, security and landscaping. When she was in high schoolMichelle took a drating class that sparked her interest in building andconstruction. Now, years later, her IBEW training scholarship is allowingher to ully develop her talents.

A lielong resident o Spring Valley, Caliornia, 25-year-old Michelle is a singlemom who is raising her two children in the same community where shegrew up. It means a lot to Michelle that with a good paying job she canbe a part o making her community saer and healthier. My kids are theuture. I am a strong emale role model or them, and I am using my skills

and creativity to build a cleaner energy uture or them.

For Michelle, a career as an electrician allows her to meld her enjoymento physical labor with intellectual challenge. She sees her apprenticeshipas a ticket to a secure uture. A new economic sector is being builtaround renewable energy. Commitment to new energy technologies andmy IBEW training will allow me to have a lielong career in the electricalindustry. Electricity makes the world go round. I know that my skills willalways be needed.

Michelle is being trained on the job and in the classroom with state-o-the-art energy technology to prepare her or where the industry is

today as well as what it will look like in the uture. When she attends herapprenticeship classes Michelle earns college credit without having to paytuition, and when she completes her apprenticeship Michelle will be qualiedto perorm any aspect o electrical work covered by the National ElectricalCode. Whether engineering and installing a solar system, providing motorcontrols, or troubleshooting electrical systems, Michelle will have masteredthe skills needed to be a successul journey-level electrician.

Michelle Pe

A new economic sector is bebuilt around renewable energyElectricity makes the world round. I know that my skills walways be needed.

G ec CaPawa:

Low-wage work_Training program_

Union apprenticeship =

Good wages, benets,and a secure uture ina growing industry


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Community Jobs |

rwal Fl: eal ad bdl

A key part o the green economy is domestically-produced renewable uel. Thetwo most common renewable uels in use today are ethanol and biodiesel, botho which produce less greenhouse gas than conventional gasoline or diesel.

Ethanol is a uel made rom either sugar-based plants, such as corn, or romcellulose-based plants such as switchgrass. Ethanol is commonly used as a ueadditive in mixes o 90% gasoline and 10% ethanol (called E10), which can beused in any gasoline vehicle. However, fex-uel vehicles that have been designedto run on either gasoline or ethanol can run on mixes o 85% ethonal (E85)and more. Biodiesel is a renewable uel created mostly rom plant oils (such assoybean, canola, or mustard), animal ats, or used cooking oil. It can be used instandard diesel engines as a substitute or diesel uel, or an additive to diesel.

Many o the jobs in the biouels sector are in plant growing and productionmeaning that they are most oten located in rural areas near armland. Bioueproduction can be a good economic development tool in these places, especiallyi the production acilities are owned by local armers who can earn money bothby selling their crops and the uel produced rom those crops.

In urban areas, jobs in this sector can include waste oil collection rom areabusinesses, biodiesel production, and distribution. There are also manuacturingand construction opportunities associated with ethanol and biodiesel productionacilities.

Major jobs associated with biouels include growing and collecting eedstockmanuacturing parts or production acilities, constructing the biouel acilitiesproducing uel in the acilities, and distributing the nal product. Growers whocurrently arm corn, soy, canola, and other raw plant material can tap intothe biouels market when selling these commodities. Many growers are alsocooperative owners o biouel production acilities. In urban areas, municipaemployees or private contractors can collect waste vegetable and animal oilsrom area restaurants and processing plants to use in biodiesel productionComponent manuacturers make many o the parts used in biouel productionacilities. For instance, metal abricators make the steel tanks used to reneand store ethanol and biodiesel. Construction workers build the plants thatturn plant matter or oils into biouels. Estimates or construction jobs onaverage-sized ethanol or biodiesel plant projects range rom 75 to 200 jobsor 12 to 18 months, though newer and bigger plants may create up to 400construction jobs.

