commonpediatric emergencies in%% · pdf file• if*5*or*more*wbc*detected*do*lp* •...
TRANSCRIPT
COMMON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES
IN EMERGENCY AND URGENT
CARE
Beverly Ann Glasgow
DNP, FNP, ACNP, MS-‐HCA
OBJECTIVES 1. Iden'fy common pediatric emergencies within
the emergency and urgent care departments. 2. Iden'fica'on of appropriate evalua'on and
management of these common pediatric emergencies.
3. Discussion of per'nent pi>alls and pearls in common pediatric problems seen within the emergency/urgent care departments.
4. Disclosures: NONE
OVERVIEW • Fever • Respiratory • Chest pain • Abdominal Pain • Animal and Human Bites • Fractures • Lacera'ons • Common ENT Issues • Pi>alls and Pearls
FIRST IMPRESSIONS • Focus on ini'al impressions within 7 seconds • Everyone needs to understand first impressions count!! • Judging quality of care in urgent and emergency seSngs • Gauge general appearance form outside room • Start conversa'on with parent • Avoid eye contact with anxious child at start • Build trust with parent first • Then slowly engage the child • Perform exam using parent in establishing trus'ng
FEVER PEARLS • Vital signs and general appearance • UTI source fever in boys under 1 year age and girls under 2 years of age • 75 % < 5 years with febrile UTI have pyelonephri's • 10-‐50% with nega've UA – always do culture • Leukocyte esterase and nitrite – higher specificity • Pyuria -‐ not present in 20% with pyelonephri's • Clean catch or catheter -‐-‐-‐-‐no bags
• Consider CXR if fever and WBC > 20,000 and signs of respiratory distress
FEVER PEARLS • Well appearing pa'ents with febrile seizure usually don’t require workup • Assessment of parents • temperature taking skills • Bundling effects • Treatment according to weight – weight charts for parents • Acetaminophen 15 mg/kg • Ibuprofen 10 mg/kg
FEVER: < 28 days • Temperature greater than 38 degrees C • 10 % febrile infants less than 2 months have bacteruria, bacteremia, or meningi's • High risk infants with fever • Less than 28 days • Or 29-‐60 days with • Less 37 week delivery • Congenital comorbidi'es • History of prior hospitaliza'ons
Evaluation: < 28 days • Blood glucose • CBC with diff • Blood culture • UA with micro • UA culture • CSF cell count with diff, protein, and glucose • CSF culture
• Infants 0-‐7 days: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg/dose Q8 hours • Cefotaxime 50 mg/kg/dose Q8 hours
• Infants 8-‐28 days: Amoxicillin50 mg/kg/dose Q6 hours • Cefotaxime 50 mg/kg/dose Q6 hours
EVALUATION: 29-‐60 DAYS • Low risk defined by • Well appearing • No previous an'bio'c use • WBC between 5,000 and 15, 000 • Band/neutrophil of less than 0.2 • UA with less than 5 WBC • CSF with less than 8 WBC • CXR nega've
• If all low-‐risk criteria met – disposi'on • Home while cultures pending • Admission without an'bio'cs un'l cultures nega've
• Otherwise, full sepsis work-‐up • Ce9riaxone 50 mg/kg/kg every 12 hours
ENTEROVIRUS • Most common illness associated with non-‐specific febrile illness • Typically warm months – spring to autumn • Highly contagious – stool to skin to mouth, respiratory route, infected objects
• Test all infants less than 60 days with LP done during season • Symptoms include wide variety involving all systems: • Fever quite high, • Poor feeding, vomi'ng with loose stools, abdominal pain • Sore throat, muscle aches, headaches, respiratory infec'ons • Irritability to lethargy • Hypoperfusion, Jaundice
• Complica'ons: Pneumonia, meningoencephali's, myocardi's, hepa''s, death Pearl: good hand washing, coughing eEqueGe, bleach clean surfaces and toys
HSV • HSV tes'ng recommended: • Ill appearance • Temperature at least 38 degrees C rectally(100.4) significant • Respiratory distress • Seizure • Herpe'c lesions • Maternal HSV infec'on • Maternal fever during L&D • thrombocytopenia
• Acyclovir IV 20 mg/kg/dose Q 8 hours • Addi'onal labs if acyclovir started: • CSF-‐HSV PCR, cultures eye, nasopharyngeal, rectal, LFTs
RSV • RSV tes'ng seasonal • Tachypnea, wheezing, apnea, rhinorrhea, cough
