commission implementing decision (eu) 2018/1147 · 2020. 12. 28. · 2 commission implementing...

Changes to legislation: Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 is up to date with all changes known to be in forceon or before 28 December 2020. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Changes that have been

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Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 of 10 August 2018establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for waste treatment,under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council

(notified under document C(2018) 5070) (Text with EEA relevance)

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2018/1147

of 10 August 2018

establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for waste treatment,under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council

(notified under document C(2018) 5070)

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)(1), andin particular Article 13(5) thereof,

Whereas:

(1) Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions are the reference for setting permitconditions for installations covered by Chapter II of Directive 2010/75/EU andcompetent authorities should set emission limit values which ensure that, under normaloperating conditions, emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated with thebest available techniques as laid down in the BAT conclusions.

(2) The forum composed of representatives of Member States, the industries concernedand non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, establishedby Commission Decision of 16 May 2011(2), provided the Commission on 19 December2017 with its opinion on the proposed content of the BAT reference document for wastetreatment. That opinion is publicly available.

(3) The BAT conclusions set out in the Annex to this Decision are the key element of thatBAT reference document.

(4) The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of theCommittee established by Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

Article 1

The best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for waste treatment, as set out in theAnnex, are adopted.

2 Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 of 10 August 2018 establishing best availabletechniques (BAT)...

Document Generated: 2020-12-28Changes to legislation: Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 is up to date with all changes known to be in force

on or before 28 December 2020. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Changes that have beenmade appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) View outstanding changes

Article 2

This Decision is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Brussels, 10 August 2018.

For the Commission

Karmenu VELLA

Member of the Commission

Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 of 10 August 2018 establishing best availabletechniques (BAT)...ANNEXDocument Generated: 2020-12-28

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ANNEX

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR WASTESCOPE

These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive2010/75/EU, namely:

5.1. Disposal or recovery of hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per dayinvolving one or more of the following activities:

(a) biological treatment;

(b) physico-chemical treatment;

(c) blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the other activities listed inpoints 5.1 and 5.2 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU;

(d) repackaging prior to submission to any of the other activities listed in points5.1 and 5.2 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU;

(e) solvent reclamation/regeneration;

(f) recycling/reclamation of inorganic materials other than metals or metalcompounds;

(g) regeneration of acids or bases;

(h) recovery of components used for pollution abatement;

(i) recovery of components from catalysts;

(j) oil re-refining or other reuses of oil;

5.3. (a) Disposal of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 50 tonnesper day involving one or more of the following activities, and excludingactivities covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC(3):

(i) biological treatment;

(ii) physico-chemical treatment;

(iii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration;

(iv) treatment of ashes;

(v) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electricaland electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and theircomponents.

(b) Recovery, or a mix of recovery and disposal, of non-hazardous waste with acapacity exceeding 75 tonnes per day involving one or more of the followingactivities, and excluding activities covered by Directive 91/271/EEC:

(i) biological treatment;

(ii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration;

(iii) treatment of ashes;


ANNEXDocument Generated: 2020-12-28



(iv) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electricaland electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and theircomponents.

When the only waste treatment activity carried out is anaerobic digestion, the capacitythreshold for this activity shall be 100 tonnes per day.

5.5. Temporary storage of hazardous waste not covered under point 5.4 of Annex I toDirective 2010/75/EU pending any of the activities listed in points 5.1, 5.2, 5.4and 5.6 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU with a total capacity exceeding 50tonnes, excluding temporary storage, pending collection, on the site where the wasteis generated.

6.11. Independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC and discharged by an installation undertaking activities covered under points 5.1,5.3 or 5.5 as listed above.

Referring to independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Directive 91/271/EEC above, these BAT conclusions also cover the combined treatment of waste water fromdifferent origins if the main pollutant load originates from the activities covered under points5.1, 5.3 or 5.5 as listed above.

These BAT conclusions do not address the following:— Surface impoundment.— Disposal or recycling of animal carcases or of animal waste covered by the activity

description in point 6.5 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU when this is covered bythe BAT conclusions on the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries (SA).

— On-farm processing of manure when this is covered by the BAT conclusions for theintensive rearing of poultry or pigs (IRPP).

— Direct recovery (i.e. without pretreatment) of waste as a substitute for raw materialsin installations carrying out activities covered by other BAT conclusions, e.g.:— Direct recovery of lead (e.g. from batteries), zinc or aluminium salts or

recovery of the metals from catalysts. This may be covered by the BATconclusions for the non-ferrous metals industries (NFM).

— Processing of paper for recycling. This may be covered by the BATconclusions for the production of pulp, paper and board (PP).

— Use of waste as fuel/raw material in cement kilns. This may be covered by theBAT conclusions for the production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide(CLM).

— Waste (co-)incineration, pyrolysis and gasification. This may be covered by the BATconclusions for waste incineration (WI) or the BAT conclusions for large combustionplants (LCP).

— Landfill of waste. This is covered by Council Directive 1999/31/EC(4). In particular,underground permanent and long-term storage (≥ 1 year before disposal, ≥ 3 yearsbefore recovery) are covered by Directive 1999/31/EC.

— In situ remediation of contaminated soil (i.e. unexcavated soil).— Treatment of slags and bottom ashes. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions

for waste incineration (WI) and/or the BAT conclusions for large combustion plants(LCP).

— Smelting of scrap metals and metal-bearing materials. This may be covered by the BATconclusions for non-ferrous metals industries (NFM), the BAT conclusions for iron


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and steel production (IS), and/or the BAT conclusions for the smitheries and foundriesindustry (SF).

— Regeneration of spent acids and alkalis when this is covered by the BAT conclusionsfor ferrous metals processing.

— Combustion of fuels when it does not generate hot gases which come into directcontact with the waste. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for largecombustion plants (LCP) or by Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliamentand of the Council(5).

Other BAT conclusions and reference documents which could be relevant for the activitiescovered by these BAT conclusions are the following:— Economics and cross-media effects (ECM);— Emissions from storage (EFS);— Energy efficiency (ENE);— Monitoring of emissions to air and water from IED installations (ROM);— Production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide (CLM);— Common waste water and waste gas treatment/management systems in the chemical

sector (CWW);— Intensive rearing of poultry or pigs (IRPP).

These BAT conclusions apply without prejudice to the relevant provisions of EU legislation,e.g. the waste hierarchy.DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:

Term used DefinitionGeneral terms

Channelled emissions Emissions of pollutants into the environmentthrough any kind of duct, pipe, stack,etc. This also includes emissions from open-top biofilters.

Continuous measurement Measurement using an ‘automated measuringsystem’ permanently installed on site.

Declaration of cleanliness Written document provided by the wasteproducer/holder certifying that the emptywaste packaging concerned (e.g. drums,containers) is clean with respect to theacceptance criteria.

Diffuse emissions Non-channelled emissions (e.g. of dust,organic compounds, odour) which canresult from ‘area’ sources (e.g. tanks) or‘point’ sources (e.g. pipe flanges). This alsoincludes emissions from open-air windrowcomposting.

a Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealingcertain Directives (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3).

b Commission Regulation (EC) No 199/2006 of 3 February 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 settingmaximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (OJ L 32, 4.2.2006, p.34).

https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2008.312.01.0003.01.ENG







Direct discharge Discharge to a receiving water body withoutfurther downstream waste water treatment.

Emissions factors Numbers that can be multiplied by knowndata such as plant/process data or throughputdata to estimate emissions.

Existing plant A plant that is not a new plant.

Flaring High-temperature oxidation to burncombustible compounds of waste gases fromindustrial operations with an open flame.Flaring is primarily used for burning offflammable gas for safety reasons or duringnon-routine operating conditions.

Fly ashes Particles from the combustion chamber orformed within the flue-gas stream, that aretransported in the flue-gas.

Fugitive emissions Diffuse emissions from ‘point’ sources.

Hazardous waste Hazardous waste as defined in point 2 ofArticle 3 of Directive 2008/98/EC.

Indirect discharge Discharge which is not a direct discharge.

Liquid biodegradable waste Waste of biological origin with a relativelyhigh water content (e.g. fat separatorcontents, organic sludges, catering waste).

Major plant upgrade A major change in the design or technologyof a plant with major adjustments orreplacements of the process and/or abatementtechnique(s) and associated equipment.

Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) Treatment of mixed solid waste combiningmechanical treatment with biologicaltreatment such as aerobic or anaerobictreatment.

New plant A plant first permitted at the site of theinstallation following the publication of theseBAT conclusions or a complete replacementof a plant following the publication of theseBAT conclusions.

Output The treated waste exiting the waste treatmentplant.

Pasty waste Sludge which is not free-flowing.

Periodic measurement Measurement at specified time intervalsusing manual or automated methods.







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Recovery Recovery as defined in Article 3(15) ofDirective 2008/98/EC.

Re-refining Treatments carried out on waste oil totransform it to base oil.

Regeneration Treatments and processes mainly designedto make the treated materials (e.g. spentactivated carbon or spent solvent) suitableagain for a similar use.

Sensitive receptor Area which needs special protection, such as:— residential areas;— areas where human activities are

carried out (e.g. neighbouringworkplaces, schools, daycarecentres, recreational areas, hospitalsor nursing homes).

Surface impoundment Placement of liquid or sludgy discards intopits, ponds, lagoons, etc.

Treatment of waste with calorific value Treatment of waste wood, waste oil, wasteplastics, waste solvents, etc. to obtain a fuelor to allow a better recovery of its calorificvalue.

VFCs Volatile (hydro)fluorocarbons: VOCsconsisting of fluorinated (hydro)carbons,in particular chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) andhydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

VHCs Volatile hydrocarbons: VOCs consistingentirely of hydrogen and carbon (e.g. ethane,propane, iso-butane, cyclopentane).

VOC Volatile organic compound as defined inArticle 3(45) of Directive 2010/75/EU.

Waste holder Waste holder as defined in Article 3(6)of Directive 2008/98/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Councila.

Waste input The incoming waste to be treated in the wastetreatment plant.

Water-based liquid waste Waste consisting of aqueous liquids, acids/alkalis or pumpable sludges (e.g. emulsions,waste acids, aqueous marine waste) which isnot liquid biodegradable waste.

Pollutants/parametersa Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing

certain Directives (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3).









AOX Adsorbable organically bound halogens,expressed as Cl, include adsorbableorganically bound chlorine, bromine andiodine.

Arsenic Arsenic, expressed as As, includes allinorganic and organic arsenic compounds,dissolved or bound to particles.

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand. Amount ofoxygen needed for the biochemical oxidationof organic and/or inorganic matter in five(BOD5) or in seven (BOD7) days.

Cadmium Cadmium, expressed as Cd, includes allinorganic and organic cadmium compounds,dissolved or bound to particles.

CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons: VOCs consisting ofcarbon, chlorine and fluorine.

Chromium Chromium, expressed as Cr, includes allinorganic and organic chromium compounds,dissolved or bound to particles.

Hexavalent chromium Hexavalent chromium, expressed as Cr(VI),includes all chromium compounds where thechromium is in the oxidation state +6.

COD Chemical oxygen demand. Amount ofoxygen needed for the total chemicaloxidation of the organic matter to carbondioxide. COD is an indicator for the massconcentration of organic compounds.

Copper Copper, expressed as Cu, includes allinorganic and organic copper compounds,dissolved or bound to particles.

Cyanide Free cyanide, expressed as CN.

Dust Total particulate matter (in air).

HOI Hydrocarbon oil index. The sum ofcompounds extractable with a hydrocarbonsolvent (including long-chain or branchedaliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons).

HCl All inorganic gaseous chlorine compounds,expressed as HCl.







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HF All inorganic gaseous fluorine compounds,expressed as HF.

H2S Hydrogen sulphide. Carbonyl sulphide andmercaptans are not included.

