communication, 2.used various other telescopes, including arecibo 1.2 - 3.0 ghz , 28 × 106...
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Communication, 2.
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Search Strategies
• Basic Problem: where to look?• Possible Scenarios
– Powerful, omnidirectional beacons• Implies very advanced civilization• Seeking to attract attention of new civilizations
– Nearby, not so advanced, broadcasting to us
• Unlikely– Detect leakage radiation
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Leakage Radiation
• Various sources– TV, radio, …
• Repeatable pattern due to Earth rotation• Switch to digital TV in June 2009
– Some changes, but similar frequencies used
– Defense radars • Most powerful, but won’t repeat
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World Television Transmitters
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By 2016, 75 ly, 3400 stars for earliest TV56 ly, 1800 stars for 1960 transmissions
Tele
visi
on L
eaka
ge (k
W)
1200 300 Stars “illuminated”
45 ly 25 lyDistance from Sun
1940 1990
107 Watts
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What are they watching???
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Word of the Day: Haystack
• Literally, a stack of hay• Saying: “looking for a needle in a haystack”• Metaphor: the cosmic haystack
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The Cosmic Haystack
Strong signals, unknown origin⇒ Small telescope, short t , cover sky
Weak signals, nearby stars⇒ Large telescope, longer t , only stars
Frequency
Large frequency range
But narrow channels
Lots of channels
Direction
Large number of directions
Small beam
Conflict
Sensitivity
S ∝ D–2 t–1/2
want small S
Large telescope
Long time per direction
⇓⇓
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Cosmic Haystack
log sensitivity
log ν (GHz)
log
num
ber
ta
rget
s (d
irect
ions
)
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Channel number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ν
bandwidth
frequency range covered
D θ = λ/D1
D/2θ = 2 θ1
λ/D
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Sensitivity
Signal per area ∝ distance–2
Sensitivity (S):How weak a signal can I detect?The bigger the collecting area (∝ D2), the weaker the signal I can detect (S ∝ D–2). The longer I average, the weaker the signal, but only S ∝ t-0.5
Summary: S ∝ D–2t-0.5
This image is courtesy of Nick Strobel at www.astronomynotes.com
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The Cosmic Haystack
Strong signals, unknown origin Sky Survey⇒ Small telescope, short t , cover sky
Weak signals, nearby stars Targeted Search⇒ Large telescope, longer t , only stars
Frequency
Large frequency range
But narrow channels
Lots of channels
Direction
Large number of directions
Small beam
Conflict
Sensitivity
S ∝ D–2 t–1/2
want small S
Large telescope
Long time per direction
⇓
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Targeted Search vs Sky Survey
10 2
12
810
610
410
1010
1010 2
1-27
1010-25 10 -23
10 -21
ν (GHz)
Targets or Directions
Sensitivity (W m )-2
Sky Survey
Targeted Search
10
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Some Searches for ETIYear
1960
1972
1985
1992
Names
Ozma(Frank Drake)
Ozma II(Zuckerman & Palmer)
Meta(Horowitz; Planetary Soc.;
Spielberg)
NASA searchDiscrete source mode
All sky Survey
Frequency (MHz)
1420
1420
1420
1200-3000+ selected ν
Up to 25 GHz
1000 - 10,000+ selected ν
Telescope size (m)
26
91
26
300
34
34
# of stars
2
602
All sky
244
800
All Sky
Oct. 12, 1992
[ 8 million channels ]
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Some Searches
10 2
1210
810
610
410
10 10
1010 2
1-2710
10 -25
10 -21
ν (GHz )
Targets or D i rect ions
Sensitivity (W m )-2
Ozma II 22 GHz(water)
Ohio State
-2310
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Previous Searches
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The Wow! Signal
Around 1.42 GHz
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SERENDIP - SETI@home• Latest version:
SERENDIP IVUsed ARECIBO telescope
while regular obs. going on
ν = 1.42 GHz
5 × 10–25 W m-2 very sensitive
Data analyzed by screen savers on millions of PC’s SETI@HOME
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Report on Project METAMegachannel Extra Terrestrial Assay
Horowitz & Sagan, 1993, Astrophysical Journal, 415, 218.5 years of searching at 1.420 GHz8 × 106 channels channel width: 0.05 Hz
coverage: 400 kHzCovered sky 3 times 1.7 × 10–23 W m–2
37 candidate events: narrow-band, apparently not interferenceBut none repeated
8 signals truly hard to explain as noiseProbably electronic “glitches”But some tendency to lie in plane of galaxy ⇒ extraterrestrial
?Nothing convincing.