• Well appearing infant and RSV posi've • CBC with diff • Blood culture • UA with micro • If 5 or more WBC detected do LP
• Skip LP with posi've per AAFP • Having known posi've test for RSV reduces risk for serious bacterial illness from 9.6 to 2.2%
• Ill appearing infant or RSV nega've • Full workup with admission
CROUP • Common 6 months – 3 years but up to 6 years • Decadron 0.6 mg/kg orally x 1, max 10 mg • Epinephrine • Nebulized racemic epinephrine for stridor at rest • Must observe 2-‐4 hours following – possible rebound
• IM epinephrine for stridor immediately following nebulizer or impending respiratory failure
• Intuba'on in extreme cases
Pearls to Disposition • Admission with persistent respiratory difficulty • Persistent wheezing • Tachypnea • Use of accessory muscles with retrac'ons • Oxygen sat < 92% on room air • Inability to retain oral fluids and meds • Prior hospitaliza'ons and recent ED visits • Illness – pneumonia , RSV and pre exis'ng disease
Admission Criteria • Toxic appearance • Respiratory distress or apnea • Dehydra'on with vomi'ng • Infants <2months • Infants < 6months with lobar pneumonia • Hypoxia (sat < 92%) • Poor response to outpa'ent oral therapy • Noncompliant parents concerns • Immunocompromised child
PNEUMONIA • Immuniza'ons: two pneumococcal vaccines (by 4 months) low risk pneumococcal bacteremia • so low that no longer indicated empiric labs and blood cultures required
• incidence occult pneumonia decreased 25% to 5% in children with fever and leukocytosis without signs pneumonia
• Treatment plan: • Infants < 2 months no outpa'ent therapy recommended • mild cases with follow-‐up in 1 day with reliable parents • Children 3 months to 5 years – Amoxicillin, AugmenEn, Bactrim, Clarithromycin
• Children 5-‐18 years – AugmenEn, Azithromycin and Clarithromycin
• Rocephin IM
PULMONARY FOREIGN BODIES
• 2-‐4 years old • Acute episode of choking/gagging • Triad of acute wheeze, cough and unilateral diminished sounds only in 50 % • Severity is determined by complete versus par'al obstruc'on • Peanuts are most common • Right main stem
ASTHMA • 5,000 ED visits per day • 20 % admiqed • 11 deaths per day • Goals of acute treatment • Reverse airflow obstruc'on • Correct hypoxemia
SEVERE • Oxygen • Con'nuous nebulized albuterol 15 mg/hour • Epinephrine IM • Nebulized ipratropium • 1.5 g in 1 hour con'nuous albuterol
• Methylprednisolone 2 mg/kg IV • Max 80 mg
• Magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg IV • Max 2 g
• Fluid bolus secondary to hypotension • 20 ml/kg unless cardiovascular complica'ons then reduce to 10 ml/kg
MODERATE • Oxygen • ConEnuous nebulized albuterol • Less than 5 years – 10 mg/hour • Older than 5 years – 15 mg/hour
• Nebulized ipratropium • Prednisone 2 mg/kg • Max 60 mg
MILD • Albuterol MDI with spacer • Less than 5 years – 4 puffs • Older than 5 years – 8 puffs • Prednisone 2 mg/kg if greater than 2 albuterol MDI doses given • Observe for at least 1 hour
CHEST PAIN • Very common in children • Rarely cardiac origin • ? Cardiac history in parents • Most common cause musculoskeletal • Consider EKG/CXR • Syncope, dizziness • Significant cardiac history pa'ent/parent • Abnormal exam (fever, respiratory distress, cardiac)
• RX • Reassurance, ibuprofen
ABDOMINAL PAIN • Extremely common in children • Goal: differen'al between urgent/emergent from benign pain • Pearls • Distrac'on is key • Rock pelvis • Hop on each foot • GU exam
• Sexually ac've – PID, STD • Torsion – ovarian, tes'cular
• Children do have children • CT versus US • KUB
VOMITING/DIARRHEA • Goal • Rule out surgical problem
• Treatment pearls • Consider Odansetron ( Zofran) • PO challenge with popsicle in Pedialyte • If less 5 years – (if giving IV fluids)
• BMP • IV bolus 20 cc/kg NS
DEHYDRATION • Oral Rehydra'on Therapy (ORT) obstacles • Ingrained use of IV therapy in US • 30 % prac'cing pediatricians withhold ORT for children with emesis or moderate dehydra'on
• Feeding through diarrhea has been a difficult prac'ce to establish as acceptable
• Deaths from gastroenteri's including rotavirus, are largely due to dehydra'on