Lead Lead, expressed as Pb, includes all inorganicand organic lead compounds, dissolved orbound to particles.

Mercury Mercury, expressed as Hg, includeselementary mercury and all inorganic andorganic mercury compounds, gaseous,dissolved or bound to particles.

NH3 Ammonia.

Nickel Nickel, expressed as Ni, includes allinorganic and organic nickel compounds,dissolved or bound to particles.

Odour concentration Number of European Odour Units (ouE)in one cubic metre at standard conditionsmeasured by dynamic olfactometryaccording to EN 13725.

PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl.

Dioxin-like PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls as listed inCommission Regulation (EC) No 199/2006b.

PCDD/F Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furan(s).

PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid.

PFOS Perfluorooctanesulphonic acid.

Phenol index The sum of phenolic compounds, expressedas phenol concentration and measuredaccording to EN ISO 14402.

TOC Total organic carbon, expressed as C (inwater), includes all organic compounds.

Total N Total nitrogen, expressed as N, includes freeammonia and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen(NO3-N) and organically bound nitrogen.

Total P Total phosphorus, expressed as P, includesall inorganic and organic phosphoruscompounds, dissolved or bound to particles










TSS Total suspended solids. Mass concentrationof all suspended solids (in water), measuredvia filtration through glass fibre filters andgravimetry.

TVOC Total volatile organic carbon, expressed as C(in air).

Zinc Zinc, expressed as Zn, includes all inorganicand organic zinc compounds, dissolved orbound to particles.



For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following acronyms apply:

Acronym DefinitionEMS Environmental management system

EoLVs End-of-life vehicles (as defined in Article2(2) of Directive 2000/53/EC of theEuropean Parliament and of the Councila)

HEPA High-efficiency particle air (filter)

IBC Intermediate bulk container

LDAR Leak detection and repair

LEV Local exhaust ventilation system

POP Persistent organic pollutant (as listedin Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of theEuropean Parliament and of the Councilb)

WEEE Waste electrical and electronic equipment (asdefined in Article 3(1) of Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of theCouncilc)

a Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of life vehicles (OJ L269, 21.10.2000, p. 34).

b Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organicpollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC (OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p. 7).

c Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronicequipment (WEEE) (OJ L 197, 24.7.2012, p. 38).

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONSBest Available Techniques

The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptivenor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level ofenvironmental protection.









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Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions are generally applicable.Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissionsto air

Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass ofemitted substances per volume of waste gas) under the following standard conditions: dry gas ata temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa, without correction for oxygen content,and expressed in μg/Nm3 or mg/Nm3.

For averaging periods of BAT-AELs for emissions to air, the following definitions apply.

Type of measurement Averaging period DefinitionContinuous Daily average Average over a period of one

day based on valid hourly orhalf-hourly averages.

Periodic Average over the samplingperiod

Average value of threeconsecutive measurements ofat least 30 minutes eacha.

a For any parameter where, due to sampling or analytical limitations, a 30-minute measurement is inappropriate, a moresuitable measurement period may be employed (e.g. for the odour concentration). For PCDD/F or dioxin-like PCBs, onesampling period of 6 to 8 hours is used.

Where continuous measurement is used, the BAT-AELs may be expressed as daily averages.Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissionsto water

Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass ofemitted substances per volume of water), expressed in μg/l or mg/l.

Unless stated otherwise, averaging periods associated with the BAT-AELs refer to either of thefollowing two cases:— in the case of continuous discharge, daily average values, i.e. 24-hour flow-

proportional composite samples;— in the case of batch discharge, average values over the release duration taken as flow-

proportional composite samples, or, provided that the effluent is appropriately mixedand homogeneous, a spot sample taken before discharge.

Time-proportional composite samples can be used provided that sufficient flow stability isdemonstrated.

All BAT-AELs for emissions to water apply at the point where the emission leaves theinstallation.Abatement efficiency

The calculation of the average abatement efficiency referred to in these BAT conclusions (seeTable 6.1) does not include, for COD and TOC, initial treatment steps aiming at separating thebulk organic content from the water-based liquid waste, such as evapo-condensation, emulsionbreaking or phase separation.

1. GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS

1.1. Overall environmental performance





BAT 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to implement andadhere to an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the followingfeatures:

I. commitment of the management, including senior management;

II. definition, by the management, of an environmental policy that includes thecontinuous improvement of the environmental performance of the installation;

III. planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, inconjunction with financial planning and investment;

IV. implementation of procedures paying particular attention to:

(a) structure and responsibility,

(b) recruitment, training, awareness and competence,

(c) communication,

(d) employee involvement,

(e) documentation,

(f) effective process control,

(g) maintenance programmes,

(h) emergency preparedness and response,

(i) safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation;

V. checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to:

(a) monitoring and measurement (see also the JRC Reference Report onMonitoring of emissions to air and water from IED installations – ROM),

(b) corrective and preventive action,

(c) maintenance of records,

(d) independent (where practicable) internal or external auditing in order todetermine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements andhas been properly implemented and maintained;

VI. review, by senior management, of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacyand effectiveness;

VII. following the development of cleaner technologies;

VIII. consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning ofthe plant at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life;

IX. application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis;

X. waste stream management (see BAT 2);

XI. an inventory of waste water and waste gas streams (see BAT 3);

XII. residues management plan (see description in Section 6.5);


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XIII. accident management plan (see description in Section 6.5);

XIV. odour management plan (see BAT 12);

XV. noise and vibration management plan (see BAT 17).Applicability

The scope (e.g. level of detail) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised)will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the rangeof environmental impacts it may have (determined also by the type and amount of wastesprocessed).

BAT 2. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of the plant, BAT is to useall of the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Set up and implement waste

characterisation and pre-acceptance procedures

These procedures aimto ensure the technical(and legal) suitability ofwaste treatment operationsfor a particular wasteprior to the arrival of thewaste at the plant. Theyinclude procedures tocollect information aboutthe waste input and mayinclude waste sampling andcharacterisation to achievesufficient knowledge of thewaste composition. Wastepre-acceptance proceduresare risk-based considering,for example, the hazardousproperties of the waste, therisks posed by the wastein terms of process safety,occupational safety andenvironmental impact, aswell as the informationprovided by the previouswaste holder(s).

b. Set up and implement wasteacceptance procedures

Acceptance procedures aimto confirm the characteristicsof the waste, as identifiedin the pre-acceptance stage.These procedures definethe elements to be verifiedupon the arrival of thewaste at the plant as well asthe waste acceptance andrejection criteria. They mayinclude waste sampling,

a Sorting techniques are described in Section 6.4





inspection and analysis.Waste acceptance proceduresare risk-based considering,for example, the hazardousproperties of the waste, therisks posed by the wastein terms of process safety,occupational safety andenvironmental impact, aswell as the informationprovided by the previouswaste holder(s).

c. Set up and implement awaste tracking system andinventory

A waste tracking systemand inventory aim to trackthe location and quantity ofwaste in the plant. It holdsall the information generatedduring waste pre-acceptanceprocedures (e.g. date ofarrival at the plant and uniquereference number of thewaste, information on theprevious waste holder(s), pre-acceptance and acceptanceanalysis results, intendedtreatment route, nature andquantity of the waste held onsite including all identifiedhazards), acceptance,storage, treatment and/ortransfer off site. The wastetracking system is risk-basedconsidering, for example,the hazardous properties ofthe waste, the risks posed bythe waste in terms of processsafety, occupational safetyand environmental impact,as well as the informationprovided by the previouswaste holder(s).

d. Set up and implement anoutput quality managementsystem

This technique involvessetting up and implementingan output qualitymanagement system, so asto ensure that the output ofthe waste treatment is in linewith the expectations, usingfor example existing ENstandards. This management



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system also allows theperformance of the wastetreatment to be monitoredand optimised, and forthis purpose may includea material flow analysisof relevant componentsthroughout the wastetreatment. The use of amaterial flow analysis isrisk-based considering, forexample, the hazardousproperties of the waste, therisks posed by the wastein terms of process safety,occupational safety andenvironmental impact, aswell as the informationprovided by the previouswaste holder(s).

e. Ensure waste segregation Waste is kept separateddepending on its propertiesin order to enable easierand environmentally saferstorage and treatment. Wastesegregation relies on thephysical separation of wasteand on procedures thatidentify when and wherewastes are stored.

f. Ensure waste compatibilityprior to mixing or blendingof waste

Compatibility is ensuredby a set of verificationmeasures and tests in orderto detect any unwanted and/or potentially dangerouschemical reactions betweenwastes (e.g. polymerisation,gas evolution, exothermalreaction, decomposition,crystallisation, precipitation)when mixing, blendingor carrying out othertreatment operations. Thecompatibility tests are risk-based considering, forexample, the hazardousproperties of the waste, therisks posed by the wastein terms of process safety,occupational safety and






environmental impact, aswell as the informationprovided by the previouswaste holder(s).

g. Sort incoming solid waste Sorting of incoming solidwastea aims to preventunwanted material fromentering subsequent wastetreatment process(es). It mayinclude:— manual separation

by means of visualexaminations;

— ferrous metals,non-ferrous metalsor all-metalsseparation;

— optical separation,e.g. by near-infraredspectroscopy or X-ray systems;

— density separation,e.g. by airclassification,sink-float tanks,vibration tables;

— size separation byscreening/sieving.


BAT 3. In order to facilitate the reduction of emissions to water and air, BAT is to establish andto maintain an inventory of waste water and waste gas streams, as part of the environmentalmanagement system (see BAT 1), that incorporates all of the following features:

(i) information about the characteristics of the waste to be treated and the waste treatmentprocesses, including:

(a) simplified process flow sheets that show the origin of the emissions;

(b) descriptions of process-integrated techniques and waste water/waste gastreatment at source including their performances;

(ii) information about the characteristics of the waste water streams, such as:

(a) average values and variability of flow, pH, temperature, and conductivity;

(b) average concentration and load values of relevant substances and theirvariability (e.g. COD/TOC, nitrogen species, phosphorus, metals, prioritysubstances/micropollutants);

(c) data on bioeliminability (e.g. BOD, BOD to COD ratio, Zahn-Wellens test,biological inhibition potential (e.g. inhibition of activated sludge)) (see BAT52);


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(iii) information about the characteristics of the waste gas streams, such as:

(a) average values and variability of flow and temperature;

(b) average concentration and load values of relevant substances and theirvariability (e.g. organic compounds, POPs such as PCBs);

(c) flammability, lower and higher explosive limits, reactivity;

(d) presence of other substances that may affect the waste gas treatment systemor plant safety (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour, dust).

Applicability

The scope (e.g. level of detail) and nature of the inventory will generally be related to the nature,scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have(determined also by the type and amount of wastes processed).

BAT 4. In order to reduce the environmental risk associated with the storage of waste, BAT isto use all of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Optimised storage

locationThis includestechniques such as:— the storage

is locatedas far astechnicallyandeconomicallypossiblefromsensitivereceptors,watercourses,etc.;

— the storageis locatedin such away so asto eliminateor minimisetheunnecessaryhandlingof wasteswithin theplant (e.g.the samewastes arehandledtwice ormore or thetransportdistances

Generally applicableto new plants.





on site areunnecessarilylong).

b. Adequate storagecapacity

Measures are taken toavoid accumulationof waste, such as:— the

maximumwastestoragecapacityis clearlyestablishedand notexceededtaking intoaccount thecharacteristicsof thewastes (e.g.regardingthe risk offire) and thetreatmentcapacity;

— the quantityof wastestored isregularlymonitoredagainst themaximumallowedstoragecapacity;

— themaximumresidencetime ofwaste isclearlyestablished.

c. Safe storageoperation

This includesmeasures such as:— equipment

used forloading,unloadingand storingwaste isclearlydocumented

Generally applicable.