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NASA Search
Microwave Observing Program (MOP) Main improvement: frequency coverage2 parts:1. All sky survey - JPL - run
Telescopes of modest 34-m diameterCalifornia, Australia, …Cover 1 - 10 GHz2 × 106 channels 16 × 106 channels ( ~ 1996)Channel width: 20 Hz
To begin Oct. 12, 1992began ended
revived?Died out
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Coverage: 40 MHz , 320 MHzright and left circular polarization
Sensitivity: only spend a few sec. per direction ⇒ strong signal
(Arecibo Planetary Radar) out to 25 ly
Timespan: 6 years to cover sky once
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2. Targeted search - Ames - run ( ~ 800 Nearest ( < 75 ly) stars like Sun) Largest telescopes available:Arecibo 300 m (244 stars)+ Australia, France, …Cover: 1 - 3 GHz16 × 106 channels Channel width: 1 Hz
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Coverage: 10 MHz right and left circular polarization
Sensitivity: ~ 103 sec. per star⇒ 10–27 W m-2
Ptrans = 10–27 W m-2 · 4π d2(m)d(m) ~ 1016 d(ly)
Ptrans ~ 106 d2(ly) = 1 M Watt at 1 lye.g. 100 Mega Watts at d = 10 ly
Defense radars to ~ 1000 ly
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HR 5158
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Project Phoenix 1998-2004
SETI Institute (- minus NASA $$)Private Funding (Packard of HP)Relocated to Australia 64 - m telescope
Used various other telescopes, including Arecibo1.2 - 3.0 GHz , 28 × 106 channels, 1 Hz channel width
Targeted search: 850 nearby stars within 240 ly Sensitivity ~ 1 × 10–26 W m–2
Could detect 1 Mega Watt if beamed to us by similar size telescope
Used a second telescope to discriminate against interference
No civilizations found
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Allen Telescope Array (ATA)SETI Institute, UC BerkeleyMajor telescope dedicated to SETIPartially constructed, some operations (2006)Cost ~ 26 M $ ~ 1/2 provided by Paul Allen,
Nathan Myrvold (Microsoft)Hat Creek, California 350 × 6 m antennas1 - 10 GHz
Began operation with 42 telescopes in Oct. 2007
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Allen Telescope Array (ATA)
First major telescope designed for searching for signals from other civilizations.Initial funds from Paul Allen (Microsoft)
42 telescopes6.1 meters in diameter
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Goals for Allen Telescope ArraySurvey 1,000,000 stars for non-natural extraterrestrial signals with enough sensitivity to detect the equivalent power of the Arecibo radar out to 1000 light-years within the frequency range of 1 to 10 GHz Survey the 4×1010 stars of the inner Galactic Plane in the “water hole” frequency range from 1420 MHz to 1720 MHz for very powerful, non-natural transmitters Was not completed. They need funding for more antennas. Now operated by SRI, got some funds from tech entrepreneur, still seeking more.
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Expanding the Search Radius
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Searches with Visible Light
For pulsed signals, visible light from lasers.Some advantages. Can concentrate light in narrow band, short pulses to distinguish from star light.They have to be beamed toward us.
Optical SETI at Harvard: 1.5-m telescope 4 x 10–9 W m–2 in nanosecond pulsesPlan to observe 13000 stars. Also a northern sky survey.
Optical SETI in California 1-m telescope Multiple detectors to avoid false signals.
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Leakage Radiation with Visible Light
• Hard because stars emit visible light– But fluorescent/LEDs have different
spectra– Could detect major city light from object in
outer solar system – Maybe later around other stars with much
bigger telescopes– Loeb and Turner, 2012
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“Leakage” Radiation in Infrared
• Kardashev classified Very advanced civs.– Type 1 all solar energy on planet– Type 2 all energy of star
• Dyson sphere (emits in infrared)– Type 3 all energy of galaxy
• Should have huge infrared excess around 10-20 micrometers wavelength
• Recent Search: none with more that 85%• All probably starbursts, but some unusual ones• Griffith et al. 2015
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Future Dreams
• Square Kilometer Array (SKA)– Use many smaller units– Total area about 1 square km– Similar to, but beyond, “Argus” in Contact– Probably will be three separate arrays
• To cover full range: 100 MHz to 50 GHz• Two decided, one in Australia, one in South
Africa
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Square Kilometer Array (SKA)
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Breakthrough Listen
• Yuri Milner, Mark Zuckerberg, Stephen Hawking• Committed 100 M$ over 10 years in Aug, 2015• Buy time on large radio telescopes• Also optical searches• 100 million stars, Galactic Plane, 100 closest
galaxies• Multibeam receivers in Australia• http://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Initiative/1