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COMMON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES IN EMERGENCY AND URGENT CARE

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Page 1: COMMONPEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES IN%%  · PDF file• If*5*or*more*WBC*detected*do*LP* • Skip*LP*with*posi’ve*per*AAFP* ... CROUP • Common*6*months*–3*years*butup*to*6*years*

COMMON  PEDIATRIC  EMERGENCIES  

 IN    EMERGENCY  AND  URGENT  

CARE    

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Beverly  Ann  Glasgow  

DNP,  FNP,  ACNP,  MS-­‐HCA    

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OBJECTIVES  1.  Iden'fy  common  pediatric  emergencies  within  

the  emergency  and  urgent  care  departments.  2.  Iden'fica'on  of  appropriate  evalua'on  and  

management  of  these  common  pediatric  emergencies.  

3.  Discussion  of  per'nent  pi>alls  and  pearls  in  common  pediatric  problems  seen  within  the  emergency/urgent  care  departments.  

4.  Disclosures:  NONE  

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OVERVIEW  •  Fever  • Respiratory  • Chest  pain  • Abdominal  Pain  • Animal  and  Human  Bites  •  Fractures  •  Lacera'ons  • Common  ENT  Issues  • Pi>alls  and  Pearls    

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FIRST  IMPRESSIONS  •  Focus  on  ini'al  impressions  within  7  seconds  •  Everyone  needs  to  understand  first  impressions  count!!  •  Judging  quality  of  care  in  urgent  and  emergency  seSngs  •  Gauge  general  appearance  form  outside  room  •  Start  conversa'on  with  parent  •  Avoid  eye  contact  with  anxious  child    at  start  •  Build  trust  with  parent  first  •  Then  slowly  engage  the  child  •  Perform  exam  using  parent  in  establishing  trus'ng    

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FEVER  PEARLS  •  Vital  signs  and  general  appearance  •  UTI  source  fever  in  boys  under  1  year  age  and  girls  under  2  years  of  age  •  75  %  <  5  years  with  febrile  UTI  have  pyelonephri's  •  10-­‐50%  with  nega've  UA  –  always  do  culture  •  Leukocyte  esterase  and  nitrite  –  higher  specificity  •  Pyuria  -­‐    not  present  in  20%  with  pyelonephri's  •  Clean  catch  or  catheter  -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐no  bags  

•  Consider  CXR  if  fever  and  WBC  >  20,000  and  signs  of  respiratory  distress  

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FEVER  PEARLS  • Well  appearing  pa'ents  with  febrile  seizure  usually  don’t  require  workup  •  Assessment  of  parents    •  temperature  taking  skills  •  Bundling  effects  •  Treatment  according  to  weight  –  weight  charts  for  parents  •  Acetaminophen  15  mg/kg  •  Ibuprofen  10  mg/kg  

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FEVER:  <  28  days  •  Temperature  greater  than  38  degrees  C  •  10  %  febrile  infants  less  than  2  months  have  bacteruria,  bacteremia,  or  meningi's  •  High  risk  infants  with  fever  •  Less  than  28  days  •  Or  29-­‐60  days  with  •  Less  37  week  delivery  •  Congenital  comorbidi'es  •  History  of  prior  hospitaliza'ons  

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Evaluation:  <  28  days  •  Blood  glucose  •  CBC  with  diff  •  Blood  culture  •  UA  with  micro  •  UA  culture  •  CSF  cell  count  with  diff,  protein,  and  glucose  •  CSF  culture  

•  Infants  0-­‐7  days:  Amoxicillin  50  mg/kg/dose  Q8  hours  •  Cefotaxime  50  mg/kg/dose  Q8    hours  

•  Infants  8-­‐28  days:  Amoxicillin50  mg/kg/dose  Q6  hours  •  Cefotaxime  50  mg/kg/dose  Q6    hours  

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EVALUATION:  29-­‐60  DAYS  •  Low  risk  defined  by  •  Well  appearing  •  No  previous  an'bio'c  use  •  WBC  between  5,000  and  15,  000  •  Band/neutrophil  of  less  than  0.2  •  UA  with  less  than  5  WBC  •  CSF  with  less  than  8  WBC  •  CXR  nega've  

•  If  all  low-­‐risk  criteria  met  –  disposi'on    •  Home  while  cultures  pending  •  Admission  without  an'bio'cs  un'l  cultures  nega've  

•  Otherwise,  full  sepsis  work-­‐up  •  Ce9riaxone  50  mg/kg/kg  every  12  hours  