Workers at biouel production acilities perorm a range o unctions. Anaverage ethanol plant produces about 40 million gallons o ethanol a year and

employs around 35 people in the ollowing types o jobs: general managerplant manager, maintenance supervisor, plant operators, purchasing managerlab manager and technicians, cratsmen, laborers, and instrument technicians. 1

Biodiesel plants employ ewer people, around 28 workers or an average plantmaking 30 million gallons per year. Jobs in these plants are similar to those inethanol plants, though ethanol plants have the potential to hire more skilledlab workers and technicians as they move rom uel-only acilities into moresophisticated chemical operations.

Renewable Fuel Jobs

Growing and harvestingcrops or eedstock

Collecting waste oils oreedstock

Manuacturing parts orproduction acilities

Constructing productionacilities

Working in the production

acility

Distributing and marketinguel

In the state o Washington,

where recent policies

created reliable markets

or biouels, Imperium

Renewables is building a

large biodiesel reneryat the Port o Grays

Harbor. The construction

o the renery is creating

250350 union jobs in

an area that has suered

job loss with the decline

o the timber industry.

Ater it is up and running,

the plant will employ 50permanent workers.


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| Community Jobs

Now that weve laid out the types o jobs that makeup the clean energy economy, the big questionremains: how can we bring those jobs to our citiesand communities? And just as important, how canwe ensure that low-income residents can access

these new high-quality, amily-supporting jobsespecially thoseresidents who are currently unemployed or underemployed, or

who have barriers to employment such as limited language skillsor a history o incarceration?

In this section we explore policies cities can enact to jump-startthe clean energy economy. We also look at job quality and jobtraining programs that can help ensure the benets o this neweconomy are shared with local residents, especially in low-incomeand underserved communities.

Gwg Cla eg ec yC

Americas cities have a unique opportunity to take advantage othe growing interest in a new green economy. Cities are directlyin control o thousands o buildings and vehicles that can beretrotted or upgraded using new energy-saving technologies andrenewable uels. City governments have the power to negotiateclean energy practices with utilities that serve them. Land usepolicies can be a tool or encouraging developers to build greenor to attract green manuacturing and industry. Cities can also usetheir bond ratings and control over local tax structures to providenancial incentives or renewable energy and energy eciencyprograms.

Cities across the country have used a variety o innovativestrategies to advance these goals. The Apollo Alliance recentlyreleased a report, New Energy for Cities, detailing many o thesestrategies, and providing case studieswith contact inormationor each strategy.

iii. CreAtinG GooD JobsThe Apollo Alliance and Urban Habitat believeall cities should embrace Apollos Four-PointPlan or a cleaner energy uture, which includesusing concrete strategies to bring quality jobsto low-income communities and communities ocolor.

Invest in Renewable PowerBy 2025, generate the maximumeasible amount o regional

electricity in the state rom newclean, renewable, sources, through policies andprograms that prioritize in-state production,workorce development, and good jobs.

Create High-PerormanceBuildingsRevitalize communities by

auditing and renovating all state

buildings that ail to meet minimum energyeciency standards, requiring ecientand green construction practices in allnew public and private buildings, reducingenergy consumption, and creating good

jobs and job training or state residents.

Drive Toward EnergyIndependenceReduce oil consumption by promoting

clean, renewable uel alternatives andecient motor vehicle technologies through

policies and programs that prioritize in-staterenewable uel production and good jobs.

Build High-Perormance CitiesPromote low-energy, high-perormance cities and

communities connected byregional public transportation networks,through policies and programs thatprioritize local hiring and good jobs.

3


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Community Jobs |3

Some o the most ar-reaching and eective strategies include:

Installing renewable power systems, such as solar PV and small windturbines, to power municipal buildings and publicly-nanced projectssuch as aordable housing developments.

Updating city building codes to require green and ecient buildingpractices.

Auditing all city buildings and perorming retrots on older structures

providing incentives to private owners to retrot their buildings. Collecting waste vegetable oil and converting it to biodiesel in

municipally-owned acilities.

Converting city vehicle feets, including city and school buses, tobiodiesel, fex-uel, or hybrid vehicles.

Directing municipal utilities, or negotiating with private utilities, toincrease renewable energy generation.

