common poultry diseases and their prevention -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Common Poultry Diseases and Their Prevention
Dr. Nathaniel L. TablanteAssociate Professor and Extension Poultry Veterinarian
VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Maryland College Park
8075 Greenmead DriveCollege Park, MD 20742
Tel. [email protected]
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Outline
• How diseases occur: basic principles• Observing your birds for signs of
disease• What to do when disease is suspected• When to start treatment or intervention• Common poultry diseases• Final thoughts
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What is disease?• Any condition that results in deviation from
normal function
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How do diseases occur?
Agent
Host Environment
Diseases occur due to the interaction between 3 main factors:
NOTE: Not all poultry health and production problems are caused by infectious agents. LOOK AT MANAGEMENT FACTORS FIRST BEFORE CONSIDERING INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Agent Factors
• Infectious Agents– Bacteria– Viruses– Parasites– Fungi
• Non-infectious agents– Chemical– Physical– Lack or excess of
certain vitamins and minerals
– Toxins
http://health.utah.gov
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Host Factors• Breed • Age• Sex• Immune status
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Management and Environmental Factors
• Feed quality • Lighting program• Air quality and ventilation • Water quality• Space (floor or cage,
feeder, drinker)• Sanitation• Vaccination and
medication programs
• Weather• Season• Geographic location
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General Signs of Disease
• Poor appetite• Huddling• Depression• Runting/stunting; poor
uniformity• Ruffled feathers• Coughing, sneezing,
oculo-nasal discharge, difficult breathing
• Bloody or wet litter• Increased mortality
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Specific Signs of Disease• Respiratory
(gasping, coughing, snicking, swollen eyes, nasal discharge)
• Possible Diseases/Conditions:– Avian Influenza– Newcastle Disease– Infectious
Laryngotracheitis– Infectious Bronchitis– Mycoplasmosis– Colibacillosis– Fowl Cholera– Ammonia
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Specific Signs of Disease• Nervous
(trembling, paralysis, recumbency, circling)
• Possible Diseases/Conditions:– Marek’s Disease– Newcastle Disease– Fowl Cholera– Encephalomyelitis– Encephalomalacia (Vit.
E/selenium deficiency)– Aspergillosis– Botulism– Bacterial encephalitis
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Specific Signs of Disease
• Locomotor
(crooked toes, swollen hocks, hyper‐extended or rubbery legs)
• Possible Diseases/Conditions:– Rickets (Ca/P/Vit. D3
deficiency or imbalance)– Riboflavin deficiency– Biotin deficiency– Synovitis– Injury
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Specific Signs of Disease
• External Signs
(skin/eye/leg/foot lesions)
• Possible Disease/Conditions:– Lice– Mites– Biotin deficiency– Pantothenic acid deficiency– Riboflavin deficiency– Gangrenous dermatitis
(Clostridium sp; Staph. aureus)
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Specific Signs of Disease
• Digestive
(bloody or watery feces)• Possible
Disease/Conditions:– Coccidiosis– Necrotic enteritis– Coronaviral enteritis– Infectious Bursal Disease– Ulcerative enteritis– Paratyphoid (Salmonella
spp.)– Worms– Salt poisoning
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Other Signs of Disease or Health Problems
• Stress(overcrowding, vaccination reaction, extreme temperatures, lack of feed or water)
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What to do if your birds look sick:
• Isolate sick bird(s) immediately
• Dispose of dead birds promptly and properly
• Observe the rest of the flock for signs of disease
• Call veterinarian, animal health technician, or Extension agent for advice and assistance
• Do not move birds or eggs off your farm
• Do not add new birds to flock
• Do not visit other farms
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Not all poultry health problems are caused by infectious agents
Always consider non‐infectious conditions (management factors or FLAWSS) first:
• Feed quality
• Lighting
• Air quality and ventilation
• Water quality
• Space (feeders and drinkers)
• Sanitation
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Use medications judiciously and only when necessary
• Management problems can only be fixed by proper management changes and/or corrections
• Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics
• Bacterial infections can only be treated with the proper antibiotic
• Always consult a veterinarian before initiating any treatment
• If antibiotics or other drugs are prescribed, follow recommended dose, route, duration of therapy, and withdrawal time
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COMMON POULTRY DISEASES
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Infectious Laryngotracheitis
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Species Affected
• Chickens, pheasants, peafowl
fishandgame.idaho.gov
scienceblogs.com
nathistoc.bio.uci.edu
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Cause
• Herpes virus• Spread through infected birds and improperly administered live vaccines– Airborne transmission or through contaminated equipment, shoes, and clothing
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Signs and Lesions
• Respiratory distress, coughing, sneezing, expectoration of bloody mucus
• Conjunctivitis and facial swelling
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Prevention and Control• Vaccination
– Do not vaccinate if the disease is not present or has not been observed in your area
– If vaccination is deemed necessary, MDA allows only Tissue Culture Origin (TCO) ILT vaccine in non‐commercial poultry
• Biosecurity– Do not allow visitors to your farm nor visit other farms– Do not share equipment and vehicles– Clean and disinfect poultry house, coops, and equipment regularly and between flocks
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Mycoplasmosis(Chronic Respiratory Disease)
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Species Affected
• Chickens and turkeys
nrm.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org