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ENTEROVIRUS  •  Most  common  illness  associated  with  non-­‐specific  febrile  illness  •  Typically  warm  months  –  spring  to  autumn  •  Highly  contagious  –  stool  to  skin  to  mouth,  respiratory  route,  infected  objects  

•  Test  all  infants  less  than  60  days  with  LP  done  during  season  •  Symptoms  include  wide  variety  involving  all  systems:  •  Fever  quite  high,    •  Poor  feeding,  vomi'ng  with  loose  stools,  abdominal  pain  •  Sore    throat,  muscle  aches,  headaches,  respiratory  infec'ons    •  Irritability  to  lethargy  •  Hypoperfusion,  Jaundice  

•  Complica'ons:  Pneumonia,  meningoencephali's,  myocardi's,  hepa''s,  death  Pearl:  good  hand  washing,  coughing  eEqueGe,  bleach  clean  surfaces  and  toys  

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HSV  •  HSV  tes'ng  recommended:  •  Ill  appearance    •  Temperature  at  least  38  degrees  C  rectally(100.4)  significant  •  Respiratory  distress  •  Seizure  •  Herpe'c  lesions    •  Maternal  HSV  infec'on  •  Maternal  fever  during  L&D  •  thrombocytopenia  

•  Acyclovir  IV  20  mg/kg/dose  Q  8  hours  •  Addi'onal  labs  if  acyclovir  started:    •  CSF-­‐HSV  PCR,  cultures  eye,  nasopharyngeal,  rectal,  LFTs  

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RSV  •  RSV  tes'ng  seasonal  •  Tachypnea,  wheezing,  apnea,  rhinorrhea,  cough  

• Well  appearing  infant  and  RSV  posi've  •  CBC  with  diff  •  Blood  culture  •  UA  with  micro  •  If  5  or  more  WBC  detected  do  LP  

•  Skip  LP  with  posi've  per  AAFP  •  Having  known  posi've  test  for  RSV  reduces  risk  for  serious  bacterial  illness  from  9.6  to  2.2%  

•  Ill  appearing  infant  or  RSV  nega've  •  Full  workup  with  admission  

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CROUP  •  Common  6  months  –  3  years  but  up  to  6  years  •  Decadron  0.6  mg/kg  orally  x  1,  max  10  mg  •  Epinephrine  •  Nebulized  racemic  epinephrine  for  stridor  at  rest  •  Must  observe  2-­‐4  hours  following  –  possible  rebound  

•  IM  epinephrine  for  stridor  immediately  following    nebulizer  or  impending  respiratory  failure  

•  Intuba'on  in  extreme  cases  

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Pearls  to  Disposition  •  Admission  with  persistent  respiratory  difficulty  •  Persistent  wheezing  •  Tachypnea  •  Use  of  accessory  muscles  with  retrac'ons  •  Oxygen  sat  <  92%  on  room  air  •  Inability  to  retain  oral  fluids  and  meds  •  Prior  hospitaliza'ons    and  recent  ED  visits  •  Illness  –  pneumonia  ,  RSV  and  pre  exis'ng  disease  

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Admission  Criteria  •  Toxic  appearance  •  Respiratory  distress  or  apnea  •  Dehydra'on  with  vomi'ng  •  Infants  <2months  •  Infants  <  6months  with  lobar  pneumonia  •  Hypoxia  (sat  <  92%)  •  Poor  response  to  outpa'ent  oral  therapy  •  Noncompliant  parents  concerns  •  Immunocompromised  child  

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PNEUMONIA  •  Immuniza'ons:  two  pneumococcal  vaccines  (by  4  months)  low  risk  pneumococcal  bacteremia    •  so  low  that  no  longer  indicated  empiric  labs  and  blood  cultures  required    

•  incidence  occult  pneumonia  decreased  25%  to  5%  in  children  with  fever  and  leukocytosis  without  signs  pneumonia  

•  Treatment  plan:  •  Infants  <  2  months  no  outpa'ent  therapy  recommended  •  mild  cases  with  follow-­‐up  in  1  day  with  reliable  parents  •  Children  3  months  to  5  years  –  Amoxicillin,  AugmenEn,  Bactrim,  Clarithromycin  

•  Children  5-­‐18  years  –  AugmenEn,  Azithromycin  and  Clarithromycin  

•  Rocephin  IM  

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PULMONARY  FOREIGN  BODIES  

•  2-­‐4  years  old  •  Acute  episode  of  choking/gagging  •  Triad  of  acute  wheeze,  cough  and  unilateral  diminished  sounds  only  in  50  %  •  Severity  is  determined  by  complete  versus  par'al  obstruc'on  •  Peanuts  are  most  common  •  Right  main  stem  