• Phase I • Rehydra'on and replace fluid deficit quickly
• Phase II • Maintenance, fluids and calories, goal of quickly returning to age appropriate unrestricted diet
• Gut rest not indicated
TREATMENT PRINCIPLES • Oral replacement solu'ons (ORS) should be used for rehydra'on -‐ pedialyte
• Oral rehydra'on should be performed rapidly within 3-‐4 hours
• Age appropriate, unrestricted diet is recommended as soon as dehydra'on is corrected
• Breas>ed infants are to con'nue nursing • Formula-‐fed do not dilute formula and special formula not necessary
• For ongoing losses through diarrhea, administer addi'onal ORS
• Do not administer unnecessary laboratory tests or medica'ons. • Zofran 0.1 mg/kg • probioEcs
TREATMENT GUIDELINES • Minimal dehydra'on • Adequate fluids and con'nue regular diet • Encourage ORS • 10 ml/kg for each watery stool • 2 ml/kg for each emesis • Unrestricted nutri'on
• Mild to moderate • Rapidly replace fluid deficit • 50-‐100 ml/kg during 2-‐4 hours • Ini'ally 5 ml every 5 minutes and increase amount as tolerated • Consider rapid NG rehydra'on • Observe 'll signs of dehydra'on subside or increased output
• Severe dehydra'on • IV rehydra'on • LR • NS 0.9 NaCl • 20 ml/kg
• Labs • Glucose • Electrolytes • Bun/crea'nine • bicarbonate
HYPONATREMIA • Due • Intake hypotonic solu'ons • Elevated ADH which increase free water reabsorp'on
• Symptoms • Mild – emesis, malaise, agita'on • Moderate – cramps, weakness, lethargy, headache, confusion • Severe – seizures, coma, death
• Treatment • Mild to moderate with NS • Severe
• Do not raise more than 12 meq/L in 24 hours (0.5 meq/l per hour) • May raise 5 meq in first few hours • Hypertonic saline 513 meq/L or 1 meq/2 ml
STATUS EPILEPTICUS • Greater than 5 minutes, medical interven'on likely needed • Greater than 30 minutes of seizure ac'vity • Greater than 2 seizures without return to baseline in between • Higher incidence in less than 1 year old • Causes • Epilepsy • Febrile seizures • Infec'on • Intoxica'on, poisoning • Trauma • Metabolic • CNS hardware
FEBRILE SEIZURES • Benign • 6 months – 6 years • < 15 minutes • Generalized tonic/clonic • Returns to baseline status
• Workup • Consider possible source • No specific workup
TREATMENT • Benzodiazepines • IV • Lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg, max dose 4 mg • Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg , max dose 5 mg • Diazepam 0.3 mg/kg, max 10 mg
• PR • Diazepam • Less 5 years – 0.5 mg/kg • 6-‐11 years – 0.3 mg/kg • Greater 12 years – 0.2 mg/kg • max dose 20 mg
• Midazolam – 0.5 mg/kg, max 10 mg
TREATMENT • NASAL • Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg, max 10 mg
• IM • Lorazepam – same dose IV/IM • Midazolam – same dose IV/IM
• BUCCAL • Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg, max 10 mg
TREATMENT • Leve'racetam (Keppra) – 50 mg/kg • Use first per AAFP
• Fosphenytoin 20 mg/kg • Phenytoin – 20 mg/kg • Phenobarbital – 20 mg/kg • If intubated with respiratory distress
• Pentobarbital 5-‐15 mg/kg • Valproic acid – 20-‐40 mg/kg • Take about 20 minutes to work
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY • Injury #1 cause of death in pediatrics • 40 % from TBI • Morbidity and mortality highest in infants
• Epidural hematoma • Subdural hematoma • Subarachnoid hemorrhage • Intracerebral hemorrhage
NEUROIMAGING Over utilization
• Decision rule: (<2 years) • GCS 14 or other signs of AMS or signs of depressed skull fracture – CT scan indicated (4.4% risk of ciTBI) • Nonfrontal scalp hematoma, or history of LOC > 5s, or severe mechanism of injury, or not ac'ng normally per parent -‐ consider observa'on vs CT scan (0.9% risk of ciTBI) • None of the above risk factors – CT scan not indicated (<0.02% risk of ciTBI)
• Decision rule: (2 years to 18 years) • GCS 14 or other signs of AMS or signs of basilar skull fracture –CT scan indicated (4.3% risk of ciTBI) • History of LOC or history of vomi'ng, or severe mechanism of injury or severe headache – consider observa'on vs CT scan (0.9% risk of ciTBI) • None of the above risk factors – CT scan not indicated (-‐0.05 % risk of ciTBI)