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andlabelled;

— wastesknown to besensitive toheat, light,air, water,etc. areprotectedfrom suchambientconditions;

— containersand drumsare fit forpurposeand storedsecurely.

d. Separate areafor storage andhandling of packagedhazardous waste

When relevant, adedicated area isused for storage andhandling of packagedhazardous waste.

BAT 5. In order to reduce the environmental risk associated with the handling and transfer ofwaste, BAT is to set up and implement handling and transfer procedures.Description

Handling and transfer procedures aim to ensure that wastes are safely handled and transferredto the respective storage or treatment. They include the following elements:— handling and transfer of waste are carried out by competent staff;— handling and transfer of waste are duly documented, validated prior to execution and

verified after execution;— measures are taken to prevent, detect and mitigate spills;— operation and design precautions are taken when mixing or blending wastes (e.g.

vacuuming dusty/powdery wastes).

Handling and transfer procedures are risk-based considering the likelihood of accidents andincidents and their environmental impact.

1.2. Monitoring

BAT 6. For relevant emissions to water as identified by the inventory of waste water streams(see BAT 3), BAT is to monitor key process parameters (e.g. waste water flow, pH, temperature,conductivity, BOD) at key locations (e.g. at the inlet and/or outlet of the pretreatment, at theinlet to the final treatment, at the point where the emission leaves the installation).

BAT 7. BAT is to monitor emissions to water with at least the frequency given below, and inaccordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national orother international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.





Substance/parameter

Standard(s) Wastetreatmentprocess

Minimummonitoringfrequencyab

Monitoringassociatedwith

Adsorbableorganically boundhalogens(AOX)cd

EN ISO 9562 Treatment ofwater-basedliquid waste

Once every day

Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,xylene (BTEX)cd

EN ISO 15680 Treatment ofwater-basedliquid waste

Once everymonth

All wastetreatmentsexcept treatmentof water-basedliquid waste

Once everymonth

Chemicaloxygen demand(COD)ef

No EN standardavailable

Treatment ofwater-basedliquid waste

Once every day

Free cyanide(CN)cd

Various ENstandardsavailable (i.e.EN ISO 14403-1and -2)


Once every day

Mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal waste

Treatmentof WEEEcontaining VFCsand/or VHCs

Re-refining ofwaste oil

Hydrocarbon oilindex (HOI)d

EN ISO 9377-2

Physico-chemicaltreatment of

Once everymonth

BAT 20

a Monitoring frequencies may be reduced if the emission levels are proven to be sufficiently stable.

b In the case of batch discharge less frequent than the minimum monitoring frequency, monitoring is carried out once perbatch.

c The monitoring only applies when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water inventorymentioned in BAT 3.

d In the case of an indirect discharge to a receiving water body, the monitoring frequency may be reduced if thedownstream waste water treatment plant abates the pollutants concerned.

e Either TOC or COD is monitored. TOC is the preferred option, because its monitoring does not rely on the use of verytoxic compounds.

f The monitoring applies only in the case of a direct discharge to a receiving water body.


21



waste withcalorific value

Water washingof excavatedcontaminatedsoil


Once every day



Mechanicalbiologicaltreatment ofwaste


Physico-chemicaltreatment ofwaste withcalorific value

Physico-chemicaltreatment ofsolid and/orpasty waste

Regeneration ofspent solvents

Arsenic (As),Cadmium (Cd),Chromium (Cr),Copper (Cu),Nickel (Ni),Lead (Pb), Zinc(Zn)cd

Various ENstandardsavailable(e.g. ENISO 11885, ENISO 17294-2,EN ISO 15586)

Water washingof excavated

Once everymonth











contaminatedsoil


Once every day

Manganese(Mn)cd


Once every day

Hexavalentchromium(Cr(VI))cd

Various ENstandardsavailable(i.e. ENISO 10304-3,EN ISO 23913)


Once every day






Mercury (Hg)cd Various ENstandardsavailable (i.e.EN ISO 17852,EN ISO 12846)


Once everymonth








23



solid and/orpasty waste




Once every day

PFOAc

PFOSc


All wastetreatments

Once every sixmonths



Once everymonth

Phenol indexf EN ISO 14402


Once every day

Biologicaltreatment ofwaste


Once everymonth

Total nitrogen(Total N)f

EN 12260,EN ISO 11905-1


Once every day

Total organiccarbon (TOC)ef

EN 1484 All wastetreatmentsexcept treatment

Once everymonth











of water-basedliquid waste


Once every day

Biologicaltreatment ofwaste

Once everymonth

Total phosphorus(Total P)f

Various ENstandardsavailable (i.e.EN ISO 15681-1and -2, ENISO 6878,EN ISO 11885)


Once every day

All wastetreatmentsexcept treatmentof water-basedliquid waste

Once everymonth

Total suspendedsolids (TSS)f

EN 872


Once every day







BAT 8. BAT is to monitor channelled emissions to air with at least the frequency given below,and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO,national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalentscientific quality.

Substance/Parameter

Standard(s) Wastetreatmentprocess

Minimummonitoringfrequencya

Monitoringassociatedwith


b The monitoring only applies when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste gas stream based on theinventory mentioned in BAT 3.

c Instead of EN 1948-1, sampling may also be carried out according to CEN/TS 1948-5.

d The odour concentration may be monitored instead.

e The monitoring of NH3 and H2S can be used as an alternative to the monitoring of the odour concentration.

f The monitoring only applies when solvent is used for cleaning the contaminated equipment.


25



Brominatedflame retardantsb



Once every year BAT 25

CFCs No EN standardavailable



BAT 29

Mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal wasteb

Once every year BAT 25Dioxin-likePCBs

EN 1948-1, -2,and -4c

Decontaminationof equipmentcontaining PCBs

Once every threemonths

BAT 51

Mechanicaltreatment ofwaste

BAT 25


BAT 34

Physico-chemicaltreatment ofsolid and/orpasty waste

BAT 41

Thermaltreatment ofspent activatedcarbon, wastecatalysts andexcavatedcontaminatedsoil

BAT 49

Dust EN 13284-1



BAT 50











Thermaltreatment ofspent activatedcarbon, wastecatalysts andexcavatedcontaminatedsoilb

BAT 49HCl EN 1911

Treatment ofwater-basedliquid wasteb


BAT 53

HF No EN standardavailable

Thermaltreatment ofspent activatedcarbon, wastecatalysts andexcavatedcontaminatedsoilb


BAT 49

Hg EN 13211 Treatmentof WEEEcontainingmercury


BAT 32

H2S No EN standardavailable

Biologicaltreatment ofwasted


BAT 34

Metals andmetalloidsexcept mercury(e.g. As, Cd, Co,Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni,Pb, Sb, Se, Tl,V)b

EN 14385 Mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal waste


Biologicaltreatment ofwasted


BAT 34NH3 No EN standardavailable



BAT 41








27



solid and/orpasty wasteb


BAT 53

Odourconcentration

EN 13725 Biologicaltreatment ofwastee


BAT 34

PCDD/Fb EN 1948-1, -2and -3c





BAT 25



BAT 29

Mechanicaltreatment ofwaste withcalorific valueb


BAT 31



BAT 34

Physico-chemicaltreatment ofsolid and/orpasty wasteb

BAT 41


BAT 44

TVOC EN 12619



BAT 45











waste withcalorific value


BAT 47

Thermaltreatment ofspent activatedcarbon, wastecatalysts andexcavatedcontaminatedsoil

BAT 49


BAT 50


BAT 53

Decontaminationof equipmentcontaining PCBsf


BAT 51







BAT 9. BAT is to monitor diffuse emissions of organic compounds to air from the regenerationof spent solvents, the decontamination of equipment containing POPs with solvents, and thephysico-chemical treatment of solvents for the recovery of their calorific value, at least onceper year using one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona Measurement Sniffing methods, optical gas

imaging, solar occultationflux or differentialabsorption. See descriptionsin Section 6.2.

b Emissions factors Calculation of emissionsbased on emissions factors,periodically validated (e.g.once every two years) bymeasurements.


29



c Mass balance Calculation of diffuseemissions using a massbalance consideringthe solvent input, channelledemissions to air, emissionsto water, the solvent in theprocess output, and process(e.g. distillation) residues.

BAT 10. BAT is to periodically monitor odour emissions.Description

Odour emissions can be monitored using:— EN standards (e.g. dynamic olfactometry according to EN 13725 in order to determine

the odour concentration or EN 16841-1 or -2 in order to determine the odour exposure);— when applying alternative methods for which no EN standards are available (e.g.

estimation of odour impact), ISO, national or other international standards that ensurethe provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.

The monitoring frequency is determined in the odour management plan (see BAT 12).Applicability

The applicability is restricted to cases where an odour nuisance at sensitive receptors is expectedand/or has been substantiated.

BAT 11. BAT is to monitor the annual consumption of water, energy and raw materials as wellas the annual generation of residues and waste water, with a frequency of at least once per year.Description

Monitoring includes direct measurements, calculation or recording, e.g. using suitable metersor invoices. The monitoring is broken down at the most appropriate level (e.g. at process orplant/installation level) and considers any significant changes in the plant/installation.

1.3. Emissions to air

BAT 12. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions,BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review an odour management plan, as part of theenvironmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:— a protocol containing actions and timelines;— a protocol for conducting odour monitoring as set out in BAT 10;— a protocol for response to identified odour incidents, e.g. complaints;— an odour prevention and reduction programme designed to identify the source(s);

to characterise the contributions of the sources; and to implement prevention and/orreduction measures.

Applicability

The applicability is restricted to cases where an odour nuisance at sensitive receptors is expectedand/or has been substantiated.

BAT 13. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions, BATis to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicability





a. Minimising residencetimes

Minimising theresidence time of(potentially) odorouswaste in storage orin handling systems(e.g. pipes, tanks,containers), inparticular underanaerobic conditions.When relevant,adequate provisionsare made for theacceptance ofseasonal peakvolumes of waste.

Only applicable toopen systems.

b. Using chemicaltreatment

Using chemicals todestroy or to reducethe formation ofodorous compounds(e.g. to oxidise or toprecipitate hydrogensulphide).

Not applicableif it may hamperthe desired outputquality.

c. Optimising aerobictreatment

In the case of aerobictreatment of water-based liquid waste, itmay include:— use of pure

oxygen;— removal

of scum intanks;

— frequentmaintenanceof theaerationsystem.

In the case of aerobictreatment of wasteother than water-based liquid waste,see BAT 36.


BAT 14. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce diffuse emissions to air,in particular of dust, organic compounds and odour, BAT is to use an appropriate combinationof the techniques given below.

Depending on the risk posed by the waste in terms of diffuse emissions to air, BAT 14d isespecially relevant.

Technique Description Applicability


31



a. Minimising thenumber of potentialdiffuse emissionsources

This includestechniques such as:— appropriate

designof pipinglayout (e.g.minimisingpipe runlength,reducingthe numberof flangesand valves,usingweldedfittings andpipes);

— favouringthe use ofgravitytransferratherthan usingpumps;

— limiting thedrop heightof material;

— limitingtrafficspeed;

— using windbarriers.


b. Selection and useof high-integrityequipment

This includestechniques such as:— valves with

doublepackingseals orequallyefficientequipment;

— high-integritygaskets(such asspiralwound,ring joints)for criticalapplications;

— pumps/compressors/

Applicability maybe restricted in thecase of existing plantsdue to operabilityrequirements.





agitatorsfitted withmechanicalseals insteadof packing;

— magneticallydrivenpumps/compressors/agitators;

— appropriateservicehose accessports,piercingpliers, drillheads,e.g. whendegassingWEEEcontainingVFCs and/or VHCs.

c. Corrosion prevention This includestechniques such as:— appropriate

selection ofconstructionmaterials;

— lining orcoating ofequipmentand paintingof pipeswithcorrosioninhibitors.


d. Containment,collection andtreatment of diffuseemissions

This includestechniques such as:— storing,

treating andhandlingwaste andmaterialthat maygeneratediffuseemissionsin enclosedbuildingsand/orenclosed

The use of enclosedequipment orbuildings may berestricted by safetyconsiderationssuch as the risk ofexplosion or oxygendepletion.The use of enclosedequipment orbuildings mayalso be constrainedby the volume ofwaste.