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ASTHMA  • 5,000  ED  visits  per  day  • 20  %  admiqed  • 11  deaths  per  day  • Goals  of  acute  treatment  • Reverse  airflow  obstruc'on  • Correct  hypoxemia  

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SEVERE  •  Oxygen  •  Con'nuous  nebulized  albuterol  15  mg/hour  •  Epinephrine  IM  •  Nebulized  ipratropium  •  1.5  g  in  1  hour  con'nuous  albuterol  

•  Methylprednisolone  2  mg/kg  IV  •  Max  80  mg  

•  Magnesium  sulfate  50  mg/kg  IV  •  Max  2  g  

•  Fluid  bolus  secondary  to  hypotension  •  20  ml/kg  unless  cardiovascular  complica'ons  then  reduce  to  10  ml/kg  

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 MODERATE  • Oxygen  • ConEnuous  nebulized  albuterol  •  Less  than  5  years  –  10  mg/hour  • Older  than  5  years  –  15  mg/hour  

• Nebulized  ipratropium  • Prednisone  2  mg/kg  • Max  60  mg  

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MILD  • Albuterol  MDI  with  spacer  • Less  than  5  years  –  4  puffs  • Older  than  5  years  –  8  puffs  • Prednisone  2  mg/kg  if  greater  than  2  albuterol  MDI  doses  given  • Observe  for  at  least  1  hour  

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CHEST  PAIN  •  Very  common  in  children  •  Rarely  cardiac  origin  •  ?  Cardiac  history  in  parents  •  Most  common  cause  musculoskeletal  •  Consider  EKG/CXR  •  Syncope,  dizziness  •  Significant  cardiac  history  pa'ent/parent  •  Abnormal  exam  (fever,  respiratory  distress,  cardiac)  

•  RX  •  Reassurance,  ibuprofen  

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ABDOMINAL  PAIN  •  Extremely  common  in  children  •  Goal:  differen'al  between  urgent/emergent  from  benign  pain  •  Pearls  •  Distrac'on  is  key  •  Rock  pelvis  •  Hop  on  each  foot  •  GU  exam  

•  Sexually  ac've  –  PID,  STD  •  Torsion  –  ovarian,  tes'cular  

•  Children  do  have  children  •  CT  versus  US  •  KUB  

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VOMITING/DIARRHEA  •  Goal  •  Rule  out  surgical  problem  

•  Treatment  pearls  •  Consider  Odansetron  (  Zofran)  •  PO  challenge  with  popsicle  in  Pedialyte  •  If  less  5  years  –  (if  giving  IV  fluids)  

•  BMP  •  IV  bolus  20  cc/kg  NS  

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DEHYDRATION  •  Oral  Rehydra'on  Therapy  (ORT)  obstacles  •  Ingrained  use  of  IV  therapy  in  US  •  30  %  prac'cing  pediatricians  withhold  ORT  for  children  with  emesis  or  moderate  dehydra'on  

•  Feeding  through  diarrhea  has  been  a  difficult  prac'ce  to  establish  as  acceptable  

•  Deaths  from  gastroenteri's  including  rotavirus,  are  largely  due  to  dehydra'on  

•  Phase  I  •  Rehydra'on  and  replace  fluid  deficit  quickly  

•  Phase  II    •  Maintenance,  fluids  and  calories,  goal  of  quickly  returning  to  age  appropriate  unrestricted  diet  

•  Gut  rest  not  indicated  

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TREATMENT  PRINCIPLES  •  Oral  replacement  solu'ons  (ORS)  should  be  used  for  rehydra'on  -­‐  pedialyte  

•  Oral  rehydra'on  should  be  performed  rapidly  within  3-­‐4  hours  

•  Age  appropriate,  unrestricted  diet  is  recommended  as  soon  as  dehydra'on  is  corrected  

•  Breas>ed  infants  are  to  con'nue  nursing  •  Formula-­‐fed  do  not  dilute  formula  and  special  formula  not  necessary  

•  For  ongoing  losses  through  diarrhea,  administer  addi'onal  ORS  

•  Do  not  administer  unnecessary  laboratory  tests  or  medica'ons.  •  Zofran  0.1  mg/kg  •  probioEcs  

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TREATMENT  GUIDELINES  •  Minimal  dehydra'on  •  Adequate  fluids  and  con'nue  regular  diet  •  Encourage  ORS  •  10  ml/kg  for  each  watery  stool  •  2  ml/kg  for  each  emesis  •  Unrestricted  nutri'on  