Many o these strategieswhether energy eciency measures or renewableenergy systemsinvolve up-ront capital costs that will result in reduced energyuse and savings over time. For that reason, the Apollo Alliance New Energyfor Cities report recommends a number o nancing options, rom bondinginitiatives to low-interest loans, or cities to use to und clean energy projectsAlso, though the Apollo plan creates millions o new jobs in manuacturinginstallation, construction and services, cities and communities must activelywork to make sure these jobs are high-skill jobs paying a amily-supportingwage, and that they are accessible to low-income, traditionally under-servedworkers. One way to do this is to attach job quality and job training standardsin all new energy policies.

The next section more ully explores these important job standards.

Capg hg-Qal J C rd

Many o the clean energy strategies that we recommend in New Energy for Citiesinvolve some sort o government subsidy or tax break to private companies thatproduce, buy, sell or distribute energy ecient or clean energy products. Citiescan and should attach job quality and job training standards to these types osubsidies to achieve greater public benet. Essentially, these standards requirethat any business receiving a government subsidy or tax credit must provideemployees decent, amily-supporting wages and/or benets. These standardsensure that new jobs created will be high-road jobs: providing a decentincome and health benets, and helping residents avoid the hidden taxpayercosts that occur when working amilies rely on government subsidies likeood stamps, Medicare, and the Earned Income Tax Credit. They also ensurethat when jobs are created, they will benet those who need them most.

The manuacturing,

construction, installation, and

maintenance o renewableenergy and energy eciency

systems will happen almost

entirely in metropolitan

areas. The physical

inrastructure America

needs to build these new

technologiesactories,

universities, and research

parksis in or near cities.

The workers who providea strong oundation or

Americas clean energy

uture already live near

this inrastructure. Best o

all, because union densities

are higher in cities, clean

energy jobs in the city are

ar more likely to be good-

paying union jobs than jobscreated outside the city.

The Apollo Alliances New

Energy for Cities publication

is available on the web at

www.apolloalliance.org.

NewEnerg

yforCities

Energy-Sav

ing&Job

Creation

Policiesfo

rLocalGo

vernments

TheApollo

Alliance

apolloallian

ce.org


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| Community Jobs

Appc ulza rq

By oering worker recruitment, classroom instruction, and on-the-job trainingand job placement, state-approved apprenticeship programs provide a gatewayto quality jobs or workers rom disadvantaged communities. Training academiescan help workers with little education, unstable employment backgrounds, ora history o incarceration to gain important skills and credentials. To date,requirements to use apprentices have been most successully integrated intoProject Labor Agreements (PLAs), the agreements between units o governmentand contractors carrying out publicly unded projects. For example, PLAs canrequire contractors to use apprentices or a specied percentage o all hoursworked.

Lcal hg Plc

By requiring employers who benet rom public nancing or subsidies toreserve a percentage o jobs or local residents, local hiring strategies tieeconomic development to local training and employment opportunities. Forexample, some cities have required developers using public money to ensurethat 50% o all construction jobs go to locally-owned businesses that include

apprenticeship programs or local residents, or have required developers to goto local companies rst or all jobs beore contracting outside the community.This ensures residents in economically isolated communities benet rom theinvestments happening in their community.

Wag Plc

Local governments can tie public subsidies to wage standards that requireemployers to pay good wages to employees working on the project. Wages canbe tied to the state or regional median or average wage, or to the prevailingwage in a particular geographical area and industry, or to a sustainable orliving wage standard. Another option is or local governments to requirebusinesses to provide health benets to employees, or to pay or a specicpercentage (5080 percent) o employees health care costs. The idea behindthese standards is that people who work in communities across America shouldbe able to live decently and raise their amilies in those communities.

Studies show public projects in states with such laws save taxpayer dollars. 13In contrast, contractors in states with no prevailing wage laws tend to hireinexperienced workers in an attempt to keep down payroll costs. However,occupational injuries soar on these projects and the use o low-wage workersroutinely results in increased supervision, maintenance and cost overruns.

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Apprenticeship utilization

and job standards:

For the Apollo Alliances page on

applying apprenticeship utilizationstandards to clean energypolicies and projects, see: www.apolloalliance.org/strategy_center/model_legislation/aur.cm.

