commercialization of vitamin d enhanced …...oyster, enoki) uv energy / unit area (dosage)...
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Commercialization of Vitamin D Commercialization of Vitamin D Enhanced Mushrooms by UV Enhanced Mushrooms by UV
Light TreatmentLight TreatmentMushrooms CanadaMushrooms Canada
Guelph Food Technology CentreGuelph Food Technology Centre
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Vitamin D2 ConversionVitamin D2 Conversion
ErgosterolErgosterol(pro(pro--vitamin D2)vitamin D2)
Vitamin D2Vitamin D2((ergocalciferolergocalciferol))
UV lightUV light
Vitamin D2 conversion is a function of UV Vitamin D2 conversion is a function of UV light energylight energy
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Daily Reference IntakeDaily Reference Intake
1515µµgg((600IU)600IU)
600 IU600 IUMen and women Men and women over 70over 70
1010µµgg(400IU)(400IU)
400 IU400 IUMen and women Men and women aged 51aged 51--7070
55µµg g (200IU)(200IU)
200 IU200 IUInfants, children, Infants, children, men and women men and women aged 19aged 19--5050
Health CanadaHealth CanadaFDAFDA
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TargetTarget
Vitamin D 400 IU/one serving fresh Vitamin D 400 IU/one serving fresh mushroom mushroom ororVitamin D 10Vitamin D 10µµg/100g fresh mushroomg/100g fresh mushroom
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VariablesVariables
Variety of mushrooms (Variety of mushrooms (agaricusagaricus, shiitake, , shiitake, oyster, oyster, enokienoki))UV energy / unit area (dosage)UV energy / unit area (dosage)
Intensity (wattage of bulbs, number of bulbs, Intensity (wattage of bulbs, number of bulbs, distance)distance)Exposure timeExposure time
Dosage (J/cmDosage (J/cm22)= Intensity (mW/cm)= Intensity (mW/cm22)) )) ×× Time (s)Time (s)
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UVB Treatment Facility at GFTCUVB Treatment Facility at GFTC
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UVB Intensity DecayUVB Intensity Decay
SolutionsSolutionsCommercial equipment which delivers consistent UV light intensitCommercial equipment which delivers consistent UV light intensityyAutomatic UV intensity compensationAutomatic UV intensity compensation
UVB intensity decreases with time
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Treatment number
Inte
nsity
mW
/cm
2
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Vitamin D Vitamin D vsvs UVB dosage UVB dosage
Day 3 might represent the product at the retail levelDay 3 might represent the product at the retail level
Vitamin D (IU) vs UVB Dosage (J/cm2)
55.2
173
419
45.2
217
692
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Dosage (J/cm2)
Vita
min
D (I
U)
whiteday3
brownday3
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White Button Mushroom White Button Mushroom Vitamin D vs Storage time
222173 159
676
419 413
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day
Vita
min
D (I
U)
1min6bulb20cm
5min6bulb20cm
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Brown Brown CriminiCrimini MushroomMushroom
Vitamin D vs Storage time
289217
269
910
692 730
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Days
Vita
min
D (I
U)
1min6bulb20cm
5min6bulb20cm
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Shelf life studies Shelf life studies –– white mushroom white mushroom Day 1Day 1
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Shelf life studies Shelf life studies –– white mushroom white mushroom Day 3Day 3
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Shelf life studies Shelf life studies –– white mushroom white mushroom Day 7Day 7
No significant difference in appearance between the control and the treated
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Shelf life studies Shelf life studies –– brown mushroom brown mushroom Day 1Day 1
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Shelf life studies Shelf life studies –– brown mushroom brown mushroom Day 3Day 3
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Shelf life studies Shelf life studies –– brown mushroom brown mushroom Day 7Day 7
No significant difference in appearance between the control and the treated
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Sensory StudySensory Study
Triangle sensory evaluation on Day 2Triangle sensory evaluation on Day 2Control Control vsvs UVB treatedUVB treatedTwelve panellists participated the triangle test. Eight Twelve panellists participated the triangle test. Eight out of twelve couldnout of twelve couldn’’t tell the difference between the t tell the difference between the control and the treated. Four out of twelve picked the control and the treated. Four out of twelve picked the right sample. Statistically, there is 1/3 chance that the right sample. Statistically, there is 1/3 chance that the panellist will get the right answer even they canpanellist will get the right answer even they can’’t t taste the difference. taste the difference. sensory panel indicates there is no significant sensory panel indicates there is no significant difference between the control and the treated.difference between the control and the treated.
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Microbial test Microbial test -- white mushroomwhite mushroom
negnegSalm. Sp.negnegListeria sp.<2.5E+01<2.5E+01S. aureus<5.0E+015.00E+01yeast1.95E+031.60E+03mold<1.0E+01<1.0E+01E. Coli8.60E+044.30E+04APC
White treated 5m6b20cm
White control
Same order of magnitude between the control and the treatedSame order of magnitude between the control and the treated
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Microbial test Microbial test -- brown mushroombrown mushroom
negnegSalm. Sp.negnegListeria sp.<2.5E+01<2.5E+01S. aureus<5.0E+015.00E+01yeast3.0E+029.0E+02mold<1.0E+01<1.0E+01E. Coli> 2.5E+05> 2.5E+05APC
Brown treated 1m6b20cm
Brown control
Same order of magnitude between the control and the treatedSame order of magnitude between the control and the treated
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Medallion Labs for Vitamin D Medallion Labs for Vitamin D AnalysisAnalysis
The frozen mushroom samples were used. The frozen mushroom samples were used. Fractions of the internal standard, D2 and D3 Fractions of the internal standard, D2 and D3 are collected using a semiare collected using a semi--preparative normal preparative normal phase HPLC column.phase HPLC column. The fractions are then The fractions are then concentrated, and the total amount of Vitamin concentrated, and the total amount of Vitamin is determined using reverseis determined using reverse--phase HPLC with phase HPLC with UV detection UV detection
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ConclusionsConclusionsThe target level of vitamin D (400IU/serving) can be achieved The target level of vitamin D (400IU/serving) can be achieved by relatively low dosage of UVB exposure for both white and by relatively low dosage of UVB exposure for both white and brown mushrooms (approx. 0.2 brown mushrooms (approx. 0.2 --0.3 J/cm0.3 J/cm22))This UVB dosage can be applied at relatively low intensity This UVB dosage can be applied at relatively low intensity (0.8 (0.8 –– 1.2 mW/cm1.2 mW/cm22) and in reasonable length of time (2) and in reasonable length of time (2--3 min)3 min)Vitamin D decreases during storage but stabilizes at 60Vitamin D decreases during storage but stabilizes at 60--80% 80% of original level after a weekof original level after a weekNo significant quality difference between the control and the No significant quality difference between the control and the treatedtreatedNo detectable sensory differenceNo detectable sensory differenceUVB intensity decays with timeUVB intensity decays with time