•  Mild  to  moderate  •  Rapidly  replace  fluid  deficit  •  50-­‐100  ml/kg  during  2-­‐4  hours  •  Ini'ally  5  ml  every  5  minutes  and  increase  amount  as  tolerated  •  Consider  rapid  NG  rehydra'on  •  Observe  'll  signs  of  dehydra'on  subside  or  increased  output  

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•  Severe  dehydra'on  •  IV  rehydra'on  •  LR  •  NS  0.9  NaCl  •  20  ml/kg  

•  Labs  •  Glucose  •  Electrolytes  •  Bun/crea'nine  •  bicarbonate  

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HYPONATREMIA  •  Due  •  Intake  hypotonic  solu'ons  •  Elevated  ADH  which  increase  free  water  reabsorp'on  

•  Symptoms  •  Mild  –  emesis,  malaise,  agita'on  •  Moderate  –  cramps,  weakness,  lethargy,  headache,  confusion  •  Severe  –  seizures,  coma,  death  

•  Treatment  •  Mild  to  moderate  with  NS  •  Severe  

•  Do  not  raise  more  than  12  meq/L  in  24  hours  (0.5  meq/l  per  hour)  •  May  raise  5  meq  in  first  few  hours  •  Hypertonic  saline  513  meq/L  or  1  meq/2  ml  

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STATUS  EPILEPTICUS  •  Greater  than  5  minutes,  medical  interven'on  likely  needed  •  Greater  than  30  minutes  of  seizure  ac'vity  •  Greater  than  2  seizures  without  return  to  baseline  in  between  •  Higher  incidence  in  less  than  1  year  old  •  Causes  •  Epilepsy  •  Febrile  seizures  •  Infec'on  •  Intoxica'on,  poisoning  •  Trauma  •  Metabolic  •  CNS  hardware  

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FEBRILE  SEIZURES  •  Benign  •  6  months  –  6  years  •  <  15  minutes  •  Generalized  tonic/clonic  •  Returns  to  baseline  status  

•  Workup  •  Consider  possible  source  •  No  specific  workup  

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TREATMENT  •  Benzodiazepines  •  IV  •  Lorazepam  0.1  mg/kg,  max  dose  4  mg  •  Midazolam  0.2  mg/kg  ,  max  dose  5  mg  •  Diazepam  0.3  mg/kg,  max  10  mg  

•  PR  •  Diazepam    •  Less  5  years  –  0.5  mg/kg  •  6-­‐11  years  –  0.3  mg/kg  •  Greater  12  years  –  0.2  mg/kg  •  max  dose  20  mg  

•  Midazolam  –  0.5  mg/kg,  max  10  mg  

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TREATMENT  •  NASAL  •  Midazolam  0.2  mg/kg,  max  10  mg  

•  IM  •  Lorazepam  –  same  dose  IV/IM  •  Midazolam  –  same  dose  IV/IM  

•  BUCCAL  •  Midazolam  0.2  mg/kg,  max  10  mg  

 

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TREATMENT  •  Leve'racetam    (Keppra)  –  50  mg/kg    •  Use  first  per  AAFP  

•  Fosphenytoin  20  mg/kg  •  Phenytoin  –  20  mg/kg  •  Phenobarbital  –  20  mg/kg  •  If  intubated  with  respiratory  distress  

•  Pentobarbital  5-­‐15  mg/kg  •  Valproic  acid  –  20-­‐40  mg/kg  •  Take  about  20  minutes  to  work  

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TRAUMATIC  BRAIN  INJURY  •  Injury  #1  cause  of  death  in  pediatrics  •  40  %  from  TBI  • Morbidity  and  mortality  highest  in  infants  

•  Epidural  hematoma    •  Subdural  hematoma  •  Subarachnoid  hemorrhage  •  Intracerebral  hemorrhage  

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 NEUROIMAGING    Over  utilization  

•  Decision  rule:  (<2  years)  • GCS  14  or  other  signs  of  AMS  or  signs  of  depressed  skull  fracture  –  CT  scan  indicated  (4.4%  risk  of  ciTBI)  • Nonfrontal  scalp  hematoma,  or  history  of  LOC  >  5s,  or  severe  mechanism  of  injury,  or  not  ac'ng  normally  per  parent  -­‐    consider  observa'on  vs  CT  scan  (0.9%  risk  of  ciTBI)  • None  of  the  above  risk  factors  –  CT  scan  not  indicated  (<0.02%  risk  of  ciTBI)  