For model legislation providingminimum standards or jobscreated through state subsidies,see: www.cpa.org/issues/legislation.cm/issue/HighRoad.xml.

For a collection o papersdemonstrating the eect oprevailing wage requirementson construction costs, see:www.bctd.org/political/davisbacon/wagelaw.html.

For a compilation o studies onprevailing wage, apprenticeshipstandards, and living wage standardssee: www.lecet.org/Legislative/prevailing_wage/law_studies.htm.

Workorce training and

workorce intermediaries:

Rubinstein Gwen, and Andrea Mayo2006. Training Policy in Brie: AnOverview o Federal WorkplaceDevelopment Policies, Washington,D.C.: The Workorce Alliance.

Giloth, Robert P. (Ed.) 2004.Workorce Development

Politics: Civic Capacity andPerormance, Philadelphia:Temple University Press.

Giloth, Robert P. (Ed.) 2005.Workorce Intermediaries or theTwenty-First Century, Philadelphia:Temple University Press.


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Community Jobs |

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Renewable energy legislation can be a vehicle or linking renewable energycerticates (RECs) to state-approved apprenticeship programs or wageprograms. Extra RECs can be earned when matched with apprenticeshiputilization requirements.14

For example, in November 2006 Washington State passed a RenewablePortolio Standard requiring the states larger utilities to either produce a

certain amount (15%) o power rom renewable sources by 2020, or buyRenewable Energy Credits to oset their non-renewable power use. I, whiledeveloping a new renewable energy acility, a utility includes an apprenticeshipprogram to train new workers, the utility can get extra credit toward meetingthe renewable energy goal set by the state. This provision, which was originallyproposed in the ailed 200203 Energy Portolio Standard bill, was developedand recommended by the Washington State Labor Council, Seattle King-CountyBuilding Trades, and the United Steelworkers, District 11.

C bf Ag

Community Benets Agreements are another powerul tool or ensuringthat issues o community and economic justice are advanced by economicdevelopment eorts. CBAs link public subsidy in the development process tospecic community enhancements that benet the broader community.

Milwaukees Park East neighborhood provides a good example o a clean energy/good jobs CBA. When two reeway ramps were torn down on the northernside o downtown Milwaukee, city activists and unions ormed a coalition toensure that any new development incorporate transit access, good jobs, andenvironmental benets. The Good Jobs and Livable Neighborhoods Coalitionand the City o Milwaukee ultimately signed a CBA conditioning the sale o cityland reed up by the reeway demolition on a number o community benetsincluding access to mass transit, prevailing wage or construction jobs, livingwage or post-construction jobs, and green design principles incorporated intoall proposals.

C bf mlwak

In Milwaukee, residents o the ParkEast neighborhood worked withthe city to make sure that whentwo downtown reeway rampswere demolished, the land would

go to a high-density, mixed-usedevelopment including aordablehousing and mass transit. TheCommunity Benets Agreement theresidents signed with the city alsoincluded a commitment to greenbuilding and good labor standardsboth or construction workers andor those who will ultimately workin the developments commercialbuildings. The Park East CBA,including legislative language, can

be ound at www.wisconsinsuture.org/workingamilies/econdeve/index.htm. For more inormationon community benetsagreements generally, see www.communitybeneits.org.

waukees Park East neighborhood atero reeway ramps came down in 2004.

w development plan or Park East,t together by neighborhood residentsd city planners, including aordableusing, transit, green building principlesd high-wage job guarantees.


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| Community Jobs

Wkc Dvlp: rgal tagPap ad Wkc ida

A key component o any green economic development strategy is developingthe skilled workorce needed to ll these new green jobs. Because the energyeciency and renewable energy industries are relatively new, communities havethe opportunity to develop new strategies and policies to help workers accessthe manuacturing, construction, and operating and maintenance jobs that make

up these industries. How communities approach workorce development orgreen jobs is crucial, as these programs can make the dierence between ahigh-road economy with good, amily-supporting jobs lled by local workers,and a low-road economy with imported, low-wage labor.

