community based tourism as an alternative tourism form ... · sustainable development, tourism,...
TRANSCRIPT
OUTLINE
Importance of Tourism Development
Alternative Tourism Forms
CBT as an Alternative Tourism
Form
Evolution
Definition of CBT
Characteristics of CBT
Benefits and Costs 2
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT & IMPACTS
Social Benefits: Fund community facilities and services that
otherwise might not be developed Encourages civic involvement and pride Provide hosts/guests cultural exchange Preserves local cultural events Enhances community’s collective ego Improves quality of life Re-populates and drives labor force Capacity building encourages the learning of
new languages and skills Funds the building of schools Builds human and social capital
Social Costs: Potential conflict between host/guest lifestyles May change individual behavior and family
relationships Potential increase in sexually transmitted
diseases Everyday host/guest interaction may cause
cultural diffusion May create crowding and congestion Potential competition for resources between
hosts/guests Potential increase in harassment/crime to guests Potential violation of human rights and resident
displacement from access to local resources
3 (SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM: HTTP://GEOGRAPHYFIELDWORK.COM/TOURISMPROSCONS.HTM)
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT & IMPACTS
Environmental Benefits: Fosters conservation and
preservation of natural, cultural and historical resources
Encourages community beautification and revitalization
Could be considered a clean industry
Environmental Costs: May threaten natural resources May increase litter, noise, and
pollution Competition for limited resources risks
water, land, and habitats Contributes to sewage and solid waste
pollution Transport emissions increase
environmental problems
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TOURISM DEVELOPMENT & IMPACTS
Economic Benefits: Helps diversify and stabilize the local
economy Provides governments with extra tax
revenues via guests’ use of services Creates local jobs/business
opportunities Increases the multiplier effect Is labor-intensive Earns valuable foreign exchange Increases commercial and residential
development
Economic Costs: Infrastructure development costs
government money May inflate property values and prices of
goods and services If outside interests own tourism businesses
economic benefits could reduce multiplier effect
Seasonal employment, seasonal layoffs In LDCs tourism jobs are low skill and pay Uncontrollable macro-events affect tourism Tourism follows a "product life cycle" that
includes decline and stagnation
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PARADIGM SHIFT IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:
SUSTAINABILITY
• 1992 - The UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1990’s
• 1987 - The Brundtland Report by WCED
1980’s
• 1972 - The UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden
1970’s
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PARADIGM SHIFT IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:
SUSTAINABILITY
• 2010 - The UNWTO initiated the UN Steering Committee on Tourism for Development to accelerate progress towards the MDGs
2010-Current
• 2000 - The Millennium Development Goals, by the UN General Assembly as a guide for poverty reduction by 2015.
• 2002 - Johannesburg Summit, where UNWTO launched the Sustainable Tourism-Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP)
2000-09
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FOCUS ON LDCS
1981
1st UN Conference on the LDCs, in Paris, France
1990
2nd UN Conference on LDCs, in Paris - Paris Declaration and Programme of Action
2001
3rd UN Conference on LDCs, in Brussels- Brussels Programme of Action for the decade
2011
4th UN Conference on the LDCs, in Istanbul - Istanbul Declaration & adoption of the Programme of Action for the Decade 2011-2020
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PARADIGM SHIFT IN TOURISM RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
Tourism resource management models alternative to mass
tourism:
•alternative tourism (health tourism,
congress tourism)
•green tourism
•rural tourism
•nature-based tourism
•heritage tourism
•low impact tourism
•conscious tourism
•fair trade tourism
• progressive tourism
•sensitive tourism
•soft tourism
•appropriate tourism
•quality tourism
•responsible tourism
•responsive tourism
•ecotourism
•pro-poor tourism
•voluntourism
•postindustrial tourism
•community-based tourism
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TOURISM,
POVERTY REDUCTION, AND THE LDCS
UNWTO 2002 - launched “Sustainable Tourism for the
Elimination of Poverty Program (ST-EP)”.
140 projects were accomplished in 19 countries and some trans-
frontier areas
UNWTO 2006 - LDCs’ tourist arrivals and receipts showed
double growth worldwide; still 1% of world market share.
Although some LDCs recorded high growth rates (e.g. 39.2% in
2011 compared to 2010 in Bhutan), the actual numbers are too low
to consider significant (37,000 arrivals in 2011 in Bhutan) (UNWTO,
2012).
