communication process (1) the communication...
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The Communication Process
Theories of how wecommunicate: TheLinear andTransactionalmodels
Communication Process (1)
Scholars have developed theories toexplain how we communicate with eachother.
Most of these theories are variations ontwo generally recognized models — theLinear model and the Transactionalmodel.
Communication Process (2)
First, let’s define what communication is.
Communication is symbolic humanbehavior systematized into written,verbal, and nonverbal codes.
Communication Process (3)
This ancient cavepainting speaks to usacross time through itsability to symbolize.
In its representations ofthe male figure, thebison, and the rhino, werecognize a 40,000year-old story of humanexperience — the hunt.
Click here to learn more about thisancient painting.
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Communication Process (4)
Symbols can tell us . . .
what to do.
what not to do.
where to get help.
how to stay safe.
Any person, place, thing, feeling, or idea can be symbolized.
Communication Process (5)
When we systematize symbols, we create codes forcommunication. Here are different ways forsymbolizing the letter “A.”
Communication Process (6)
Those who want to communicate must share thesame symbol system.
Communication Process (7)
Now that you understand the symbolic natureof communication, let’s return to the twomodels of communication mentioned earlier.
A model is a representation used to showhow individual parts work together toaccomplish a specific purpose — in this casecommunication.
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Linear Model ofCommunication (1)
Linear model includes A source
A message
A channel
A receiver
Views communication as a straight line, oneway event, in which the process reverseswhen communication has occurred.
Linear Model ofCommunication (2)
Encodes Decodes
Message Channel
The linear model is nowregarded as being incomplete.
Transactional Model ofCommunication (1)
The transactional model emphasizesthat communication is circular, on-going, and simultaneous.
Transactional Model ofCommunication (2)
Communication beginswhen there is someone whooriginates a message andsomeone who can receive it.
Sender Receiver
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Transactional Model ofCommunication (3)
The sender and receiver mustshare a common symbol
system.
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Transactional Model ofCommunication (4)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
The sender encodes a message and puts themessage into a channel.
Encodes
Transactional Model ofCommunication (5)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
The channel is the medium whichtransmits the message.
The message is the content of thecommunication.
Encodes
Transactional Model ofCommunication (6)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
The receiver decodes the messageusing the symbol system shared with
the sender.
Encodes Decodes
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Transactional Model ofCommunication (7)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
Noise can create interference anywhere in the process.
Encodes Decodes
Transactional Model ofCommunication (8)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
Noise can can be external, internal, or semantic — thatis, interference created by choices of language.
Encodes Decodes
Transactional Model ofCommunication (9)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
Feedback Loop
The feedback loop allows communicators tosimultaneously exchange messages.
Encodes Decodes
Transactional Model ofCommunication (10)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
Feedback Loop
Each communicator brings to the process a unique setof experiences called a “frame of reference.”
Frame of Reference
Encodes Decodes
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Transactional Model ofCommunication (11)
Frame of Reference
The lens throughwhich we view theworld.
Past experience,beliefs, and values thatinfluence how weinterpret messages.
Transactional Model ofCommunication (12)
Symbols
Sender Receiver
Symbols Symbols
Message
Channel
Feedback Loop
The communication process occurs within a context oftime and place that may influence the communication.
Frame of Reference
Encodes Decodes
Two Communication Models(Summary)
The linear model —
Communicators reverse roles when amessage has been sent and received.
Communication is a direct, one way event.
The transactional model —
Two Communication Models(Summary)
Sending and receiving are not separateactivities.
Communication occurs simultaneously.
People are continually sending andreceiving messages.