Traditional approaches to workorce development oten ocus on increasingjob access and providing limited job training. But or economic and workorcedevelopment programs and policies to truly contribute to vibrant local andregional economies, they must embrace the twin goals o 1) encouragingemployers to hire locally, provide a living wage and create amily-supporting jobsand 2) helping workers with job placement and long-term worker retention.

One way to address these two goals is through public-private regionalpartnerships known as workorce intermediaries. Workorce intermediaries(WIs), also known as regional training partnerships, are partnershipsamong regional economic development stakeholders, including businesses,unions, technical and community colleges, job training programs, communityorganizations, and local and state workorce development ocials. Rather thanbeing one-size-ts-all approaches, they are place-specic partnerships thatwork to develop and implement pathways or career advancement and amily-supporting employment or low-skill workers.

These approaches are only just beginning to be applied to industries in thegreen economy. For instance, Wisconsin is just starting to look at developing

career ladders or workers in the ethanol industry. However, there is no reasonthat communities cannot start to build bridges among employers, workers,and training programs in other green industries, such as energy eciency andrenewable energy.

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The Wisconsin Regional

Training Partnership

(WRTP), with partnershipsin manuacturing, construction,

hospitality, health care andnance, has trained 6,000workers and placed 1,400

job seekers into high wageemployment. The Partnershipincludes the Milwaukee AreaTechnical College, the PrivateIndustry Council and a range ocommunity based organizations.

Project Quest in San Antonio,TX, has placed over 1,400 people

into high wage jobs, working withCOPS/Metro, a community basedorganizing network, negotiatingresources rom state and localgovernments, and helping developnew ways o teaching at thelocal community college.

The Seattle Jobs Initiative

has placed 3,000 job seekers,combining job training andplacement programs with human

service integration, industry-specic economic developmentprograms (oten calledsectoral partnerships), and anetwork o culturally diversecommunity organizations.

Q Fac Pc?


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Community Jobs |

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At this point, readers may be thinking, This all sounds greatbut how doI get started? For many cities and communities, clean energy economicdevelopment is a very new concept, and it may be dicult to decide whicho the many renewable energy and energy eciency sectors to ocus on rstTwo Caliornia cities, Los Angeles and Richmond, oer examples o how cities

can begin to transition to a greener economy.

L Agl

The City o Los Angeles recently took a hard look at the potential jobopportunities that would result rom developing its green technology sector.The Los Angeles Workorce Investment Board, Community DevelopmentDepartment, and Department o Water and Power commissioned a study toidentiy which sectors o the energy economy the city already has in place; andthen to determine which o these sectors currently provide high-quality jobsand career ladder opportunities. O particular interest to the city were the solarwind, and biomass sectors, and all the possible manuacturing and construction

jobs that go along with these sectors.

Once this analysis was complete, the city was able to decide which industriesto target with policies and programs designed to maximize their role in thelocal clean energy economy. Ultimately, the city concluded that Los Angeles hasa large and diverse industrial base that is well-suited to the manuacturing andconstruction industries necessary or developing green technologies, and alsothat many o these industries have average wages o at least $2500/month. Thisinormation will allow the city to target public investment and incentives towardthose industries, while at the same time building a workorce developmentsystem to train urban residents to ll those emerging green technology jobs.

In a parallel eort, Los Angeles Apollorun through the social justice organizationSCOPEhas been working to identiy public buildings in the city that are ripe orrenovation and retrotting. Los Angeles Apollo hopes to spearhead an eort todo energy eciency retrots on these buildings, through a program that oersapprenticeship programs and job training to local residents.

rcd

Just like Los Angeles, many other cities across the country are recognizing thecross-cutting ways in which green jobs are addressing issues in their communitiesIn Caliornias Bay Area, the City o Richmond is one such example.

Richmond is a city in need o a new economic plan. The citys heyday was in

the 1940s, when the Kaiser Shipyards employed tens o thousands o workersbuilding ships and launching them rom Richmonds port. When the war endedthese jobs went away, and Richmond has been struggling ever since. Though thecity has seen some positive revitalization eorts, most o these are aimed athigher-income residents. The rest o the city is still plagued by a lack o highquality employment opportunities, diminishing aordable housing stock, and highcrime rates. Moreover, Richmond is home to several high-polluting industrieswhich have a negative eect on the health o its residents, especially its low-income residents who live near these industrial zones.