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• Decision  rule:  (2  years  to  18  years)  • GCS  14  or  other  signs  of  AMS  or  signs  of  basilar  skull  fracture  –CT  scan  indicated  (4.3%  risk  of  ciTBI)  • History  of  LOC  or  history  of  vomi'ng,  or  severe  mechanism  of  injury  or  severe  headache  –  consider  observa'on  vs  CT  scan  (0.9%  risk  of  ciTBI)  • None  of  the  above  risk  factors  –  CT  scan  not  indicated  (-­‐0.05  %  risk  of  ciTBI)  

 

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INITIAL  CARE  •  ABCs  •  Correc'on  and  preven'on  of  secondary  brain  injury  due  to  •  Hypoxemia  •  Hypotension  •  Excessive  fluids  •  seizures  

•  Evalua'on  for  intracranial  hypertension  or  impending  hernia'on  •  Altered  LOC  •  Pupil  changes  •  Extremity  weakness  •  Cushing’s  triad  –  irregular  respira'ons,  bradycardia,  hernia'on  

•  Reassessment  of  GCS,  vital  signs  

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TREATMENT  •  Prophylac'c  hyperven'la'on  (PaCo2  <  35  mm  Hg)  •  Head  of  bed  to  30  degrees    •   increase  venous  draining  

•  Lidocaine  for  intuba'on    •  prevents  tachycardia  

•  IV  fluids  •  Treatment  of  pain,  con'nued  seda'on  •  For  hernia'on  symptoms  •  3  %  saline  •  Mannitol    

•  Hypothermia  less  35  degrees  C  

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Animal  Bites  •  Dog  bites  •  Accounts  for  80-­‐90%  •  Crush  injuries  with  'ssue  tears  –  primary  closure  loosely  •  Pasteurella(50%),  Strep(46%),  Staph(46%),  Fusobacterium(30%),  bacteroides(30%)  

•  An'bio'cs:  AugmenEn,  doxycycline,  cefuroxime  •  Cat  bites  •  Accounts  for  5-­‐15%  •  Puncture  wounds  with  teeth  imbedded  within  'ssue  -­‐no  closure  •  Pasteurella(75%),  strep(46%),  staph(35%),  Fusobacterium(30%),  bacteroides(30%)  

•  An'bio'cs:  AugmenEn,  doxycycline,    cefuroxime  –  60-­‐89%  infec'on  rate  

 

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Human  Bites  •  High  rate  of  infec'on  •  Clenched  fist  explore  for  broken  capsule  joint  –  OR  •  Puncture  wounds  –  no  closure  •  Strep,  staph  •  An'bio'cs:  AugmenEn,  doxycycline  

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Rabies  •  About  55,000  global  fatali'es  annually  ouen  children  •  Developed  countries  –  predominantly  in  wildlife  such  as  bats,  raccoon,  skunks,  foxes  

•  Transmission:  saliva,  aerosol,  infected  'ssues  or  organs  with  incuba'on  dura'on    -­‐  85  days  

•  Affects  CNS  with  brain  inflamma'on  and  dysfunc'on,  malaise,  headache,  fever,  anxiety,  agita'on,  pain,  paresthesia  or  itching  at  site  

•  Diagnosis:  CSF,  MRI,  skin  punch  biopsies  •  Rabies  vaccine  –  inac'vated  virus  not  danger  to  immunocompromised  people  •  Healthy  dog,  cat,  ferret  –  do  no  give  but  observe  10  day  

•  Suspect  rabid  –  immediate    •  Unknown  –  consult  health  department  

•  Bats,  raccoon,  skunks  –  consider  rabid  unless  nega've  lab  tes'ng  –  immediate  

•  Rodents,  squirrels,  hamsters,  gerbils  –  consult  health  department  

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Rabies  Vaccination  Guidelines  •  Vaccina'on  given  with  no  need  for  post-­‐exposure  'ters  since  essen'ally  everyone  reacts  

•  Unvaccinated  •  HRIG  20  IU/kg  with  as  much  as  possible  at  site  and  remainder  IM  at  site  distant  from  vaccine  site  

•  Vaccine  –  human  diploid  cell  or  purified  chick  embryo  vaccine  •  IM  in  deltoid  in  adults  and  thigh  in  kids  okay  •  First  dose  ASAP  –  1  cc  IM  day  0  with  other  doses  day  3,7,  14  

•  Previous  vaccina'on  •  HRIG  not  necessary  •  Vaccine  –  human  diploid  cell  or  purified  chick  embryo  vaccine  

•  IM  in  deltoid  in  adults  and  thigh  in  kids  okay  •  Day  0  then  day  3  

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“now  do  they  look  like  they  have  rabies”  