33



equipment(e.g.conveyorbelts);

— maintainingthe enclosedequipmentor buildingsunder anadequatepressure;

— collectinganddirecting theemissionsto anappropriateabatementsystem (seeSection 6.1)via an airextractionsystemand/or airsuctionsystemsclose to theemissionsources.

e. Dampening Dampening potentialsources of diffusedust emissions (e.g.waste storage, trafficareas, and openhandling processes)with water or fog.


f. Maintenance This includestechniques such as:— ensuring

access topotentiallyleakyequipment;

— regularlycontrollingprotectiveequipmentsuch aslamellarcurtains,






fast-actiondoors.

g. Cleaning of wastetreatment and storageareas

This includestechniques such asregularly cleaningthe whole wastetreatment area (halls,traffic areas, storageareas, etc.), conveyorbelts, equipment andcontainers.


h. Leak detection andrepair (LDAR)programme

See Section 6.2.When emissions oforganic compoundsare expected, aLDAR programmeis set up andimplementedusing a risk-basedapproach, consideringin particular thedesign of the plantand the amountand nature of theorganic compoundsconcerned.


BAT 15. BAT is to use flaring only for safety reasons or for non-routine operating conditions(e.g. start-ups, shutdowns) by using both of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Correct plant design This includes the

provision of a gasrecovery system withsufficient capacityand the use of high-integrity relief valves.

Generally applicableto new plants.A gas recoverysystem may beretrofitted in existingplants.

b. Plant management This includesbalancing the gassystem and usingadvanced processcontrol.


BAT 16. In order to reduce emissions to air from flares when flaring is unavoidable, BAT is touse both of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Correct design of

flaring devicesOptimisation ofheight and pressure,assistance by steam,

Generally applicableto new flares. Inexisting plants,


35



air or gas, type offlare tips, etc., toenable smokeless andreliable operation andto ensure the efficientcombustion of excessgases.

applicability may berestricted, e.g. dueto maintenance timeavailability.

b. Monitoring andrecording as part offlare management

This includescontinuousmonitoring of thequantity of gas sentto flaring. It mayinclude estimations ofother parameters (e.g.composition of gasflow, heat content,ratio of assistance,velocity, purge gasflow rate, pollutantemissions (e.g. NOX,CO, hydrocarbons),noise). The recordingof flaring eventsusually includes theduration and numberof events and allowsfor the quantificationof emissions and thepotential preventionof future flaringevents.


1.4. Noise and vibrations

BAT 17. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise and vibrationemissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review a noise and vibration managementplan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of thefollowing elements:

I. a protocol containing appropriate actions and timelines;

II. a protocol for conducting noise and vibration monitoring;

III. a protocol for response to identified noise and vibration events, e.g. complaints;

IV. a noise and vibration reduction programme designed to identify the source(s), tomeasure/estimate noise and vibration exposure, to characterise the contributions of thesources and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.

Applicability

The applicability is restricted to cases where a noise or vibration nuisance at sensitive receptorsis expected and/or has been substantiated.





BAT 18. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise and vibrationemissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Appropriate location

of equipment andbuildings

Noise levels can bereduced by increasingthe distance betweenthe emitter and thereceiver, by usingbuildings as noisescreens and byrelocating buildingexits or entrances.

For existing plants,the relocation ofequipment andbuilding exits orentrances may berestricted by a lackof space or excessivecosts.

b. Operational measures This includestechniques such as:(i) inspection

andmaintenanceofequipment;

(ii) closing ofdoors andwindowsof enclosedareas, ifpossible;

(iii) equipmentoperation byexperiencedstaff;

(iv) avoidanceof noisyactivitiesat night, ifpossible;

(v) provisionsfor noisecontrolduringmaintenance,traffic,handlingandtreatmentactivities.

c. Low-noise equipment This may includedirect drive motors,compressors, pumpsand flares.


d. Noise and vibrationcontrol equipment

This includestechniques such as:

Applicability may berestricted by a lack


37



(i) noisereducers;

(ii) acoustic andvibrationalinsulation ofequipment;

(iii) enclosureof noisyequipment;

(iv) soundproofingofbuildings.

of space (for existingplants).

e. Noise attenuation Noise propagationcan be reduced byinserting obstaclesbetween emittersand receivers (e.g.protection walls,embankments andbuildings).

Applicable onlyto existing plants,as the design ofnew plants shouldmake this techniqueunnecessary. Forexisting plants, theinsertion of obstaclesmay be restricted by alack of space.For mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal wastes, it isapplicable withinthe constraintsassociated with therisk of deflagration inshredders.

1.5. Emissions to water

BAT 19. In order to optimise water consumption, to reduce the volume of waste water generatedand to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions to soil and water, BAT is touse an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Water management Water consumption

is optimised by usingmeasures which mayinclude:— water-

savingplans (e.g.establishmentof waterefficiencyobjectives,flow






diagramsand watermassbalances);

— optimisingthe use ofwashingwater (e.g.dry cleaninginsteadof hosingdown, usingtriggercontrol onall washingequipment);

— reducing theuse of waterfor vacuumgeneration(e.g. use ofliquid ringpumps withhigh boilingpointliquids).

b. Water recirculation Water streamsare recirculatedwithin the plant,if necessary aftertreatment. The degreeof recirculationis limited by thewater balanceof the plant, thecontent of impurities(e.g. odorouscompounds) and/orthe characteristicsof the water streams(e.g. nutrientcontent).


c. Impermeable surface Depending on therisks posed by thewaste in terms ofsoil and/or watercontamination, thesurface of the wholewaste treatmentarea (e.g. wastereception, handling,storage, treatment



39



and dispatch areas) ismade impermeable tothe liquids concerned.

d. Techniques to reducethe likelihood andimpact of overflowsand failures fromtanks and vessels

Depending on therisks posed by theliquids contained intanks and vessels interms of soil and/orwater contamination,this includestechniques such as:— overflow

detectors;— overflow

pipesthat aredirected toa containeddrainagesystem (i.e.the relevantsecondarycontainmentor anothervessel);

— tanks forliquids thatare locatedin a suitablesecondarycontainment;the volumeis normallysized toaccommodatethe loss ofcontainmentof thelargest tankwithin thesecondarycontainment;

— isolationof tanks,vessels andsecondarycontainment(e.g. closingof valves).


e. Roofing of wastestorage and treatmentareas

Depending on therisks posed by thewaste in terms of

Applicability maybe constrained whenhigh volumes of





soil and/or watercontamination, wasteis stored and treatedin covered areas toprevent contact withrainwater and thusminimise the volumeof contaminated run-off water.

waste are storedor treated (e.g.mechanical treatmentin shredders of metalwaste).

f. Segregation of waterstreams

Each water stream(e.g. surface run-offwater, process water)is collected andtreated separately,based on the pollutantcontent and on thecombination oftreatment techniques.In particular,uncontaminatedwaste water streamsare segregated fromwaste water streamsthat require treatment.

Generally applicableto new plants.Generally applicableto existing plantswithin the constraintsassociated with thelayout of the watercollection system.

g. Adequate drainageinfrastructure

The waste treatmentarea is connectedto drainageinfrastructure.Rainwater fallingon the treatmentand storage areasis collected inthe drainageinfrastructure alongwith washing water,occasional spillages,etc. and, dependingon the pollutantcontent, recirculatedor sent for furthertreatment.

Generally applicableto new plants.Generally applicableto existing plantswithin the constraintsassociated with thelayout of the waterdrainage system.

h. Design andmaintenanceprovisions to allowdetection and repairof leaks

Regular monitoringfor potential leakagesis risk-based, and,when necessary,equipment isrepaired.The use ofundergroundcomponents isminimised. When

The use of above-ground components isgenerally applicableto new plants. Itmay be limitedhowever by the riskof freezing.The installationof secondarycontainment may be


41



undergroundcomponents are used,and depending on therisks posed by thewaste contained inthose components interms of soil and/orwater contamination,secondarycontainment ofundergroundcomponents is put inplace.

limited in the case ofexisting plants.

i. Appropriate bufferstorage capacity

Appropriate bufferstorage capacity isprovided for wastewater generatedduring other thannormal operatingconditions using arisk-based approach(e.g. taking intoaccount the natureof the pollutants,the effects ofdownstream wastewater treatment,and the receivingenvironment).The discharge ofwaste water fromthis buffer storageis only possibleafter appropriatemeasures are taken(e.g. monitor, treat,reuse).

Generally applicableto new plants.For existing plants,applicability maybe limited by spaceavailability and bythe layout of thewater collectionsystem.

BAT 20. In order to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to treat waste water using an appropriatecombination of the techniques given below.

Techniquea Typical pollutantstargeted

Applicability

Preliminary and primary treatment, e.g.a. Equalisation All pollutants

b. Neutralisation Acids, alkalis

c. Physical separation,e.g. screens, sieves,grit separators, grease

Gross solids,suspended solids, oil/grease


a The descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 6.3.





separators, oil-waterseparation or primarysettlement tanks

Physico-chemical treatment, e.g.d. Adsorption Adsorbable dissolved

non-biodegradable orinhibitory pollutants,e.g. hydrocarbons,mercury, AOX

e. Distillation/rectification

Dissolved non-biodegradable orinhibitory pollutantsthat can be distilled,e.g. some solvents

f. Precipitation Precipitable dissolvednon-biodegradableor inhibitorypollutants, e.g.metals, phosphorus

g. Chemical oxidation Oxidisable dissolvednon-biodegradable orinhibitory pollutants,e.g. nitrite, cyanide

h. Chemical reduction Reducible dissolvednon-biodegradable orinhibitory pollutants,e.g. hexavalentchromium (Cr(VI))

i. Evaporation Soluble contaminants

j. Ion exchange Ionic dissolved non-biodegradable orinhibitory pollutants,e.g. metals

k. Stripping Purgeable pollutants,e.g. hydrogensulphide (H2S),ammonia (NH3),some adsorbableorganically boundhalogens (AOX),hydrocarbons


Biological treatment, e.g.l. Activated sludge

process

m. Membrane bioreactor

Biodegradableorganic compounds




43



Nitrogen removaln. Nitrification/

denitrification whenthe treatment includesa biological treatment

Total nitrogen,ammonia

Nitrification may notbe applicable in thecase of high chlorideconcentrations (e.g.above 10 g/l) andwhen the reductionof the chlorideconcentration priorto nitrification wouldnot be justified bythe environmentalbenefits. Nitrificationis not applicablewhen the temperatureof the waste wateris low (e.g. below12 °C).