K Plc Q

Can the business

establishments that generategreen products and services,

as well as the manuacturers

and service providers that

supply them, expand in Los

Angeles to create good

paying jobs that benet

local residents equitably?

Economic Roundtable, Jobs

in L.A.s Green TechnologySector, on the web at

www.economicrt.org/

publications.html.


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| Community Jobs

As Richmond looks to the uture, it is aced with a unique opportunity toemploy equitable green economic development to not only revitalize and renewthe city, but also to address some o the deeper economic and health issues thathave impeded the citys growth. In 2005, the City o Richmond was presentedwith a unique opportunity to become involved in the Green Wave Initiative, aninvestment program oered by the State Treasurers Oce or industries in theemerging green technology industries. The city subsequently approached UrbanHabitat to research the potential or green economic development to bringquality jobs to Richmond residents. In February 2006, the City o Richmond,in collaboration with Urban Habitat, crated a resolution to illustrate thecitys commitment to green economic development. This resolution ormallyestablished Richmonds position that economic opportunity, environmentalintegrity and societal equity are the oundation upon which sustainable citiescan build a better quality o lie or their residents. Furthermore, the resolutiondetailed the ollowing essential elements o a sustainable community:

Ecological Integrity: satisying basic human needs such as clean air andwater; protecting ecosystems and biodiversity; pollution preventionstrategies.

Economic Security: local reinvestment; meaningul employment

opportunities; local business ownership; job training and education. Empowerment and Responsibility: respect and tolerance or diverse

views and values; viable non-government sector; equal opportunity toparticipate in decision-making; access to government.

Social Well-Being: a reliable local ood supply; quality health services,housing and education; creative expression through the arts; saety romcrime and aggression; respect or public spaces and historic resources;a sense o place making a contribution to the community.

Urban Habitat has continued to work with the city and to provide policyand procedural recommendations as Richmond moves orward with its greeneconomy plan. These recommendations, which include a combination o energy

policy ideas and commitments to job quality and job training, highlight the multi-aceted approach necessary to a truly equitable green economic developmentprocess.

Green economic development cannot provide guaranteed solution or all oRichmonds economic and environmental woes, but it may be able to makesignicant contribution toward the citys health and prosperity.

Economic opportunity,

environmental integrity

and societal equity are the

foundation upon which

sustainable cities can

build a better quality of

life for their residents.

Richmond City Council Resolution

on Green Economic Developmen

Richmonds industrial

base, access to

shipping lanes, and

labor supply provide

a solid oundation

or green economicdevelopment.

Photo courtesy www.philip.gre


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Community Jobs |

The emerging green economy holds great promise or Americascities, and especially or our low-income, heavily minority urbancommunities. Every aspect o clean energy development, rommanuacturing to construction, operating and maintenance, cancreate good jobs, clean up the air and water, and save consumers

money on their energy bills. Every city and community in the United Stateshas some potential to capitalize on this new economy, whether through good

wind or solar resources or through retrot programs to bring old, dilapidatedbuildings up to energy eciency codes.

But this promise will not be realized without communities getting involved inthe details o green economic development. To ensure good, local jobs thatare accessible to low-skilled workers, we need to push policymakers to tielocal and state tax credits and incentives to labor standards such as prevailingor living wage. We need to make sure our governments invest in the workertraining programs necessary to move low-skilled workers into good jobsand that they include local hire and apprenticeship programs in city projectsAnd we need to make sure that communities have a seat at the table wheneconomic development decisions are being made.

The Apollo Alliance and Urban Habitat are committed to ghting or a cleanenergy uture that benets not only businesses and the environment, butalso workers and low-income communities. We hope this report serves asa ramework or states, cities and neighborhoods invested in these sameundamental ideals.

