community development 101 bo beaulieu, purdue center for regional development rachel welborn,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Community Development 101
Bo Beaulieu, Purdue Center for Regional DevelopmentRachel Welborn, Southern Rural Development Center
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Defining CommunityDevelopment
A group of people in a community reaching a decision to initiate a
planned intervention to change their economic, social, cultural or
environmental situation.
-- Christenson and Robinson, 1978
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Development “In” vs. “Of” Community
• IN: Building the economic or physical infrastructure of a community (bricks & mortar approach)
• OF: Building the human capacity to address local issues and concerns; alter the structure of the community in terms of engagement
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Reasons for Doing Community
• Expand participation• React to proposed changes that are
deemed to have potential negative consequences for the community
• Improve serious severe social, economic or environmental problems
• Satisfy missing needs or resources
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Three Approaches toCommunity Development
• Technical Assistance
• Conflict Approach
• Self-Help Approach
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Technical Assistance Approach
• Involves the delivery of programs or services
• Involves “top-down” use of experts • Focuses on the task to be performed• Assumes the answers needed are scientific• Requires residents to understand complex
information to participate • Defines local citizens as consumers• Is often used by government
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The Conflict Approach• Focuses on deliberate use of confrontation by
professional organizers
• Has the redistribution of power as its goal
• Involves confronting the forces that are blocking efforts to solve problems
• Fosters suspicion of those who have formal community power
• Assumes power is never given away, that it has to be taken
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The Self-Help Approach
• Encourages people within the community to work together
• Employs collaboration to provide important needs and services
• Emphases the process above the task or goal
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Comparing CD ModelsFeatures Technical
Assistance Conflict Approach Self-Help Approach
Change Agent Consultant Organizer Facilitator, Educator
Orientation Task Process and Task Process
View of Individual
System defines who plays a role Oppressed
Inherently good, but goodness is often suppressed
Basis of Change Science provides a means to solve problems
Power is the key ingredient for making changes
People can identify and solve problems collectively
Core problems addressed
Capacity to harness science to solve human problems
Concentration of power in the hands of a few persons
Capacity of people to take collective action
Action Goal Technical problems
Redistribution of power
Community capacity-building
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Two Examples of “Self-Help” Approaches to Community
Development
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Asset-Based Community Development: Four Key Arenas
People
Local Formal Institutions
VoluntaryAssociations
Physical Resources
Source: Kretzmann & McKnight (1993)
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Assets of People
• Talents and skills of people in your community
• People in key positions with access to important resources
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Voluntary Associations
• Rely on regular or occasional volunteers
• Have few, if any, paid staff• Have autonomy from the state• Are usually self-governed by a board of
unpaid individuals• Tend to be not-for-profit organizations• Provide a benefit or service to non-
members
Source: BusinessDictionary.com
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Local InstitutionsFormal organizations that . . .
• Provide programs, facilities and services to meet needs of residents.
• Carrying out functions vital to long-term community sustainability.
• Influence the vitality of a community by their presence and strength
• Include family, education, economic, health, political/governmental, and religious institutions.
Source: Etzen and Baca-Zinn, 2001; Sparknotes.com, 2006
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Physical ResourcesNatural & Human-Made
• Water and land-related amenities• Vacant and underused buildings• Historical & cultural sites• Recreational facilities & parks• Educational centers • Health-related structures• Roads & transportation systems
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The Community Capitals Framework
Sources: Flora & Flora (2008); Jacobs (2007)
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The Seven Community Capitals
Natural
Cultural
Human
SocialPolitical
Financial
Built
A Vibrant Community
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Defining the CapitalsCapitals Definition
Natural Quality & quantity of natural & environmental resources.
Cultural Values, norms, beliefs & traditions; includes historic material goods
Human Education & skills of residents; learning opportunities; programs that build local leadership.
Social Connections among people & organizations; links inside & outside of the community.
Political Ability to influence & enforce rules and regulations. Access to influential people in government positions; level of citizen engagement.
Financial Financial resources available for development efforts.
Built The infrastructure of the community – facilities, services, roads, physical structures.
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The Spiraling Up ofCommunity Capitals
More educated/creative workers stay or are attracted to the region
Banks & community foundation create small loan program
Launch entrepreneurship program
Work to retain and expand existing local businesses
Leaders reach out and gather input from local residents Social &
Political
Built, Human, Financial & Social
Human, Financial, Social & Built
Financial
Human,Social & Political
Spiraling Up
Source: Emery & Flora (2006)
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Applying These Approaches to ourExtension Work
Types of Capitals
People Voluntary Association
s
Formal Institutions
Physical Resources
Natural
Cultural
Human
Social
Political
Financial
Built
The Asset Mapping Arenas
The Community Capitals
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An Example to Guide You
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Let’s Try the Process• Select a goal relevant to your
Extension program area.
• Develop a list of assets (people, voluntary associations, formal institutions and physical resources) that you can tap to help
• Use the seven capitals to assess if the full breath of assets have been identified.
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Final Reflections
• Insights gained?
• Issues to clarify or discuss?
• Type of training needed to advance your Extension work?
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For More Information . . .
Bo Beaulieu, PhDDirectorPurdue Center for Regional DevelopmentPurdue [email protected]
Rachel WelbornProgram ManagerSouthern Rural Development CenterMS State [email protected]