Solids removal, e.g.o. Coagulation and

flocculation

p. Sedimentation

q. Filtration (e.g.sand filtration,microfiltration,ultrafiltration)

r. Flotation

Suspended solids andparticulate-boundmetals



TABLE 6.1

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for direct discharges to a receiving waterbody

Substance/Parameter BAT-AELa Waste treatmentprocess to whichthe BAT-AELapplies

10-60 mg/l — All wastetreatmentsexcepttreatment ofwater-basedliquid waste

Total organic carbon (TOC)b

10-100 mg/lcd — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste





30-180 mg/l — All wastetreatmentsexcepttreatment ofwater-basedliquid waste

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)b

30-300 mg/lcd — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste

Total suspended solids (TSS) 5-60 mg/l — All wastetreatments

Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) 0,5-10 mg/l — Mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal waste

— Treatmentof WEEEcontainingVFCs and/or VHCs

— Re-refiningof waste oil

— Physico-chemicaltreatment ofwaste withcalorificvalue

— Waterwashing ofexcavatedcontaminatedsoil

— Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste

1-25 mg/lef — Biologicaltreatment ofwaste


Total nitrogen (Total N)

10-60 mg/lefg — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste


45



0,3-2 mg/l — Biologicaltreatment ofwaste

Total phosphorus (Total P)

1-3 mg/ld — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste

0,05-0,2 mg/l — Re-refiningof waste oil


Phenol index

0,05-0,3 mg/l — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste

Free cyanide (CN)h 0,02-0,1 mg/l — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste

Adsorbable organically bound halogens(AOX)h

0,2-1 mg/l — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste

Arsenic (expressed asAs)

0,01-0,05 mg/l

Cadmium (expressedas Cd)

0,01-0,05 mg/l

Chromium(expressed as Cr)

0,01-0,15 mg/l

Copper (expressed asCu)

0,05-0,5 mg/l

Lead (expressed asPb)

0,05-0,1 mg/li

Nickel (expressed asNi)

0,05-0,5 mg/l

Mercury (expressedas Hg)

0,5-5 μg/l

Metals andmetalloidsh

Zinc (expressed asZn)

0,1-1 mg/lj

— Mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal waste


— Mechanicalbiologicaltreatment ofwaste







— Physico-chemicaltreatment ofsolid and/orpasty waste

— Regenerationof spentsolvents



0,01-0,1 mg/l


0,01-0,1 mg/l


0,01-0,3 mg/l

Hexavalentchromium (expressedas Cr(VI))

0,01-0,1 mg/l


0,05-0,5 mg/l


0,05-0,3 mg/l


0,05-1 mg/l


1-10 μg/l


0,1-2 mg/l


a The averaging periods are defined in the General considerations.

b Either the BAT-AEL for COD or the BAT-AEL for TOC applies. TOC monitoring is the preferred option because it doesnot rely on the use of very toxic compounds.

c The upper end of the range may not apply:— when the abatement efficiency is ≥ 95 % as a rolling yearly average and the waste input shows the following

characteristics: TOC > 2 g/l (or COD > 6 g/l) as a daily average and a high proportion of refractory organiccompounds (i.e. which are difficult to biodegrade); or

— in the case of high chloride concentrations (e.g. above 5 g/l in the waste input).

d The BAT-AEL may not apply to plants treating drilling muds/cuttings.

e The BAT-AEL may not apply when the temperature of the waste water is low (e.g. below 12 °C).

f The BAT-AEL may not apply in the case of high chloride concentrations (e.g. above 10 g/l in the waste input).

g The BAT-AEL only applies when biological treatment of waste water is used.

h The BAT-AELs only apply when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water inventory mentionedin BAT 3.

i The upper end of the range is 0,3 mg/l for mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste.


47



j The upper end of the range is 2 mg/l for mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste.

The associated monitoring is given in BAT 7.

TABLE 6.2

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for indirect discharges to a receiving waterbody

Substance/Parameter BAT-AELab Waste treatmentprocess to whichthe BAT-AELapplies

Hydrocarbon oil index (HOI) 0,5-10 mg/l — Mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal waste






Free cyanide (CN)c 0,02-0,1 mg/l — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste


b The BAT-AELs may not apply if the downstream waste water treatment plant abates the pollutants concerned, providedthis does not lead to a higher level of pollution in the environment.

c The BAT-AELs only apply when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste water inventory mentionedin BAT 3.

d The upper end of the range is 0,3 mg/l for mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste.

e The upper end of the range is 2 mg/l for mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste.





Adsorbable organically bound halogens(AOX)c

0,2-1 mg/l — Treatmentof water-based liquidwaste


0,01-0,05 mg/l


0,01-0,05 mg/l


0,01-0,15 mg/l


0,05-0,5 mg/l


0,05-0,1 mg/ld


0,05-0,5 mg/l


0,5-5 μg/l


0,1-1 mg/le

— Mechanicaltreatment inshredders ofmetal waste


— Mechanicalbiologicaltreatment ofwaste



— Physico-chemicaltreatment ofsolid and/orpasty waste

— Regenerationof spentsolvents



0,01-0,1 mg/l

Metals andmetalloidsc


0,01-0,1 mg/l








49




0,01-0,3 mg/l

Hexavalentchromium (expressedas Cr(VI))

0,01-0,1 mg/l


0,05-0,5 mg/l


0,05-0,3 mg/l


0,05-1 mg/l


1-10 μg/l


0,1-2 mg/l







1.6. Emissions from accidents and incidents

BAT 21. In order to prevent or limit the environmental consequences of accidents and incidents,BAT is to use all of the techniques given below, as part of the accident management plan (seeBAT 1).

Technique Descriptiona. Protection measures These include measures such

as:— protection of

the plant againstmalevolent acts;

— fire and explosionprotection system,containingequipment forprevention,detection, andextinction;

— accessibility andoperability ofrelevant controlequipment in





emergencysituations.

b. Management of incidental/accidental emissions

Procedures are establishedand technical provisions arein place to manage (in termsof possible containment)emissions from accidents andincidents such as emissionsfrom spillages, firefightingwater, or safety valves.

c. Incident/accident registrationand assessment system

This includes techniques suchas:— a log/diary to

record all accidents,incidents, changesto procedures andthe findings ofinspections;

— procedures toidentify, respondto and learn fromsuch incidents andaccidents.

1.7. Material efficiency

BAT 22. In order to use materials efficiently, BAT is to substitute materials with waste.Description

Waste is used instead of other materials for the treatment of wastes (e.g. waste alkalis or wasteacids are used for pH adjustment, fly ashes are used as binders).Applicability

Some applicability limitations derive from the risk of contamination posed by the presenceof impurities (e.g. heavy metals, POPs, salts, pathogens) in the waste that substitutes othermaterials. Another limitation is the compatibility of the waste substituting other materials withthe waste input (see BAT 2).

1.8. Energy efficiency

BAT 23. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Energy efficiency plan An energy efficiency

plan entails defining andcalculating the specificenergy consumption of theactivity (or activities), settingkey performance indicatorson an annual basis (forexample, specific energyconsumption expressed


51



in kWh/tonne of wasteprocessed) and planningperiodic improvement targetsand related actions. The planis adapted to the specificitiesof the waste treatment interms of process(es) carriedout, waste stream(s) treated,etc.

b. Energy balance record An energy balance recordprovides a breakdown ofthe energy consumptionand generation (includingexportation) by the type ofsource (i.e. electricity, gas,conventional liquid fuels,conventional solid fuels, andwaste). This includes:(i) information on

energy consumptionin terms ofdelivered energy;

(ii) informationon energyexported from theinstallation;

(iii) energy flowinformation (e.g.Sankey diagramsor energy balances)showing how theenergy is usedthroughout theprocess.

The energy balance record isadapted to the specificities ofthe waste treatment in termsof process(es) carried out,waste stream(s) treated, etc.

1.9. Reuse of packaging

BAT 24. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to maximise the reuseof packaging, as part of the residues management plan (see BAT 1).Description

Packaging (drums, containers, IBCs, pallets, etc.) is reused for containing waste, when it isin good condition and sufficiently clean, depending on a compatibility check between thesubstances contained (in consecutive uses). If necessary, packaging is sent for appropriatetreatment prior to reuse (e.g. reconditioning, cleaning).Applicability





Some applicability restrictions derive from the risk of contamination of the waste posed by thereused packaging.

2. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in Section 2 apply to the mechanicaltreatment of waste when it is not combined with biological treatment, and in addition to thegeneral BAT conclusions in Section 1.

2.1. General BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of waste

2.1.1. Emissions to air

BAT 25. In order to reduce emissions to air of dust, and of particulate-bound metals, PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCBs, BAT is to apply BAT 14d and to use one or a combination of thetechniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Cyclone See Section 6.1.

Cyclones are mainlyused as preliminaryseparators for coarsedust.


b. Fabric filter See Section 6.1. May not beapplicable to exhaustair ducts directlyconnected to theshredder when theeffects of deflagrationon the fabric filtercannot be mitigated(e.g. by usingpressure reliefvalves).

c. Wet scrubbing See Section 6.1. Generally applicable.

d. Water injection intothe shredder

The waste to beshredded is dampedby injecting waterinto the shredder.The amount of waterinjected is regulatedin relation to theamount of wastebeing shredded(which may bemonitored via theenergy consumed bythe shredder motor).The waste gas thatcontains residualdust is directed to

Only applicablewithin the constraintsassociated with localconditions (e.g.low temperature,drought).


53



cyclone(s) and/or awet scrubber.

TABLE 6.3

BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from themechanical treatment of waste

Parameter Unit BAT-AEL(Average overthe sampling period)

Dust mg/Nm3 2-5a

a When a fabric filter is not applicable, the upper end of the range is 10 mg/Nm3.


2.2. BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment in shredders of metal waste

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the mechanicaltreatment in shredders of metal waste, in addition to BAT 25.

2.2.1. Overall environmental performance

BAT 26. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, and to prevent emissionsdue to accidents and incidents, BAT is to use BAT 14g and all of the techniques given below:

(a) implementation of a detailed inspection procedure for baled waste before shredding;

(b) removal of dangerous items from the waste input stream and their safe disposal (e.g.gas cylinders, non-depolluted EoLVs, non-depolluted WEEE, items contaminatedwith PCBs or mercury, radioactive items);

(c) treatment of containers only when accompanied by a declaration of cleanliness.

2.2.2. Deflagrations

BAT 27. In order to prevent deflagrations and to reduce emissions when deflagrations occur,BAT is to use technique a. and one or both of the techniques b. and c. given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Deflagration

management planThis includes:— a

deflagrationreductionprogrammedesigned toidentify thesource(s),and toimplementmeasuresto preventdeflagrationoccurrences,e.g.inspection






of wasteinput asdescribed inBAT 26a,removal ofdangerousitems asdescribed inBAT 26b;

— a review ofhistoricaldeflagrationincidentsandremediesand thedisseminationofdeflagrationknowledge;

— a protocolforresponse todeflagrationincidents.

b. Pressure reliefdampers

Pressure reliefdampers are installedto relieve pressurewaves coming fromdeflagrations thatwould otherwisecause major damageand subsequentemissions.

c. Pre-shredding Use of a low-speedshredder installedupstream of the mainshredder

Generally applicablefor new plants,depending on theinput material.Applicable for majorplant upgrades wherea significant numberof deflagrations havebeen substantiated.

2.2.3. Energy efficiency

BAT 28. In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to keep the shredder feed stable.Description

The shredder feed is equalised by avoiding disruption or overload of the waste feed which wouldlead to unwanted shutdowns and start-ups of the shredder.


55



2.3. BAT conclusions for the treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the treatmentof WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs, in addition to BAT 25.


BAT 29. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions of organiccompounds to air, BAT is to apply BAT 14d, BAT 14h and to use technique a. and one or bothof the techniques b. and c. given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Optimised removal and

capture of refrigerants andoils

All refrigerants and oils areremoved from the WEEEcontaining VFCs and/orVHCs and captured by avacuum suction system (e.g.achieving refrigerant removalof at least 90 %). Refrigerantsare separated from oils andthe oils are degassed.The amount of oil remainingin the compressor is reducedto a minimum (so that thecompressor does not drip).

b. Cryogenic condensation Waste gas containing organiccompounds such as VFCs/VHCs is sent to a cryogeniccondensation unit where theyare liquefied (see descriptionin Section 6.1). The liquefiedgas is stored in pressurisedvessels for further treatment.

c. Adsorption Waste gas containingorganic compounds suchas VFCs/VHCs is led intoadsorption systems (seedescription in Section 6.1).The spent activated carbonis regenerated by means ofheated air pumped into thefilter to desorb the organiccompounds. Subsequently,the regeneration waste gasis compressed and cooled inorder to liquefy the organiccompounds (in some cases bycryogenic condensation). Theliquefied gas is then storedin pressurised vessels. Theremaining waste gas from thecompression stage is usually





led back into the adsorptionsystem in order to minimiseVFC/VHC emissions.

