community based adaptation, sudan regional consultation
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Community Based Adaptation in Africa (CBAA), the Case of Sudan
By:
Sumaya Ahmed Zakieldeen
Community Based Adaptation in Africa (CBAA) is a
regional non-government project involving eight African
countries (Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, South
Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe).
CBAA objective is to help vulnerable communities to
adapt to climate change and share lessons learned from
project activities with key stakeholders at local, national,
regional and international levels to elicit their support for
climate change adaptation.
The CBAA is implemented by the Sudanese Environment
Conservation Society in partnership with other NGOs
(Practical Action/Aydy Al-Nil
)
Methodology
The CBAA is using a methodology that combine both Top-
down and bottom-up approaches.
Vulnerability assessment is an integral part of the
methodology, to help select priority communities for the
implementation of CBAA projects.
The assessment takes into account a number of elements,
including poverty, climatic factors, hazards and extreme events.
The CBAA is working towards development of methodology
for community based adaptation
Vulnerable States in the country
The vulnerability assessment (top-down approach)
identified number of states as highly vulnerable to climate
change these were:
Northern Kordofan
Khartoum
Kassala
Gedaref and
Red Sea
Project Site
Climatic factors
Over the past decades, livelihoods have been
affected by:
frequent drought cycles
extreme fluctuations in rainfall
Floods (torrential rains, seasonal streams)
SUDAN NORMAL RAINFALL IN MM FOR THE PERIOD 1941-1970 COMPARED
TO 1971-2000
ABH
ABN
AQQ
ARB
ARM
ATB
BAR
BNS
DMZ
DNG
DUM
NSR
FSH
GDF
GEN
HAL
HAS
HDB
HLG
JUB
KDG
KHA
KHW
KRM
KSL
KST
KUR
MLK
NHD
NYL
OBD
PSD
RAG
RNKRSH
SNR
SHW
SHM
SHN
TKR
TOR
UMB
WAU
WHF
WMD
NAG
PIB
MARYEI
YAM
KAP
22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
500
mm
200
mm
Meteorological
Authority 2008
SUDAN RAINFALL COEFFICIENT OF VARIABILITY
IN PERCENTAGE FOR THE PERIOD (1971-2000)
ABH
ABN
AQQ
ARB
ARM
ATB
BAR
BNS
DMZ
DNG
DUM
NSR
FSH
GDF
GEN
HAL
HAS
HDB
HLG
JUB
KDG
KHA
KHW
KRM
KSL
KST
KUR
MLK
NHD
NYL
OBD
PSD
RAG
RNKRSH
SNR
SHW
SHM
SHN
TKR
TOR
UMB
WAU
WHF
WMD
NAG
MAR
PIB
8.00YAM
KAP
22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
Source:
NAPA 2007
None-climatic Factors
Poverty
High illiteracy rate (70%)
Mismanagement of natural resources (Over cultivation, over-
grazing, deforestation etc.)
Lack of income diversity
Lack of agricultural inputs (Seeds, machinery, finance etc)
Certain policies/regulations act as impediment to AC
Conflict over resources (particularly between farmers and
herders)
Fires
Others
Makahaya Village
The community practise traditional rain-fed
agriculture, they cultivate the following:
Different varieties of sorghum
Ground nuts
Sesame
Hibiscus sp. (Karkadey)
Vegetables (Tomatoes, melons, cucumber, okra etc.)
- They keep few animals (mainly goats and donkeys
(very important for carrying water).
The analysis at village level involved:
Socio-economic analysis
Existing institutions and services
Indigenous knowledge for coping with climate change
Power Linkages (policy relationships from village to state
governor)
Stakeholder and Community participation
Individual Interviews
Visits and Surveys
Focus Group discussion
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Interaction with local institutions
Participatory Rural Appraisal (bottom-up)
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Combination of methods
were used to enable the
village community to share,
enhance and analyse their
knowledge of their life and
conditions as well as to plan
and act.
Con..
The stakeholders were
able to identify climate
change vulnerabilities
They were able
together to identify and
plan for suitable
adaptation options
Community became the
analysers and we
became the facilitators
Con..
PRA Analysis of:
water resources,
vegetation cover
and agricultural for the
period between 1940
and 2010
Vulnerability
Sectors that are extremely vulnerable:
Water sector
Agriculture
Energy
Water Sector
Decrease of amount of rainfall
and high variability of its
distribution caused:
Severe Shortage and lack of
drinking water particularly
during dry season
High cost (time and money)
Water-born diseases
Con..
Agriculture
Fluctuation/reduction of production
Deterioration of rangelands/loss of
animals
Lack of food security
Cut of trees for charcoal production
(however for subsistence)
Migration to nearby towns and to
agricultural schemes
People were forced to adopt
unfavourable seasonal activities
Energy
Vegetation cover
deteriorated very much due
to both climatic and none-
climatic factors
Women spend 3-4 hrs daily
in collection of firewood
from remote places
Situation is getting worse
and worse worries about
near future
Identified Adaptation Options;
Water harvesting for drinking (additional Hafier and
rehabilitation of existing ones)
Agriculture
Water harvesting (terraces)
Improvement of local indigenous knowledge of early
seeding (locally know as Remeel)
Introduction of drought resistant /early maturing
varieties (okra, millet, sorghum etc.)
Con..
Production of winter crops such as vegetables (Egg plants,
water melon, tomatoes, cucumber), at the end of the
rainy season in the course of one of Abu -Habel
tributaries
Energy
Introduction of petroleum liquid gas and improved stoves
Income increasing options
Expansion of Karkady production (cash crop)
Introduction sheep fattening for women for
increasing family income/production of , meat,
milk and butter
Improvement of marketing
other
Capacity Building
Certain areas that require specific capacity building were
identified
- Water harvesting
- winter cropping
- improved stoves building
- financial training for rotating small grants
- other
- Establishment of a new committee in the community
- Fund raising for implementation of identified adaptation
activities
Consultations with relevant institutions, NGOs
and Programmes
Eco-peace project
Forest National Cooperation
Administration of agriculture, natural resources and
animal wealth
Practical Action/Aydy Al-Nil
Sudanese Meteorological Society
Others