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TOURISM IN LDCS Recent Tourism Statistics for Some LDCs (2010-2011)
International Tourist Arrivals Int. Tourism Receipts
LDCs 2010 (1000s)
2011 (1000s)
% Change ('10/'09)
% Change ('11/'10)
2010 ($ mil)
2011 ($ mil)
Angola 425 - 16.2 - 719 -
Bangladesh 303 - 13.4 - 81 - Benin 199 - 4.7 - 133 - Bhutan 27 37 14.7 39.2 35 48 Burkina Faso 274 - 1.8 - 72 - Burundi 142 - -33 - 2 - Cambodia 2,399 2,882 17.3 20.1 1,180 1,683 Cent. African Rep. 54 - 2.7 - 6 - Comoros 15 - 35.4 - 35 - Ethiopia 468 - 9.6 - 522 - Gambia 91 - -35.7 - 32 - Haiti 255 - -34.1 - 167 - Kiribati 5 5 19.2 12 - - Lao PDR 1,670 - 34.8 - 382 406 Lesotho 414 - 29.5 - 34 - Madagascar 196 225 20.5 14.8 321 - Malawi 746 - -1.2 - 47 - Mali 169 - 5.6 - 205 - Mozambique 1,718 - 17.6 - 197 231 Myanmar 311 391 27.7 25.9 73 - Nepal 603 736 18.3 22.1 344 386 Niger 74 - 12.3 - 79 - Rwanda 619 - -4.2 - 202 252 Samoa 129 127 0.2 -1.6 124 - Sao Tome and Principe 8 - -47.4 - 9 - Senegal 900 - 11.1 - 453 - Sierra Leone 39 - 5 - 26 - Solomon Islands 21 23 12.4 11.8 54 73 Sudan 495 536 17.8 8.3 94 - Togo 202 - 34.7 - 66 - Uganda 946 - 17.3 - 784 - Uni. Rep. Tanzania 754 - 8.5 - 1,254 1,457 Vanuatu 97 94 -3.5 -3.5 - Yemen 536 - 23.5 - 622 - Zambia 815 - 14.8 - 125 -
Source: UNWTO, 2012
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WHY CBT IN LDCS?
Shortcomings of sustainable tourism
hindering achieving locals’ full participation
and target outcomes
Need for a comprehensive approach to
development, planning, and execution by
the locals - for the locals
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EMERGENCE OF CBT
Authorities
Intermediaries
Locals
Authorities
Intermediaries
Locals
Sustainable Tourism Community-Based Tourism
CBT is planned, developed, owned and managed by the community for the community, guided by collective decision-making, responsibility,
access, ownership and benefits.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CBT: WHO?
Remote
Rural
Impoverished
Marginalized
Economically depressed
Undeveloped
Poor
Indigenous
Ethnic minority
People in small towns 14
CHARACTERISTICS OF CBT: WHAT?
Existing knowledge systems
Community capital, skills, cultural and environmental
assets
Non-Westernized cultures and environments
The local life style, folklore/culture, materials and the
natural surroundings
Local elements that are novel, exotic, pleasant and
enriching
Genuine enthusiasm, warmth, and hospitality
Unique social space for cross-cultural exchange
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CBT: WHAT?
Single activity or objects daily chores/ production/ products
Culture tours/ walks/ visits/ events/ classes
Nature/ wildlife/ outdoor activities
Significant sites
drumming dance hair braiding craft work handicraft production cookery meal sharing storytelling natural dying bread basket pottery
village tours agriculture tours history tours guided walks school visits language classes seafood event cooking classes
bird watching, medicinal use of plants thatching grass herbal tea collection trophy hunting campsite management jungle trekking traditional fishing safaris turtles flowers
hot springs falls rainforest volcanos lakes rivers ancient sites production facilities mountains
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REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL CBT
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High level of planning: planning active rather than reactive • System of production and consumption adapted to local
conditions • High degree of local participation and control in all stages • Responsiveness to the priorities of the communities • Educational system to train/educate locals • Equity in distribution of income and wealth • Government intervention (policy framework reforms) • Tourism as a complementing industry
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CBT
Increased local income
Poverty alleviation
Economic recovery
Improved infrastructure
Harmony with existing sustainable economic activities
Linkage development among sectors
Market provision and creation for existing products
Contribution to balanced development
Increased flow of resources towards local development
initiatives
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SOCIO-CULTURAL BENEFITS OF CBT
Enhanced human capital
Enhanced social capital
Community development
Increased local quality of life
Preserving and promoting the local culture,
historical heritage and natural resources
Improved inter and intra-cultural relations
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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF CBT
Sustainable use and development of
sensitive natural capital environments
Conservation of local natural resources
Use of a wide range of resources rather
than depending on one intensively
Encouraging non-consumptive use of
resources
Increased environmental awareness
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MOST IMPORTANT BENEFITS OF CBT
Change in locals’ outlook on life and themselves
Opens the future for the community
Provides hope and encourages locals to get involved
Encourages change
Promotes motivation to overcome obstacles to
productivity
Improves self-confidence and self-respect
Equity, community cohesion, and peace
Relevance to the UN’s Millennium Development Goals
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COSTS OF CBT
Residents’ discomfort towards tourists
Detrimental costs to locals’ self-
confidence, pride, respect and
hospitable attitude
Potential for cultural clash
Avoiding negative consequences
requires the main premise of CBT- All-
inclusive participation with a bottom-up
approach
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