TABLE 6.4

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled TVOC and CFC emissions toair from the treatment of WEEE containing VFCs and/or VHCs


TVOC mg/Nm3 3-15

CFCs mg/Nm3 0,5-10


2.3.2. Explosions

BAT 30. In order to prevent emissions due to explosions when treating WEEE containing VFCsand/or VHCs, BAT is to use either of the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Inert atmosphere By injecting inert gas (e.g.

nitrogen), the oxygenconcentration in enclosedequipment (e.g. in enclosedshredders, crushers, dust andfoam collectors) is reduced(e.g. to 4 vol-%).

b. Forced ventilation By using forced ventilation,the hydrocarbonconcentration in enclosedequipment (e.g. in enclosedshredders, crushers, dust andfoam collectors) is reducedto < 25 % of the lowerexplosive limit.

2.4. BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of waste with calorific value

In addition to BAT 25, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the mechanicaltreatment of waste with calorific value covered by points 5.3(a)(iii) and 5.3(b)(ii) of Annex Ito Directive 2010/75/EU.


BAT 31. In order to reduce emissions to air of organic compounds, BAT is to apply BAT 14dand to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Adsorption See Section 6.1.


57



b. Biofilter

c. Thermal oxidation

d. Wet scrubbing

TABLE 6.5

BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from themechanical treatment of waste with calorific value


TVOC mg/Nm3 10-30a

a The BAT-AEL only applies when organic compounds are identified as relevant in the waste gas stream, based on theinventory mentioned in BAT 3.


2.5. BAT conclusions for the mechanical treatment of WEEE containing mercury

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the mechanicaltreatment of WEEE containing mercury, in addition to BAT 25.


BAT 32. In order to reduce mercury emissions to air, BAT is to collect mercury emissions atsource, to send them to abatement and to carry out adequate monitoring.Description

This includes all of the following measures:— equipment used to treat WEEE containing mercury is enclosed, under negative

pressure and connected to a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system;— waste gas from the processes is treated by dedusting techniques such as cyclones,

fabric filters, and HEPA filters, followed by adsorption on activated carbon (seeSection 6.1);

— the efficiency of the waste gas treatment is monitored;— mercury levels in the treatment and storage areas are measured frequently (e.g. once

every week) to detect potential mercury leaks.

TABLE 6.6

BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled mercury emissions to air fromthe mechanical treatment of WEEE containing mercury


Mercury (Hg) μg/Nm3 2-7


3. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE





Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in Section 3 apply to the biologicaltreatment of waste, and in addition to the general BAT conclusions in Section 1. The BATconclusions in Section 3 do not apply to the treatment of water-based liquid waste.

3.1. General BAT conclusions for the biological treatment of waste


BAT 33. In order to reduce odour emissions and to improve the overall environmentalperformance, BAT is to select the waste input.Description

The technique consists of carrying out the pre-acceptance, acceptance and sorting of the wasteinput (see BAT 2) so as to ensure the suitability of the waste input for the waste treatment, e.g.in terms of nutrient balance, moisture or toxic compounds which may reduce the biologicalactivity.


BAT 34. In order to reduce channelled emissions to air of dust, organic compounds and odorouscompounds, including H2S and NH3, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniquesgiven below.


b. Biofilter See Section 6.1.A pretreatment of the wastegas before the biofilter (e.g.with a water or acid scrubber)may be needed in the case ofa high NH3 content (e.g. 5-40mg/Nm3) in order to controlthe media pH and to limitthe formation of N2O in thebiofilter.Some other odorouscompounds (e.g. mercaptans,H2S) can cause acidificationof the biofilter media andnecessitate the use of a wateror alkaline scrubber forpretreatment of the waste gasbefore the biofilter.

c. Fabric filter See Section 6.1. The fabricfilter is used in the caseof mechanical biologicaltreatment of waste.

d. Thermal oxidation See Section 6.1.

e. Wet scrubbing See Section 6.1. Water, acidor alkaline scrubbers areused in combination with abiofilter, thermal oxidation


59



or adsorption on activatedcarbon.

TABLE 6.7

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled NH3, odour, dust and TVOCemissions to air from the biological treatment of waste

Parameter Unit BAT-AEL(Averageover the samplingperiod)

Waste treatmentprocess

NH3ab mg/Nm3 0,3-20

Odour concentrationab ouE/Nm3 200-1 000

All biologicaltreatments of waste

Dust mg/Nm3 2-5

TVOC mg/Nm3 5-40c

Mechanicalbiological treatmentof waste

a Either the BAT-AEL for NH3 or the BAT-AEL for the odour concentration applies.

b This BAT-AEL does not apply to the treatment of waste mainly composed of manure.

c The lower end of the range can be achieved by using thermal oxidation.


3.1.3. Emissions to water and water usage

BAT 35. In order to reduce the generation of waste water and to reduce water usage, BAT isto use all of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Segregation of water

streamsLeachate seepingfrom compost pilesand windrows issegregated fromsurface run-off water(see BAT 19f).

Generally applicableto new plants.Generally applicableto existing plantswithin the constraintsassociated with thelayout of the watercircuits.

b. Water recirculation Recirculating processwater streams (e.g.from dewatering ofliquid digestate inanaerobic processes)or using as much aspossible other waterstreams (e.g. watercondensate, rinsingwater, surface run-offwater). The degreeof recirculationis limited by thewater balance of the






plant, the contentof impurities (e.g.heavy metals, salts,pathogens, odorouscompounds) and/orthe characteristicsof the water streams(e.g. nutrientcontent).

c. Minimisation of thegeneration of leachate

Optimising themoisture contentof the waste inorder to minimisethe generation ofleachate.


3.2. BAT conclusions for the aerobic treatment of waste

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the aerobictreatment of waste, and in addition to the general BAT conclusions for the biological treatmentof waste in Section 3.1.


BAT 36. In order to reduce emissions to air and to improve the overall environmentalperformance, BAT is to monitor and/or control the key waste and process parameters.Description

Monitoring and/or control of key waste and process parameters, including:— waste input characteristics (e.g. C to N ratio, particle size);— temperature and moisture content at different points in the windrow;— aeration of the windrow (e.g. via the windrow turning frequency, O2 and/or CO2

concentration in the windrow, temperature of air streams in the case of forcedaeration);

— windrow porosity, height and width.Applicability

Monitoring of the moisture content in the windrow is not applicable to enclosed processeswhen health and/or safety issues have been identified. In that case, the moisture content can bemonitored before loading the waste into the enclosed composting stage and adjusted when itexits the enclosed composting stage.

3.2.2. Odour and diffuse emissions to air

BAT 37. In order to reduce diffuse emissions to air of dust, odour and bioaerosols from open-air treatment steps, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Use of

semipermeablemembrane covers

Active compostingwindrows are coveredby semipermeablemembranes.



61



b. Adaptation ofoperations to themeteorologicalconditions

This includestechniques such asthe following:— Taking into

accountweatherconditionsandforecastswhenundertakingmajoroutdoorprocessactivities.Forinstance,avoidingformation orturning ofwindrowsor piles,screening orshreddingin the caseof adversemeteorologicalconditionsin terms ofemissionsdispersion(e.g. thewind speedis too lowor too high,or the windblows in thedirectionof sensitivereceptors).

— Orientatingwindrows,so that thesmallestpossiblearea ofcompostingmass isexposedto theprevailingwind, toreduce the






dispersionof pollutantsfrom thewindrowsurface. Thewindrowsandpiles arepreferablylocated atthe lowestelevationwithin theoverall sitelayout.

3.3. BAT conclusions for the anaerobic treatment of waste

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the anaerobictreatment of waste, and in addition to the general BAT conclusions for the biological treatmentof waste in Section 3.1.


BAT 38. In order to reduce emissions to air and to improve the overall environmentalperformance, BAT is to monitor and/or control the key waste and process parameters.Description

Implementation of a manual and/or automatic monitoring system to:— ensure a stable digester operation;— minimise operational difficulties, such as foaming, which may lead to odour

emissions;— provide sufficient early warning of system failures which may lead to a loss of

containment and explosions.

This includes monitoring and/or control of key waste and process parameters, e.g.:— pH and alkalinity of the digester feed;— digester operating temperature;— hydraulic and organic loading rates of the digester feed;— concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia within the digester and

digestate;— biogas quantity, composition (e.g. H2S) and pressure;— liquid and foam levels in the digester.

3.4. BAT conclusions for the mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of waste

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to MBT, and inaddition to the general BAT conclusions for the biological treatment of waste in Section 3.1.

The BAT conclusions for the aerobic treatment (Section 3.2) and anaerobic treatment (Section3.3) of waste apply, when relevant, to the mechanical biological treatment of waste.



63



BAT 39. In order to reduce emissions to air, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Segregation of the

waste gas streamsSplitting of the totalwaste gas stream intowaste gas streamswith a high pollutantcontent and wastegas streams with alow pollutant content,as identified in theinventory mentionedin BAT 3.

b. Recirculation ofwaste gas

Recirculation ofwaste gas with a lowpollutant content inthe biological processfollowed by wastegas treatment adaptedto the concentrationof pollutants (seeBAT 34).The use of wastegas in the biologicalprocess may belimited by the wastegas temperatureand/or the pollutantcontent.It may be necessaryto condense the watervapour contained inthe waste gas beforereuse. In this case,cooling is necessary,and the condensedwater is recirculatedwhen possible (seeBAT 35) or treatedbefore discharge.

Generally applicableto new plants.Generally applicableto existing plantswithin the constraintsassociated with thelayout of the aircircuits.

4. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OFWASTE

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in Section 4 apply to the physico-chemical treatment of waste, and in addition to the general BAT conclusions in Section 1.

4.1. BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste






BAT 40. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to monitor thewaste input as part of the waste pre-acceptance and acceptance procedures (see BAT 2).Description

Monitoring the waste input, e.g. in terms of:— content of organics, oxidising agents, metals (e.g. mercury), salts, odorous

compounds;— H2 formation potential upon mixing of flue-gas treatment residues, e.g. fly ashes, with

water.


BAT 41. In order to reduce emissions of dust, organic compounds and NH3 to air, BAT is toapply BAT 14d and to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Adsorption

b. Biofilter

c. Fabric filter

d. Wet scrubbing

See Section 6.1.

TABLE 6.8

BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled emissions of dust to air from thephysico-chemical treatment of solid and/or pasty waste


Dust mg/Nm3 2-5


4.2. BAT conclusions for the re-refining of waste oil



Monitoring of the waste input in terms of content of chlorinated compounds (e.g. chlorinatedsolvents or PCBs).

BAT 43. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to use one or bothof the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Material recovery Using the organic residues

from vacuum distillation,solvent extraction, thin filmevaporators, etc. in asphaltproducts, etc.


65



b. Energy recovery Using the organic residuesfrom vacuum distillation,solvent extraction, thin filmevaporators, etc. to recoverenergy.


BAT 44. In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air, BAT is to apply BAT 14dand to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.


b. Thermal oxidation See Section 6.1. Thisincludes when the waste gasis sent to a process furnace ora boiler.

c. Wet scrubbing See Section 6.1.

The BAT-AEL set in Section 4.5 applies.