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Fancy  –  “Queen  of  the  house”  

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Max  Brother  of  Belle  

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Belle  Sister  of  Max  

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FRACTURES  •  Typically  presents  with  significant  pain  •  Address  pain  issue  prior  to  x-­‐ray  •  Use  Morphine  0.1  mg/kg  IV  for  fracture  pain  •  Reassess  in  5-­‐10  minutes  before  dosing  again  to  achieve  analgesia  needed  

•  Common  orthopedic  issues  •  Sprains/strains  –  splint  to  ortho  •  Nursemaid  elbow  -­‐hyperprona'on  technique  was  94%  successful  on  the  first  aqempt,  compared  to  supina'on-­‐flexion  at  69%.      •  Pearl:  give  dose  of  Motrin  and  when  x-­‐ray  done  many  'mes  reduced  

•  Common  fractures  :  wrist,  forearm,  clavicle,  ankle  –  distal  'bia-­‐fibula    -­‐  splint  to  ortho  

•  RICE  and  Pain  medica'on  (NSAIDS  may  be  used  without  fear  of  delayed  fracture  healing  in  children)  

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LACERATIONS  •  Parental  par'cipa'on  required  next  to  child  •  Support  personnel  for  procedure  •  Try  to  avoid  restraint  •  Engage  child  and  parent  in  helping  during  procedure  

•  seda'on  versus  topical  LET/local  anesthesia  infiltra'on  •  LET  (lidocaine-­‐epi-­‐tetracaine)  gel  •  Contraindica'ons  involvement  of  mucous  membranes,  digits,  genitalia,  ear,  nose  

•  Max  dose  3  ml  •  Best  use  on  face  and  scalp  •  Can  use  on  neck,  extremi'es  and  trunk  with  wounds  less  5  cm  •  30  minute  applica'on    

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Common  ENT  Issues  •  Foreign  Bodies  •  Nasal  and  Ears  most  common  

•  Common  in  1-­‐6  yo  girls  •  Cau'on  with  magnet  and  baqeries  –  deteriora'on  of  mucosa  •  Removal:            •  Cureqe  •  Paper  clip  •  Foley  catheter  •  Alligator  forceps  •  Oral  posi've  pressure  •  Suc'on  catheter  •  Glue  •  Katz  extractor  

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Katz  extractor  Removal  of  foreign  body  nose  and  ear  

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Strep  Pharyngitis  •  GAS  15-­‐30  %  children  5-­‐15  yo  •  CDC  does  not  recommend  tes'ng  children  <3  yo  •  Centor  criteria  (age,  tonsils  with  exudate,  cervical  nodes  tender  and  swollen,  fever,  no  cough)  

•  If  cough  present,  likely  hood  of  GAS  close  to  0%  •  Objec'ves  in  care:  •  Prevent  suppura've  sequelae:  o''s  media,  epigloS's,  peritonsillar  abscess,  cervical  adeni's,  mastoidi's,  scarlet  fever  (scarla'na  rash  and  strawberry  tongue),  rheuma'c  fever  (erythema  marginatum)  •  Impe'go  and  erysipelas  not  associated  with  strep  throat  

•  Improvement  in  clinical  signs  and  symptoms  thus  rapid  return  to  usual  ac'vi'es  

•  Decrease  infec'vity  thereby  decrease  transmission  

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Treatment  of  strep  throat  •  Pain  relief  •  Penicillin  -­‐  gold  standard    •  Amoxicillin  has  beqer  taste,  equal  efficacy  

•  50  mg/kg  once  daily  x  5-­‐7  days  •  Problema'c:    may  cause  whole-­‐body  rash  in  mono  and  could  cause  a  non-­‐allergic  non-­‐pruri'c  rash  

•  IM  Bicillin  LA  •  600,000  IU  for  <26  kg  •  1.2  million  IU  for  >26  kg  

•  Macrolides  and  cephalosporins  are  acceptable  in  the  allergic  pa'ent  >  12%  resistance  in  GAS  •  Some  studies  demonstrated  slightly  higher  cure  rates  with  cephalosporin  (cross  allergies  <  1%)  

•  Erythromycin  plus  azithromycin  for  first  line  alterna've  penicillin-­‐allergic    

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Otitis  Media  •  Most  common  pediatric  outpa'ent  diagnosis  in  US  •  >  $5  billion  per  year  to  treat  AOM  in  pediatrics  •  Mostly  kids  age  1-­‐3  years  •  30%  of  all  an'bio'cs  prescribed  for  children  are  for  AOM  •  Treatment  op'ons:  •  Observa'on  if  >  2  yo  and  not  ill  appearing  •  Treat  