ConCLusion


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0| Community Jobs

resourCesReports on Jobs Related to Energy Efciency or Renewable Energy

Apollo Alliance The Apollo Jobs Report: Good Jobs & EnergyIndependence (January 2004) available at: www.apolloalliance.org

Economic Policy Institute Clean Energy and Jobs: A ComprehensiveApproach to Climate Change and Energy Policy (September 2002)available at: www.epinet.org/studies/cleanenergyandjobs.pd

Redening Progress Smarter, Cleaner Stronger: Secure Jobs, A cleanEnvironment, and Less Foreign Oil (October 2004) available at: www.redeiningprogress.org/bluegreen/SmartCleanStrong_National.pd

Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory o University oCaliornia, Berkeley Putting Renewables to Work: How Many Jobs Canthe Clean Energy Industry Generate? (April 2004) available at: www.rael.berkeley.edu/iles/2004/Kammen-Renewable-Jobs-2004.pd

Renewable Energy Policy Project The Work that Goes intoRenewable Energy (November 2001) available at: www.repp.org/articles/static/1/binaries/LABOR_FINAL_REV.pd

Renewable Energy Policy Project Wind Turbine Development:Location o Manuacturing Activity (September 2004) availableat: www.repp.org/articles/static/1/binaries/WindLocator.pd

Union o Concerned Scientists Renewing Americas Economy(2005) available at: www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_energy/Renewing-Americas-Economy-2005.pd

World Wildlie Fund Clean Energy: Jobs or Americas

Future (October 2001) available at: www.worldwildlieund.org/climate/publications/clean_energy_jobs_2001.pd

Green building

U.S. EPAs Green Building, available at: www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/

U.S. Green Building Council, available at: www.usgbc.org

Energy Efciency Retrofts

American Council or an Energy Ecient Economy, available at: www.aceee.org

Apollo Alliance Jobs in Energy Eciency (2003) available at: www.apolloalliance.org/strategy_center/model_legislation/eejobs.cm

Solar PV

U.S. DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Photovoltaics (2006),available at: www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html

Real time inormation on the output o IBEW 569s solar array, available at:

www.view2.atspaniel.net/FST/Portal/SullivanElectric/local/EndUserView.html

Wind

American Wind Energy Association, available at: www.awea.org/resources/

Solar Water Heating

U.S. DOE Building Technologies Program Solar Hot WaterHeating (2006) available at: www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ino/components/waterheating/solarhot.html

U.S. DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Solar Heating (2006)available at: www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_heating.html

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Renewable Energy Policy Project Geothermal Energy or ElectricPower: A REPP Issue Brie (December 2003) available at: www.crest.org/articles/static/1/binaries/Geothermal_Issue_Brie.pd

US DOE Energy Eciency and Renewable Energy Geothermal TechnologiesProgram (2006) available at: www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/

Renewable Fuels

David Morris Ownership Matters: Three Steps to Ensure a Biouels

Industry That Truly Benets Rural America (Institute or Local SelReliance, 2006) available at: www.newrules.org/agri/ownershipbiouels.pd

US DOE Energy Eciency and Renewable Energy BiomassProgram (2006) available at: www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/

City Energy and Jobs Policy

Apollo Alliance New Energy or Cities (2006) availableat: www.apolloalliance.org/state_and_local/

Job Standards

Good Jobs First The Policy Shit to Good Jobs(2003) available at: www.goodjobsirst.org

Local Hiring Policies

PolicyLink Local Hiring Strategies available at: www.policylink.org/EDTK/LocalHiring/deault.html

Wage PoliciesDan Gardner The Truth about Prevailing Wage (Oregon Bureau o Labor andIndustries) available at: www.boli.state.or.us/BOLI/WHD/PWR/docs/pwrtruth.pd

Apprenticeship Utilization

Apollo Alliance Apprenticeship Utilization (2003) available at: www.apolloalliance.org/strategy_center/model_legislation/aur.cm

State Building and Construction Trades Council o Caliornia, BuildingCaliornia Construction Careers available at: www.buildingc3.com

Job Training and Workorce Development Programs

EnergyIdeas Clearinghouse Education and Training Linksor Renewable Energy Careers (2006) available at: www.energyideas.org/pages/deault.cm?o=h,ps&c=z,126

Helmets to Hardhats, Program or veterans to transition to careersin the trades, available at: www.helmetstohardhats.org