4.3. BAT conclusions for the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value


BAT 45. In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air, BAT is to apply BAT 14dand to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.


b. Cryogenic condensation


d. Wet scrubbing

See Section 6.1



4.4. BAT conclusions for the regeneration of spent solvents


BAT 46. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of the regeneration of spentsolvents, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Material recovery Solvents are

recovered from theApplicability maybe restricted when





distillation residuesby evaporation.

the energy demandis excessive withregards to thequantity of solventrecovered.

b. Energy recovery The residues fromdistillation are usedto recover energy.



BAT 47. In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air, BAT is to apply BAT 14dand to use a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Recirculation of

process off-gases in asteam boiler

The process off-gasesfrom the condensersare sent to the steamboiler supplying theplant.

May not beapplicable tothe treatment ofhalogenated solventwastes, in order toavoid generating andemitting PCBs and/orPCDD/F.

b. Adsorption See Section 6.1. There may belimitations to theapplicability of thetechnique due tosafety reasons (e.g.activated carbon bedstend to self-ignitewhen loaded withketones).

c. Thermal oxidation See Section 6.1. May not beapplicable tothe treatment ofhalogenated solventwastes, in order toavoid generating andemitting PCBs and/orPCDD/F.

d. Condensationor cryogeniccondensation

See Section 6.1. Generally applicable.

e. Wet scrubbing See Section 6.1. Generally applicable.




67



4.5. BAT-AEL for emissions of organic compounds to air from the re-refining of wasteoil, the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific value and the regeneration ofspent solvents

TABLE 6.9

BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled emissions of TVOC to air fromthe re-refining of waste oil, the physico-chemical treatment of waste with calorific valueand the regeneration of spent solvents

Parameter Unit BAT-AELa(Average overthe sampling period)

TVOC mg/Nm3 5-30

a The BAT-AEL does not apply when the emission load is below 2 kg/h at the emission point provided that no CMRsubstances are identified as relevant in the waste gas stream, based on the inventory mentioned in BAT 3.

4.6. BAT conclusions for the thermal treatment of spent activated carbon, wastecatalysts and excavated contaminated soil


BAT 48. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of the thermal treatmentof spent activated carbon, waste catalysts and excavated contaminated soil, BAT is to use allof the techniques given below.

Technique Description Applicabilitya. Heat recovery from

the furnace off-gasRecovered heat maybe used, for example,for preheating ofcombustion air orfor the generationof steam, whichis also used in thereactivation of thespent activatedcarbon.


b. Indirectly firedfurnace

An indirectly firedfurnace is usedto avoid contactbetween the contentsof the furnace and theflue-gases from theburner(s).

Indirectly firedfurnaces are normallyconstructed witha metal tube andapplicability maybe restricted due tocorrosion problems.There may be alsoeconomic restrictionsfor retrofittingexisting plants.

c. Process-integratedtechniques to reduceemissions to air

This includestechniques such as:— control of

the furnace






temperatureand of therotationspeed ofthe rotaryfurnace;

— choice offuel;

— use of asealedfurnace oroperation ofthe furnaceat a reducedpressureto avoiddiffuseemissions toair.


BAT 49. In order to reduce emissions of HCl, HF, dust and organic compounds to air, BAT isto apply BAT 14d and to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

Technique Descriptiona. Cyclone See Section 6.1. The

technique is used incombination with furtherabatement techniques.

b. Electrostatic precipitator(ESP)

c. Fabric filter

d. Wet scrubbing

e. Adsorption

f. Condensation

g. Thermal oxidationa

See Section 6.1.

a Thermal oxidation is carried out with a minimum temperature of 1 100 °C and a two-second residence time for theregeneration of activated carbon used in industrial applications where refractory halogenated or other thermally resistantsubstances are likely to be present. In the case of activated carbon used for potable water- and food-grade applications,an afterburner with a minimum heating temperature of 850 °C and a two-second residence time is sufficient (see Section6.1).


4.7. BAT conclusions for the water washing of excavated contaminated soil



69



BAT 50. In order to reduce emissions of dust and organic compounds to air from the storage,handling, and washing steps, BAT is to apply BAT 14d and to use one or a combination of thetechniques given below.


b. Fabric filter

c. Wet scrubbing

See Section 6.1.


4.8. BAT conclusions for the decontamination of equipment containing PCBs


BAT 51. In order to improve the overall environmental performance and to reduce channelledemissions of PCBs and organic compounds to air, BAT is to use all of the techniques givenbelow.

Technique Descriptiona. Coating of the storage and

treatment areasThis includes techniques suchas:— resin coating

applied to theconcrete floor of thewhole storage andtreatment area.

b. Implementation of staffaccess rules to preventdispersion of contamination

This includes techniques suchas:— access points

to storage andtreatment areas arelocked;

— special qualificationis required to accessthe area wherethe contaminatedequipment is storedand handled;

— separate ‘clean’ and‘dirty’ cloakroomsto put on/removeindividualprotective outfit.

c. Optimised equipmentcleaning and drainage

This includes techniques suchas:— external surfaces of

the contaminatedequipment arecleaned withanionic detergent;





— emptying of theequipment witha pump or undervacuum instead ofgravity emptying;

— procedures aredefined and usedfor filling, emptyingand (dis)connectingthe vacuum vessel;

— a long periodof drainage (atleast 12 hours) isensured to avoidany dripping ofcontaminatedliquid duringfurther treatmentoperations, after theseparation of thecore from the casingof an electricaltransformer.

d. Control and monitoring ofemissions to air

This includes techniques suchas:— the air of the

decontaminationarea is collectedand treated withactivated carbonfilters;

— the exhaust of thevacuum pumpmentioned intechnique c. aboveis connectedto an end-of-pipe abatementsystem (e.g. ahigh-temperatureincinerator, thermaloxidation oradsorption onactivated carbon);

— the channelledemissions aremonitored (see BAT8);

— the potentialatmosphericdeposition ofPCBs is monitored


71



(e.g. throughphysico-chemicalmeasurements orbiomonitoring).

e. Disposal of waste treatmentresidues

This includes techniques suchas:— porous,

contaminated partsof the electricaltransformer (woodand paper) are sentto high-temperatureincineration;

— PCBs in the oilsare destroyed (e.g.dechlorination,hydrogenation,solvated electronprocesses, high-temperatureincineration).

f. Recovery of solvent whensolvent washing is used

Organic solvent is collectedand distilled to be reused inthe process.


5. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF WATER-BASED LIQUIDWASTE

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in Section 5 apply to the treatment ofwater-based liquid waste, and in addition to the general BAT conclusions in Section 1.

5.1. Overall environmental performance


Monitoring the waste input, e.g. in terms of:— bioeliminability (e.g. BOD, BOD to COD ratio, Zahn-Wellens test, biological

inhibition potential (e.g. inhibition of activated sludge));— feasibility of emulsion breaking, e.g. by means of laboratory-scale tests.

5.2. Emissions to air

BAT 53. In order to reduce emissions of HCl, NH3 and organic compounds to air, BAT is toapply BAT 14d and to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.


b. Biofilter

See Section 6.1.






d. Wet scrubbing

TABLE 6.10

BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled emissions of HCl and TVOCto air from the treatment of water-based liquid waste

Parameter Unit BAT-AELa(Average overthe sampling period)

Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 1-5

TVOCmg/Nm3

3-20b

a These BAT-AELs only apply when the substance concerned is identified as relevant in the waste gas stream, based on theinventory mentioned in BAT 3.

b The upper end of the range is 45 mg/Nm3 when the emission load is below 0,5 kg/h at the emission point.


6. DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES

6.1. Channelled emissions to air

Technique Typical pollutant(s)abated

Description

Adsorption Mercury, volatile organiccompounds, hydrogensulphide, odorous compounds

Adsorption is aheterogeneous reaction inwhich gas molecules areretained on a solid or liquidsurface that prefers specificcompounds to others andthus removes them fromeffluent streams. When thesurface has adsorbed as muchas it can, the adsorbent isreplaced or the adsorbedcontent is desorbed as partof the regeneration of theadsorbent. When desorbed,the contaminants are usuallyat a higher concentrationand can either be recoveredor disposed of. The mostcommon adsorbent isgranular activated carbon.

Biofilter Ammonia, hydrogensulphide, volatile organiccompounds, odorouscompounds

The waste gas stream ispassed through a bed oforganic material (such aspeat, heather, compost, root,tree bark, softwood anddifferent combinations) orsome inert material (such


73



as clay, activated carbon,and polyurethane), whereit is biologically oxidisedby naturally occurringmicroorganisms into carbondioxide, water, inorganic saltsand biomass.A biofilter is designedconsidering the type(s) ofwaste input. An appropriatebed material, e.g. in terms ofwater retention capacity, bulkdensity, porosity, structuralintegrity, is selected. Alsoimportant are an appropriateheight and surface area ofthe filter bed. The biofilteris connected to a suitableventilation and air circulationsystem in order to ensurea uniform air distributionthrough the bed and asufficient residence time ofthe waste gas inside the bed.

Condensation and cryogeniccondensation

Volatile organic compounds Condensation is a techniquethat eliminates solventvapours from a wastegas stream by reducingits temperature below itsdew point. For cryogeniccondensation, the operatingtemperature can bedown to – 120 °C, but inpractice it is often between– 40 °C and – 80 °C inthe condensation device.Cryogenic condensationcan cope with all VOCs andvolatile inorganic pollutants,irrespective of theirindividual vapour pressures.The low temperaturesapplied allow for very highcondensation efficiencieswhich make it well-suited asa final VOC emission controltechnique.

Cyclone Dust Cyclone filters are used toremove heavier particulates,which ‘fall out’ as the wastegases are forced into a





rotating motion before theyleave the separator.Cyclones are used to controlparticulate material, primarilyPM10.

Electrostatic precipitator(ESP)

Dust Electrostatic precipitatorsoperate such that particlesare charged and separatedunder the influence of anelectrical field. Electrostaticprecipitators are capableof operating under a widerange of conditions. In a dryESP, the collected materialis mechanically removed(e.g. by shaking, vibration,compressed air), while in awet ESP it is flushed with asuitable liquid, usually water.

Fabric filter Dust Fabric filters, often referredto as bag filters, areconstructed from porouswoven or felted fabricthrough which gases arepassed to remove particles.The use of a fabric filterrequires the selection ofa fabric suitable for thecharacteristics of the wastegas and the maximumoperating temperature.

HEPA filter Dust HEPA filters (high-efficiencyparticle air filters) areabsolute filters. The filtermedium consists of paperor matted glass fibre with ahigh packing density. Thewaste gas stream is passedthrough the filter medium,where particulate matter iscollected.

Thermal oxidation Volatile organic compounds The oxidation of combustiblegases and odorants in a wastegas stream by heating themixture of contaminantswith air or oxygen to aboveits auto-ignition point in acombustion chamber andmaintaining it at a hightemperature long enough to


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complete its combustion tocarbon dioxide and water.

Wet scrubbing Dust, volatile organiccompounds, gaseous acidiccompounds (alkalinescrubber), gaseous alkalinecompounds (acid scrubber)

The removal of gaseous orparticulate pollutants from agas stream via mass transferto a liquid solvent, oftenwater or an aqueous solution.It may involve a chemicalreaction (e.g. in an acid oralkaline scrubber). In somecases, the compounds may berecovered from the solvent.