•  <6  months  •  Suggested  all  6  months  –  2  years  if  T>39C  and  moderate  otalgia  •  >  2  years  with  bilateral  disease  or  otorrhea  •  Dura'on  •  <  5  years  10  days  •  >  6  years  5-­‐7  days  

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Antibiotics  •  Consider  SNAP  (safety  net  an'bio'c  prescrip'on}  to  be  filled  48-­‐72  hours  only  in  those  with  AOM  wan'ng  to  observe  becomes  worse-­‐increased  fever,  severe  pain,  dehydra'on,  vomi'ng  

•  Amoxicillin  is  drug  of  choice  •  80-­‐90  mg/kg  day,  max  of  3  g/day  •  Unless  previous  AOM  in  last  30  days  or  concurrent  conjunc'vi's  

•  PCN  allergic  paEents  •  Cefdinir  28  mg/kg/day  divided  BID  dosing  •  IM  ce9riaxone  50  mg/kg  x  1  (need  for  3  days)  •  Azithromycin  10  mg/kg  day  1  then  5  mg/kg  day  2-­‐5  

•  If  otorrhea  or  tympanostomy  tubes  •  Oral  an'bio'c  for  simple  otorrhea  •  O'c  drops  preferred  if  tympanostomy  tubes  with  otorrhea  

•  Ofloxacin  or  ciprofloxacin  

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Sinusitis  •  Most  commonly  viral  and  self  limited  •  Bacterial  sinusi's  complica'on  of  viral  URI  in  7%  of  pa'ents  •  Risk  factors:  daycare,  allergic  rhini's,  anatomic  obstruc'on,  irritants  

•  Similar  to  viral  URI,  but  clinical  course  dis'nguishing  •  HA  and  facial  pain  variable  •  Complica'ons  without  treatment  of  bacterial  infec'ons  •  2013  AAP  guidelines  for  diagnosis:  •  Persistent  illness  (nasal  discharge  w/wo  day'me  cough  >  10  days  •  Worsening  course,  new  nasal  discharge,  day'me  cough  or  fever  •  Severe  onset  fever  >  39C  and  purulent  nasal  discharge  >  3  days  

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Treatment  plan  •  CT  cannot  dis'nguish  microbiology,  but  can  iden'fy  complica'ons  •  Micro  not  usually  necessary  –  usually  S.pneumoniae,  H.flu  •  An'histamine  on    for  allergic  component  •  Nasal  saline  •  Steroids  (nasal  or  po)  

•  Flu'casone  nasal  beqer  than  po  steroids  •  Decadron  po  mixed  in  apple  juice  

•  AnEbioEc  plan  -­‐  Use  or  not  use  •  Augmen'n  90  mg/kg  divided  BID  

•  Amoxicillin  no  longer  recommended  due  bacterial  resistance  •  Cefpodoxime  10  mg/kg  divided  BID  •  Cefdinir  14  mg/kg  divided  BID  •  Doxycycline  allergy  penicillin.  •   Cau'on  with  Bactrim,  cephalosporin,  macrolides  with  high  resistance    

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Pitfalls  Leading  to  Negative  Outcomes  

•  Staff  cogni've  bias  •  Danger  of  interrup'ons  •  Thinking  communica'ons  does  not  maqer  •  Ignoring  the  “liqle”  things  •  Failing  to  understand  why  the  pa'ent  came  ER  •  Ignoring  local  news  •  Failing  to  explain  to  pa'ent  and  family  what  you  are  doing  and  not  doing  •  Pretending  money  is  not  part  of  the  medical  rela'onship  and  not  discussing  it  

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•  Keep  secret  when  something  goes  wrong  •  Thoughtlessly  cri'cizing  prior  care  •  Underapprecia'ng  benefits  and  challenges  of  humor  •  Assuming  pa'ent  understood  what  was  said  •  Failing  to  provide  an'cipatory  guidance  •  Failing  to  let  people  know  that  things  could  get  worse  and  when  they  do  come  back  •  Imagine  visit  ends  when  the  pa'ent  leaves  

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Pearls  for  improving  Outcomes  •  Aqen've  to  simple  things    •  Clarify  and  respond  to  chief  complaint  •  Aqen've  to  local  news  for  concerns  within  community  •  Explana'on  of  diagnosis,  evalua'on,  and  treatment  op'ons  •  Confirm  pa'ent  and  family  understand  •  Keep  informed  •  Let  pa'ent  and  family  know  you  have  gone  extra  mile  •  Provide  discharge  informa'on  that  includes  diagnoses,  treatment  plans,  instruc'on  for  follow-­‐up,  and  informa'on  on  when  to  return  