National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee o NationalElectrical Contractors Association (NECA) and International Brotherhoodo Electrical Workers (IBEW) available at: www.njatc.org

Community Benefts Agreements

Center on Policy Initiatives Unprecedented Community Benets AgreementApproved by City Council: Ballpark Villages Project Sets New Standards orAordable Housing and Jobs (2004) available at: www.onlinecpi.org/CBA.html

Los Angeles Alliance or a New Economy Los Angeles Sportsand Entertainment District Project Community Benets Programavailable at: www.laane.org/docs/policy/cbas/cba_lasports.pd

Partnership or Working Families available at: www.communitybeneits.org


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Community Jobs |

Endnotes1. The term green economy is oten used to describe a broader range o economic activities than those we addres

here. While we ocus on the energy sector in this report, we recognize that the larger green economy includes arange o products and practices related to improving or preserving the natural environment and the quality o the airwater, and ood in our communities.

2. For more inormation on green building, see The U.S. Green Building Councils web page at www.usgbc.org, and theU.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Green Building web page at www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/.

3. Boston Redevelopment Agency, Mayor Menino Awards Green Building Grants (Press Release, August 11, 2004)

available at www.cityoboston.gov/BRA/press/PressDisplay.asp?pressID=236.

4. Caliornia Youth Energy Services (CYES) is a project o the Rising Sun Energy Center. For more inormation, see theRising Sun Energy Center website at www.risingsunenergy.org.

5. U.S. Dept. o Energy/EERE, Weatherization Assistance Program: Improving the Economies o Low-Income Communities(last update August 2006), available at www.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/improving.html.

6. Joel Makower et al, Clean-Energy Trends 2006 (Clean Edge: March 2006), available or download at www.cleanedgecom/reports-trends2006.php.

7. Virinder Singh and Jerey Fehrs, The Work that Goes into Renewable Energy (Renewable Energy Policy ProjecNovember 2001).

8. Data in this table is rom two reports: Masashi Shibaki, Geothermal Energy or Electric Power: A REPP Issue Brie(Renewable Energy Policy Project: December 2003), available at: www.crest.org/articles/static/1/binaries/Geothermal_

Issue_Brie.pd; and George Sterzinger and Matt Svrcek, Component Manuacturing: Ohios Future in the RenewableEnergy Industry (Renewable Energy Policy Project: October 2005), available at www.crest.org/articles/static/1/binariesOhio%20Manuacturing%20Report_2.pd.

9. George Sterzinger and Matt Svrcek, Wind Turbine Development: Location o ManuacturingActivity (Renewable EnergyPolicy Project: September 2004).

10. U.S. Dept. o Energy/EERE, Building Toolbox: Solar Hot Water Heating (last update June 2006), available at www.eereenergy.gov/buildings/ino/components/waterheating/solarhot.html.

11. Jose Etcheverry et al, Smart Generation: Powering Ontario with Renewable Energy (David Suzuki Foundation: 2004)available at www.energy.sinte.no/prosjekt/Annex29/Publikasjoner/GSHPs_OntarioReport2004.pd.

12. Hosein Shapouri and Paul Gallagher, 2002 Ethanol Cost-o-Production Survey (USDA: July 2002).

13. Oregon Labor Commissioner Dan Gardner, The Truth about Prevailing Wage, available at www.boli.state.or.us/BOLI

WHD/PWR/docs/pwrtruth.pd (last viewed February 20, 2007); see also Dale Belman and Paula B. Voos, PrevailingWage Laws in Construction: The Cost o Repeal to Wisconsin, (UW-Milwaukee: Oct. 1995).

14. Renewable Energy Certicates are also known as RECs, green tags, green energy certicates, or tradable renewablecerticates. These certicates represent the technological and environmental attributes o electricity generated romrenewable sources, and are usually sold in 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) units. A certicate can be sold separately rom themegawatt-hour o generic electricity with which it is associated. This fexibility enables customers to oset a percentageo their annual electricity use with certicates generated elsewhere.


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community members commit to equitable policies for richmond general plan

Documents