6.2. Diffuse emissions of organic compounds to air

Leak detection and repair(LDAR) programme

Volatile organic compounds A structured approach toreduce fugitive emissionsof organic compounds bydetection and subsequentrepair or replacementof leaking components.Currently, sniffing (describedby EN 15446) and opticalgas imaging methodsare available for theidentification of leaks.Sniffing method: The firststep is the detection usinghand-held organic compoundanalysers measuring theconcentration adjacent tothe equipment (e.g. usingflame ionisation or photo-ionisation). The secondstep consists of enclosingthe component in animpermeable bag to carry outa direct measurement at thesource of the emission. Thissecond step is sometimesreplaced by mathematicalcorrelation curves derivedfrom statistical resultsobtained from a large numberof previous measurementsmade on similar components.Optical gas imagingmethods: Optical imaginguses small lightweighthand-held cameras whichenable the visualisation





of gas leaks in real time,so that they appear as‘smoke’ on a video recordertogether with the normalimage of the componentconcerned, to easily andrapidly locate significantorganic compound leaks.Active systems produce animage with a back-scatteredinfrared laser light reflectedon the component andits surroundings. Passivesystems are based on thenatural infrared radiationof the equipment and itssurroundings.

Measurement of diffuse VOCemissions

Volatile organic compounds Sniffing and optical gasimaging methods aredescribed under leakdetection and repairprogramme.Full screening andquantification of emissionsfrom the installation canbe undertaken with anappropriate combination ofcomplementary methods, e.g.Solar occultation flux (SOF)or Differential absorptionLIDAR (DIAL) campaigns.These results can be used fortrend evaluation over time,cross-checking and updating/validation of the ongoingLDAR programme.Solar occultation flux(SOF): The techniqueis based on the recordingand spectrometric FourierTransform analysis ofa broadband infrared orultraviolet/visible sunlightspectrum along a givengeographical itinerary,crossing the wind directionand cutting through VOCplumes.Differential absorptionLIDAR (DIAL): This isa laser-based techniqueusing differential absorption


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LIDAR (light detectionand ranging), which is theoptical analogue of radiowave-based RADAR. Thetechnique relies on thebackscattering of laserbeam pulses by atmosphericaerosols, and the analysis ofthe spectral properties of thereturned light collected with atelescope.

6.3. Emissions to water

Technique Typical pollutant(s)targeted

Description

Activated sludge process Biodegradable organiccompounds

The biological oxidationof dissolved organicpollutants with oxygenusing the metabolism ofmicroorganisms. In thepresence of dissolvedoxygen (injected as air orpure oxygen), the organiccomponents are transformedinto carbon dioxide, wateror other metabolites andbiomass (i.e. the activatedsludge). The microorganismsare maintained in suspensionin the waste water andthe whole mixture ismechanically aerated. Theactivated sludge mixture issent to a separation facilityfrom where the sludge isrecycled to the aeration tank.

Adsorption Adsorbable dissolvednon-biodegradable orinhibitory pollutants,e.g. hydrocarbons, mercury,AOX

Separation method in whichcompounds (i.e. pollutants)in a fluid (i.e. waste water)are retained on a solid surface(typically activated carbon).

Chemical oxidation Oxidisable dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitorypollutants, e.g. nitrite,cyanide

Organic compounds areoxidised to less harmful andmore easily biodegradablecompounds. Techniquesinclude wet oxidationor oxidation with ozoneor hydrogen peroxide,optionally supported by





catalysts or UV radiation.Chemical oxidation is alsoused to degrade organiccompounds causing odour,taste and colour and fordisinfection purposes.

Chemical reduction Reducible dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitorypollutants, e.g. hexavalentchromium (Cr(VI))

Chemical reduction is theconversion of pollutants bychemical reducing agents intosimilar but less harmful orhazardous compounds.

Coagulation and flocculation Suspended solids andparticulate-bound metals

Coagulation and flocculationare used to separatesuspended solids from wastewater and are often carriedout in successive steps.Coagulation is carried outby adding coagulants withcharges opposite to thoseof the suspended solids.Flocculation is carried outby adding polymers, sothat collisions of microflocparticles cause them to bondto produce larger flocs. Theflocs formed are subsequentlyseparated by sedimentation,air flotation or filtration.

Distillation/rectification Dissolved non-biodegradableor inhibitory pollutants thatcan be distilled, e.g. somesolvents

Distillation is a techniqueto separate compounds withdifferent boiling points bypartial evaporation andrecondensation.Waste water distillation isthe removal of low-boilingcontaminants from wastewater by transferring theminto the vapour phase.Distillation is carried outin columns, equipped withplates or packing material,and a downstream condenser.

Equalisation All pollutants Balancing of flows andpollutant loads by usingtanks or other managementtechniques.

Evaporation Soluble pollutants The use of distillation(see above) to concentrateaqueous solutions of high-boiling substances for


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further use, processing ordisposal (e.g. waste waterincineration) by transferringwater to the vapour phase.It is typically carried outin multistage units withincreasing vacuum, to reducethe energy demand. Thewater vapours are condensed,to be reused or discharged aswaste water.

Filtration The separation of solidsfrom waste water bypassing them through aporous medium, e.g. sandfiltration, microfiltration andultrafiltration.

Flotation

Suspended solids andparticulate-bound metals

The separation of solid orliquid particles from wastewater by attaching them tofine gas bubbles, usuallyair. The buoyant particlesaccumulate at the watersurface and are collected withskimmers.

Ion exchange Ionic dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitorypollutants, e.g. metals

The retention of undesired orhazardous ionic constituentsof waste water and theirreplacement by moreacceptable ions using anion exchange resin. Thepollutants are temporarilyretained and afterwardsreleased into a regenerationor backwashing liquid.

Membrane bioreactor Biodegradable organiccompounds

A combination of activatedsludge treatment andmembrane filtration. Twovariants are used: a) anexternal recirculation loopbetween the activated sludgetank and the membranemodule; and b) immersionof the membrane module inthe aerated activated sludgetank, where the effluent isfiltered through a hollowfibre membrane, the biomassremaining in the tank.





Membrane filtration Suspended solids andparticulate-bound metals

Microfiltration (MF)and ultrafiltration (UF)are membrane filtrationprocesses that retain andconcentrate, on one side ofthe membrane, pollutantssuch as suspended particlesand colloidal particlescontained in waste waters.

Neutralisation Acids, alkalis The adjustment of the pHof waste water to a neutrallevel (approximately 7) bythe addition of chemicals.Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)or calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2) may be used toincrease the pH, whereassulphuric acid (H2SO4),hydrochloric acid (HCl) orcarbon dioxide (CO2) maybe used to decrease the pH.The precipitation of somepollutants may occur duringneutralisation.

Nitrification/denitrification Total nitrogen, ammonia A two-step process thatis typically incorporatedinto biological waste watertreatment plants. The firststep is aerobic nitrificationwhere microorganismsoxidise ammonium (NH4

+)to the intermediate nitrite(NO2), which is thenfurther oxidised to nitrate(NO3). In the subsequentanoxic denitrification step,microorganisms chemicallyreduce nitrate to nitrogen gas.

Oil-water separation Oil/grease The separation of oil andwater and subsequent oilremoval by gravity separationof free oil, using separationequipment or emulsionbreaking (using emulsionbreaking chemicals such asmetal salts, mineral acids,adsorbents and organicpolymers).


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Sedimentation Suspended solids andparticulate-bound metals

The separation of suspendedparticles by gravitationalsettling.

Precipitation Precipitable dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitorypollutants, e.g. metals,phosphorus

The conversion of dissolvedpollutants into insolublecompounds by addingprecipitants. The solidprecipitates formed aresubsequently separated bysedimentation, air flotation orfiltration.

Stripping Purgeable pollutants, e.g.hydrogen sulphide (H2S),ammonia (NH3), someadsorbable organicallybound halogens (AOX),hydrocarbons

The removal of purgeablepollutants from the aqueousphase by a gaseous phase(e.g. steam, nitrogen orair) that is passed throughthe liquid. They aresubsequently recovered (e.g.by condensation) for furtheruse or disposal. The removalefficiency may be enhancedby increasing the temperatureor reducing the pressure.

6.4. Sorting techniques

Technique DescriptionAir classification Air classification (or air separation,

or aeraulic separation) is a process ofapproximate sizing of dry mixtures ofdifferent particle sizes into groups orgrades at cut points ranging from 10 meshto sub-mesh sizes. Air classifiers (alsocalled windsifters) complement screensin applications requiring cut points belowcommercial screen sizes, and supplementsieves and screens for coarser cuts wherethe special advantages of air classificationwarrant it.

All-metal separator Metals (ferrous and non-ferrous) are sortedby means of a detection coil, in whichthe magnetic field is influenced by metalparticles, linked to a processor that controlsthe air jet for ejecting the materials that havebeen detected.

Electromagnetic separation of non-ferrousmetals

Non-ferrous metals are sorted by means ofeddy current separators. An eddy current isinduced by a series of rare earth magneticor ceramic rotors at the head of a conveyor





that spins at high speed independently of theconveyor. This process induces temporarymagnetic forces in non-magnetic metalsof the same polarity as the rotor, causingthe metals to be repelled away and thenseparated from the other feedstock.

Manual separation Material is manually separated by meansof visual examination by staff on a pickingline or on the floor, either to selectivelyremove a target material from a generalwaste stream or to remove contaminationfrom an output stream to increase purity.This technique generally targets recyclables(glass, plastic, etc.) and any contaminants,hazardous materials and oversized materialssuch as WEEE.

Magnetic separation Ferrous metals are sorted by means ofa magnet which attracts ferrous metalmaterials. This can be carried out, forexample, by an overband magnetic separatoror a magnetic drum.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) Materials are sorted by means of a near-infrared sensor which scans the wholewidth of the belt conveyor and transmitsthe characteristic spectra of the differentmaterials to a data processor which controlsan air jet for ejecting the materials that havebeen detected. Generally NIRS is not suitablefor sorting black materials.

Sink-float tanks Solid materials are separated into two flowsby exploiting the different material densities.

Size separation Materials are sorted according to theirparticle size. This can be carried out bydrum screens, linear and circular oscillatingscreens, flip-flop screens, flat screens,tumbler screens and moving grates.

Vibration table Materials are separated according to theirdensity and size, moving (in slurry in thecase of wet tables or wet density separators)across an inclined table, which oscillatesbackwards and forwards.

X-ray systems Material composites are sorted accordingto various material densities, halogencomponents, or organic components, withthe aid of X-rays. The characteristics ofthe different materials are transmitted toa data processor which controls an air jetfor ejecting the materials that have beendetected.


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6.5. Management techniques

Accident management plan The accident management plan is part ofthe EMS (see BAT 1) and identifies hazardsposed by the plant and the associated risksand defines measures to address these risks.It considers the inventory of pollutantspresent or likely to be present which couldhave environmental consequences if theyescape.

Residues management plan A residues management plan is part of theEMS (see BAT 1) and is a set of measuresaiming to (1) minimise the generationof residues arising from the treatment ofwaste; (2) optimise the reuse, regeneration,recycling and/or recovery of energy of theresidues, and (3) ensure the proper disposalof residues.


Document Generated: 2020-12-28Changes to legislation: Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 is up to date with all changes known to be in force

on or before 28 December 2020. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future date. Changes that have beenmade appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) View outstanding changes

(1) OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17.(2) Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information

pursuant to Article 13 of Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (OJ C 146, 17.5.2011, p. 3).(3) Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (OJ L 135,

30.5.1991, p. 40).(4) Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (OJ L 182, 16.7.1999, p. 1).(5) Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015

on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants(OJ L 313, 28.11.2015, p. 1).


https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/eu-exit/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2011.146.01.0003.01.ENG





Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 of 10 August 2018 establishing best availabletechniques (BAT)...Document Generated: 2020-12-28

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Changes to legislation: Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1147 is up to date with all changes known tobe in force on or before 28 December 2020. There are changes that may be brought into forceat a future date. Changes that have been made appear in the content and are referenced withannotations.View outstanding changes

Changes and effects yet to be applied to :– Art. 2 substituted by S.I. 2018/1407 reg. 23(2)

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2018/1407

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2018/1407/regulation/23/2

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