INITIAL CARE • ABCs • Correc'on and preven'on of secondary brain injury due to • Hypoxemia • Hypotension • Excessive fluids • seizures
• Evalua'on for intracranial hypertension or impending hernia'on • Altered LOC • Pupil changes • Extremity weakness • Cushing’s triad – irregular respira'ons, bradycardia, hernia'on
• Reassessment of GCS, vital signs
TREATMENT • Prophylac'c hyperven'la'on (PaCo2 < 35 mm Hg) • Head of bed to 30 degrees • increase venous draining
• Lidocaine for intuba'on • prevents tachycardia
• IV fluids • Treatment of pain, con'nued seda'on • For hernia'on symptoms • 3 % saline • Mannitol
• Hypothermia less 35 degrees C
Animal Bites • Dog bites • Accounts for 80-‐90% • Crush injuries with 'ssue tears – primary closure loosely • Pasteurella(50%), Strep(46%), Staph(46%), Fusobacterium(30%), bacteroides(30%)
• An'bio'cs: AugmenEn, doxycycline, cefuroxime • Cat bites • Accounts for 5-‐15% • Puncture wounds with teeth imbedded within 'ssue -‐no closure • Pasteurella(75%), strep(46%), staph(35%), Fusobacterium(30%), bacteroides(30%)
• An'bio'cs: AugmenEn, doxycycline, cefuroxime – 60-‐89% infec'on rate
Human Bites • High rate of infec'on • Clenched fist explore for broken capsule joint – OR • Puncture wounds – no closure • Strep, staph • An'bio'cs: AugmenEn, doxycycline
Rabies • About 55,000 global fatali'es annually ouen children • Developed countries – predominantly in wildlife such as bats, raccoon, skunks, foxes
• Transmission: saliva, aerosol, infected 'ssues or organs with incuba'on dura'on -‐ 85 days
• Affects CNS with brain inflamma'on and dysfunc'on, malaise, headache, fever, anxiety, agita'on, pain, paresthesia or itching at site
• Diagnosis: CSF, MRI, skin punch biopsies • Rabies vaccine – inac'vated virus not danger to immunocompromised people • Healthy dog, cat, ferret – do no give but observe 10 day
• Suspect rabid – immediate • Unknown – consult health department
• Bats, raccoon, skunks – consider rabid unless nega've lab tes'ng – immediate
• Rodents, squirrels, hamsters, gerbils – consult health department
Rabies Vaccination Guidelines • Vaccina'on given with no need for post-‐exposure 'ters since essen'ally everyone reacts
• Unvaccinated • HRIG 20 IU/kg with as much as possible at site and remainder IM at site distant from vaccine site
• Vaccine – human diploid cell or purified chick embryo vaccine • IM in deltoid in adults and thigh in kids okay • First dose ASAP – 1 cc IM day 0 with other doses day 3,7, 14
• Previous vaccina'on • HRIG not necessary • Vaccine – human diploid cell or purified chick embryo vaccine
• IM in deltoid in adults and thigh in kids okay • Day 0 then day 3
“now do they look like they have rabies”
Fancy – “Queen of the house”
Max Brother of Belle
Belle Sister of Max
FRACTURES • Typically presents with significant pain • Address pain issue prior to x-‐ray • Use Morphine 0.1 mg/kg IV for fracture pain • Reassess in 5-‐10 minutes before dosing again to achieve analgesia needed
• Common orthopedic issues • Sprains/strains – splint to ortho • Nursemaid elbow -‐hyperprona'on technique was 94% successful on the first aqempt, compared to supina'on-‐flexion at 69%. • Pearl: give dose of Motrin and when x-‐ray done many 'mes reduced
• Common fractures : wrist, forearm, clavicle, ankle – distal 'bia-‐fibula -‐ splint to ortho
• RICE and Pain medica'on (NSAIDS may be used without fear of delayed fracture healing in children)
LACERATIONS • Parental par'cipa'on required next to child • Support personnel for procedure • Try to avoid restraint • Engage child and parent in helping during procedure
• seda'on versus topical LET/local anesthesia infiltra'on • LET (lidocaine-‐epi-‐tetracaine) gel • Contraindica'ons involvement of mucous membranes, digits, genitalia, ear, nose
• Max dose 3 ml • Best use on face and scalp • Can use on neck, extremi'es and trunk with wounds less 5 cm • 30 minute applica'on
Common ENT Issues • Foreign Bodies • Nasal and Ears most common