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Cause
• Mycoplasma gallisepticum– Secondary E. coli infection is common
• Transmitted through the egg, airborne droplets, or from bird to bird
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Signs and Lesions
• Coughing, sneezing, facial swelling, nasal discharge, cloudy air sacs
• Deformed eggs, drop in egg production
• Pericarditis and perihepatitis (with secondary E. coliinfection)
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Prevention and Control
• Purchase chicks only from MG‐negative sources (National Poultry Improvement Plan or NPIP participant)
• Provide medicated feed (containing Tylan® or Gallimycin®)
• Don’t mix birds of different species and age
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Internal Parasites
www.backyardchickens.com
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Species Affected
• All birds
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Cause
• Roundworms (Ascarids)• Hairworms (Capillaria)• Cecal worms (Heterakis)• Tapeworms (Cestodes)
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Signs and Lesions
• Unthriftiness, stunted growth, emaciation
• Enteritis• Anemia• Decreased egg production
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Prevention and Control• Rotate birds in yards or pens• Deworm flocks regularly, particularly those raised on the
ground or in floor pens• Provide medicated feed (containing broad‐spectrum
dewormer)• Treat infected birds with the proper dewormer
– Piperazine (Wazine™) is effective only against roundworms and cecal worms
– Fenbendazole (SafeGuard™ or Panacur™) is effective against roundworms, cecal worms, and hairworms
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Coccidiosis
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Species Affected
• Chickens and turkeys
tinyfarmblog.com
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Cause
• Eimeria sp.• 9 species in chickens• 7 species in turkeys• Transmitted through infected droppings (containing oocysts)
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Clinical Signs and Lesions
• Cecal coccidiosis(caused mainly by E. tenella in chickens)– High mortality– Bloody feces– Pale combs– Ruffled feathers– Lack of appetite– Coagulated blood in
ceca
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Clinical Signs and Lesions
• Intestinal coccidiosis(caused by E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, and E. necatrix)– Loss of weight– Shriveled combs– Drop in egg production– Pale shanks
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Prevention and Control
• Good management• Provide medicated feed (with coccidiostatssuch as amprolium or Amprol™)
• Treat infected flocks promptly
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External Parasites
www.tillysnest.com
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Mites
keep-hens-raise-chickens.com
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Species Affected
• All birds
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Cause
• Scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans)• Chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)• Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum)
www.ca.uky.edu
www.chickenvet.co.uk
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Signs and Lesions
• Scaly leg mite: – scales and crusts in legs, combs, and wattles
• Northern fowl mite:– blackened feathers, scabby skin around vent
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Prevention and Control• Scaly leg mite
– Cull or isolate affected birds– Apply an oil‐based product such as petroleum jelly, a 50:50
kerosene and cooking oil mix, or Blue Ribbon™ (a commercial mixture of plant oils, canola, and camphor) to affected areas
• Northern fowl mite– Monitor all birds and facilities for infestation; check egg flats and
cases for mites– Treat birds with approved insecticide (such as carbaryl or Sevin™)
– Use dry powder to dust birds– Use liquid spray or wettable powder for walls and floors to penetrate cracks
and crevices
– Wash plastic flats and racks with hot water and detergent
-Always follow the manufacturer’s directions. -Observe all warnings and withdrawal periods.
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Bumblefoot(Pododermatitis)
www.backyardchickens.com
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Species Affected
• Chickens (mostly males and heavy birds)
www.flickr.com
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Cause
• Injury to the lower surface of the foot and subsequent infection with Staphylococcus bacteria
• Common causes of injury:• Rough perches• Splinters• Wire floors• Poor litter or bedding
quality www.avianweb.com
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Signs and Lesions
• Lameness• Swelling of the foot pad
• Hard, pus‐filled abscess on foot pad
keep-hens-raise-chickens.com
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Prevention and Control
• Provide good quality litter or bedding. Keep bedding clean, dry, and deep.
• Keep perches less than 18 inches from the floor to prevent foot damage due to impact from jumping.
• Remove potential sources of injury such as sharp objects and/or surfaces.
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Treatment• Soak foot in warm water and Epsom salts.• Clean affected area with soap and warm water, then
disinfect with alcohol.• If skin is open, drain pus from abscess (If there is no break
in the skin to allow drainage of abscess, use a sterile scalpel or sharp end of a disinfected blade to cut a small opening).
• Flush the abscess cavity with hydrogen peroxide to clean out pus and debris.
• Pack the cavity with antibiotic ointment and wrap the foot with gauze and elastic bandage. Repeat daily until foot heals.
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FINAL THOUGHTS
• Be vigilant – continuous flock health monitoring is a MUST
• Use all available senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing) as well as COMMON SENSE
• Look for all possible causes and/or predisposing factors, i.e. do not “leave any stoned unturned”
• Initiate corrective or preventive measures promptly
• When in doubt, seek expert advice
• While practicing strict biosecurity, provide adequate feed, water, ventilation, heat, etc. (a.k.a. bird comfort or TLC)
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Questions?