 

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Pitfalls  in  caring  for  children  •  Language  barrier-­‐  poor  instruc'ons    •  Failure  to  obtain  a  rectal  temperature  in  infant  •  Failure  to  educate  parents  about  the  significance  of  fever  •  Assuming  parents  know  how  to  take  temperature,  unbundling,  dosing  for  fever  and  dehydra'on    •  Adequate  dosing  of  an'pyre'cs  for  fever  –  dosing  charts  for  Tylenol  and  Motrin  according  to  weight  •  Failure  to  use  a  systema'c  approach  to  the  evalua'on  of  the  fussy,  well  appearing  infant  •  Fussy  infant  algorithm      

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•  Not  trea'ng  the  pain  that  accompanies  an  acute  ear  infec'on  •  Over  60%  children  with  AOM  will  have  resolu'on  of  their  pain  in  one  day  whether  treated  with  an'bio'cs  or  placebo  

•  Poor  follow-­‐up:  knowing  when  to  return  to  ED    for  further  evalua'on  and  admission  or  follow  up  with  pediatrician  with  in  24  hours  -­‐-­‐-­‐phone  follow-­‐up  

•  Adequate  hydra'on  measures  for  vomi'ng  and  diarrhea    •  Parents  who  do  not  understand  ORT,  basic  nutri'on  and  

nutri'onal  allergens  in  their  child’s  diet.  

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•  Failure  to  consider  urinary  and  pulmonary  sources  of  infec'on  in  the  febrile  child  

•  Not  assessing  the  immuniza'on  status  in  children  with  fever  without  a  source  

•  Being  overly  aggressive  in  obtaining  blood  cultures  on  fully  immunized,  well  appearing,  febrile  child  without  a  source  •  Blood  cultures  considered  if  child  has  temp  >40  C,  petechiae,  prolonged  gastroenteri's,  or  contact  with  meningococcal  disease  

•  Thinking  URI  cause  versus  foreign  body  without  doing  x-­‐ray  to  check.  

•  Not  considering  foreign  body  aspira'on  in  a  young  child  with  wheezing  

•  Not  looking  for  the  double  ring  sign  of  a  disc  baqery  when  a  “coin”  shaped  object  is  ingested  

 

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• Refractory  that  occurs  secondary  to  release  too  soon  auer  nebs  used  in  asthma  and  croup  especially  with  racemic  epinephrine.  • Release  without  appropriate  follow-­‐up  with  pediatrician  within  24  hours.  • Release  to  reliable/non-­‐compliant  parents  or  parents  that  do  not  fully  understand  instruc'ons.  

•  Transi'on  of  care  without  appropriate  work-­‐up  to  other  professionals.  

 

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• Over  u'liza'on  of  neuroimaging  of  the  minor  head  injured  child:  use  of  decision  rules    •  Failure  to  manage  concussions  according  to  guidelines  • Concussion  is  a  clinical  diagnosis  with  limita'ons  in  physical  and  cogni've  ac'vity    •   should  be  fully  recovered  prior  to  return  to  sport  ac'vi'es    •   follow  up  with  neurologist  for  release  

 

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• Remember:  children  can  have  children  • Pregnancy  tes'ng  impera've  in  children  childbearing  age  •  The  offended  parent  is  some'mes  the  surprised  one.  

•  Tes'cular  pain  in  boys  should  be  recognized  as  emergency.  •  Empiric  use  of  an'bio'cs    •  Treat  only  with  an'bio'cs  for  specific  infec'ons  

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References  •  Textbook  of  Urgent  Care  Medicine,  Resnick  and  Shufeldt,  2014,  Pediatric  Urgencies,  p.  645  –  763.  

•  Emergency  and  Urgent  Care,  AAFP,  2014,  Live  course  in  Santa  Ana  Pueblo,  NM  

•  Core  content  in  Urgent  Care  Medicine,    CWRU,  2014.  Pediatric  urgent  condi'ons  sec'on.  

•  Urgent  Care  Emergencies,  Goyal  and  Maqu,  2012,  Avoiding  Pi>alls  and  Improving  the  Outcomes,  Pediatric  Pi>alls,  p.474  -­‐531,  645-­‐730.  

•  5  minute  emergency  medicine  consult    (third  edi'on)  •  Pocket  book  of  hospital  care  for  children,  guidelines  for  the  management  of  common  childhood  illnesses,  second  edi'on,  WHO,  2013.