• Common in 1-‐6 yo girls • Cau'on with magnet and baqeries – deteriora'on of mucosa • Removal: • Cureqe • Paper clip • Foley catheter • Alligator forceps • Oral posi've pressure • Suc'on catheter • Glue • Katz extractor
Katz extractor Removal of foreign body nose and ear
Strep Pharyngitis • GAS 15-‐30 % children 5-‐15 yo • CDC does not recommend tes'ng children <3 yo • Centor criteria (age, tonsils with exudate, cervical nodes tender and swollen, fever, no cough)
• If cough present, likely hood of GAS close to 0% • Objec'ves in care: • Prevent suppura've sequelae: o''s media, epigloS's, peritonsillar abscess, cervical adeni's, mastoidi's, scarlet fever (scarla'na rash and strawberry tongue), rheuma'c fever (erythema marginatum) • Impe'go and erysipelas not associated with strep throat
• Improvement in clinical signs and symptoms thus rapid return to usual ac'vi'es
• Decrease infec'vity thereby decrease transmission
Treatment of strep throat • Pain relief • Penicillin -‐ gold standard • Amoxicillin has beqer taste, equal efficacy
• 50 mg/kg once daily x 5-‐7 days • Problema'c: may cause whole-‐body rash in mono and could cause a non-‐allergic non-‐pruri'c rash
• IM Bicillin LA • 600,000 IU for <26 kg • 1.2 million IU for >26 kg
• Macrolides and cephalosporins are acceptable in the allergic pa'ent > 12% resistance in GAS • Some studies demonstrated slightly higher cure rates with cephalosporin (cross allergies < 1%)
• Erythromycin plus azithromycin for first line alterna've penicillin-‐allergic
Otitis Media • Most common pediatric outpa'ent diagnosis in US • > $5 billion per year to treat AOM in pediatrics • Mostly kids age 1-‐3 years • 30% of all an'bio'cs prescribed for children are for AOM • Treatment op'ons: • Observa'on if > 2 yo and not ill appearing • Treat
• <6 months • Suggested all 6 months – 2 years if T>39C and moderate otalgia • > 2 years with bilateral disease or otorrhea • Dura'on • < 5 years 10 days • > 6 years 5-‐7 days
Antibiotics • Consider SNAP (safety net an'bio'c prescrip'on} to be filled 48-‐72 hours only in those with AOM wan'ng to observe becomes worse-‐increased fever, severe pain, dehydra'on, vomi'ng
• Amoxicillin is drug of choice • 80-‐90 mg/kg day, max of 3 g/day • Unless previous AOM in last 30 days or concurrent conjunc'vi's
• PCN allergic paEents • Cefdinir 28 mg/kg/day divided BID dosing • IM ce9riaxone 50 mg/kg x 1 (need for 3 days) • Azithromycin 10 mg/kg day 1 then 5 mg/kg day 2-‐5
• If otorrhea or tympanostomy tubes • Oral an'bio'c for simple otorrhea • O'c drops preferred if tympanostomy tubes with otorrhea
• Ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin
Sinusitis • Most commonly viral and self limited • Bacterial sinusi's complica'on of viral URI in 7% of pa'ents • Risk factors: daycare, allergic rhini's, anatomic obstruc'on, irritants
• Similar to viral URI, but clinical course dis'nguishing • HA and facial pain variable • Complica'ons without treatment of bacterial infec'ons • 2013 AAP guidelines for diagnosis: • Persistent illness (nasal discharge w/wo day'me cough > 10 days • Worsening course, new nasal discharge, day'me cough or fever • Severe onset fever > 39C and purulent nasal discharge > 3 days
Treatment plan • CT cannot dis'nguish microbiology, but can iden'fy complica'ons • Micro not usually necessary – usually S.pneumoniae, H.flu • An'histamine on for allergic component • Nasal saline • Steroids (nasal or po)
• Flu'casone nasal beqer than po steroids • Decadron po mixed in apple juice
• AnEbioEc plan -‐ Use or not use • Augmen'n 90 mg/kg divided BID
• Amoxicillin no longer recommended due bacterial resistance • Cefpodoxime 10 mg/kg divided BID • Cefdinir 14 mg/kg divided BID • Doxycycline allergy penicillin. • Cau'on with Bactrim, cephalosporin, macrolides with high resistance
Pitfalls Leading to Negative Outcomes
• Staff cogni've bias • Danger of interrup'ons • Thinking communica'ons does not maqer • Ignoring the “liqle” things • Failing to understand why the pa'ent came ER • Ignoring local news • Failing to explain to pa'ent and family what you are doing and not doing • Pretending money is not part of the medical rela'onship and not discussing it
• Keep secret when something goes wrong • Thoughtlessly cri'cizing prior care • Underapprecia'ng benefits and challenges of humor • Assuming pa'ent understood what was said • Failing to provide an'cipatory guidance • Failing to let people know that things could get worse and when they do come back • Imagine visit ends when the pa'ent leaves
Pearls for improving Outcomes • Aqen've to simple things • Clarify and respond to chief complaint • Aqen've to local news for concerns within community • Explana'on of diagnosis, evalua'on, and treatment op'ons • Confirm pa'ent and family understand • Keep informed • Let pa'ent and family know you have gone extra mile • Provide discharge informa'on that includes diagnoses, treatment plans, instruc'on for follow-‐up, and informa'on on when to return
Pitfalls in caring for children • Language barrier-‐ poor instruc'ons • Failure to obtain a rectal temperature in infant • Failure to educate parents about the significance of fever • Assuming parents know how to take temperature, unbundling, dosing for fever and dehydra'on • Adequate dosing of an'pyre'cs for fever – dosing charts for Tylenol and Motrin according to weight • Failure to use a systema'c approach to the evalua'on of the fussy, well appearing infant • Fussy infant algorithm
• Not trea'ng the pain that accompanies an acute ear infec'on • Over 60% children with AOM will have resolu'on of their pain in one day whether treated with an'bio'cs or placebo
• Poor follow-‐up: knowing when to return to ED for further evalua'on and admission or follow up with pediatrician with in 24 hours -‐-‐-‐phone follow-‐up
• Adequate hydra'on measures for vomi'ng and diarrhea • Parents who do not understand ORT, basic nutri'on and
nutri'onal allergens in their child’s diet.
• Failure to consider urinary and pulmonary sources of infec'on in the febrile child
• Not assessing the immuniza'on status in children with fever without a source
• Being overly aggressive in obtaining blood cultures on fully immunized, well appearing, febrile child without a source • Blood cultures considered if child has temp >40 C, petechiae, prolonged gastroenteri's, or contact with meningococcal disease
• Thinking URI cause versus foreign body without doing x-‐ray to check.
• Not considering foreign body aspira'on in a young child with wheezing
• Not looking for the double ring sign of a disc baqery when a “coin” shaped object is ingested
• Refractory that occurs secondary to release too soon auer nebs used in asthma and croup especially with racemic epinephrine. • Release without appropriate follow-‐up with pediatrician within 24 hours. • Release to reliable/non-‐compliant parents or parents that do not fully understand instruc'ons.
• Transi'on of care without appropriate work-‐up to other professionals.
• Over u'liza'on of neuroimaging of the minor head injured child: use of decision rules • Failure to manage concussions according to guidelines • Concussion is a clinical diagnosis with limita'ons in physical and cogni've ac'vity • should be fully recovered prior to return to sport ac'vi'es • follow up with neurologist for release
• Remember: children can have children • Pregnancy tes'ng impera've in children childbearing age • The offended parent is some'mes the surprised one.
• Tes'cular pain in boys should be recognized as emergency. • Empiric use of an'bio'cs • Treat only with an'bio'cs for specific infec'ons
References • Textbook of Urgent Care Medicine, Resnick and Shufeldt, 2014, Pediatric Urgencies, p. 645 – 763.
• Emergency and Urgent Care, AAFP, 2014, Live course in Santa Ana Pueblo, NM
• Core content in Urgent Care Medicine, CWRU, 2014. Pediatric urgent condi'ons sec'on.
• Urgent Care Emergencies, Goyal and Maqu, 2012, Avoiding Pi>alls and Improving the Outcomes, Pediatric Pi>alls, p.474 -‐531, 645-‐730.
• 5 minute emergency medicine consult (third edi'on) • Pocket book of hospital care for children, guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses, second edi'on, WHO, 2013.